Political Science - is a systematic study of the
state and government.
- “Political” derived from the Greek word polis
meaning a city
- “Science” comes from the Latin word scire,
“to know”
● Scope of Political science
1. Political theory
2. Public law
3. Public administration
State
- A state is a community of persons more or
less numerous permanently occupying a
definite portion of territory, having a
government of their own to which the great
body of inhabitants render obedience and
enjoying freedom from external control
(James Garner)
Nation
- Is a group of people bound together by
certain characteristics such as common
social origin, language, customs and
traditions, and who believe that they are one
and distinct from others.
- Synonymous with “people”
Origin of state
1. Divine right theory
2. Necessity and force theory
3. Paternalistic theory
4. Social contract theory
Elements of state
1. People - This refers to the inhabitants living
within the state. Without people there can
be no functionaries to govern and no
subjects to be governed. (art.3,4,5,12,15)
● Natural persons
❖ Citizens
- Natural born
- naturalized citizens
❖ Aliens
● Artificial persons
➢ Vatican is the smallest state in point of
population with only 900 citizens
➢ Island Republic of Nauru has a total
population of 9,000
➢ China is the largest state in point of
population placed at 1,314,480,000
2. Territory - Fixed position (art.1)
- Must be small or big population for
the need of the people
● Domains
❖ Aerial
❖ Fluvial
❖ Terrestrial
➢ Vatican is the smallest state in terms of
territory with an area of only 0.17 square
mile or 0.44 square kilometers
➢ The Republic of Nauru has an area of about
8 square miles or 21 square kilometers
➢ The former Soviet Union was the largest
state in point of territory with an area of
8,599,766 square mile or 22,273,410
square kilometers
➢ Canada is the biggest state when it comes
in territory with an area of 3,849,674 square
miles or 9,970,610 square kilometers
3. Government - It refers to the agency
through which the will of the state is
formulated, expressed and carried out.
(art.6,7,8,10)
- Political authority
- The body that represent the state
● Kinds of Government
❖ De Jure (complete government) - is
an organized government of a state
which has the general support of the
people.
❖ De Facto (incomplete government) -
is a government which actually
exercises power or control but
without legal title.
● Classifications / Forms of government
The principal forms are the following
❖ As to number of persons exercising
sovereign powers:
1. Monarchy - or one in which the
supreme and final authority is in the
hands of a single person without
regard to the source of his election
or the nature or duration of his
tenure
 a. Absolute monarchy - one
which the ruler rules by
divine right.
b. Limited monarchy - one in
which the ruler rules
accordance with a
constitution.
2. Aristocracy / Oligarchy - one in
which political power is exercised by
a few privileged classes.
3. Democracy - one in which political
power is exercised by a majority of
the people.
a. Direct or pure - the power is
directly exercised by the
people through assembly or
mass meeting.
b. Indirect or representative or
republican - the power is
exercised by a group of
persons chosen by the
people to act as their
representatives
❖ As to extent of powers exercised by the
central or national government:
4. Unitary - one in which the control of
national and local affairs is exercised
by the central or national
government
5. Federal - one in which the powers of
government are divided between two
sets of organs, one for national
affairs and the other for local
authorities.
❖ As to relationship between the executive
and the legislative branches of government:
6. Parliamentary - one in which the
state confers upon the legislature
the power to terminate the tenure of
office of the real executive.
7. Presidential -the executive is
constitutionally vested with powers
making it independent from the
legislative department.
8. Totalitarian - a form of government
that theoretically permits no
individual freedom and that seeks to
subordinate all aspects of individual
life to the authority of the state.
9. Military - established and
administered by a belligerent in the
territory of an enemy occupied by
him
10. Dictatorial - form of government in
which one person or a small group
possesses absolute power without
effective constitutional limitations.
11. Republican - form of government in
which a state is ruled by
representatives of the citizen body
12. Islamic republic - a form of
government based on sharia law. As
a term, it has been used to describe
various historical polities and
theories of governance in the Islamic
world
13. Constitutional - the powers of those
who rule are defined and limited by
the constitution
14. Civilian - one in which political
leadership and decision-making
responsibilities are in the hands of
elected or appointed officials who
are civilians, rather than military
personnel.
● Functions of Government
❖ Constituent - are those which
constitute the very bonds of society
and are compulsory in nature.
❖ Ministrant - are those that are
undertaken only by way of
advancing the general interests of
society and are merely optional.
➢ The Philippines is a representative, unitary,
presidential civil, constitutional, elective,
coordinate, and de jure government. In a
way, it also exercises direct or pure
democracy because of the constitutional
provision on initiative and referendum.
4. Sovereignty - is the supreme power of the
state to command and enforce obedience to
its will from people within its jurisdiction and
corollarily, to have freedom from foreign
control.
- It is the supreme, absolute and
uncontrollable power by which any
state is governed

