Standard 5 to 7
Agriculture Revision book

MODULE ONE – GENERAL AGRICULTURE

MODULE TWO – SOIL

MODULE THREE – CROP HUSBANDRY

MODULE FOUR – ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

Cattle production

Small stock production

Pig production

Rabbit production

Chicken Production

Beekeeping
⦁ Agriculture is the growing of crops and rearing of animals

⦁ Animal Husbandry – this is about keeping animals and caring for them.
⦁ Forestry – this is about growing of trees
⦁ Soil science – Is the study of soil
⦁ Agricultural engineering – deals with the use and care of different farm tools, implements machines, etc.
⦁ Agricultural Economics – deals with business part of farming
⦁ Horticulture – deals with growing and caring for vegetable crops, fruits and ornaments plants.
⦁ Agronomy – deals with the care of soil and production of crops
⦁ Veterinary science – this is the study of animal health and disease
⦁ Agricultural research and development – deals with doing experiments concerning agriculture

⦁
⦁ This means producing crops and animals in order to sell and make profit. Under commercial farming:
- Farming is done in small or large well managed farms
- Too much money is spent in machinery, fencing, labour, watering facilities, disease control measures and
quality stock production.
- Production is usually very high.
- Farmers or those employed have farming and business skills and knowledge to run the farm.
- What is produced is for sale and profit making
- Modern farming methods are used to improve production

⦁
⦁ Production of crops and keeping of livestock is done to meet the basic needs of family.
- Under subsistence farming, farmers usually migrates with his stock in search of water and grazing,
- Less money is usually used to maintaining the farming,
- Production is usually very low due to outbreak of diseases, lack of water, poor feeding or poor quality stock,
- Poor methods of farming are usually used,
- Improvement of soil fertility is never a necessity,
- Family members becomes the farm managers and or workers

⦁ – the production of crops that are unnecessary for family use but have high value when
sold

⦁ Shift cultivation –This is when farmers use certain area to raise crops until the soil loses its fertility and then
they move to another area with fertile soil.
⦁ Pastoral farming – This is when farmers raise livestock only
⦁ Arable farming – this is when farmers grow of crops only
⦁ Mixed farming –this is when both crops and livestock are raised in the same farm.

This is the different ways of growing crops. These systems include:

⦁ Monoculture – is the growing of the same crop all over the farm every year.
⦁ Mono cropping – is the growing of one crop at a time
⦁ Mixed cropping – this is growing of a mixture of crops at the same time and same place
⦁ Crop rotation – this is whereby crops are moved each year from one part of the farm to another
⦁ Continuous cropping – this is a system whereby as soon as one crop is harvested, another one is planted
⦁ Inter-cropping – in this system, two different crops are grown at the same time on the same piece of land

⦁ It provides food to Batswana

⦁ It provides employment
⦁ It provides raw materials
⦁ It provides foreign exchange
⦁ It is a source of income to Batswana families
⦁ It is a source of draught power

⦁ AIDS kills skilled people in farming

⦁ farmers spend lot of money to get medical assistance instead of using the money in farming
⦁ HIV and AIDS is reducing farmers energy to do their farm work
⦁ Farmers are leaving their farms to care for infected relatives
⦁ Government is spending too much on the fight against HIV and AIDS instead of agriculture development

⦁ Limited capital for agriculture investment

⦁ Pests, parasites and diseases
⦁ Unreliable rainfall or shortage of water
⦁ Shortage of land
⦁ Limited or shortage of money
⦁ Poor farming methods due to lack of knowledge and skills
⦁ Poor soils
⦁ Use of poor or inefficient farm tools and implements
⦁ Poor marketing facilities
⦁ Competition from foreign farmers
⦁ Lack of proper storage of farm produce
⦁ Low production of farmers due to chronic diseases such as AIDS

⦁ Agriculture should be a core subject from Primary to Secondary school

⦁ Media should expand coverage on agriculture related issues
⦁ Farmers’ training centers should be made where practical demonstrations are done to farmers
⦁ More marketing boarders should be set
⦁ Good roads should be constructed all over the country
⦁ More dams should be built to store rainwater
⦁ Farmers should conserve water
⦁ More agricultural demonstrators and veterinary assistants should be employed
⦁ Farmers should use farm chemicals to control pests and diseases
⦁ Farmers should use fertilizers to improve soil fertility
⦁ They should avoid overstocking and overgrazing
⦁ Farmers should practice crop rotation
⦁ Farmers should practice commercial or cash crop farming
⦁ They should borrow loans from banks
⦁ They should make use of government programmes of improving agriculture
⦁ Farmers should be faithful to their sexual partners, use condoms and take medication as instructed
⦁ Government help farmers by controlling animal diseases like foot and mouth, anthrax and rabies.
⦁ It also providing assistance to farmers through programmes like:
CEDA

⦁ CEDA stands for Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency

⦁ It was formed in 2001
⦁ Its objectives are as follows:
- It gives loans to the new and existing businesses (including farming) that can make a profit.
- It ensures that Batswana get business skills and knowledge that can help them to make their businesses
successful.
- It helps promote the growth of different kinds of businesses in the country.
- It helps create more long term jobs for Batswana.

LIMID

⦁ LIMID stands for Livestock Management and Infrastructure Development

⦁ Its objectives are as follow:
- It promotes food security through improved productivity of livestock
- It improves livestock management
- It eliminates poverty
- It improves range resource management and conservation
- It provides safe and hygienic slaughtered poultry

⦁ Components of LIMID
⦁ LIMID assists with the following:
- Animal husbandry and fodder support
- Borehole equipment support
- Borehole drilling and reticulation and purchase of borehole or wells
- Cooperative poultry abattoirs
- Small stock support programme
- Small-scale guinea fowl production
- Tswana chicken production

ISPAAD

⦁ ISPAAD stands for Integrated Support Programme for Arable Agriculture Development
⦁ It main aim is to address challenges faced by arable farmers

⦁ ISPAAD components
⦁ ISPAAD assist farmers with the following:
- Cluster fencing
- Provision of potable water
- Provision of seeds
- Provision of fertilizers
- Facilitation of access to credit
- Establishment of agricultural service centers
LEA

⦁ LEA stands for Local Enterprise Authority

⦁ LEA’s key sectors are manufacturing, agriculture, tourism and services supporting the aforementioned
sectors.
⦁ LEA targets entrepreneurs and enterprises within the key sectors above and in particular women, youth and
the unemployed.
⦁ LEA provides:
- Training and mentoring
- Business skills training
- Business plan finalization
- Business mentoring facilities
- Market access facilities
- Business monitoring and mentoring
- Facilitation of technology adoption and diffusion

⦁ Government also control pests like locusts and quelea birds.

⦁ She also runs artificial insemination camps throughout the country.

⦁ Teachers in agriculture
⦁ Veterinary technicians
⦁ Agricultural demonstrators
⦁ Agricultural engineer
⦁ Agricultural researcher
⦁ Agricultural economist
⦁ Farmers
⦁ Artificial inseminators
⦁ Farm managers
⦁ Crop protection officers
⦁ Irrigation engineer

Mr Simanyana has tried number of ways to earn his living and has never been successful. Now he
wants to try agriculture so that he can be able to live better but the problem is that he has a very little
knowledge about agriculture. Suppose you are to advise him about anything he wants to know about
agriculture.

1. (a) Describe what agriculture is for him?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

(b) State the kind of career he is choosing to be and the one you will be performing during when
you give an advice?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………... (2)

(c) Give one system of agriculture you would like MrSimanyana to practice and two reasons why
you prefer it?

…………………………………………………………………………………………. (1)

…………………………………………………………………………………………
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (2)

(d) If at the end Simanyana choose to deal with growing of vegetable crops, which department can
you refer him to?

…………………………………………………………………………………………….......... (1)

(e) State how the following government programmes can assist him?

CEDA……………………………………………………………………………………………

ISPAAD………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

2. (a) State one problem faced by farmers that could be solved through the utilization of the
programmes named below.

CEDA……………………………………………………………………………………………

ISSPAD………………………………………………………………………………………….. (2)

(b) What does CEDA and ISSPAD stands for?

CEDA……………………………………………………………………………………………

ISPAAD………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

(c) Besides CEDA and ISSPAD, which is the other government programme introduced to assist
farmers?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

(d) Mention two ways in which farmers can benefit from programme mentioned at (c).

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What is the difference between pastoral and arable farming?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

4. (a) Discuss any two ways by which HIV and AIDS can affect productivity in Agriculture.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (2)

(b) Suggest one way in which farmers can avoid getting infected with HIV and AIDS.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (1)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

A farmer who practices pastoral farming is advised to keep a reasonable number of cattle in his
limited space.

5. (a) What problem will the farmer face if he does not follow the advice?
 …………………………………………………………………………………………………... (1)

(b) Suggests two solutions to the problem mentioned in 5(a).

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

⦁ Farm tools are objects used on the farm to make work easier and they are operated by hands.

⦁ Digging fork:
- used for loosening, lifting and turning over soil farming.

⦁ Wheelbarrow:
- it is a small open cart used to carry things.

⦁ Spade:
- this tool is used for digging the soil and removing weeds.

⦁ Watering can:
- used to water plants.

⦁ Hand trowel:
- it is a gardening tool used to dig small holes, removing weeds and transplant seedling from nursery to the
main seedbed.

⦁ Mattock:
- it digs or breaks hard surfaces. It has a broad bladed end that can be used as a hoe.

⦁ Burdizzo:
- it is a tool that crushes the spermatic cord to render a buck or buckling sterile.

⦁ Rake:
- it levels the soil before planting.

⦁ Disbudding iron
- it is a tool that is heated, usually electric, to burn the horn buds from young animals to prevent horn growth.

⦁ Axe
- it chops trees and woods.

⦁ Hand fork
- it breaks up soil.

⦁ Knife:
- it trims the hooves of animals and other cutting activities.

⦁ Shovel
- it is used for lifting and moving loose materials such as soil.

⦁ Pick
- It is used to dig where the soil surface is hard.

⦁ Hoe
- It removes weeds.

⦁ Cleaning the tools after using them.

⦁ Tools should be used for the correct purpose to avoid damage.
⦁ They should be stored in a room where they will be kept properly.
⦁ They should be kept away from the sun and rain.
⦁ Oiling, painting and greasing will help them to last longer.
⦁ Loose parts such as nuts and bolts should be kept tight all the time.

⦁ Tools should be kept in a clean storeroom and they should be clean before they are store.
⦁ Sharp point tools should be kept in a way that they cannot injure people.
⦁ They should be kept where they will be free from, moist, heat and dust.
⦁ Tools should be kept in one area so that they can be easily found.

⦁ Farm implements are heavier objects used to make work easier and more efficient.

⦁
- when it is pulled over ploughed land, the blades break up large lumps of soil.

⦁
- It is used for pasture renovation and in the cultivation of row-planted crops

⦁
- It turns the soil over before seeds are planted.

⦁
- It is used for heavy duty work such as breaking up hard pans of the soil

⦁
- It is used in softer soil and where it is required to bury trash.

⦁
- It is used for stirring the soil, before planting or to remove weeds and to aerate and loosen the soil after the
crops has begun to grow.

⦁
- It is used in softer soil condition

⦁
- It is used for sowing crops through the field.

⦁
- It is used in operation of cutting, threshing and cleaning the grain.
⦁
- It is used to cut the crops in the field

⦁ Store implements where they will be safe from rain and high temperatures.
⦁ Clean them after use.
⦁ Keep nuts and bolts tight all the time.
⦁ Painting, oiling and greasing them to avoid rust.
⦁ Provide maintenance if damaged or worn out.
⦁ Implements should be used for the work they were made to do.

⦁ Cleaning them and storing them in a clean place.

⦁ Place them where they will be protected from rain, dust and heat.
⦁ For them to last longer, they have to be painted, oiled and greased.

⦁ They loosen the soil and cause soil erosion because

⦁ They can destroy vegetation that protects the soil from be carried away.
⦁ Some implements cause air pollution
⦁ Tractors and implements pulled by animals make the soil compact and as a result, water cannot sink in the
ground easily. We then have little water underground.

⦁ Use farm implements when the soil is not too dry or too wet
⦁ Develop single path ways in the farm not may routs
⦁ Make sure you service farm implements regularly to avoid production of harmful gases such as carbon
monoxide.

⦁ Biotechnology is using living things and knowledge and skills to make products or solve some of our
problems identified.

⦁ Production of foods such as sour porridge, beer, sours milk, cheese and bread.
⦁ Making compost manure
⦁ Improving the quality of beef cattle.

Modern biotechnology can be used to produce:

⦁ Animals that can produce more milk and meat.

⦁ Tomatoes that can ripen slowly.
⦁ Good quality cows and letting them to grow in poor quality cows.
⦁ Crops that resistant to pests, diseases or herbicides.
⦁ Plants that can grow well where there is little water.
⦁ Vaccines that prevent diseases.
⦁ It can help in producing more food in a short period of time.
⦁ It can help to produce medicine and vaccine that can protect plants and animals from pests and diseases.
⦁ It can help to develop plants that can resist attack from pests and diseases.
⦁ It can help to develop crops that can grow well even if there is little rainfall.
⦁ It is used to treat wastewater so that it can be used again.
⦁ Biotechnology can be used to produce food with vitamins, minerals and proteins needed by people.
⦁ Some products may be unsafe to use because safety tests are not done thoroughly.
⦁ Some products may contain poisons that may harm plants, animals and people.
⦁ The use of chemicals pollutes the environment.
⦁ New diseases may be discovered as a result of biotechnology.
⦁ There are fears about the use of modern biotechnology because it may bring problems that have not yet
discovered

⦁ Producing Sour porridge (Ting)

- Mix maize meal or sorghum meal with water and put the mixture in a container.
- Leave the mixture for at least 24 hours.
- Bacteria will get into the mixture and turn it into sour porridge

⦁ Producing Sour Milk (madila)

- Leave fresh milk in a container for at least 12 to 24 hours just in room temperature
- Bacteria will get into the milk and turn fresh milk into sour milk

⦁ Other products which can be produced through traditional biotechnology are:

- Beer cheese
- bread

rake

6. (a) What is the use of the above farm tool?

………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

(b) The farmer painted the tool with a white paint. How is this helpful to the tool?

………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)
(c) What is a farm tool?

……………………………………………………………………………………………….... (1)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Describe two ways how we should properly store farm tools.

 …………………………………………………………………………………………………. (2)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

S T

8. (a) Name the implement labeled S.

………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)
. (b) State the uses of implement S and T.

S ………………………………………………………………………………………………

T ………………………………………………………………………………………………. (2)

(c) Why should we avoid using implement T when it is too wet?

………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

(d) What is a farm implement?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………. (1)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

9. (a) Describe three problems caused by the use on farm implements on the environment.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (3)

(b) Suggest a solution to one of the above mentioned problems.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………. (1)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

The department of agricultural research has developed a new composite breed of cattle named Musi which is
made from careful mating of five different breeds namely, tswana, tuli, brahman, Simmental and bonsmara.

10. (a) What type of biotechnology was used to produce the above mentioned cow?

……………………………………………………………………………………………….... (1)

(b) List four effects of biotechnology.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………… (4)
 (c) Mention four products which can be produced through the process of traditional biotechnology.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………… (4)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

Thuto and Bokani had an argument over a machine below. Thuto believed that it’s a farm tool while on
Bokani’s side is said to be a farm implement. You are to break the argument.

Picture of a wheelbarrow

11. (a) What is it, a farm implement or a tool?

………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

(b) State the name and the use of the object.

Name…………………………………………………………………………………………..

