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(English) Einstein's General Theory of Relativity - Lecture 1 (DownSub - Com)
(English) Einstein's General Theory of Relativity - Lecture 1 (DownSub - Com)
It's unusual.
of relativity.
mathematical form.
gravity.
actual work.
Okay.
It doesn't move.
velocity.
times acceleration.
It cannot change.
change.
a Y, and a Z.
It doesn't matter.
X, Y, and Z.
X, Y, and Z.
three coordinates.
R stands for radius but the radius simply means the distance
radial vector.
All right.
call it A.
respect to time.
Okay.
velocity.
So, that's the summery of-- I think it's Newton's first and
second law.
Right.
All right.
gravity.
He measured it.
I don't know that he had the-- he certainly didn't have
Now, Galileo knew that the earth wasn't flat but he studied
And if you don't move very far from the surface of the
same everywheres.
are.
But what he said was the equivalent of saying that the force
of an object in the flat space approximation is very simple.
we would say that the force is-- let's just say that the
acceleration.
mass.
period.
That's it.
Now, the interesting thing that happens in gravity is that
a particle.
different mass and you drop them, they fall exactly the same
way.
Tower of Pisa.
You look at that tower and say, "That tower is good for one
>>
Maybe the doge or whoever they called the guy at the time
All right.
So, the result, had he done it, and had he not had to worry
Excuse me.
dropping.
later.
All right.
An interesting consequence.
Maybe let's even say they're not even exerting any forces on
each other.
it fall.
Now, let's suppose we start each particle from rest, not all
How does the whole thing fall? And the answer is, all of the
object.
by-- when I say you can't tell, certainly you can tell the
far from the earth with no gravity at all and just sitting
else.
No.
No.
rate as this.
All right.
gravitational field.
field.
Or in uniform motion.
accelerating.
>> Well, you can-- you can't feel-- isn't that because you
Susskind: Okay.
your eyes, and you step off, and go into free fall, you will
I mean, that's not the way you usually feel because your
But the point is, you would feel exactly the same discomfort
still.
Okay? What are those peculiar feelings due to? They're not
due to falling.
the earth here, there are forces on the bottom of your feet
on their bottoms.
I hope.
So, the fact that you feel funny in free fall, uh, is
bit.
Those tidal forces are due to the fact that the earth is
curved and that the gravitational field is not the same in--
height.
Okay.
universe.
Attractive.
All right.
constant.
force.
Umm, you might not think that gravity is such a weak force,
And the fact that they repel means that this will shift.
Take your little ball there to be iron and put a magnet next
to it.
here.
number here.
1 kilogram.
>>
Both.
So, the force on the large one due to the small one is the
significantly.
and opposite to the force that the very heavy earth exerts
on me.
Okay.
I accelerate down.
are equal.
much? Yeah.
The bigger the mass, the less the acceleration for the
force.
largely a guess.
And, umm, what was the key-- it was large-- no, no.
did.
>> Edmund Halley actually asked him, uh, what kind of force
law do you need for conic section orbits and he had almost
It was the fact that the period varies as the three halfs
If you know the period and the radius, then you know the
period.
per second.
orbit.
orbit.
is.
It's the law that says that the frequency or the period, the
radius.
of R squared.
>> What happens when the two objects are touching? Do you
Yeah.
When they get so close that other important forces come into
play.
The other important forces, for example, are the forces that
between the atoms and molecules on the table and the atoms
All right.
force law-- the force law will not be that the force is
accelerate.
field.
Yeah.
Here it is.
All right.
For simplicity let's just put one of them, the heavy one, at
vector equation.
this way.
direction.
unchanged.
particles.
down.
particles the first one, the second one, the third one, the
talking about.
now, this is not an obvious fact that when you have two
objects.
approximation.
particle.
direction.
another RIJ upstairs, but that's a vector RIJ, and make this
cubed downstairs.
All right? So, that says that the force on the Ith particle
is the sum of all the forces due to all the other ones of
Excellent.
Let's see.
So yeah.
here.
others.
equation.
I don't wanna throw it away but let's just circle it and now
All the other ones come in, but the mass of the Ith particle
here and we added one more over here, its motion would not
were close enough together, they would all move in the same
way.
>> Once you set this whole thing into motion dynamically.
Yes.
of the particles.
Okay? Now, the force varies so it's larger where you're far
away-- sorry.
It's smaller when you're far away, it's smaller when you're
in close.
I mean, they could be flying apart from each other but they
the escape velocity, it's not going to turn around and fall
back down.
Oh.
uniform.
Here's the earth, and we drop a small mass from far away.
All right.
it's not really quite true that you don't feel anything in a
gravitational field.
tall.
>>
At least I am.
Right.
All right.
My head is here, my feet are here, and now I'm this way.
All right? Now what? Well, not only does the force depend on
The force on the top of my head is down but it's weaker than
is small enough.
acceleration.