● Two manifestations
❖ Internal - power of the state to rule
within its territory.
❖ External - freedom of the state is
often referred to as independence
● Types of Sovereignty
❖ Internal
❖ External
● Classifications of Sovereignty
❖ Legal - Legal sovereignty is the
ultimate power of the state by which
the state legislates and enforces it.
Legal sovereign power is the
unrestricted power of the state; no
one can disobey it.
❖ Political -The will of the political
sovereign transforms itself into a
legitimate sovereign law. Influenced
by public opinion and public
reaction, the legal sovereign takes
its decision.
● Characteristics of Sovereignty
❖ Comprehensiveness
❖ Absolute
❖ Perpetual
❖ Inalienable
❖ Permanence
● 3 Inherent power of the state
❖ Power of taxation
❖ Police power
❖ Power of eminent domain
Political Sovereignty - sum total of factors
affecting / influencing the legal sovereignty
➔ Lobbyist
● Factors
❖ Electorate
❖ Public opinion
❖ Business sector
❖ Church
❖ NGO’s
Constitution - refers to “that body rules and
principles in accordance with which power of
sovereignty are regularly exercised”
- A written instrument by which the
fundamental powers of the government are
established, limited and defined and by
which these powers are distributed among
the several departments or branches for
their safe and useful exercise for the benefit
of the people
● Nature and purpose or function of
constitution
1. Serves as the supreme or
fundamental law
2. Establishes basic framework and
underlying principles of government.
● Kinds of Constitution
1. As to their origin and history
❖ Conventional or Enacted
❖ Cumulative or Evolved
2. As to their form
❖ Written
❖ unwritten
3. As to manner of amending them
❖ Rigid or Inelastic
❖ Flexible or Elastic
➢ The 1987 Constitution is Written,
Conventional, Inelastic
➢ 1973 : Semi-Parliamentary
➢ 1986 : Freedom Constitution, EDSA 1
➢ 1987 : Latest Constitution–Feb 2,1987
● Requisites of a good written constitution
1. As to form
❖ Brief
❖ Broad
❖ Definite
2. As to contents
❖ Constitution of Government
(art. 6,7,8,10,11,12)
❖ Constitution of Liberty
(art. 2,3,4,5)(art.
6,7,8,10,11,12)
❖ Constitution of Sovereignty
(art.17)
➢ Miscellaneous articles (art.
1,13,14,15,16,18, preamble)
PREAMBLE ADVANTAGES : Economically, Politically,
Culturally
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the
aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and 1. It will increase the internal waters of
humane society, and establish a Government the Philippines
that shall embody our ideals and aspirations,
- Once it increases, it will also
promote the common good, conserve and
develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves expand the span of
and our posterity, the blessings of territoriality of the Philippines.
independence and democracy under the rule of 2. Economic reason
law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, - Increase in internal waters,
equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate increase in economic
this Constitution. resources/growth.
3. Able to maintain peace and order
- Not source of any right (Hector De leon)
- Eradicate assuming
- “Preambulare” meaning “to walk before”
territories.
- States as the Filipino peoples the authors
- Author : The sovereign Filipino people
● Modes of acquiring Territories
❖ Discovery and Occupation
Article 1 - NATIONAL TERRITORY
- The discovered area must be
SECTION 1 physically occupied
The national territory comprises the Philippine - Authorized settlers to acquire
archipelago, with all the islands and waters land on a large scale through
embraced therein, and all other territories over various forms of
which the Philippines has sovereignty or dispossession of indigenous
jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial people and violation of their
and aerial domains, including its territorial sea, rights and livelihoods
the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, ❖ Prescription