Use…………………………………………………………………………………………….. (2)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

Soil is top layer of the earth in which the plants grow, derive their nutrients, water and get anchorage.
⦁ It gives plants nutrients, water and air needed for growth
⦁ It holds plants up straight as they grow up
⦁ It is a habitat for some animals
⦁ It is used to build houses-
⦁ It is where we grow crops and produce fruits for eating.
⦁ It provides grazing land and grasses for animals
⦁ It has resources such as wood, minerals and grass.

- Climate (temperature and rainfall)

- Living organisms (especially the vegetation)
- Nature of the soil parent material
- Topography of area (contour and elevation of the land)
- Time that the parent materials are ready for soil formation

⦁ The process in which soil is formed is called Weathering.

⦁ Weathering is the breaking down of rocks to form soil.

Mechanical or Physical weathering

⦁ This is when rocks break down due to a force being applied to them.

The following are physical weathering agents:

⦁ Rainwater
- Water carries pieces of rocks in rivers and streams which wear down into small particles by knocking
against each other
⦁ Temperature
- Rock expands during the high temperature of the day and contract during the night due the low temperature
which eventually crumbles into smaller particles.

⦁ Wind
- As wind blows it carries pieces of rocks which break down into small particles by knocking against each
other

Biological weathering

⦁ Is when living organisms cause rocks to break down.

The following are biological weathering agents

⦁ Vegetation (plants)
- As plants grow their roots penetrates through small crack on the rock causing it to split or crumble

⦁ Animals
- Animals which use soil as their habitat often dig down soil as such exposing rock surface to weathering.

⦁ Chemical weathering
- Is when rocks break down because of a change or reaction in the structure or make up of the rock

The chemical weathering agents are:

⦁ Water
- Water either in the air or on the ground combines with many minerals causing them to swell and form cracks
in the rock making it easy to break down

⦁ Carbon dioxide
- When dissolved in water carbon-dioxide form a weak acid called carbonic acid which react with and break
down rocks such as limestone

⦁ Oxygen
- Oxygen in the air combines with minerals in rocks forming materials that crumble easily

⦁ Organic materials
- When organisms die and decay in the soil, acids released in the decay process and break down rock
materials

⦁ Soil Constituents are things that make up soil.

⦁ Inorganic matter or mineral matter (forms large part of the soil)

⦁ Organic matter – remains (decomposed parts) of plants and animals
⦁ Water
⦁ Air
⦁ Finding out if the soil has inorganic matter
- Collect dry sample of soil
- Spread it on a sheet of paper and study it carefully
- What do you see?
- You will the see the particles of broken down rocks.
⦁ This is the solid part of soil called inorganic matter

⦁ Finding out if the soil has organic matter

- Collect a dry sample of soil
- Put the dry sample in a bottle with a lid
- Fill up the bottle with water and close it
- Shake the bottle for a few minutes
- Allow the bottle to stand for at least 15 minutes.
- You will see some materials will float at the top of the water
⦁ These materials are referred to as organic matter

⦁ Finding out if soil is made up of water

- Put a small amount of dry soil in a dry bottle and close the bottle tightly with a lid
- Put the bottle on an open space directly to the sun light
- Observe the bottle after at least 20 minutes
- You will see water droplets inside the bottle
- The droplets of water shows the presence of water in the soil

⦁
- Collect dry soil in the bottle
- Half fill the bottle with water
- You will see air bubbles rising from the soil
- This shows the presence of air in the soil

⦁ Soil fertility is the ability of soil to give plants enough nutrients to grow well
⦁ Soil fertility is defined as the ability of the soil to produce and sustain high crop production time to time.

⦁ Soil depth
⦁ Good drainage to avoid waterlogging
⦁ Good aeration
⦁ High water holding capacity
⦁ High level of nutrients
⦁ Soil pH
⦁ Freedom from pests and diseases

⦁ Soil erosion
⦁ Mono cropping
⦁ Development of hard pans which may be caused by repeatedly ploughing at the same depth
⦁ Loss of organic matter
⦁ Leaching
⦁ Weeds
⦁ Alteration of soil pH (Soil pH is the acidity or alkalinity of the soil), e.g. misuse of certain fertilizers

⦁ Improvement of water retaining ability of soil by adding kraal manure

⦁ Crop rotation
⦁ Proper drainage
⦁ Control of soil erosion
⦁ Weed control
⦁ Soil pH control (by lining or adding acidic fertilizers appropriately)
⦁ Moisture conservation by use of mulching
⦁ Use of both organic and inorganic fertilizers

⦁ Fertilizers are substances rich in plant food, which are added to the soil so that plants can grow well and
produce more food.

a) Organic fertilizers
⦁ These are fertilizers made from decayed or rotten plants and animals and their products.
⦁ Examples of Organic fertilizers are:
- Kraal manure (urine and dung)
- Poultry manure (urine and droppings)
- Compost (rotten plants, waste food from kitchen, crop stems)
- Green manure (planting and ploughing back of legume crops in the soil)
- Mulches (maize stalks, star grass, napier grass, banana leaves, coffee husks, sisal waste can be used)

b) Inorganic fertilizers
⦁ These are artificial or manure made by people in factories.
⦁ They can be divided in to two types namely Straight fertilizers (those that contain one major plan nutrients
and compound fertilizers (those that supply more than one major nutrients)
⦁ Example of Inorganic fertilizers are:

⦁ Ammonium sulphate
⦁ LAN (Limestone Ammonium sulphate)
⦁ Superphosphate
⦁ Urea

⦁ 15:15:0
⦁ 2:3:2 (22)
⦁ 2:3:2 (24)

⦁ Improve soil colour and soil structure - Some smells badly

⦁ They are cheap - Encourage growth of weeds
⦁ Easily available - They are needed in large amounts
⦁ Improve water holding capacity - The amount of nutrients in them are not balanced
 ⦁ Prevent soil erosion - They demand enough transport
⦁ Can be applied at large amount without causing
harm to the soil

⦁ Nutrients contained are known - They are expensive

⦁ They are easy to carry and spread around the field -
⦁ They are easily to transport
⦁ They contain require amount of nutrients
⦁ Dissolve faster so can be used immediately
If they can come in contact with plants they can
burn them
- Can damage the soil if used in large amount
- They do not improve soil structure
- Can be easily washed away by rainwater

⦁ Broadcasting – spreading fertilizers on top of the soil

⦁ Banding or strip application – Putting fertilizers in small furrows dug alongside rows of plants
⦁ Spraying
⦁ Water irrigation
⦁ Top dressing – placing a nitrogenous fertilizers on top of the soil when crops are growing in a field or plot.

In the workshop that farmers attended in Tswapong, one of the topics discussed covered the
importance of cultivating the soil before ploughing, adding fertilizers, practicing crop rotation and
ploughing across the slope.
1. (a) What was the main topic of the above covered content?

……………………………………………………………………………………….... (1)

(b) What are fertilizers?

………………………………………………………………………………………….. (2)

(c) Explain two methods they could use to apply fertilizers?

………………………………………………………………………………………….. (2)

(d) Which method is suitable for applying kraal manure?

…………………………………………………………………………………………. (1)

(e) What type of fertilizers is kraal manure?

…………………………………………………………………………………………. (1)
2. (a) State the two advantages and disadvantages of adding man-made fertilizers in the soil.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………. (4)

(b) What is soil fertility?

………………………………………………………………………………………….. (2)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

⦁ A horizon – Top soil

- It is often dark in colour
- It contains plants roots
- It has important soil organisms
- It is more fertile
- More subjected to weathering and cultivation
- It is better aerated
- It has more humus
- It give plants water, nutrients and air
- It has good crumb structure
- It produce nutrients mostly needed for plants growth

⦁ B horizon – Sub soil

- It is lighter in colour
- It has few plant roots
- It has few soil organisms
- It lies below the topsoil
- It is often poorly drained and aerated
- It has little humus
- It less well aerated than top soil
- It is more compact than top soil
- It may develop hard pan that prevents drainage and resists root penetration

⦁ C horizon – Partly weathered rock

- it has coarse particles and rocks present
- it produces the subsoil and topsoil by weathering

⦁ D horizon – Bed or Parent rock

- it is purely rocks material where soil is formed
- it may contain water
- it is usually reached when boreholes are drilled

Picture showing soil profile

 ⦁ Soil texture is the coarseness and fineness of the soil

a) Coarse texture
⦁ Particles are big far apart
⦁ It holds particles of sandy soil
⦁ Drainage is quick in soil with coarse texture
⦁ It holds very little water
⦁ It loose nutrients by leaching
⦁ Soil with course texture is easy to cultivate

b) Medium texture
⦁ It has the best properties of sand and clay soil
⦁ Medium texture is associated with particles of loam soil
⦁ The soil holds enough water for plants
⦁ Drainage is not too fast or slow

c) Fine texture
⦁ Particles are small and compact
⦁ Particles are those of clay soil
⦁ Soil with fine texture holds lot of water on surface for a longer time
⦁ It is stick when wet and hard when dry
⦁ It also cracks when dry
⦁ It is poorly leached and aerated

⦁ The three (3) types of soil are:

- Loam soil
- Clay soil
- Sandy soil

⦁ it is best for crop production

⦁ it is moderately well drained
⦁ it is moderately fertile
⦁ it is moderately to slight acid
⦁ it is easy to cultivate
⦁ it is well aerated
⦁ it is made up of medium sized particles

⦁ it not good for plant growth

⦁ it is waterlogged
⦁ it hold lot of nutrients on surface
⦁ it is not well drained and not well aerated
⦁ it is difficult to cultivate
⦁ it is made up of fine particles
 ⦁ Dark in colour

⦁ it is not good for plant growth

⦁ water drain easily through it
⦁ has little or no nutrients
⦁ it is very easy to cultivate or dig
⦁ plants roots move easily through it
⦁ Usually light in colour
⦁ It is well aerated

When other boys were busy playing football, ThatoSekgathe was busy digging a hole. One friend came
closer and asked him why he was doing that and he replied that he wants to see how the soil differs as one
dig down below the ground surface.

3. (a) What exactly is ThatoSekgathe studying here?

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(b) Imaging you too left playing and came closer to Thato, the hole and label all the four
layers Thato wanted to see.

(c) From what you show and learnt from the class, give three differences between the first layer and
the last one.

………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………. (3)

(d) Why is it important to learn about layers of the soil like Thato did?

………………………………………………………………………………………….. (2)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

A B C

Fine soil Medium soil Course soil

par cles par cles par cles
4. (a) Using the information in the cards above, define soil texture?

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (1)

(b) If you are to play a card that holds particles of clay soil, which one will you play?

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (1)

(c) State three properties of soil texture at cards A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (3)

(d) Name three types of soil.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………. (3)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

5. (a) The following shows particles of which type of soil?

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (1)

(b) Give two characteristics of the type of soil shown by the diagram above.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

6. (a) State one type of the following which is associated to loam soil.

Soil Profile Soil Texture

(b) Give two reasons why you associate loam soil with the above mentioned.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (2)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

⦁ The term structure is used to describe over all arrangement or grouping of the soil particles
⦁ Crumb or granular structure
- It has particles of loam soil
- It is well aerated
- It is well drained
- It holds on enough water (it has good water holding capacity)
- It has plenty of health soil organisms
- It is easy to dig
- It has enough humus
- It is well leached
- It is good for plant growth

⦁ Single grain structure

- It holds particles of sandy soil
- Particle are big and far apart
- Nutrients leaches freely and fast
- It has poor water holding capacity
- It has low number of soil organisms such as bacteria and fungi.
- It is well drained and well aerated

⦁ Blocky structure
- It has closely parked particle
- It particles have poorer drainage and aeration
- It is waterlogged
- It has lot of humus on surface
- Roots do not penetrate easily through the soil
- It is not good for plants growth because it has little humus at the tips of roots
- It is difficult to cultivate
- It cracks when dry and very sticky when wet

⦁ Platy structure
- Soil aggregate are plate like structures
- It is waterlogged

⦁ Moving farm implements when soil is wet

⦁ Soil erosion
⦁ Digging or ploughing when the soil is wet (this can compact the soil)

⦁ Adding farm manure

⦁ Cultivating the soil when it is neither wet nor too dry

⦁ Soil erosion is the removal of the top soil from one place to the other.
⦁ Soil is usually carried away by agents of soil erosion
⦁ Agents of soil erosion include:
⦁ Water
- Running water washes away loose top soil

⦁ Wind
- Wind blow away top soil from one place to the other

⦁ Moving animals
- Moving animals drag loose soil with their hoofs

⦁ The causes of soil erosion are factors that loosen the soil and leave it bare for agents of soil to carry it away.
⦁ Soil erosion is caused by:
- Deforestation – indiscriminately cutting down of trees
- Ploughing along the slope
- Burning the veld
- Overgrazing
- Overstocking
- People and animals using the same path every time

⦁ The signs of soil erosion are things that show that erosion has taken place.
⦁ Some of signs of soil erosion are:
- Hips of soil are formed on the roads
- Gullies or farrows are formed
- Roots are left uncovered
- Hard surface are seen here and there
- Rivers, dams, irrigation and water steams are full of sand

⦁ Sheet erosion
⦁ Gully or Donga erosion
⦁ Rill erosion
⦁ Splash erosion

⦁ Some trees fall over

⦁ Roads are damaged
⦁ Gullies are formed
⦁ The soil surface is destroyed
⦁ Dams and rivers are destroyed

⦁ Ploughing across the slope

⦁ Practicing rotational grazing
⦁ Planting more trees
⦁ Making fire breakers
⦁ Rearing suitable number of cattle to the grazing land
___________________________________________________________________________________________

7. (a) Name constituent A.

………………………………………………………………………………………………....... (1)

(b) Bugalo has doubts about constituent A forming part of soil. With aid of diagram, clear his
doubts.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………. (4)

(c) Mention the soil constituent that form most part of the soil and its content in the soil.

Soil constituent…………………………………………………………………………………..

Content in the soil………………………………………………………………………………. (2)

(d) State three importance of soil.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (3)
___________________________________________________________________________________________

8. (a) What is the difference between organic and inorganic matter?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

(b) Soil is formed through the process of weathering. State the three types of weathering.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (3)

(c) Give agent of one of the weathering mentioned above and describe how it forms soil.

Weathering………………………………………………………………………………………
 Agent……………………………………………………………………………………………. (1)

How if form soil………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

9. (a) Name the structure represented by the letter A.

………………………………………………………………………………………………... (1)

(b) Give two characteristics of soil structure represented by letter C.

………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

(c) The soil structure B is said to be waterlogged, poorly leached, poorly drained and poor aerated.
What is the meaning of all this phrases?

i) Waterlogged…………………………………………………………………………...

ii) Poorly leached………………………………………………………………………….

iii) Poorly drained………………………………………………………………………….

(iv) Poor aerated…………………………………………………………………………… (4)

(d) What is meant by soil structure?

………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

(e) Write the three types of soil and correctly match each with the structure it is associated to.

Type of soil Soil structure associate

(6)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

A bare rooted tree

10. What could have happened for the roots to be seen out of the ground surface?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………. (1)
___________________________________________________________________________________________

i. Loosening the soil

ii. Washing away top soil
iii. Destruction of vegetation
iv. Formation of gullies

11. (a) Arrange them in correct order in which soil erosion occurs.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………. (2)

(b) Define soil erosion.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………. (1)
(c) Mention three signs of soil erosion.

.......................................................................................................................................................
(3)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

When Maipelo arrived from the town, she found that the road she often used is no longer in use.
This is because the road has developed very huge farrows, hips of sand and uneven surface.

12. (a) What type of erosion has taken place here?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

(b) Explain three possible causes of this situation

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (3)

(c) Explain water and wind as agents of soil erosion.

