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Water Treatment

Dr Bharti Arora

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Demineralization/ Ion Exchange Demineralization/ Deionization/

Ion Exchange Process
•Statement or supporting text
Zeolite Process
Ion-Exchange resins are insoluble, cross
Water
Softening
linked long chain organic polymers with a
Methods micro porous structure, and the
Lime Soda Process “functional Groups” attached to the chains
are responsible for the ion-exchanging
properties.
Electrodialysis

Reverse Osmosis

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Ion Exchange Resins

Cation Exchange Resins Anion Exchange Resins

• Contain Acidic groups • Contain Basic groups

(-COOH, -SO3H)
• Usually co-polymer of styrene
& divinyl benzene, which on
sulphonation or carboxylation
can exchange their H+ ions with
cations in water.
Usually co-polymer of styrene &
divinyl benzene containing amino,
substituted/ quaternary ammonium
groups as an internal parts of the
resin matrix.
• Are capable of exchanging their
OH- ions with anions in water.

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In ion-exchange process, hard water is allowed to pass through

cation exchange resins, which remove Ca+2 and Mg+2 ions and
exchange equivalent amount of H+ ions. Anions exchange resins
remove bicarbonates, chlorides and sulphates from water exchange
equivalent amount of OH- ions. Thus by passing hard water through
cation hardness is observed by the following reactions.
Water softening

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The Ion Exchange H+ And OH- ions, thus released in water

 Cation Exchange Resins Resin is in the from respective cation and anion exchange
granular form and
2RH + Ca+2 → R2Ca + 2H+ performs as
columns, get combined to produce water
adsorptive exchange molecules.
2RH + Mg+2 → R2Mg + 2H+ of ions, but it requires H+ + OH- → H2O
regeneration when
(RH = cation exchange resin) adsorptive capacity is
The water coming out from the exchanger
consumed. is ion free i.e., free from anions and
cations.
 Anion Exchange Resins
ROH + Cl- → RCl- + OH-
2ROH + SO4-2 → R2SO4 + 2OH-
2ROH + CO-32 → R2CO3 + 2OH-
(ROH = anion exchange resin)

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Lime Soda Process

Regeneration: When cation exchanger losses capacity of producing
H+ ions and exchanger losses capacity of producing OH- ions, they
are said to be exhausted.
 The cation exchanger is regenerated by passing it through dilute
sulphuric acid. In this method, the soluble calcium and magnesium salts in water are chemically
R2Ca+ 2H+ → 2RH + Ca+2 (washing)
converted in to insoluble compounds, by adding calculated amount of Lime and Soda.
 The exhausted anion exchanger is regenerated by passing a dilute
solution of NaOH
R 2SO4+ 2 OH - → 2R OH- + SO42- (washing) CaCO3 and Mg(OH)2 so precipitated, these precipitates are filtered off.

Lime soda process mainly two types, they are

 Merits of Ion-exchange process:
• The process can be used to soften highly acidic or alkaline water.
1. Cold Lime-soda process
• It produces water of very low hardness (2 ppm)
• So it is very good for treating water for use in high-pressure boilers.
2. Hot Lime-soda process.
 Demerits of Ion-exchange process:
The equipment is costly and more expensive chemicals are needed.
If water contains turbidity, the output of the process is reduced.

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Electrodialysis cell
Ion Exchange Membrane allows
ions to permeate by DC electric
current applied to saline water.
The sodium ions start moving
towards the cathode while the
chloride ions start moving
towards the anode.
As a result ,the concentration
of brine decreases in the
central compartment; while it
increases in the two side
compartments.
No regeneration is required and
allows continuous use for an
extended period of time.
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Desalination
The process of removing dissolved salts (NaCl) from
the water, is known as desalination.
The water containing high concentration of dissolved
salts (1000-3500ppm) with a salty taste is called
brackish water.
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Electrodialysis Cell
It has large no. of alternate
cation & anion permeable
membranes.
An electric field is applied
perpendicularly to the
direction of water flow. The
fixed positive charges in the
membrane repel sodium
ions and allow chorine ions
to pass through.
Similarly the other
membrane allow sodium
ions to pass through. Then
we get pure water in one
compartment.
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Advantages Disadvantages
In normal osmosis:
Reverse Osmosis
O Water molecules move from a region of
low concentration to a region of high
concentration through a partially
permeable membrane.

 ELECTRODIALYSIS cell is most  Non-charged, higher molecular In reverse osmosis (high to low
compact unit weight, and less mobile ionic concentration):

 The cost of installation of plant species will not typically be O The reversal of osmosis to purify water.

and its operation is economical.
 If electricity is easily available ,it is
best suited
significantly removed.
 Electro dialysis becomes less
economical when extremely low
salt concentrations in the product
are required.
The flow of water can be reversed with
an opposing pressure that exceeds
Membranes: nylon cellulose
osmotic pressure. With Reverse
acetate, polymethacrylate,
Osmosis, water is forced out of a
polyamide polymers
concentrated solution, leaving the
solute (impurities) behind..

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How Reverse Osmosis Works

A reverse osmosis membrane will remove impurities and
particles larger than .001 microns.
A semi permeable membrane, like the membrane of a cell wall
is selective about what it allows to pass through, and what it
prevents from passing. These membranes in general pass
water very easily because of its small molecular size; but also
prevent many other contaminants from passing by trapping
them. Water will typically be present on both sides of the
membrane, with each side having a different concentration of
dissolved minerals. Since the water with the less concentrated
solution seeks to dilute the more concentrated solution, water
will pass through the membrane from the lower concentration
side to the greater concentration side. Eventually, osmotic
pressure will counter the diffusion process exactly, and an
equilibrium will form.

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The recommended parameters and factors relating to water balance are :-

pH 7.2 - 7.8
80 - 120 ppm as
Total Alkalinity :
CaCO3
Calcium Hardness 250+ ppm as CaCO3
Total Dissolved Solids less than 1500 ppm

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