and other submarine areas. The waters around, - Requires a stricter proof and
between, and connecting the islands of the longer period of the display
archipelago, regardless of their breadth and of authority.
dimensions, form part of the internal waters of Elements : Lapse of reasonable
the Philippines. period
of time
- Miscellaneous article : The possession must be
- For practicality one must include it in actual, adverse, public,
constitution continuous for a long
● Domains period of time whether in a
❖ Terrestrial good faith or bad faith.
❖ Aerial ❖ Cession
❖ fluvial - Mode of acquiring/losing
Doctrine of territoriality / Archipelagic concepts of territory through a
territoriality compact/agreement of
- Under UNCLOS, all waters around, state/countries
between, and connecting the island of the - One of the modes by which
archipelago, regardless of their breath of states can lawfully acquire
dimensions, form, part of the internal waters territory, and since it is based
of the Philippines on mutual consent, it is
presumably today made
 having the greatest practical people and all government authority emanates
relevance. from them.
● Kinds
1. Voluntary - Section 2. The Philippines renounces war as an
negotiation, instrument of national policy, adopts the
connset generally accepted principles of international
2. Involuntary - law as part of the law of the land and adheres to
war, no the policy of peace, equality, justice, freedom,
negotiation cooperation, and amity with all nations.
❖ Accretion
Section 3. Civilian authority is, at all times,
- Incorporate/attach something
supreme over the military. The Armed Forces of
to which the owner already
the Philippines is the protector of the people
possesses.
and the State. Its goal is to secure the
- The attainment of
sovereignty of the State and the integrity of the
sovereignty over new land
national territory.
due to slow movement of
natural forces. Section 4. The prime duty of the Government is
● Kinds to serve and protect the people. The
1. Acts of nature Government may call upon the people to defend
/ God (natural the State and, in the fulfillment thereof, all
2. Acts of men citizens may be required, under conditions
(artificial) provided by law, to render personal, military or
civil service.
❖ Conquest or subjugation
- Acquiring territory by the use Section 5. The maintenance of peace and order,
of power the protection of life, liberty, and property, and
➔ We cannot use this promotion of the general welfare are essential
because it is against for the enjoyment by all the people of the
the art.2 sec.2 blessings of democracy.
➔ We cannot declare
war but we can Section 6. The separation of Church and State
declare the shall be inviolable.
declaration of the
state. ● State/government
➢ Applicable / Accepted in Philippines ❖ Secular - The church cannot
- Cession (Voluntary) intervene the government/the state
- Accretion - The church cannot pass the
- Prescription law.
➢ Philippines is an archipelago ❖ Ecclesiastical - the state/government
➢ The increase or decrease of the territory will cannot intervene the church
not affect the international personality of the ● Principle of separation of the church and
state, as long as the four (4) elements of the state
state are present. ❖ Strong fence creates good
Article 2 - DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES neighbors
AND STATE POLICIES ❖ “Render unto caesar the things that
are caesar's and unto God the things
PRINCIPLES that are God’s”
Section 1. The Philippines is a democratic and ● Aspects of religious freedom
republican State. Sovereignty resides in the ❖ Freedom to act on one’s believe
 ❖ Freedom to believe ➔ 11 sections (the commission on
➢ The government is the father of the people,
particularly the women. elections)
➢ Parens patriae
The Constitution of the Republic of ➔ 4 sections (commission on audit)
the Philippines ARTICLE X Local Government