(i) Water

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(ii) Wind
 …………………………………………………………………………………………………. (2)

(d) Suggest four control measures of soil erosion.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (4)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

⦁ Germination is when an embryo in a seed starts to grow in to a new plant

⦁ For the seed to germinate, it need the presence of the following conditions:
i. Enough water
- Water soften the soil so that new plant can emerge easily
- Water makes it easy for the seed to split
- Water dissolves nutrients for the seed to use
- Water softens the hard cover of a seed so that plant can grow easily through it

⦁ To prove that seeds need water to germinate

- Plant bean seeds at same depth in boxes marked A and B.
- Water the seeds in box A and do not water those in the box B dry
- Put all the boxes where they can receive sunlight and air
- Continue with step ii for some days
- Keep on observing what will happen

ii. Air (oxygen)

⦁ To prove that seeds need air to germinate
- Plant same seeds at same depth in bottles marked A and B.
- Water the seeds in bottle A and bottle B
- Put a lit candle in bottle A, close it tightly and seal it with a vaseline to prevent air
- Close bottle B with a lid
- Put both bottle where they can receive sunlight
- Keep on observing what will happen

iii. Suitable or correct temperature

⦁ To prove that seeds need correct temperature to germinate
- Plant 2 bean seeds at same depth in 3 boxes marked A, B and C.
- Water the seeds in all 3 boxes
- Put box A in presence of air and sunlight
- Put box B near a hot place such as a heater, fire or oven.
- Put box C in a cold place such as a refrigerator, freezer or cooler box with ice
- Continue with step ii for some days
- Keep on observing what will happen

- Water
- Air
- Suitable temperature
- Nutrients
- Sunlight
- Absence of harmful things such as pests and diseases

⦁ Vegetables are important because:

- They are source of foods
- They are source of income
- They are source of foreign currency
- They make our meals taste better and appetizing
- They are source of raw materials

⦁ Nutritional value means how useful vegetables are to our bodies.

⦁ They are nutritionally important because:
- They arouse appetite due to their attractive colour, scents and flavor
- They are rich in vitamins which help in preventing diseases and disorders
- They are rich in minerals especially calcium and iron
- They are rich in proteins which we need for building and repairing body cells
- They give us energy to do work
- Some provide fibre which help our stomach to work well

⦁ Vegetables are important to HIV and AIDS infected people because:

- They arouse their interest to eat
- They boost their immune system
- They give them energy
- They repair the dead cells

⦁ Delele
⦁ Thepe
⦁ Rothwe
⦁ Morogowadinawa
⦁ Morogowalephutshe

⦁ Spinach
⦁ Cabbage
⦁ Onion
⦁ Lettuce
⦁ Beans
⦁ Peas
⦁ Cucumber
⦁ Tomatoes
⦁ Carrots
⦁ Beetroots
⦁ Leaf vegetables: spinach, lettuce, celery or chomolia
⦁ Root vegetables: carrots, beetroots, radishes, sweet potatoes
⦁ Fruit vegetables: tomatoes, pumpkins, cucumbers
⦁ Bulb vegetables: onions, garlic, leeks
⦁ Tuber vegetables: potatoes
⦁ Legume vegetables: beans, peas
⦁ They are usually cheaper
⦁ We get them freely from the bush
⦁ They do not need care from us
⦁ They are resistance to pests and diseases
⦁ They give use food nutrients our bodies need
Advantages of exotic crops
⦁ Their seeds can be bought
⦁ Most of them are grown throughout the year
⦁ They give nutrients needed by our bodies
⦁ There is enough information on how to grow them
⦁ There are many different kinds to choose from
⦁ Low or unreliable rainfall
⦁ Pests and diseases
⦁ Shortage of money
⦁ Lack of skills and knowledge on how to manage
vegetables
- They do not grow everywhere
- They are not available throughout the year
- There is no information of how to grow them
- Their seeds are not easy to get
- One has to travel to have access to them
Disadvantages of exotic crops
- They are usually expensive
- Some do not do well in our climate
- There need lot of care, skill and knowledge to
grow them
- They can bring pests and diseases
- They are easily attacked by pests and diseases
- Build dams
- Store water in tanks
- Reuse water
- Use farm chemicals
- Practice crop rotation
- Make use of government schemes such as LIMID,
ISPAAD
- Borrow money from banks and CEDA
- They should organize skill exchange workshops
- They should cluster with other farmers
- They should consult with horticulture officers
 ⦁ High costs of water
⦁ Competition from other countries
⦁ Bad climate (hot and dry)
- Mulching can be used
- Farmers should reuse, recycle and store rainwater
- Farmers should produce more and high quality
vegetables
- Government should control the selling of foreign
vegetables
- Farmers should grow vegetables that can do well
under the Botswana climate
- Net shading should also be used

⦁ Distance where one is living

⦁ Type of soil
⦁ Presence of water
⦁ Slope of the land
⦁ Drainage
⦁ Presence of sun light
⦁ Space

⦁ Decide the type of beds to make

- - prepare on loamy soil and where there is moderate rainfall
- – preferred when the soil is clay and where there is lot of rain
- – preferred where there is very little rainfall
⦁ Mark and measure the plot
⦁ Dig using a digging fork or a pick when it is hard.
⦁ Add fertilizers and mix well with soil
⦁ Level the soil using a rake and make ridges

⦁ Direct Sowing
- Sowing seeds directly to the plot where they grow until harvesting.
- Roots crops such as carrots, onion and legumes such beans, peas are always plated directly.

⦁ Indirect Sowing (Transplanting)

- This means sowing seeds in a nursery or seedbeds until they are strong enough and then they are
transplanted to the main beds.
- Crops such as tomatoes, spinach, cabbage and others are usually transplanted.

⦁ Depth of planting seeds means how deep a seed should be sown.

⦁ Depth of planting seeds depends on:
- Size of seed
- Type of soil
⦁ Spacing of crops is determined by:
- The fertility of the soil
- How much water the plant will need
- Type and growth habit of a crop
- Reasons for growing crops
- The type of implement used in the farm

Spinach 30-60cm between rows and 15-20cm 12mm

apart in a row
Peas 60-80cm between rows and 10-15cm 2-5cm
apart in a row
Beetroot 20-30cm between rows and 8-10cm 1.5-2.5cm deep
apart in a row
Tomatoes 100-180 cm between rows / furrows 1 cm deep
and 40-50cm apart in a row
Onions 10-30cm between rows / furrows and 1 cm deep
7cm apart in a row

⦁ Watering
⦁ Mulching
- covering the bed surface with grass to reduce evaporation

⦁ Transplanting
- Removing seedlings from the nursery or seedbed to the main bed.

⦁ Shading
- means providing plants with shade

⦁ Weeding
- Removing unwanted plants in the bed.

⦁ Thinning
- Removing some seedling to create space for growth for other seedlings.

⦁ Pruning
- Removing any part of plant that is not useful, fruitful or unproductive.

⦁ Gapping
- Filling in gaps left by plants which either do not germinate or dried out.

⦁ Cultivating the soil

⦁ Controlling pests and diseases
⦁ Record keeping (Production records, diary and financial records)
⦁ Harvesting

⦁ Methods of preserving vegetables mean protecting them from rotting of getting spoilt quickly.
⦁ The three methods of preserving vegetables are:
- Dehydration (drying vegetables)
 - Freezing (putting vegetables in a freezer)
- Refrigeration (putting vegetables in a refrigerator)

⦁ Diary (a record of all the important events or activities taking place in the garden)
⦁ Production records (recording quantity of the vegetable crop harvested)
⦁ Financial records (records showing income and expenditure or profit and loss)

⦁ Marketing refers to all those processes involved in the preparation of raw agricultural product as produced at
the farm, to consumer goods.
⦁ Marketing of vegetables involves:
- Advertising
- Harvesting
- Cleaning
- Sorting
- Packaging
- Pricing
- Labeling
- Storage
- Selling

⦁ Market places for vegetables include:

- Individuals
- Wholesalers
- Retailers
- Cooperative societies
- Traders
- Government departments (schools, hospitals, etc)

⦁ Farm chemicals are substances that farmers use to protect their crops

⦁ Herbicides – used to control weeds (there are two types of herbicides)

- Selective Herbicides (Kills only certain kinds of weeds)
- Non selective Herbicides (kill any plant they come in contact with)

⦁ Pesticides – Used to control pests

⦁ Keep farm chemicals in a lockable storage out of reach of children

⦁ Store chemicals far away from food or cooking utensils
⦁ Read and understand instruction on how to store them written on the container
⦁ Keep them away from fire or hot areas
⦁ Do not store chemicals in food containers
⦁ Do not store food in chemical containers

⦁ Avoid touching farm chemicals with bare hands

⦁ Wear protective clothes when handling chemicals
⦁ Avoid using chemicals when it is too windy
⦁ Destroy empty chemical containers after using them
⦁ Do not eat, smoke or drink anything while using chemicals
⦁ Read and understand instruction of how to use them written on the container

⦁ Farm chemicals can poison and kill plants and animals

⦁ They can pollute the environment
⦁ They can kill useful insects such as bees and butterflies

Mr Row is infected with HIV virus. His meal always contains vegetables and fruits.

1. (a) Mention one reason why he always eat a meal with vegetables and fruits.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (1)

(b) Give one example of the following fruits and vegetables he might like most.

Indigenous fruit Exotic vegetable

(2)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

Bean seed labeling an embryo le er X

2. (a) During which process do part X develop into a young seedling?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………... (1)

(b) Name part X.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

(c) Air is needed for a seed to grow into a seedling. With the aid of a diagram, prove that this
statement is true.

(4)

___________________________________________________________________________________________
3. (a) What management practice should be carried out to solve the problem?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………. (1)

(b) Except from preventing evaporation, mention other two importance of the above mentioned
vegetable management practice.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………. (2)

(c) Which management practice is done by the use of a hand trowel?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………... (1)
___________________________________________________________________________________________

4. (a) State three conditions needed for both seed germination and plant growth.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (3)

(b) Give three uses of water by plant.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (3)

(c) Give 2 indigenous vegetables that HIV and AIDS infected person can eat to boost his or her
immune system,

……………………………………………………………………………………………………. (2)

(d) State three reasons why a person would prefer to grow spinach rather than rothwe.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (3)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Fill in the blank space.

Inadequate rainfall (a)

(b) Farmers should use chemicals and practice

crop rotation
 Lack of skill and knowledge on how to manage (c)
vegetables

(3)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

Ranko has an inten on to make garden where he can grow crops so as to reduce poverty at home.

6. (a) Explain four factors he has to consider when selecting a garden site.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (4)

(b) If Ranko stays in place that is known of little annual rainfall, what type of a plot should he
make?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

(c) State all steps he has to follow in order to make a plot.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (4)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

Transplan ng is one of the management prac ces performed in a vegetable garden.

7. (a) During which method of planting seeds does transpiration take place?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

(b) State two vegetable crops which can be planted through the use of the above method.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

(c) What are the two factors that depth of planting depends on?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

(d) Mention four things to consider when spacing crops?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (4)

(e) Give and describe two other vegetable management practices.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
 …………………………………………………………………………………………………. (4)

(f) From the two activities, choose one and give two reasons why it is carried out.

Management practice…………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

8. (a) Vegetables and fruits get spoilt easily after harvest. State three ways prevent this to happen.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………. (3)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

10/05/2010 Measured a plot by 1m x 4m and dig using a spade. The soil was hard to dig and it
It was then leveled using a rake as I was preparing took two hours to finish.
for planting seeds

9. (a) Name the record above.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

(b) Give two importance of keeping this record.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

(c) Write down other two types of records kept in a vegetable farm.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

(d) State two market places for vegetables?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

10. (a) What is the difference between pesticides and herbicides?

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (2)

(b) Mention two things we should do and two we should not do when handling farm chemicals?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (4)

(c) Describe three bad things that can happen if one is using chemicals.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (3)
___________________________________________________________________________________________

⦁ Cereal crops
- Maize
- Sorghum
- Millet
- Wheat
- rice

⦁ Oil crops
- Sunflower
- Ground nuts

⦁ Legumes
- Beans
- Cowpeas
- Peanuts
- Ground nuts

⦁ Root crops
- Sweet potatoes
- Yams
- cassava

⦁ Fruit crops
- Watermelons
- Pumpkin
- Squashes

⦁ Field crops are important because:

- They are source of food to us and our animals
- They are source of income to our families
- They help to create employments
- They provide us with foreign currency.
- They can be processed to make many other products

⦁ Field crops are important to our bodies since:

- They give us energy because they are rich in carbohydrates
- Some are rich in proteins so they help our body to grow and repair cells and tissues
- They held our bowels to work well because they are rich in fibre
- Some are rich in vitamins and minerals so they help to strengthen the body immune system
⦁ It is important for HIV and AIDS infected people to eat field crops because:
- Field crops can give them energy
- They can strengthen their immune system
- They can build new bony cells and tissues and replace those that have been destroyed by the virus
- Some can provide they with fats needed for extra energy

⦁ Shortage of water or unreliable rainfall

- More dams should be build
- Farmers should drill boreholes in their farms
- Reservoirs and big tanks should be used to store water
- Farmers should grow crops which are suitable to our climate

⦁ Pests and diseases

- Farmers should use chemicals to control pests and diseases
- Farmers should practice crop rotation

⦁ Use of poor farming methods due to little or lack of knowledge and skills in better methods of growing field
crops
- Government should establish agricultural training centers
- Farmers should consult with agricultural demonstrators
- Farmers should benchmark from others

⦁ Poor soils
- Farmers should add fertilizers
- Farmers should practice crop rotation

⦁ Shortage of money to buy quality seeds, tools, chemicals, fertilizers, implements and machines.
- Farmers should make use of government programmes such as ISPAAD
- Farmers should borrow loans from CEDA and banks
- Farmers should establish cooperatives or union which can assist them

⦁ Shortage of market
- Government should make more marketing boards for many more crops
- Farmers should establish cooperatives that may find more market for them

⦁ Competition between locally produced crops and cheaper imported ones

- Government should come up with strategies of controlling coming in of imported crops

⦁ The following are steps taken when preparing a suitable plot for field crop:
- Measure and mark out the plot (3 m long x 1 m wide)
- Dig the soil using pick or spade
- Break up any lumps of soil
- Add farm manure and mix well with soil
- Level the soil using a rake
- Measure and mark out planting rows
- Plant the seeds
- Water the plot immediately
 ⦁ The following are methods of planting field crops:
⦁ Mono-cropping (planting individual crop in one area
⦁ Intercropping (growing different crops at the same time in the same piece of land)
⦁ Row planting (planting seeds in a row)
⦁ Advantages of row planting
- Ease of weeding, harvesting and spraying
- Plants grow at accurate space hence they do not compete for nutrients, water and light
- Less seeds are used
- Farmers move freely around their crops
- It usually lead to good harvest

⦁ Disadvantages of row planting

- It require a skill to practice row planting
- It be may be costly

⦁ Broadcasting (scattering seeds at random over a field)

⦁ Advantages of Broadcasting
- It is a cheap and easy way of planting
- No planting machines are highly needed
- No much skill and knowledge are needed
⦁ Disadvantages of broadcasting
- It may lead to over-spacing or over-crowding of seeds which may lead for competition between plants for
water, sun light and nutrients
- It makes it difficult to use machines for weeding, spraying and cultivation
- Usually low yield is obtained as compared to in row planting
- Some seeds may be thrown out of planting space