All right.
Tidal forces.
Yeah.
Okay.
with tides.
But if this is the moon down here, then the moon exerting
All right.
I'm not gonna go any more deeply into that than I'm sure
Okay.
field.
Leonard Susskind: Yeah? >> Don't you have to use some sort
the middle's being pulled by all the other guys on the side.
Susskind: No.
All right.
So you have-- >> What about the other guys that are pulling
suppose it's somebody over here and we're talking about the
pulling on him.
>> well, you kind of retracted the minus sign at the front
I and J.
instead of repulsion.
>> yeah.
the Jth guy, then with you compute the Jth guy-- you know
the motion.
Once you let the system evolve, then each one will cause a
Okay? Something.
move.
But if you know where they are, then this is the force on
All right.
In your imagination.
In your imagination.
The force is the sum of the force due to all the others.
It is proportional.
particle.
You take a light little particle, and you put it here, and
it.
particle.
is.
acceleration.
object.
talking about.
All right.
in time.
acceleration.
Let's erase the immediate step over here and write that this
right-hand side.
sides.
Okay.
breath.
divergences.
If you need to fill in, then I suggest you just find any
the past.
All right.
It dependence on position.
on position.
field.
the way the field is spreading out away from the point.
All right.
The one, two, and three component or we could call them the
X, Y, and Z component.
X, Y, and Z.
Well, the divergence has to do, among other things, with the
that mean? That would men that the field has not only the
field varies.
For example, it could be small over here, growing bigger,
direction.
horizontal direction.
It is equal to it.
triangle.
three derivatives.
of A.
That's definition.
Gauss's theorem.
>> I'm sorry.
Yeah.
to Z.
>> Yeah.
So, the arrows you were drawing over there they were just A
You drew some arrows on the other board that are now hidden.
Those were A.
its depth.
in.
It anti-spreads.
We look down at the lake from above, and we see all the
that point.
pumped in.
opposite.
moving together.
But if you found that the water was moving from the right on
this side and the left on that side, you'd be pretty sure
Right? If you found the water was spreading out away from a
line this way here and this way here, then you'd be pretty
Well, you would see in another way you would discover that
direction.
over here and down over here, you would expect it in here
velocity vector.
underneath.
The diagrams you already have on the other board behind you?
you draw a circle between the head and tail in between, then
>> Okay.
out.
That's right.
The fact that there's more water flowing out on one side
Susskind: Yeah.
Well, okay.
incompressible fluid.
It can't be squeezed.
It can't be stretched.
about there.
Yeah.
water and there are some hidden pipes coming in, depositing
divergence.
If this were the velocity vector at every point you would
calculate this quantity and that would tell you how much new
intuitively obvious.
And now let's take the total amount of water that's flowing
of the surface.
into little pieces and asking how much flow is coming out
from each little piece here? How much water is passing out
There's only one way that water can come out of the surface
and that's if it's being pumped in, if there's a divergence.
interior.
integral.
divergence.
the surface.
That gives us the total amount of fluid coming out per unit
divergence.
Fundamental theorem.
compressible fluid.
being formed.
But if the fluid can't squeeze, if you can not compress it,
it off.
as its source.
elsewhere is. . .
Right.
So, with the example of the two dimensional lake, the source
surface integral.
Okay.
All right.
Let me show you how you use this and what it has the do with
spherical symmetry.
sphere.
within here.
It could be strong near the center and weak near the outside
Okay.
Let's see if we can use that to figure out what the A field
is.
That's dell dot A in here and now let's see can we figure
Gauss's theorem.
vector field.
All right.
What is-- incidentally, for the flow case, for the fluid
unit time.
It would be the flow per unit time that's coming through the
system.
here.
No, no.
Not M.
Q.
of A.
That's it.
on the sphere.
symmetry.
I am in the sphere, then it's just you can take this on the
pi R.
Four pi R squared.
Oh, yeah.
to Q.
positive.
of the center.
You know what this R is? It's a unit vector pointing in the
radial direction.
direction.
Right? So, it's quite clear from the picture that the A
R squared.
A point mass.
it's all being sucked out from a single point and, as you
Okay.
the outside, less dense at the center and more dense on the
outside.
object near the surface of the earth but not so near that we
can make the flat space approximation.
But no.
center.
He knew.
argument.
But he knew that with the one over R squared force law and
only the one over R squared force law wouldn't have been
seventh.
the mass.
But, that doesn't mean that you can't figure out what's
going on.
But yes, we can work out what would happen in a mine shaft.
through the center of the earth and now you get very close
You've got the-- it's not even obvious which way the force
So, right.
material.
and all the little pipes are arranged on a circle like this.
Nothing.
Nothing.
How can there be? Which direction would it be? And so there'
s no flow in here.
Yeah.
center.
relativity.
>>
Stanford University.