PREAMBLE ➔ 1-14 (general provisions)

ARTICLE I National Territory ➔ 15-21(autonomous provisions)

➔ 1 section ARTICLE XI Accountability of Public

ARTICLE II Declaration of Principles and Officers

State Policies ➔ 18 sections

➔ 1-6 sections (principles) ARTICLE XII National Economy and

➔ 7-29 sections (state policies) Patrimony

ARTICLE III Bill of Rights ➔ 22 sections

➔ 22 sections ARTICLE XIII Social Justice and Human

ARTICLE IV Citizenship Rights

➔ 5 sections ➔ 19 sections

ARTICLE V Suffrage ARTICLE XIV Education, Science and

➔ 2 sections Technology, Arts, Culture and Sports

ARTICLE VI Legislative Department ➔ 19 sections

➔ 32 sections ARTICLE XV The Family

ARTICLE VII Executive Department ➔ 4 sections

➔ 23 sections ARTICLE XVI General Provisions

ARTICLE VIII Judicial Department ➔ 12 sections

➔ 16 sections ARTICLE XVII Amendments or Revisions

ARTICLE IX Constitutional Commissions ➔ 4 sections

➔ 8 sections (common provisions) ARTICLE XVIII Transitory Provisions

➔ 8 sections (the civil service commission) ➔ 27 sections

 ❖ Islamic republic
❖ Constitutional
❖ Civilian
‘ ● Functions
❖ Ministrant
Scope of Political science ❖ Constituent
1. Political theory 4. sovereignty
2. Public law ● Types/Manifestation
3. Public administration ❖ Internal
❖ External
Origin of state ● Classification
1. Divine right theory ❖ Legal
2. Necessity and force theory ❖ Political
3. Paternalistic theory ● Characteristics
4. Social contract theory ❖ Comprehensive
❖ Absolute
Elements of state ❖ Perpetual
1. People ❖ Inalienable
● Natural persons ❖ Permanence
❖ Citizens
- Natural born Factors of Political Sovereignty
- Naturalized citizen 1. Electorate
❖ Aliens 2. Public opinion
● Artificial persons 3. Business sector
2. Territory 4. Church
● Domains 5. NGOS
❖ Aerial 6. Media
❖ Fluvial
❖ Terrestrial 3 Inherent power of the state
3. Government 1. Power of taxation
● Kinds 2. Police power
❖ De Jure 3. Power of eminent domain
❖ De Facto
● Classification/Forms Nature and purpose or function of constitution
❖ Monarchy 1. Serves as the supreme or fundamental law
a. Absolute 2. Establishes basic framework and underlying
b. Limited principles of government.
❖ Aristocracy
❖ Democracy Kinds of Constitution
a. Direct 1) As to their origin and history
b. Indirect a) Conventional or Enacted
❖ Unitary b) Cumulative or Evolved
❖ Federal 2) As to their form
❖ Parliamentary a) Written
❖ Presidential b) unwritten
❖ Totalitarian 3) As to manner of amending them
❖ Militar a) Rigid or Inelastic
❖ Dictatorial b) Flexible or Elastic
❖ Republican
Requisites of a good written constitution
A. As to form
1. Brief
2. Broad
3. Definite
B. As to contents
1. Constitution of Government
(art. 6,7,8,10,11,12)
2. Constitution of Liberty
a) (art. 2,3,4,5)(art.
6,7,8,10,11,12)
3. Constitution of Sovereignty
(art.17)

Modes of acquiring Territories

1. Discovery and Occupation
2. Prescription
3. Cession
● Kinds
❖ Voluntary
❖ Involuntary
4. Accretion
● Kinds
❖ Acts of nature or God
(natural)
❖ Acts of men
(artificial)
5. Conquest / Subjugation

State/government
1. Secular
2. Ecclesiastical

Principle of separation of the church and state

1. Strong fence creates good neighbors
2. “Render unto caesar the things that are
caesar's and unto God the things that are
God’s”

Aspects of religious freedom

1. Freedom to act on one’s believe
2. Freedom to believe