Maize - Temperature - Seedbed be - 25-30 - Thinning at 15 cm - Ready for

of 24ºC prepared well in 2.5–10 cm in high harvest in 4 – 12 - Stalk borer
- Well rainfall advance of time cm rows - Hand weeding months - Army worm
- Well drained of sowing - 1m - Use herbicides to - Cut off the cops - Brown beetle
and well - Kill weeds between control weeds - Take the cops to ⦁ use
aerated loams especially grass rows - Add phosphate at crib for further insecticides
of pH 6.0 – 7.0 - Be sown at the time of sowing drying or burn the
beginning of - Add nitrogen - Threshing using stalks after
rains fertilizers at knee stick or remove harvest to
- Sown by dibbling high grains by hand or control pests)
or by maize - Cultivate the soil shelling
planter - Watering when rain - Packaging - Rusts
- Sown two seeds is scares - Storing - White blight
per hole - Selling - Maize streak

Sorghum - Warm - Should be 2.5-5 0.5-1m - Thinning at 15 cm - Ready for

condition planted early at cm between tall harvest in 3 – 9 - Quelea bird
(average temp the beginning of deep rows - Weeding using hoe months - Stalk borer
of 30ºC. rains (late or uprooting weeds - Harvest is done - Shout flies
15 cm
- Adapt well to November or using hand by cutting the - Midges
between
dry conditions early December) plants in - Add phosphate at heads ⦁ Can be
- 300-400mm of - May be a row time of sowing - Take the cops to controlled by
 rain coming at broadcasted or - Add nitrogen 3 crib for further - use insecticides
growing period sown in rows weeks after drying - early planting
- Can grow on - 3 seeds in each planting - Threshing using - use of resistant
any type of hole when sown - Cultivate the soil stick cultivars
soil in rows - Watering when rain - Winnowing
- Does best in is scares - Packaging
well drained - Storage
and fertile soil - Selling
Sunflower - very drought - Seedbed be 4-5 cm 0.75-1m - Weeding until - Harvest is done
resistant prepared well in deep between plants are 0.9m by cutting the - birds
- grown well in advance of time rows high heads - American
areas with of sowing - Threshing with bollworm
750mm annual - Sown with a stick ⦁ use
rainfall maize planter insecticides
- dry weather to control
needed during pests
ripening
- Rusts
- Leaf spot
- White blisters
- Root and stem
rot
Millet - Does best in - May be 2-5cm 60cm - Seedbed of fine - Harvested when
well drained broadcasted or deep between soil should be the grasses and - Quelea bird
and fertile soil sown in rows rows. prepared heads have - Stalk borer
- 3 seeds in each - Sowing is by turned golden - Shout flies
40cm
hole when sown broadcasting or by brown - Midges
apart in a
in rows row. drilling - Cut heads using ⦁ Can be
- Add farm manure knife or by hand controlled by
- Weeding usually or mechanical - use insecticides
by hand thresher - early planting
- Cultivate the soil - Place heads on - use of resistant
- Watering when rain crib to dry cultivars
is scares - Threshing
- Winnowing
- Packaging
- Storing
- Selling
Beans - Need moist - Inter sown with 2.5-4 20-42cm - Needs nitrogenous - Whole plant are
soil other crops cm apart in fertilizers uprooted - birds
- Need moderate - Sown by dibbling deep rows - Weed by hand - Put on bare - American
rainfall or broadcasting surface for bollworm
50-60cm
- 2-4 seeds per drying - Spotted borer
between
hole rows - Threshing with - aphids
- Maize planter stick or shelling ⦁ use
may be used - Winnowing insecticides
- Packaging to control
- Storing pests
- Selling
- bean rust
- Leaf spot
Halo blight
Cowpeas - Drought - Usually inter 2-5cm - 0.75m - Superphosphate - ripen pods are
resistant sown with other deep between improves yields removed laid out - pod borers
 - Intolerant of crops rows to dry - blossom beetle
waterlogging - Broadcasting or - Threshing with - pod sucking
- Need warmth dibbling is - 0.2m stick insects
practices between - Winnowing ⦁ use
plants - Packaging insecticides
in a row - Storing to control
- Selling pests

- fungal spot
- rusts
Groundnuts - - 4-10 0.75-1m - - It is ready when
cm between the shells turn
deep rows brown in the
inside
10-15cm
- Dig up whole
apart in a
row plant and leave
to dry in the sun
- Shelling
- Store in tins or
basket

⦁ Diary
⦁ Financial records

⦁ Field crops can be sold at:

- Botswana Agricultural Marketing Board (BAMB)
- Individuals
- Retailers
- Wholesalers
- Cooperatives

Most of Batswana have three sites that are village, cattle-post and lands. Village or home is where
they stay, cattle host is where pastoral farming take place while lands is where they grow crops. It is
by now thatthe government of Botswana is encouraging her people to have backyard gardens in
order to produce food hence fighting poverty.

11. (a) What kind of crops do they usually grow at the lands?

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (1)

(b) Give three reasons why the HIV and AIDS infected people should include crops mentioned in
1(a) in their backyard gardens?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………... (3)
 (c) Name any two field crops rich in proteins.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

(d) Describe the processing of sorghum.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (3)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

12. (a) State four problems faced by field crops producers.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (4)

(b) From the four problems above, choose two and state two solutions for each problem.

Problem 1…………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Problem 2……………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (4)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

13. (a) Draw a diagram showing suitable plot with measurement for maize and indicate how maize will
be planted, that is spacing and depth of planting seeds.

(4)

(b) Give two methods of planting field crops.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

(c) Which methods can enable farmers to weed easily, walk freely around the crops and make good
harvest?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

(d) Which method is commonly used by most of Batswana farmers and why? Give two reasons.

Method…………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

Reasons……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………. (2)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

The measurements for a suitable field crop seedbed are 3 meters x 1meter. A recommended spacing for
maize is about 30 cm between plants in a row and 60 cm between rows.
14. (a) If you use this spacing to plant maize, how many maize plants do you expect to germinate in a
suitable plot for field crops?

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (1)

(b) Mention the planting spacing between plants in a row of the following field crops.

Sunflower ………………………………………………………………………………………

Beans…………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

⦁ Indeginous fruits are those that grow naturally in our country

- Mogorogorwana
- Morula
- Motsotsojane
- Moretwa
- Moretologa
- Mokgomphathe
- Moseme
- Mmabalane
- Mmilo
- Morojwa
- Mompudu

⦁ they do not need our care

⦁ they are found freely in the wild
⦁ they give us food with valuable nutrients
⦁ they are usually sold at a very low price
⦁ they grow well under local climate

⦁ they grow seasonally not throughout the year

⦁ their seeds are not easy to find
⦁ they are not found everywhere like exotic fruits

⦁ Exotic fruits are those that come from other country

⦁ These are:
- Orange
- Grape
- Mango
- Paw-paw
- Banana
- Guava
- Apple
- Pineapple
-

⦁ they give us food with valuable nutrients

⦁ they are found in most parts of the country
⦁ their seeds are easy to find
⦁ there are many kinds to choose from
⦁ there is a lot of information of how to raise them
⦁ most of them can be found throughout the year

⦁ they are usually expensive to buy

⦁ they need a lot of knowledge and skill to raise them
⦁ bringing them to our country can bring new pests and diseases
⦁ some do not grow well in our climate and soil

⦁ Fruits are important because:

- We eat them to get minerals and vitamins needed by our bodies
- They are source for income to families
- They can be sold to other countries to get foreign currency
- They are source of employment
- They can be used as raw materials to produce other things
- Planting fruit trees is a way of protecting the soil

⦁ Fruits are important as food in our bodies because:

- They contain minerals and vitamins which help to strengthen our immune system
- They give our bodies energy
- They give our bodies fibre which helps our stomach to work well
- They give us proteins that help build and repair body cells and tissues

⦁ It is important for the HIV and AIDS infected people to eat fruits because:
- Fruits contain minerals and vitamins which help to strengthen their immune system
- Fruits can give their bodies energy
- Fruits can give their bodies fibre which can help their stomach to work well
- Fruits can give them proteins that help build and repair body cells and tissues which were affected by the virus

⦁ Shortage of water or unreliable rainfall

- More dams should be build
- Farmers should drill boreholes in their farms
- Reservoirs and big tanks should be used to store water
- Farmers should plant fruit which are suitable to our climate

⦁ Pests and diseases

- Farmers should use chemicals to control pests and diseases
- They should plant seedlings that can resist pests and diseases

⦁ Lack of knowledge and skills needed in raising fruits

- Government should establish agricultural training centers
- Farmers should consult with officers at forestry department
- Farmers should go for short causes regarding growing of fruit trees
- Farmers should benchmark from other well established farmers

⦁ Poor soils
- Farmers should add fertilizers

⦁ Shortage of money to buy quality seeds, chemicals, fertilizers and seedlings.

- Farmers should make use of government programmes such as ISPAAD
- Farmers should borrow loans from CEDA and banks
- Farmers should establish cooperatives or union which can assist them

⦁ Shortage of market
- Government should make more marketing boards for fruits
- Farmers should establish cooperatives that may find more market for them
- Government should attract companies which turn fruits into other products

⦁ Competition between locally produced crops and cheaper imported ones

- Government should come up with strategies of controlling coming in of imported fruits

Fruits trees are usually planted in an identified and enclosed area called an orchard.

⦁ To prepare a planting hole for growing fruit tree, the following steps should be followed:
- Decide where the hole should be dug
- Know the plant well so that you can be able to decide spacing within and between the rows and depth of
planting
- Measure and mark where the whole should be dug
- Dig the hole using pick and shovel
- Keep the top soil on one side and subsoil on another side
- Measure the depth of the whole

⦁ Mix the top soil with fertilizers such as kraal manure and superphosphate
⦁ Put the mixture at the bottom of the hole
⦁ If it’s a fruit tree seedling, remove the plastic or container carefully
⦁ Put the fruit tree seedling at the center of the hole
⦁ Put more mixture until it is level with the top of the ball of soil around the seedling
⦁ Press the soil firmly around the seedling
⦁ Fill the hole with the subsoil
⦁ Make a basin or ridge
⦁ Water the seedling immediately after planting
⦁ Put the mulch around the whole

⦁ Seed propagation or sexual propagation – growing fruit trees from seeds

⦁ Vegetative propagation or asexual propagation - growing fruit trees using parts of parent plant

Mango 10m – 15m 60 cm³

Paw-paw 3m
Bananas 4m
Citrus 5-10 m 60 cm³
Apple 10 m
Pineapple 30cm - 50cm Depth of 7.5cm – 10cm
Orange 5-10 m 60 cm³

⦁ Watering plants regularly

- Water cools the plants
- Water make the plant tissues and cells firm
- Water help the plants to make their own food
- Water transport the food nutrients up and down the plants
- Water dissolve nutrients in the soil to be easily used by plants
⦁ Mulching
- It increase soil fertility
- Mulching reduces evaporation from the soil

⦁ Weeding
- It is done so that weeds do not compete with plants for food nutrients and water
- It is done so that the surrounding of the trees look tidy

⦁ Controlling pests and diseases

- This is done since pest and diseases may damage plants and as a result poor growth and poor production

⦁ Cultivating the soil around the trees

- It is done to kill weeds
- It enables water to penetrate easily in the soil

⦁ Adding fertilizers
- Fertilizers give plants nutrients so that they may grow well
- Fertilizers improve soil structure
- They also improve water holding capacity of the soil

⦁ Supporting fruit trees

- It is done so that plants may grow up right
⦁ Pruning
- It is done to give a plant a better shape in which fruits and flowers may receive sunlight
- It is done to create space for harvesting
- It is done to create space for sunlight and air circulation between plants

⦁ Harvesting
- It is done so that producers can eat or sell fruits
- It is done so that fruits may not get spoilt or loose quality
- It is usually done by handpicking

⦁ Dehydration
⦁ This means drying or removing moisture from fruits
⦁ Fruits that can be dehydrated include:
- Mogwana
- Plums
- Peaches
- Apple
- Grape
- Mango
- Apricot
- Raisins

⦁ Freezing
⦁ This means putting fruits below 0ºC
⦁ Fruits that can be frozen include:
- Strawberry

⦁ Refrigeration
- This means putting them in a refrigerator where the temperature is very low.
- Almost all the fruits can be put in a fridge

⦁ Canning
⦁ This involves cleaning, slicing and putting them in cans.
⦁ Example of fruits that can be canned are:
- Pears
- Pineapple
- Guava
- Peaches

⦁ Fruit production record is written information that shows the reports of what is going on in the farming of
fruits.
⦁ Some of this records include:
- Production records
- Diary
- Financial records
⦁ Marketing refers to all those processes involved in the preparation of raw agricultural product as produced at
the farm, to consumer goods.
⦁ Marketing of fruits involves:
- Advertising
- Harvesting
- Cleaning
- Sorting
- Packaging
- Pricing
- Labeling
- Storage
- Preservation
- Processing them to make others products such as fruit juice
- Selling

⦁ Market places for fruits include:

- Individuals
- Wholesalers
- Retailers
- Cooperative societies
- Traders
- Government departments (schools, hospitals, etc)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

As part of practical examination, you have been tasked to plant two fruit trees at the orchard. With aid of
diagram show the fruit tree you are tasked to plant, its correct depth and correct space between trees

15. (a) Fruit tree’s name……………………………………………………………………….. (1)

 …………………………………………………………………………………………………...

(b) State three advantages of indigenous fruits and three disadvantages of exotic fruits.

Advantages……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Disadvantages……………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (6)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

16. (a) State two fruits that can be preserved through the following methods.

i) Dehydration

…………………………………………………………………………………………………...

ii) Refrigeration

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (6)

(b) State threereasons why people are encouraged to eat fruits.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (3)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

MrMonne, orange farmer in Lekgolobotlo had P5000.00 in his pocket as the profit he made during
his last sales. This time he sold 200 bags at P10.00 each. He then spends P600.00 in grocery,
P1000.00 for his children school demands and P200.00 in buying a chemical which will help him to
control a fly that nearly spoilt his harvest.

17. (a) Which record can one prepare using the information below.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)
 (b) In the space below, draw the record using the information. The record should indicate the
amount of money that MrMonne will end up holding at his account.

