Experiment 2

Aayush Randeep

August 25, 2023

Aim
To measure the Ultrasonic Velocity in Liquids

Apparatus Required
• Ultrasonic Generator

• Coaxial Cable

• Quartz Cell reflector with Scale

• Liquids: Distilled Water,Paraffin Liquid and Glycerol

• Tissue Papers

• Dropper

Theory
An Ultrasonic Interferometer is a simple and direct device to determine the ultrasonic velocity in
liquids with a high degree of accuracy.The principle used in the measurement of velocity (v) is based
on the accurate determination of the wavelength (λ) in the medium. Ultrasonic waves of known
frequency (f ) are produced by a quartz crystal fixed at the bottom of the cell. These waves are
reflected by a movable metallic plate kept parallel to the quartz crystal. If the separation between
these two plates is exactly a whole multiple of the sound wavelength, standing waves are formed in
the medium. This acoustic resonance gives rise to an electrical reaction on the generator driving
the quartz crystal and the anode current of the generator becomes a maximum. If the distance is
now increased or decreased and the variation is exactly one half wavelength (λ/2) or multiple of it,
anode current becomes maximum. From the knowledge of wavelength (λ) the velocity (v) can be
obtained by the relation:

v=λf
where,
v is the velocity of the standing wave
f is the frequency of the generated wave

1
Ultrasonic Interferometer

Observation

Table 1: Micrometer Readings and Differences for Distilled Water

Micrometer Reading (Maximum) Difference

0.059
0.434 0.375
0.806 0.372
1.18 0.374
1.552 0.372
1.94 0.388
2.317 0.377
2.700 0.383
3.077 0.377
3.456 0.379
3.839 0.383
4.201 0.362
4.586 0.385
4.970 0.384
5.337 0.367
5.732 0.395
6.088 0.356
6.478 0.390
6.862 0.384
7.224 0.362
7.592 0.368
Ultrasonic Interferometer

Table 2: Micrometer Readings and Differences for Paraffin Liquid

Micrometer Reading (Maximum) Difference

1.335 0.365
1.68 0.345
2.034 0.354
2.386 0.352
2.735 0.349
3.089 0.354
3.445 0.356
3.796 0.351
4.158 0.362
4.5 0.342
4.852 0.352
5.205 0.353
5.558 0.353
5.91 0.352
6.252 0.342
6.616 0.364
6.974 0.358
7.327 0.353

Table 3: Micrometer Readings and Differences for Glycerol

Micrometer Reading (Maximum) Difference

0.17
0.66 0.490
1.11 0.450
1.612 0.502
2.064 0.452
2.534 0.470
3.04 0.506
3.483 0.443
3.938 0.455
4.453 0.515
4.942 0.489
5.376 0.434
5.862 0.486
6.341 0.479
6.8 0.459
7.27 0.470
7.783 0.513
8.252 0.469
8.726 0.474
9.204 0.478
9.69 0.486
Ultrasonic Interferometer

Working Formula
v=f λ
1
K=
ρv 2
where,
K is Compressibility Factor
ρ is density of the liquid
v is the velocity of the standing wave ,and
f is the frequency of the generated wave

Calculation and Result

Frequency of the Generated Ultrasound=2 MHz

For distilled water:

 
λ
= 0.37665 m
2 avg.
λavg = 0.0007533 m
ρwater = 1000 kg/m3
v= 1506.60 m/s
K=4.4055 x 10−10 N/m2
For Paraffin Liquid:
 
λ
= 0.3528 m
2 avg.
λavg = 0.0007056 m
ρparaffin = 838 kg/m3

v= 1411.20 m/s
K=5.9921 x10−10 N/m2
For
 Glycerol:
λ
= 0.476 m
2 avg.
λavg = 0.000952 m
ρparaffin = 1262 kg/m3
v= 1904 m/s
K=2.1857 x10−10 N/m2

Result

Precautions
• Don’t turn on the instrument when there is no liquid,
Ultrasonic Interferometer

• Make sure to dry and clean the appratus after each liquid is tested.

• Don’t adjust the gain and adjust knob in between the experiment.

• After completing the experiment make sure to switch off all equipment and the power supply.

Instructor’s Signature

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