MECHANISMS

OF
CHANGE
 Learning Objectives
1. Explain the mechanisms that produce change in populations from
generation to generation (e.g., artificial selection, natural selection,
genetic drift, mutation, recombination).

2. Summarize the idea of mechanisms of change by means of

concept map.
Mutation
 Two ways in which
mutations can occur
Can be inherited

External influences
Mutations can be:
Harmful Mutations
Albinism
is a group of genetic disorders which
is characterized by lower quantities
or an absence of melanin
pigmentation.

inherited in an autosomal recessive

manner.
Harmful Mutations
Hemophilia
is a disorder that makes a person
predisposed to bleeding.

caused by a deficiency in factor VIII

(or factor 8)
Harmful Mutations
Harmful Mutations

Polyploidy
a condition of having more than
two sets of chromosomes.
 FACT
Humans typically have 46
chromosomes, which come
in pairs.
Harmful Mutations
Cancer
involves the abnormal growth of
cells in a part of the body with the
ability to spread to other parts of
the body.
Harmful Mutations

Cancer
Harmful Mutations
Sickle cell anemia
a disease where the shape of red
blood cells is not disc shaped, but
sickle shaped, or crescent moon
shaped
Neutral Mutations
Genetic Drift
Types of Genetic Drift
Natural Selection
Process of
Natural
Selection
Key components to the process of
natural selection:

Inherited variation exists within the population

Competition results from an overproduction of offspring
Environmental pressures lead to differential reproduction
Artificial Selection
Recombination
 References
https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/gene-mutations.html https://www.osmosis.org/answers/missense-mutation
https://www.shutterstock.com/search/example-word

https://study.com/academy/lesson/insertion-mutation-diseases-examples-quiz.html
https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/gene-mutations.html https://www.osmosis.org/answers/missense-mutation https://www.shutterstock.com/search/example-word
https://study.com/academy/lesson/insertion-mutation-diseases-examples-quiz.html https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/info/what-is-plant-mutation.htm
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/info/what-is-plant-mutation.htm
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eo_circle_red_white_number-1.svg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eo_circle_red_number-2.svg https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=4Htv-
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eo_circle_red_white_number-1.svg
6yBXtE https://www.azolifesciences.com/article/Genetics-of-Albinism.aspx https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/hemophilia-gm913972308-251573241 https://www.verywellhealth.com/hemophilia-a-
overview-5208700 https://www.turito.com/learn/biology/harmful-and-neutral-effects-grade-6 https://www.sehatcloud.com/cancer-care/the-disease-called-cancer https://www.google.com/url?
sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.joscountryjunction.com%2Ffighting-
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eo_circle_red_number-2.svg https://www.youtube.com/watch?
cancer%2F&psig=AOvVaw2UAENH0cXZnMZDMM82rUd3&ust=1697428089081000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBEQjRxqFwoTCPjb5MeS94EDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
https://www.nyp.org/daliocenter/sickle-cell-disease https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Genetic-drift-Initial-population-shows-almost-equal-number-of-alleles-existing-among_fig2_310445390
app=desktop&v=4Htv-6yBXtE
https://www.anthromania.com/2021/07/27/genetic-drift/ https://dragonflyissuesinevolution13.fandom.com/wiki/Bottleneck_Effect https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/genetic-
variation-and-drift/ https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-evolution/hs-evolution-and-natural-selection/a/hs-evolution-and-natural-selection-review
https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-5-evolution-and-biodi/52-natural-selection/natural-selection.html
https://www.azolifesciences.com/article/Genetics-of-Albinism.aspx https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/hemophilia-
gm913972308-251573241

https://www.verywellhealth.com/hemophilia-a-overview-5208700 https://www.turito.com/learn/biology/harmful-and-
neutral-effects-grade-6
 References
https://www.sehatcloud.com/cancer-care/the-disease-called-cancer

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.joscountryjunction.com%2Ffighting-
cancer%2F&psig=AOvVaw2UAENH0cXZnMZDMM82rUd3&ust=1697428089081000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBEQjRx
qFwoTCPjb5MeS94EDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/gene-mutations.html https://www.osmosis.org/answers/missense-mutation https://www.shutterstock.com/search/example-word
https://study.com/academy/lesson/insertion-mutation-diseases-examples-quiz.html https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/info/what-is-plant-mutation.htm
https://www.nyp.org/daliocenter/sickle-cell-disease https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Genetic-drift-Initial-population-shows-almost-equal-
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eo_circle_red_white_number-1.svg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eo_circle_red_number-2.svg https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=4Htv-
number-of-alleles-existing-among_fig2_310445390
6yBXtE https://www.azolifesciences.com/article/Genetics-of-Albinism.aspx https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/hemophilia-gm913972308-251573241 https://www.verywellhealth.com/hemophilia-a-
overview-5208700 https://www.turito.com/learn/biology/harmful-and-neutral-effects-grade-6 https://www.sehatcloud.com/cancer-care/the-disease-called-cancer https://www.google.com/url?
sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.joscountryjunction.com%2Ffighting-
https://www.anthromania.com/2021/07/27/genetic-drift/
cancer%2F&psig=AOvVaw2UAENH0cXZnMZDMM82rUd3&ust=1697428089081000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBEQjRxqFwoTCPjb5MeS94EDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
https://www.nyp.org/daliocenter/sickle-cell-disease https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Genetic-drift-Initial-population-shows-almost-equal-number-of-alleles-existing-among_fig2_310445390
https://www.anthromania.com/2021/07/27/genetic-drift/ https://dragonflyissuesinevolution13.fandom.com/wiki/Bottleneck_Effect https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/genetic-
https://dragonflyissuesinevolution13.fandom.com/wiki/Bottleneck_Effect https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/genetic-
variation-and-drift/ https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-evolution/hs-evolution-and-natural-selection/a/hs-evolution-and-natural-selection-review
variation-and-drift/
https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-5-evolution-and-biodi/52-natural-selection/natural-selection.html

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-evolution/hs-evolution-and-natural-selection/a/hs-evolution-and-natural-
selection-review

https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-5-evolution-and-biodi/52-natural-selection/natural-selection.html
ACTIVITY