(3)

(c) Give two reasons why it is important to keep fruit production records?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (2)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

18. (a) A place where fruits tree seedling is taken care of before transplanting is called a / an

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

(b) A tool used for transplanting seedlings is called _______________________________________

…………………………………………………………………………………………………... (1)

(c) Which are the two methods of planting fruit trees?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

(d) Give four importance of growing fruits in the society.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………. (4)

(e) Give two things that influence the space of holes when planting fruit trees.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

⦁ These are the types of animals we keep at home or those that live with humans.
⦁ They include
- Cattle
- Chickens
- Goats
- Sheep
- Rabbits
- Pigs
- dogs

⦁ they give us food such as milk, meat and eggs

⦁ some are used for transport
⦁ some are used for entertainment
⦁ we sell them to get money
⦁ some are used for hunting and security
⦁ some are used for marital purposes (bogadi)
⦁ they are source of foreign currency

⦁ sometimes they can get dangerous and cause serious injuries to the owner
⦁ too much money is spent in caring for them (feeding and watering, controlling parasites and diseases,
housing)
⦁ they can cause soil erosion by eating all the grasses

⦁ These are types of animals that live in a natural environment or those that does not live with humans.
⦁ They include:
- Elephant
- Giraffe
- Hare
- Fox
- Baboon
- Snake
- Leopards
- Mosquitoes
- Ticks
- Hynas
- Jackal
- Rhino
- Vultures

⦁ they give us food

⦁ they can be sold to get money
⦁ they are tourists attractions
⦁ many people get jobs in areas where they are protected
⦁ scavengers clean up the environment by eating up dead animals to reduce pollution
⦁ people can research about them
⦁ they make part of our curriculum
⦁ they are sources of raw materials

⦁ some are so dangerous that they can kill or cause serious injuries to us
⦁ some feed on our crops and our domesticated animals
⦁ they cause damage to the environment
⦁ they spread disease such as foot and mouth
⦁ they reduce the residential area
⦁ government spend too much money in them as he pays officers who look after them, medication and fencing
their areas
a. Cattle Disease
⦁ Anthrax
⦁ Foot and mouth
⦁ Rinderpest
⦁ Black-quarter
⦁ Mastitis
⦁ Brucellosis
⦁ Trypanosomiasis
⦁ Red water
⦁ Heart water
⦁ Milk fever

b. Small-stock diseases
⦁ Bloat
⦁ Anthrax
⦁ Foot and mouth
⦁ Black-quarter
⦁ Mastitis
⦁ Brucellosis
⦁ Trypanosomiasis (Nagana)
⦁ Foot rot
⦁ Heart water
⦁ Pulpy kidney

c. Chicken diseases
⦁ Coccidiosis
⦁ Newcastle
⦁ Fowl pox
⦁ Fowl typhoid

d. Diseases of pigs
⦁ Swine fever
⦁ Anthrax
⦁ Foot and mouth
⦁ Mastitis
⦁ Brucellosis
⦁ Trypanosomiasis (Nagana)
⦁ Foot rot

e. Rabbit diseases
⦁ Ear canker
⦁ Ear blockage
⦁ Coccidiosis

f. Diseases of dogs
⦁ Rabies

g. Diseases of bees
⦁ Foul brood
⦁ Nosema
⦁ Chalk brood

Anthrax - Cattle Bacterium - High fever - Treat early with

- Sheep - Shivering antibiotics
- Goats - Loss of appetite - Bury or burn remains of
- Pigs - Dullness dead animal
- Blood stained faeces - Do not eat the meat
- Sudden death within - Annual vaccination
24 hours - Report suspected anthrax
In dead animals cases to the veterinary as
- Dark watery blood soon as possible
flowing from anus,
mouth, vulva and
nose
- Blown up stomach
Blackquarter - Cattle Bacteria known - High fever - Treat with antibiotics
- Sheep as Clostridium - Shivering - Annual vaccination
- goats - Loss of appetite - Burn or bury carcass
- Dullness
- Lameness-usually a
large limp
- Swollen and painful
muscles
Mastitis - Cattle Many types of - milk contains pus, - treat with antibiotics
- Sheep bacteria blood or turns watery - milk out teat
- Goats or thick clots - massage with hot water
- Pig - swollen udder - strict cleanliness during
- animal rejects milking
milking - using the right milking
- it kick the baby techniques
Foot rot - cattle Bacteria - swollen painful hoof - treat with antibiotics
- sheep - animal lame - trim properly and remove
- goats - parts of hoof contain the affected part if rotten
- pigs pus smell - isolate the animal
- hoof rot - provide animals with foot
bath of copper sulphate
- continuous trimming and
monitoring of the feet
Foot and mouth - cattle Virus - fever, dullness and - there is no cure
- sheep loss of appetite - kill all infected animals
- pigs - wounds or blisters on - application of quarantine
- goats the tongue, gums and whenever there is
between hooves outbreak
- loss in milk - regular vaccinations
production every six months
- loss of weight - isolate infected animals
 - difficulty in walking from healthy ones
- continuous salvation
- high body
temperature
- difficulty in feeding

Milk fever - cattle Shortage of - temperature drops - injection of calphon

calcium in - saliva comes out - feeds rich in calcium
bloodstream from the mouth
- excitement then
falling to ground
- maybe in coma
Rinderpest - cattle Virus - high fever over 40C - no treatment
- serious dullness and - kill infected animals
loss of appetite - application of quarantine
- diarrhea and blood whenever there is
stained faeces outbreak
- fast breathing - vaccination of all cattle
- nasal discharge from one old every year.
- rapid dehydration
- sunken eyes
Rabies - dogs Virus - madness - annual vaccination of
- chasing other animals dogs
- biting other animals - killing any suspected dog
and objects - no treatment
- running madly
- death after some
weeks

Red water - cattle Protozoa - fever - treat with antibiotic

- constipation and - control ticks
dullness
- yellowish mucus
- swollen lymph glands
- red urine like coffee
- animal licks soil
-
Bloat - goats occur due to - rumen swells
build up gases
caused by
leguminous
crops

Heart water - cattle - fever - Treat with tetracycline

- sheep - dullness and loss of - Tick control by:
- goats appetite ⦁ Fencing and rotational
- animal moves in grazing
circle, restless and ⦁ Burning old pastures and
place its head on hard grass
 objects ⦁ Ploughing and harrowing
- in dry season
⦁ Regular dipping and
spraying using acaricides
Swine fever - Pigs Virus - High fever over 39C - No treatment
- Weakness - No vaccine
- Difficult and fast - Fencing the area where
breathing you keep pigs to keep
- Diarrhea or wild pigs away
constipation - Keep pigs indoor
- Death - Kill all infected pigs and
disinfect the house
Pneumonia - lambs - bacteria - difficult breathing - Treat early cases with
- calves - viruses and coughing antibiotics
- piglets - low or high - Provide warm shelter,
- poultry temperature soft and watery food
- Nasal discharge
- Lazy to move,
dullness and sleepy
- Loss of appetite
Pulpy kidney - Small bacteria - animal die suddenly - regular vaccination
disease stock with no clear
symptoms
- severe nervousness
- difficult breathing
- it hangs its head
down
- walks with staggering
walk
- after death severe
swollen, dark red,
soft and pulpy kidney
may be seen

⦁ Culling – getting rid of an infected animals

⦁ Deworming
⦁ Burning or burying carcass of infected animals
⦁ Dipping and spraying to prevent disease carrying parasites
⦁ Avoiding eating and opening carcass of animals that shows infection of certain diseases
⦁ Proving foot bath in doors of animal houses
⦁ Treatment
- Using drugs (medicines) to cure diseases

⦁ Drenching
- Giving an animal a drug on routine basis depending on disease frequency

⦁ Use of antiseptics and disinfectants

- This is done to ensure high level of hygiene. The two contain germ killing agents but these substances are
 not at all harmful to animals.

⦁ Isolation
- Any sick animal must be kept away or at distant from the rest of the herd or flock as soon as disease is
suspected

⦁ Quarantine
- This is a lawful act where no movement of animals in or out of the area is allowed or is restricted and
livestock sales are suspended.
- Law reinforcement agencies and the public are officially informed of such measures, and anyone found
breaking quarantine is punished.

⦁ Slaughtering
- In case of certain highly infectious diseases such as foot and mouth, swine fever, brucellosis and
coccidiosis, the infected animals are culled and slaughtered.

⦁ Vaccination
- This is a way of giving animals vaccine in advance to prevent some viral and bacterial diseases
- A way of giving immunity to a particular disease.

⦁ Controlling disease carrying animals (vectors) such as tsetse fly and ticks by spraying the bush and animal
house with insecticides or alternatively clearing or burning the bush.

⦁ Parasites are small organisms that depend on other animals by feeding on them and using them as their
habitat
⦁ An animal that a parasite depends on is called a host.
⦁ There are two types of parasites namely:

i. External parasites
⦁ External parasites live on and suck the blood of the host.
- Fleas
- Lice
- Ticks
- Mites

ii. Internal parasites

⦁ Internal parasites stays inside the hosts
- Tapeworm
- Round worm
- Liver fluke

⦁ It use up food and leaves the host with less food to maintains its body.
⦁ It sucks blood from the stomach and intestine walls and cause severe bleeding
⦁ It makes the host weak and more vulnerable to diseases
⦁ Severe infection may lead to death
⦁ It may lead to diarrhea and coughing if lungs are attacked
⦁ Loss of weight and poor growth

⦁ Drenching animals with sodium-sulphate

⦁ Keeping the animal house clean and disinfected
⦁ Snail-infected water may be treated with copper-sulphate
⦁ Regular dosing
⦁ Rotational grazing
⦁ Avoid grazing animals in wet pastures

⦁ They suck blood from the host and cause anemia

⦁ Their bites cause irritation and itching which lead the host to scratch itself or rub against hard surface which
may harm the host
⦁ The host may lose its hair/fur

⦁ Spray the host with a solution of chemical such as diazinone or amitraz

⦁ Keep the host clean and disinfected
⦁ Dust the host with chemicals such as malathion dust
⦁ Old motor oil and diesel can be spread on the body of the host

Cattle - used for ploughing

- they give us food
- used for transportation
- we sell them to get money
- we export their products to get foreign currency
- they source of kraal manure
- they give us raw materials
Chicken - they give us food such as meat and eggs
- we sell them to get money
- they give us chicken manure
Goats - They give us food such as milk and meat
- We sell them to make money
- They give us kraal manure
- Their skins are used to make mats
Sheep - They give us meat
- They are sold to make money
- Some of them give us wool
- They give us kraal manure
Ostrich - They give us food such as meat and eggs
- Their skins are used to make cloths
- We sell they to make money
- They are sources of raw materials such as feathers
Rabbits - They give us meat
- Their skins make clothes
- They are sold to make money
- They can be kept as pets
Beef cattle Hereford - Imported from UK
- It is red with white on the head, chest, brisket and belly

Brahman - It comes from India

- It can be light grey to reddish in colour.
- The male one has large hump
- It has large ears

Tswana - It comes from Botswana

- It is kept for both meat and milk production
- It has variety of colour

Afrikander - It comes from South Africa

- It is dark red in colour
- The male one has a large hump and dewlap

Galloway - Found in Kenya

- It is black in colour
- It has longer body

Charolais - It originates from France

- it is cream white
- it has a heavily belt body

Bonsmara - It was developed in South Africa

- It is reddish-brown in colour
- It is adapted to high temperature and drought of
Botswana
Tuli - It originates from Zimbabwe
- It varies in colour and size
- It is well adapted to harsh climates
- Perform well under good management
Simmental - It originates in Switzerland
- It is a dual-purpose breed
- It is mainly white with reddish patches on parts of its
body
- Have a good growth and produces good quality meat
- Can be cross-breed to Tswana breed
Dairy cattle Jersey - originate from Jersey Island
- colours varies from brownish to black
- it is light animal widely used in tropical regions

Friesian - originate from Holland

- White and black in colour
- It produces lot of milk
 Guernsey - Originate from France
- Medium sized breed
- Colour varies from light brownish to almost red
- It may have white markings on the face, legs, switch and
flank

Ayrshire - Originate in Scotland

- Medium heavy breed
- Usually red with white markings or white with red
markings

Broiler chickens Light Sussex - It comes from Britain

- It is white with some black strips along the neck and tail

New Hampshire - It comes from America

- It is red to brown in colour
- It is kept for both meat and egg production

Rhodes Island Red - It comes from America

- It is red in colour
- It can be kept for both meat and egg production

Layer chickens Isa Brown - It is brown in colour

- It produces lot of eggs
- It is a hybrid

Hyline - It is brown in colour with white patches

- It produces lot of egg
- It is hybrid

White Loghorn - It comes from Italy

- It is white in colour
- It is small in size
- It lays many white eggs

Black Australorp - It comes from Australia

- It is black in colour
- It is big and lays brown eggs

Goats Tswana - It comes from Botswana

- It is of different colours and size
- It is kept for both meat and milk production

Boer - It comes from South Africa

- It is kept mainly for meat
- It is usually white with reddish head
 Angora - It comes from Turkey
- It is kept for its ling, silky hair used to make cloths
- It is white in colour

Saanen goat - It come from Switseland

- It is white ti cream in colour
- It is kept for mainly milk production

Sheep Tswana - It comes from Botswana

- It has varies colours
- It is mainly kept for meat
- It has large fat tail

Dopper - It comes from South Africa

- It has a white body with black head and neck
- It is mainly kept for meat

Merino - It comes from Spain

- It is kept for wool production
- It is white to cream in colour

Karakul - It comes from Russia

- It is kept for pelts
- It is usually black but it can be brown to grey in colour

Pigs Tswana - It originated form Botswana

- It has a short, small body
- It can be of any colour
- It is very fat
- Usually has floppy ears which cover the eyes
- Produces poorly quality meat because of too fats
- It withstands poor conditions
Large White - It white with silk hair
- The skin may have a few blue spots
- It has a broad snout
- It has long and thin ears and are inclined slightly forward
- It has low and large body

Saddleback - It black with white front legs and saddle mark encircling
the shoulders
- It has long head with straight face and dropping ears
- It has long curved body

Hampshire - It is similar to Saddleback in colour

- It has short snout and erect ears

Landrance - Originates from Denmark

- It is similar to Large White in colour
 - It has a long straight face with dropping ears

Duroc - It originates from America

- It is reddish-gold in colour
- It has droopy ears which cover the eyes
- It has good growth rate
Rabbit New Zealand White - Originates from New Zealand
- It if white in colour
- It is very large
- It grows very fast
- It may reach a weight of 5 kg
- It is mainly used for meat production
New Zealand Red - It originated from USA
- It is reddish in colour
- It is quite small
- It is kept for meat production
California White - Originates in the USA
- It is white with black nose, ears and feet
- It is a large rabbit
- It may weigh up to 4.5 kg
- It is kept mainly for meat production
Flemish Giant - It is the largest of all rabbit breeds
- It may weight up to 6 kg
- It is greyish white
- It produce very good meat
Chinchilla - It is blue grey
- It produces very good meat
- It can reach weight of 5 kg
- It is a large breed

Picture of an ostrich

1. (a) Which type of animal is shown in the above diagram?

………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

(b) Give two uses of the animal in the diagram.

………………………………………………………………………………………………... (2)
___________________________________________________________________________________________

2. State three differences between breeds of diary and beef cattle.

………………………………………………………………………………………………… (3)
___________________________________________________________________________________________

3. The Tsodilo Poultry keeps chicken that lay lot of eggs.

(a) Which breed of chicken do they keep?

………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)
(b) Give two characteristics of the above named breed of chicken.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………. (2)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

4. (a) State three breeds of sheep.

………………………………………………………………………………………………… (3)

(b) State one characteristic of one of the above named breeds of sheep.

Breed…………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

5. In every President kgotla meeting, the Pandamatenga farmers complain bitterly about wild animals.

(a) Give one reason why farmers are bitter about wild animals?

………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

(b) But why are wild animals protected while some people are bitter about them? Give three
reasons.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………. (3)
___________________________________________________________________________________________

Mastitis Brucellosis Black-quart

er
Swine Foot rot Rinderpest
fever
Ear canker Red water Coccidiosis

Foot Fowl pox flue

&mouth
Anthrax Rabies Newcastle
6. (a) Which animal is infected by disease at A4?

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (1)

(b) Write coordinates of all diseases caused by virus.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (2)

(c) Choose one disease at 3(b) and state three ways the disease can be controlled.

Disease………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………... (3)

(d) Which coordinates are diseases of chicken?

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (2)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

⦁ To protect them from living and non-living factors that can harm them
⦁ To be able to control and prevent diseases and parasites that can infect them
⦁ To keep proper management records
⦁ To feed them well
⦁ To protect them from harsh weather
⦁ To protect them from thieves
⦁ To milk them well
⦁ To manage their breeding
⦁ So that they can get used to farm procedures

⦁ cattle are kept in a farm stead

⦁ the farm is divided into paddocks to enable rotational grazing
⦁ cattle farm should have a feeding and watering area
⦁ it should have a calving area, calf pens and milking area

⦁ A female cow is called heifer while male ones are called bulls
⦁ The gestation period of a heifer is 270-285 days
⦁ Production management practices of cattle including:
 - Cross breeding – the mating of animals from different breeds
- Culling
- Weaning – Separating young animals from their mothers to stop them from drinking milk from them
- Dipping and spraying to control parasites
- Vaccination
- Castration
- Dehorning
- Disbudding
- Branding
- Ear tagging
⦁ Managing during gestation period which lasts for 270-285 days
- Milking pregnant cow twice a day for seven months
- Pregnancy check ups
- Drying off – this is stopping milking a cow two months before calving

- Steaming-up – this special feeding done during drying of period

- Artificial insemination – depositing semen artificially in a female animal’s reproductive canal or tract
- Breeding them well

⦁ Shortage of water or unreliable rainfall

- Farmers should build dams and drill borehole
- They should store rain water in tanks

⦁ Parasites and diseases

- Vaccination
- Drenching
- Disinfect cattle houses

⦁ Cattle theft
- They should report any suspect to cattle theft
- They should fence areas where they keep the cattle
- They should work hand in hand as cattle farmers in fighting cattle theft

⦁ Lack of knowledge and skill on management of cattle

- Government should employ enough officers who can assist farmers
- Farmers should enter courses on cattle farming
- Farmers should benchmark to those well-established farmers
- Government should establish agricultural centers

⦁ Poor marketing facilities such as transport

- Farmers should borrow loans to buy transporting objects

⦁ Shortage of rearing and grazing land

- Farmers should be encouraged to rear a limited number of cattle
- farmers should feed their animals

⦁ Presence of predators
- Farmers should hire herdmen
- Farmers should fence their cattle farms with electric fences

⦁ Lack of capital
- Farmers should borrow loans from CEDA and commercial banks
⦁ Abnormal posture and restlessness
⦁ The animal stays in one place for long time
⦁ It becomes disinterested when approached
⦁ Sometime it becomes aggressive
⦁ Lack of appetite
⦁ Difficulty in swallowing
⦁ Chew for an abnormally long time
⦁ Too much hard or watery faeces
⦁ Abnormal in the colouring of urine
⦁ Dull coat
⦁ Difficulty in breathing
⦁ Abnormal temperature and pulse
⦁ wounds or blisters on the tongue, gums and between hooves
⦁ fever blood-stained faeces

Disease Cause Symptoms and signs Methods of control and

prevention
Bacterium - High fever - Treat early with
- Shivering antibiotics
- Loss of appetite - Bury or burn remains of
- Dullness dead animal
- Blood stained faeces - Do not eat the meat
- Sudden death within 24 - Annual vaccination
hours - Report suspected
In dead animals anthrax cases to the
- Dark watery blood veterinary as soon as
flowing from anus, possible
mouth, vulva and nose
- Blown up stomach
Bacteria called - High fever - Treat with antibiotics
clostridium - Shivering - Annual vaccination
- Loss of appetite - Burn or bury carcass
- Dullness
- Lameness-usually a
large limp
- Swollen and painful
muscles
Many types of - milk contains pus, blood - treat with antibiotics
bacteria or turns watery or thick - milk out teat
clots - massage with hot water
- swollen udder - strict cleanliness during
- animal rejects milking milking
- it kick the baby - using the right milking
techniques

Bacteria - swollen painful hoof - treat with antibiotics

- animal lame - trim properly and
 - parts of hoof contain pus
smell
- hoof rot
Virus - fever, dullness and loss
of appetite
- wounds or blisters on
the tongue, gums and
between hooves
- loss in milk production
- loss of weight
- difficulty in walking
- continuous salvation
- high body temperature
- difficulty in feeding
Shortage of calcium - temperature drops
in bloodstream - saliva comes out from
the mouth
- excitement then falling
to ground
- maybe in coma
Virus - high fever over 40C
- serious dullness and loss
of appetite
- diarrhea and blood
stained faeces
- fast breathing
- nasal discharge
- rapid dehydration
- sunken eyes
-
Protozoa - fever
- constipation and
dullness
- yellowish mucous
membranes
- animal licks soil
- swollen lymph plands
- red urine
remove the affected
part if rotten
- isolate the animal
- provide animals with
foot bath of copper
sulphate
- continuous trimming
and monitoring of the
feet
- there is no cure
- kill all infected animals
- application of
quarantine whenever
there is outbreak
- regular vaccinations
every six months
- isolate infected animals
from healthy ones
- injection of calphon
- feeds rich in calcium
- no treatment
- kill infected animals
- application of
quarantine whenever
there is outbreak
- Vaccination of all cattle
from one old every
year.
- sometimes treating with
tetracycline and berenil
become successful
- tick control is still the
best method
⦁ Treatment
- Using drugs (medicines) to cure diseases

⦁ Drenching
- Giving an animal a drug on routine basis depending on disease frequency

⦁ Use of antiseptics and disinfectants

- This is done to ensure high level of hygiene. The two contain germ killing agents but these substances are
not at all harmful to animals.

⦁ Isolation
- Any sick animal must be kept away or at distant from the rest of the herd or flock as soon as disease is
suspected

⦁ Quarantine
- This is a lawful act where no movement of animals in or out of the area is allowed or is restricted and
livestock sales are suspended.
- Law reinforcement agencies and the public are officially informed of such measures, and anyone found
breaking quarantine is punished.

⦁ Slaughtering
- In case of certain highly infectious diseases such as foot and mouth, swine fever, brucellosis and
coccidiosis, the infected animals are culled and slaughtered.

⦁ Vaccination
- This is a way of giving animals vaccine in advance to prevent some viral and bacterial disesases
- A way of giving immunity to a particular disease.

⦁ Controlling disease carrying animals (vectors) such as tsetse fly and ticks by spraying the bush and animal
house with insecticides or alternatively clearing or burning the bush.

⦁ Cattle ticks
⦁ Tsetse fly
⦁ Mites
⦁ fleas

⦁ Liver fluke
⦁ Roundworm
⦁ tapeworm

⦁ Stock records
- Number present and absent animals
- Number female and male cattle

⦁ Financial records
- Income and expenditure
- Profit and loss
- balance
Date Income Expenditure Activity description Balance
 11/11/11 P25 000.00 Sales of 5 cattle P25 000.00
20/11/11 P500.00 Bought drugs P24 500.00

⦁ Feed records
- Daily food consumption
- Type of food bought

⦁ Health records
- Number of sick animals
- Date and type of vaccine given

Vaccinations Worming
Date Vaccine Date Remedy
06/03/12 Against black water
03/04/12 Against anthrax

Disease and wound treatment

Date Disease or wound Treatment
12.08.12 Heart water (carried by ticks) Tetracycline + acaricidal hand. Spray to
destroy ticks

02.02.12 Trypanosomiasis (carried by Berenil to treat cow. Insecticides applied

tsetse fly) destroy tsetse fly

- Number of dead and culled animals

- Number of dead animals

⦁ Milk production records

- Name of cow
- Amount of milk produced in the morning and afternoon
- Total milk produced in a day
Weekly milk record
Month: June Year: 2011
Name of Millioneer Modisaojang Makoronyana Queen Total
Cow
Day 1 Moring 3.6 3.6 3.0 3.6
Evening 3.6 3.5 3.0 3.5
Dya 2 Morning 3.5 3.4 3.0 3.6
evening 3.6 3.3 2.9 3.4

Marketing of livestock involves:

- Feeding animals well

- Performing overall management of animals
- Transporting animals
- Selling them to individuals, butcheries, Botswana Meat Commission (BMC)
Marketing of milk

- Milking
- Pricing
- Selling to individuals, shops,
- Milk can also be used to make other products such as butter, cheese, ice-cream and yogurt

⦁ To protect them from thieves

⦁ To protect them from predators
⦁ To protect them from harsh weather
⦁ To manage them well
⦁ To keep proper records
⦁ To feed and water them properly

⦁ It should be well-ventilated
⦁ It should have watering and feeding area
⦁ It should have a concrete floor for easy cleaning
⦁ It should have a milking and resting areas
⦁ It should have a sloping roof

⦁ A female goat is called doe

⦁ A female sheep is called ewe while male one is called ram.
⦁ Doe and ewe’s gestation period last for 5 months or 150 days

⦁ Small-stock production management practices include:

- Housing them
- Vaccination and drenching to control diseases and parasites
- Weaning
- Milking them properly
- Feeding them well
- Docking of lambs tail during the first 2 weeks after lambing
- Providing safe water
- Deworning
- Identification
- Castration
- Hoof trimming
- Shearing of sheep

⦁ Parasites and diseases

- Vaccination
- Keep their house disinfected
- Dipping and spraying

⦁ Lack or shortage of water

- Farmers should drill boreholes
- Farmers should unit and build dams
- Farmers should capture rain-water in tanks

⦁ Lack of money to drugs and proper farm equipment

- Farmers should form unions which will establish a farmers’ bank for them
- Farmers should borrow loans from CEDA and commercial banks
⦁ Predators
- Farmers should employ herders
- Farmers should report suspect of presence of dangerous animals such as leopard

⦁ Theft
- Farmers should report suspect of theft to the police

⦁ Dull eyes
⦁ Limping
⦁ It stays in one place for a long time
⦁ Loss of appetite and weight
⦁ Rough and dull coat
⦁ Abnormal breathing and temperature
⦁ Diarrhea
⦁ Abnormal heartbeat

⦁ The following diseases are well described in a table below.

- Foot rot
- Foot and mouth
- Pulpy kidney disease
- Red-water
- Nagana
- Brucellosis
- Heart-water
- Bloat
- Anthrax
- Black quarter
- Mastitis

⦁ Dipping and spraying

⦁ Vaccination
⦁ Treating disease with drugs
⦁ Deworming
⦁ Culling
⦁ Killing those infected by incurable diseases
⦁ Feeding and watering them properly
⦁ Housing them to control their movements

i. Ticks
⦁ Life cycle of ticks
- Adult female tick sucks blood from the host and drop down to the ground
- The female lay eggs on the ground
- Eggs hatch into larva
- The larva climb up plants stems and leaves
- The larvae are brushed onto the passing animal and start sucking blood
- Larva develop into adult nymphs
- Nymphs develop into adult tick
- Adults mate as they feed on blood of the host and then female drop to the ground to start cycle again

⦁ Fleas
⦁ Mites
⦁ Lice

⦁ Tapeworm
⦁ Roundworm
⦁ Liver fluke

⦁ Life Cycle of Liver fluke

- Eggs in faeces
- develop into larva
- larva bores into snail and develop embryos
- larva swim freely and attach to the wet grass
- The grass is eaten by cattle or sheep

a) Wireworm
⦁ Life cycle of wireworm
- Adult wireworm in the intestines of sheep or goat lay eggs which fall off into the grass with faeces
- Eggs hatch into larva that develops in the grass
- Animals eat larva as they graze
- The larva in the stomach develop into adult wireworm which lay eggs to start the cycle over again

⦁ Stock records
- Number present and absent animals
- Number female and male cattle

⦁ Financial records
- Income and expenditure
- Profit and loss
- balance

⦁ Feed records
- Daily food consumption
- Type of food bought

⦁ Health records
- Number of sick animals
- Date and type of vaccine given
- Number of dead and culled animals
- Number of dead animals

Marketing of small-stock involves:

- Feeding animals well
- Performing overall management of animals
- Transporting animals
- Selling them to individuals and butcheries
Marketing of milk

- Milking
- Pricing
- Selling to individuals, shops,
- Milk can also be used to make other products such as butter, cheese, ice-cream and yogurt
Marketing of wool

- Sheep shearing using electric shearer or shearing blades

- Grading
- Packaging into bales made of jute bags
- Selling the wool to those who need it

___________________________________________________________________________________________

i. Calving
ii. Drying off
iii. Artificial insemination
iv. Milking twice a day

7. (a) Arrange them in correct order of the life of a heifer.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

(b) Mention two cattle diseases which are commonly controlled by slaughtering all infected
animals.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

(c) Mention two actions you can take to a cow that shows signs of anthrax.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………………………………... (2)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

While most of herd men are commonly illiterate, they usually have a skill to tell if the cow is ready
for calving, if it is sick and if one cow is missing.
8. (a) State four signs that usually tell them that the cow is sick.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (4)

(b) Give three reasons why herd men will always ensure that by the end of the day all cows are
driven to the kraal.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………. (3)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

9. Explain the following cattle management practices.

a) Culling

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (1)

b) Immunization

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (1)

c) Drying-off

…………………………………………………………………………………………………... (1)

d) Artificial insemination

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

10. Name the types of cattle form records explained below.

a) Records showing the number of ill and health cattle, the period of vaccination and the type of
disease affecting cattle.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

b) Records showing the number of present and missing cattle and the number of died cattle.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

c) Records showing the number cows in gestation period, number of born calves and the amount
of milk milked in a day or so.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (3)

d) Draw a sketch of a financial statement taken in small-stock farm.

(3)

___________________________________________________________________________________________
⦁ To protect them from bad weather
⦁ To protect them from biotic factors
⦁ To protect them from abiotic factors
⦁ Protect them from parasites and diseases
⦁ To feed them well
⦁ To manage their movements

⦁ It should be sited in a well-drained area

⦁ It should be well-ventilated
⦁ It should be free from draughts
⦁ It should be dry and warm
⦁ It should be easy to clean and should be spaced
⦁ It should have farrowing, rearing and fattening pen
⦁ It should have water and feed troughs and dung alleys.
⦁ The rearing pen should have guard rails, 24cm from the wall and above the floor
⦁ The rearing pens should also have the creep area where piglets can get heat and special feed

⦁ Old and young female pigs are called sow and gilts respectively while the male one is called boar.
⦁ Farrowing is a name giving to a period when pigs give birth to piglets
⦁ Gestation period for pigs is 112-115 days

Pigs production management practices include:

⦁ Housing
- Pigs are kept in a house called a pig pen

⦁ Feeding pigs
⦁ Pigs are giving the following types of feds:
- The creep feed introduced from 10 days after farrowing to 8 weeks
- Sow and weaner meal given to all the breeding stock
- The finisher of fattener meal

⦁ Teeth clipping – Cutting the eight sharp teeth which the piglet were born with
⦁ Culling
⦁ Vaccination
⦁ Castration
⦁ Weaning of piglets between 6 to 8 weeks
⦁ Docking – cutting off the piglets’ tail
⦁ Keeping proper records
⦁ Marketing animals and their products

⦁ Parasites and diseases

- Vaccination
- Keep their house disinfected
- Dipping and spraying

⦁ Lack or shortage of water

- Farmers should drill boreholes
- Farmers should unit and build dams
- Farmers should capture rain-water in tanks

⦁ Lack of money to drugs and pig feeds

- Farmers should form unions which will establish a farmers’ bank for them
- Farmers should borrow loans from CEDA and commercial banks
⦁ Predators
- Farmers should employ some people to look after pigs
- Farmers should report suspect of presence of dangerous animals such as leopard

⦁ Theft
- Farmers should report suspect of theft to the police
- Farmers should not stay far away from where they are housing pigs

⦁ High fever
⦁ Weakness
⦁ Difficult and fast breathing
⦁ Diarrhea or constipation
⦁ Weight loss
⦁ Loss of appetite
⦁ Abnormal temperature and pulse

⦁ Anthrax
⦁ Foot and mouth
⦁ Foot rot
⦁ Mastitis
⦁ African Swine fever
⦁ pneumonia

⦁ Ticks
⦁ Fleas
⦁ Mange mites
⦁ Pig lice

⦁ Roundworm
⦁ Liver fluke
⦁ Pork tapeworm

⦁ Life cycle of pork tapeworm

- Adult tapeworm lay eggs in the intestine of a pork eating animals like people which passes eggs on the
grass through faeces
- Then pig eat the grass contaminated with tapeworm eggs
- Eggs hatch into embryo which develop into young tapeworm inside the pig
- Pig is then get eaten by carnivores like people getting hence getting young tapeworm
- Young tapeworm develops in to adult one which then lay eggs to start over the cycle
⦁ Farrowing records
- Date of service
- Due date for farrowing
- Date farrowed

⦁ Litter records
- Piglets born per litter
- Number of piglets weaned per litter
- Number of litters per sow per year

⦁ Operational records
- Weaning date
- Date due for castration, vaccination, drenching

⦁ Feed records
- Amount fed daily
- Food conversion rate

⦁ Farmers can sell live pigs to other farmers

⦁ Some feed them well, breed them well to produce quality meat (bacon or pork) and sell it to individuals,
butchers and supermarket

⦁ A female rabbit is called Does while male one is called Bucks.

⦁ A litter of 8-10 rabbits is born after 31 days of successful mating

⦁ Rabbit is kept for meat which is rich in proteins

⦁ Rabbit is kept for pelts (skins and fur) used to make gloves, toys, hand bag, ect
⦁ Rabbit droppings can be used as manue
⦁ It is kept for medical research
⦁ It is kept as a pet

⦁ New Zealand White

⦁ New Zealand Red
⦁ California White
⦁ Flemish Giant
⦁ Chinchilla

⦁ To protect them from bad weather

⦁ To protect them from biotic factors
⦁ To protect them from abiotic factors
⦁ Protect them from parasites and diseases
⦁ To feed them well
⦁ To control their breeding
⦁ To manage their movements
⦁ To keep proper production records

⦁ It is kept in a place called rabbitry made of separate cages or hutches

⦁ It must be dry, clean, airy and free from direct wind

⦁ It must be safe from predators
⦁ The hutch for doe and its litter should be large, airy and raised from the grounds
⦁ It should be divided into exercise, feeding yard and sleeping quarters
⦁ The floor of the hutch may be made of wire netting of 1cm mash or wooden slats set 1cm apart
⦁ It should be constructed one meter above the ground level
⦁ Sleeping quarters may have wooden floor
⦁ It should have water and feed troughs
⦁ There should be nesting box

⦁ Rabbit production management practices include:

⦁ Housing
- Rabbits are kept in a hutch

⦁ Feeding them correctly

- Rabbits can be fed with maize grains and sorghum roughly milled as well as cabbage leaves and carrots

⦁ Breeding them well

- Young male and female rabbit should be mated for the first time at 5-6 months old
- An old female rabbit can be mated six weeks after giving birth to a litter
- The gestation period lasts for 30 days

⦁ Culling
⦁ Vaccination
⦁ Keeping proper records
⦁ Marketing animals and their products

⦁ Parasites and diseases

- Farmers should practice high level of hygiene
- Vaccination
- Farmers should organize workshops on prevention and control of parasites and diseases

⦁ Lack of money to establish breeding farms

- Farmers should borrow loans from CEDA and banks

⦁ Unreliable market
- Farmers should join hands and form marketing agencies
- Farmers should work hard and produce quality rabbit meat
- Farmers should not rely on the local market only
- Farmers should sensitive the community about the nutritional value of rabbit meat

⦁ Lack knowledge and skills

- Farmers should organize workshops and attend courses of chicken production

⦁ Shortage of rabbit pellets

- Farmers should be encouraged to establish farms which produce and sell rabbit pellets

⦁ Diarrhea with blood

⦁ ruffled fur
⦁ dullness
⦁ enlarged stomach
⦁ Loose bowels
⦁ sudden death
⦁ slow and staggering movement
⦁ Irritation on ears
⦁ Reddish ears caused by continuous flapping and scratching of ears
⦁ Small wounds on ears

Coccidiosis Protozoa - Diarrhea with blood - Use drug called

- ruffled fur
Organism of the Eimeria - dullness
- enlarged stomach
- Loose bowels
- sudden death
- slow and staggering
movement
coccidiostats (put the
drug in water and
food
- Use also
sulphamezathine
- Isolate sick animal
- Burn carcass of rabbit
- Clean and disinfect
the house

Ear canker Small mite - Irritation on ears - Treat with parasiticide

- Reddish ears caused - Isolate any infected
by continuous rabbit
scrubbing
- Small wounds
Enteritis (bloat) Change in rabbit’s diet - Lack of appetite - Exercises
- The stomach becomes - Add terramycin to the
large rabbit’s feed
- Continuous gridding
of teeth
 - Affected rabbit drink
water more frequently

⦁ Vaccination
⦁ Culling
⦁ Dipping
⦁ Isolation
⦁ Keeping the rabbit hutches clean and disinfected
⦁ Burn or burry carcass of rabbit that die from diseases

a) Lice
b) Fleas
c) Mange mites
⦁ Life cycle of a mites
- Mites lay eggs on the rabbit
- Eggs hatch into small larva
- The larvae develops into nymphs
- The nymphs grows into adult mites which then lay eggs to start the cycle again

a) Flukes
b) Roundworm
c) Tapeworm
⦁ Life cycle of tapeworm
- Adult tapeworm lay eggs in the intestine of an animal which passes eggs on the grass through faeces
- Then rabbit eat the grass contaminated with tapeworm eggs
- Eggs hatch into embryo which develop into young tapeworm inside the rabbit
- Rabbit is then get eaten by carnivores like dogs getting hence getting young tapeworm
- Young tapeworm develops in to adult one which then lay eggs to start over the cycle

⦁ Dairy records
⦁ Financial records
⦁ Health records

⦁ Slaughtering rabbits
⦁ Refrigeration
⦁ Packaging
⦁ Pricing
⦁ Selling to hotels, restaurants, supermarkets and individuals
___________________________________________________________________________________________

Hutch

11. (a) Which animal is kept in the above house?

………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

(b) Give a reason why this house is kept a meter above the ground surface.

………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

(c) State management practices that are usually done in this house to prevent parasites.

………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

(d) Give four reasons why this animal is kept in the house.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………. (4)
___________________________________________________________________________________________

12. Use bullets to describe a life cycle of a pork tapeworm.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (4)
___________________________________________________________________________________________

An empty house with one door and without

ven la on

13. (a) Write three things that disqualify this house to be a proper chicken house.

ANS:

– It does not have a water and feeding trough

– It is not be well ventilated
– It does not have enough space
– It does not have a footbath at the entrance (3)

(b) Develop the above house into a proper house for chicken.

(c) Why should this house have a footbath at the door?

___________________________________________________________________________________________
⦁ The free range system
- This is a system where chicken at growing and laying are left to roam over a wide open area which may
have a perimeter fence.
- Simple shelters are provided
- The chickens eat variety of things such as insects, grass, grasshopper and food remains

⦁ The fold system

- This is a system where chickens are kept in small movable house known as folds or arks
- Limited number of about 10 to 15 is kept
- Inside the ark there is feeding area and laying shelters

⦁ The deep litter system

- In this system birds are kept throughout their life in a well-ventilated and insulated house
- The house should sited in a well-drained and easy to clean place
- The house should be well-ventilated and insulated
- The floor is filled with litter such as saw dust, wood shavings, crushed maize cobs up to 10-15cm high
- In the house laying nests, roosting perches, feed and water troughs are provided.

⦁ The battery cage system

- In this system chickens are totally confined in cages, number per cage varying from 1 – 4.
- The cages stretch the whole length of the house and each has a sloping floor to allow easy flow of eggs
- Watering and feeding are continuous throughout the length of the cages

⦁ To protect them from living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) factors that can harm them
⦁ Protect them from predators
⦁ To protect them from harsh weather
⦁ Protect them from diseases
⦁ To feed them well
⦁ To control their movement
⦁ To make it easy to collect their eggs
⦁ to make record keeping possible
⦁ to make it easy for application of chicken management practices

⦁ It should have a concrete follow for easy cleaning

⦁ It should have a water and feeding trough
⦁ It should be well ventilated
⦁ It should have enough space
⦁ It should have a footbath at the entrance
⦁ It should have a slopping roof
⦁ It should be plastered

⦁ Housing them

⦁ Incubation
- It is a process of giving a fertile egg a suitable temperature so that it can develop and produce a chick
- It is also defined as the embryonic development of a fertile egg to a chick
- It take 21 days for a chicken egg to hatch

⦁ Brooding
- This is an activity where chicks on their first eight weeks are kept in a well-ventilated house supplied with
suitable heat maintained at 25-30ºC.
- The brooding house is provided with water and food of fine grains and skimmed milk or starter mash rich in
proteins.

⦁ Feeding them well

- Starter mash rich in proteins is food fed to chicks of eight weeks
- Grower’s mash with limited proteins and high level carbohydrates is fed to chicks of 9th to 22nd weeks
- At 22-24 weeks chicken may start to lay eggs, feed them with layer’s mash

⦁ Maintain high level of hygiene

- Have footbath outside the house
- Clean feed and water troughs regularly

⦁ Giving them safe water

⦁ Vaccinate chickens regularly

⦁ Culling
⦁ Egg collection
⦁ Marketing chicken and their products

⦁ Parasites and diseases

- Farmers should practice high level of hygiene
- Vaccination

⦁ Lack of money
- Farmers should borrow loans from CEDA and banks

⦁ Unreliable market
- Farmers should join hands and form marketing agencies
- Farmers should work hard and produce quality chickens
- Farmers should not rely on the local market only

⦁ Lack knowledge and skills

- Farmers should organize workshops and attend courses of chicken production

⦁ Lack of slaughtering area

- Farmers should join hands and build abattoirs

⦁ Poor appetite
⦁ Dull comb
⦁ Ruffled and dull feathers
⦁ Drooping wings
⦁ Loss of weight
⦁ Fast or difficulty in breathing
⦁ Coughing and sneezing
⦁ Limping
⦁ Bloody droppings
⦁ Sits in one place for a longer time
⦁ Walk side by side, slowly or in circles
⦁ Abnormal temperature

Disease Cause Symptoms and signs Methods of control and

prevention
Protozoa - diarrhea - Use drug called
- rough feathers coccidiostats (put the drug
Organism of the - dullness in water and food
Eimeria
- dropping wings
- sudden death

Virus - Watery, smelly and yellowish - No treatment

white diarrhea
- Thick mucus
- Difficulty in breathing
- Drooping wings and bending of
neck Coughing and sneezing
- Twisting of neck
- It stops laying eggs
- Discharge from nose
- May die suddenly
Virus - Tiny wounds on wattle, comb and
wing web
- Ulcers in the mouth
- Discharge from eyes and nostrils
- The eyes get sleepy and stuck
- Difficulty breathing
- Kill the whole flock
- Disinfect the house
- Vaccinate the chickens
every six months
- No treatment
- Kill all the affected birds
- Vaccinate regularly
- Wash and disinfect the
whole house
- Keep street hygiene

Bacteria - White yellowish or green - Antibiotics

yellowish diarrhea - Vaccination regularly
- Difficulty in breathing - Keep the poultry house
- Dullness clean, dry and well
- Bird drink a lot of water ventilated
- Loss of appetite
- Ruffled feathers
- Dropping wings
- Sleepy eyes

⦁ Keep chicken in the house

⦁ Keep the house of chicken tidy and disinfected
⦁ Vaccinate the chicken regularly
⦁ Culling
⦁ Isolation
⦁ Have a footbath at the entrance of the chicken house

a) Fowl tick
⦁ Life cycle of fowl tick
-
b) Fleas
⦁ Life cycle of fleas
- Adult flea sucks blood from chicken and lay eggs
- Eggs hatch into larva
- Lava grow into pupa
- The pupa them develops into an adult flea

c) Fowl lice
d) Red mites

a) Round worm
⦁ Life cycle of roundworm
- The chicken eat faeces containing eggs of roundworm
- Eggs hatch and form larva in the intestines of a chicken
- The larva develops into an adult roundworm

⦁ Stock records
- Number purchased chicks
- Number and value of hens as they start laying
- Number of eggs collected
Date No. of eggs laid in the No. of eggs laid in Total no. of eggs
morning afternoon laid in a day
11.12.11 13 10 23
12.12.11 20 22 44

⦁ Financial records
- Cost of purchased chicken
- Labour and medical costs
- Profit and loss

⦁ Feed records
- Daily food consumption
- Type of food bought

⦁ Health records
- Number of sick chicks
- Date and type of vaccine given
- Number of dead and culled hens
- Number of dead chicks up to point of lay

⦁ Marketing of chicken
- Slaughtering chicken
- Cleaning
- Packaging
- Refrigeration
- Pricing
- Selling to individuals, supermarkets, schools, hospitals and restaurants
⦁ Marketing of eggs
- Collect from the house
- Cleaning
- Sorting
- Packaging
- Labeling
- Pricing
- Selling to individuals, schools, hospitals, shops, cooperatives and retailers

⦁ It is shaped like any other insects

⦁ It has a head, compound eyes, antenna, thorax, abdomen, sting and wings

⦁ The queen
- The mature female whose main duty is to reproduce

⦁ Workers
- The female bees forming majority of the colony
- Their duty is to look after the queen, drone and young maggots

⦁ Drone
- Male bees who are few in the hive
- Their only function is to mate with the queen when she goes on her mating flight
- After mating they die

⦁ Choose a shade tree where you can hang a hive

⦁ Place a hive away from road or path where people walk
⦁ Build a fence to prevent animal knocking down the hive
⦁ Place the hive near to a source of nectar such as garden or orchard

⦁ A top-bar hive
⦁ Noah’s hive

⦁ Hold a cardboard box underneath the swarm with one hand

⦁ Hit the branch of the tree to which they are clinging with your other hand
⦁ The bees will fall off into the box and stay there
⦁ Turn the box over and place it on the ground with the opening facing down
⦁ After half an hour, carry box to a prepared hive
⦁ If this is a topbar hive, open the hive and remove all bars
⦁ Then take the box of bees and shake the swarm down into the hive with hard shake
⦁ Then replace the bars and the plastic cover

- Hat
- Knife
- Feathers
- Smoker
- Dry cow dung
- Mosquito netting
- Matches
- A bee feeder
- A bellow smoker
- Part of a queen excluder

⦁ Make sure you do not disturb the brood combs

⦁ Remove only outer combs that contain honey but no brood
⦁ Leave combs that contain any brood or unsealed honey
⦁ Lift out one comb at a time starting at the ends
⦁ Smoke the bees on both sides of the comb, then shake and brush the gently off into the hive using a large
feather
⦁ Smoke over the top of the top bar to prevent too many bees coming out
⦁ Cut off the comb from the top bar and quickly put it inside a box or a closed cupboard
⦁ Replace the top bar in the same position as it was before
⦁ Take more combs until you begin to see brood
⦁ Them stop and replace the lid
⦁ Leave some honey for the bees to feed on

⦁ Honey
⦁ Pollen
⦁ Beeswax
⦁ Royal jelly

⦁ Learn to be calm and confident

⦁ Do not be nervous or worry much about getting stung
⦁ Open the hive time to time to monitor the queen productiveness

⦁ ants
⦁ large hive beetle
⦁ spiders
⦁ bee pirates
⦁ people
⦁ wax moths
⦁ robber bees – bees from other colony which come to attack another colony

⦁ never leave broken pieces of honey comb near the hive

⦁ place legs of hive in oiled tins
⦁ oil the support wire
 ⦁ remove beetle from the hive
⦁ have an entrance hole smaller than 1cm diameter
⦁ keep the hive in a shade place
⦁ keep the hive entrance small so that bees can defend themselves from robber bees

Foul brood Bacteria - destroy the whole colony and put

in the hole and pour petrol

- dark chocolate coloured - keep hives in airy place

Nosema Protozoa droppings - treat the disease by feeding the
bees with sugar solution
containing antibiotic called
Fumadil B.
- Keep the hive in a well-ventilated
Chalk brood Fungus place

An empty house with one door and without

ven la on

13. (a) Write three things that disqualify this house to be a proper chicken house.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (3)

(b) Develop the above house into a proper house for chicken.

(c) Why should this house have a footbath at the door?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………... (1)
___________________________________________________________________________________________

14. (a) State two products of a sheep.

………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)
 (b)Select one product and describe its marketing process.
Product………………………………………………………………………………...
Marketing process……………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………. (3)

(c) What is meant by marketing?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………. (1)
___________________________________________________________________________________________

Drought and diseases such as foot and mouth are the two main factors that lead to high death rate of animals
in Botswana.

15. (a) Give two things farmers should do to prevent the death of their animals caused by drought.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

(b) State three problems faced by small stock farmers.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (3)

(c) From the problems above, select one problem and suggest two of its solutions.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)
___________________________________________________________________________________________

EXAMINATION SAMPLE 1

INSTRUCTIONS

⦁ This examination sample is meant to help you to prepare for the final agriculture examination
⦁ It is at the final exam that you will sit for an agriculture paper of Section A containing items marked at
20 marks and Section B with items marked at 40 marks.
⦁ Answer ALL questions
⦁ Read all questions carefully before attempting to answer them
 ⦁ Write your answers in the space provided on the question paper

SECTION A

(20 Marks)

Answer all questions

1. State two things which may happen on a pathway after soil erosion.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………... (2)

__________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Give a parasites of the life cycle described below

– The parasite live in the intestine of the host where they feed and lay eggss
– Eggs are passes out with faeces
– Eggs hatch in the grass and develop into the first stage larva
– The first stage larva changes to the second and third stage larva
– The grass with third stage larva is eaten by animals
– The larva in the intestine develops in to adult parasite
…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

3. (a) Sketch a good house for chicken and label ventilation part V.

(2)

(b) Give one reason why ventilation is important in a chicken house.

…………………………………………………………………………………………................ (1)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

4. (a) Draw a plot for field crops. Your sketch should show the recommended measurements for field
crops.
 (1)

(b) If the space between maize in a row is 30 cm and 1m between rows. How many maize crops
can be grown in the plot above?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Which tool is used to make holes in a plot to plant seedlings from nursery?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (1)
___________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Mr Dow is a AIDS patient. Give two reasons why he should eat exotic fruits.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………………………………………... (2)
___________________________________________________________________________________________

It was at the end of a very tough debate that the Musu residents agreed with the minister that their
cattle should be all slaughtered.

7. (a) Which disease could have attacked their animals?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

(b) State two activities which are carried out during the outbreak of this disease to prevent its
spread.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)
___________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Name one vegetable which is good for our health and state the nutrients found in it.
Vegetable Nutrinets

(2)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

Use the pie chart below to answer question 9

9. State the quality of the soil constituents labeled A and C.

A ………………………………………………………………………………………………...

B ………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)
___________________________________________________________________________________________

10. One way of preserving vegetables is to remove moisture from it.

(a) Which method is this?
……………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) State one vegetable that suits the method mention in 10a.
…………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)
___________________________________________________________________________________________

SECTION B

(40 Marks)

Answer all questions

Life cycle of liver fluke

X should be at water snail

11. (a) What should be placed in part labeled X?

……………………………….…………………………………………………………………… (1)

(b) Name two host of the parasite of life cycle above.

……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)
 (c) State two control measures of this parasite.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

Agriculture could be one strategy of ensuring food security and poverty eradication.
Batswana are therefore encouraged to practice it to produce enough food for the country.

12. (a) Which method of planting field crops can they practice to produce enough food?
………………………………………………………………………………………….. (1)
(b) State two ways in which HIV and AIDS is a threat to agricultural production?

…………………………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………………………... (2)

(c) High temperature is another problem to exotic vegetable growers. State one possible solution to
this problem.

………………………………………………………………………………………….. (1)

(d) Give one exotic vegetable.

…………………………………………………………………………………………... (1)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

A dog

13. (a) State one disease that affect the animal above and one way it can be prevented or controlled.
Disease …………………………………………………………………………………………..
Prevention of control ……………………………………………………………………………. (2)

(b) Name one domesticated animal and wild animal.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………... (2)

(c) If one of the animals mentioned in 13b get ill, which department can it be taken to for medical
attention?
…………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)
___________________________________________________________________________________________

Ants in the hole

14. (a) Which weathering process is shown in the diagram above?

…………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)
(b) In which layer of soil profile does the situation shown by diagram mostly take place?

…………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)
 (c) Draw and label the third and last layer of the soil profile.

(2)

(d) Which layer of soil profile has a water table on top?

…………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

15. (a) Name one modern bio-technology product.

…………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)
(b) State two ways in which bio-technology can benefit farmers.

…………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

(c) State two ways in which some chemicals used in farming can harm the environment.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

MsMothuti is a commercial farmer. She produces enough harvest and quality livestock

16. (a) State two factors that qualify a farmer to be termed a commercial farmer.
…………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)
(b) One of the activities she often performs is top dressing. How is this important?

…………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

Last year MsMothuti was selling 12 oxen every month.

(c) How many oxen were sold at the end of the year?

…………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

(d) In which farm record can this information be recorded?

…………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

17. (a) A disease in which a fowl twists its neck is called ............................................................
(1)

(b) If one of your chicken show this sign of illness, what can you do?
………………………………………………………………………………………….... (1)
 Spray race

(c) Name the activity above.

…………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

(d)How is this activity useful to livestock farmers?

…………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)
___________________________________________________________________________________________

Soil A Soil B
clay Loam

18. (a) Soil A is water-logged. How can one make it to be well drained?
…………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)
(b) Soil B has medium particles. Which soil structure and profile is associated to soil B?

Soil profile Soil structute

(2)

(c) If your only have soil A around your area to make a plot on it, which tool can you use to dig it?

…………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

(d) State one proper care of the tool mentioned in 18c.

…………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

EXAMINATION SAMPLE 2

INSTRUCTIONS

⦁ This examination sample is meant to help you to prepare for the final agriculture examination
⦁ It is at the final exam that you will sit for an agriculture paper of Section A containing items marked at
20 marks and Section B with items marked at 40 marks.
⦁ Answer ALL questions
⦁ Read all questions carefully before attempting to answer them
⦁ Write your answers in the space provided on the question paper
 SECTION A

(20 Marks)

Answer all questions

1. State two animals that perform the importance of draught power.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………... (2)

__________________________________________________________________________________________

After retirement MrLekone started crop production. He focused on crops that are more for profit making
rather than for family consumption.

2. (a) Mention two of the crops he mainly produced?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

(b) Which system of agriculture is MrLekone practicing?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

You are tuning to RB 1, the station at heart of the nation! The department of Animal Health would like to
inform people of Mmadinare area of an outbreak of an incurable disease in their area. The society is
therefore requested to keep their livestock within their grazing areas until further actions are being taken.
Drivers and passengers are encouraged to cooperate at the diseases control centers.

3. (a) Mention two possible diseases identified in Mmadinare.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

(b) What has the department of animal health declared to prevent the spread of this disease?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

___________________________________________________________________________________________
4. (a) Name soil A.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

(b) Which letter represents the soil which is good for plant growth?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

(c) Give one reason why soil B takes only one day to hold water on surface?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (1)
___________________________________________________________________________________________

5. With the aid of a diagram sketch a labeled life cycle of animal parasite.

(2)
___________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Which process method involves grinding grains in to powder?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………. (1)
___________________________________________________________________________________________

Without water the growing of a new plant is impossible

7. (a) State two reasons in support of the above statement.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)
(b) What do we call the process whereby seeds develop into seedlings?

………………………………………………………………………………………………….... (1)
___________________________________________________________________________________________

A picture of a person weeding using a hoe

8. Which management practice is been carried out in the above picture.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….... (1)
___________________________________________________________________________________________

9. How does the following government programmes assist farmers?

(a) CEDA
……………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) ISSPAAD
…………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)
___________________________________________________________________________________________

SECTION B

(40 Marks)

Answer all questions

10. In short paragraph, discuss one of the following chicken diseases. Mention its cause, symptoms and
prevention or control measures.

a. Fowl typhoid
b. Newcastle

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (5)
___________________________________________________________________________________________

A diagram of blocky structure

11. (a) Which soil structure is shown above?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………... (1)

(b) Name a layer of soil profile in which the above structure is usually found.
…………………………………………………………………………………………... (1)

(c) Which type of soil texture does the soil structure above possess?
…………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

(d) Mention two characteristics of the above named type of soil structure.
 ……………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….... (2)
___________________________________________________________________________________________

A B

A lady watering the plot A lady leveling the plot

C D

A lady removing weeds A lady digging the plot

12. (a) Describe the activities hence ordering them correctly in an order of preparing a plot for
vegetables.

…………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)
(b) One of the steps of preparing a plot is to add kraal manure. State one problem usually solved by
doing so?

…………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

(c) Draw and name any type of seedbed you chose to prepare in your school.

(1)

(d) Give one reason why you chose to prepare the above named seedbed.

…………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)
___________________________________________________________________________________________

13. (a) What are fertilizers?

…………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)
(b) Give two inorganic fertilizers that are usually applied as a top dressing.

…………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

(c) State the difference between organic and inorganic fertilizers.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

MrsMacarol, a well- known pastoral farmer milks her cow twice in a day that is in the morning and
evening. Among her dairy cows she has Mmalenakana which produces 3.2 kg of milk in the morning
and 2.8 in the evening. De-babies produces 2.0 and 1.8 of milk in the morning and evening
respectively, while Butterfly gives out 2.5 kg of milk in the morning and 2.2 kg in the evening.

14. (a) Draw a milk production record card using the above information.

…………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)
(b) Looking at the amount of milk produced by each cow, what breed is Mmalenakana?

…………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

(c) De-Babies is a dual purpose breed. What does the phrase dual purpose mean?

…………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

(d) What is the total deference between the amount of milk produced by Mmalenakana and Butterfly?

…………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

15. (a) State one branch of agriculture together with what it deals with.

Branch ………………………………………………………………………………………….... (1)

Branch’s main business ………………………………………………………………………….. (1)

MrTapiso, a farmer who has grown from subsistence to commercial farming has a vision to
turn his farm into a center for quality crop production by 2016. You have been tasked as your
project to help him to realize this dream by providing him with necessary information,
knowledge and skills.
 (b) Explain the difference between mono cropping and mono culture

…………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

(c) Which system of crop production can he rely on to maintain soil fertility and prevent soil
erosion?
…………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)
___________________________________________________________________________________________

16. (a) State three problems faced by fruits producers.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (3)

(b) From the three problems above, choose two and state one solution for each problem.

Problem 1…………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Problem 2……………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

_______________________________________________________________________________________

17. In short paragraph describes soil erosion, three of its causes, its agents and three ways in which it can
be prevented.

(5)
___________________________________________________________________________________________

EXAMINATION SAMPLE 3

INSTRUCTIONS

⦁ This examination sample is meant to help you to prepare for the final agriculture examination
⦁ It is at the final exam that you will sit for an agriculture paper of Section A containing items marked at
20 marks and Section B with items marked at 40 marks.
⦁ Answer ALL questions
⦁ Read all questions carefully before attempting to answer them
⦁ Write your answers in the space provided on the question paper

SECTION A

(20 Marks)

Answer all questions

1. State two types of soil texture.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
 …………………………………………………………………………………………………... (2)

__________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Draw and label the last two layers of soil profile.

(3)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Name host of a liver fluke.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Describe steps of making a hole for planting a fruit trees.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………. (3)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

5. State one nutritional value of vegetables.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………. (1)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

6. State one problem faced by farmers that could be solved through the utilization of the program named
below.

CEDA…………………………………………………………………………………………….. (1)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Describe one way how we should properly store farm tools.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………. (1)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

While most of herd men are commonly illiterate, they usually have a skill to tell if the cow is ready
for calving, if it is sick and if one cow is missing.

8. (a) State one sign that usually tell them that the cow is sick.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

(b) Give one reason why herd men will always ensure that by the end of the day the cattle are
driven to the kraal.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………. (1)
___________________________________________________________________________________________

A tree before pruning A tree a er pruned

9. (a) Which management practice was carried out?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

(b) Why is the above activity carried out?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

___________________________________________________________________________________________

10. (a) Which method of planting is commonly used by most of Batswana field crop producers?

Method…………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

(b) Give one reason why this method is commonly used.

Reason…………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

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MrTimba is infected with HIV virus. His meal always contains vegetables and fruits.

11. Give one example of the following fruits and vegetables he might like most.

Indigenous fruit Exotic vegetable

(2)

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 SECTION B

(40 Marks)

Answer all questions

Mrs Castro wants turn against any business she has ever tried and focuses in farming but the problem is
that she has a very little knowledge about agriculture. Suppose you are to advise her about anything she
wants to know about agriculture.

12. (a) Describe what agriculture is for her?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

(b) State the kind of career she is choosing to be and the one you will be performing during when
you give an advice?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………... (2)

(c) Give one system of agriculture you would like Mrs Castro to practice and one reason why you
prefer it?

…………………………………………………………………………………………. (1)

…………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (1)

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Mastitis Brucellosis Black-quart

er
Swine Foot rot Rinderpest
fever
Ear canker Red water Coccidiosis

Foot Fowl pox flue

&mouth
Anthrax Rabies Newcastle
13. (a) Which animal is infected by disease at B3?

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (1)

(b) Write coordinates of all diseases caused by bacteria.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (2)

(c) Choose one disease at 3(b) and state one way the disease can be controlled.

Disease………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………... (1)

(d) Which coordinates are diseases of chicken?

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (1)

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14. (a) State one internal animal parasites.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………. (1)

(b) State the damages caused by the internal parasite.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (1)

(c) Name one method of controlling the spread of the parasite given in 14 (a) above.

…………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

(d) Give any two host animals of the parasite stated in 14 (a) above.

…………………………………………………………………………………............... (2)

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Cecilia has an intention to make a garden where he can grow crops so as to reduce poverty at home.
15. (a) Explain two factors she has to consider when selecting a garden site.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

(b) If Cecilia stays in place that is known of little annual rainfall, what type of a plot should she
make?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

(c) State first two steps she has to follow in order to make a plot.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

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10/05/2010 Measured a plot by 1m x 4m and dig using a spade. The soil was hard to dig and it
It was then leveled using a rake as I was preparing took two hours to finish.
for planting seeds

16. (a) Name the record above.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

(b) Give two importance of keeping this record.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

(c) State two market places for vegetables?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

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The boy spraying

17. (a) Give one reason why the above activity is done.

………………………………………………………………………………………........ (1)
 (b) State one proper way of doing the above activity to avoid self-harm.

……………………………………………………………………………………………. (1)

(c) One other important management practice of vegetables is weeding. State one way weeds are
dangerous to crops.

…………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)

(d) Give two ways one can get rid of weeds in a plot.

……………………………………………………………………………………………. (2)

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18.

The Agriculture department has produced a new breed of cattle which is sad to be resistant to

18. (a) What type of biotechnology was used to produce the above mentioned cow?

……………………………………………………………………………………………….... (1)

(b) List two effects of biotechnology.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

(c) Mention two products which can be produced through the process of traditional biotechnology.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

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19. (a) State two differences between breeds of dairy and beef cattle.

…………………………………………………………………………………………….. (2)

MsBarei keeps the following animal for meat production. It gives out
a lot of meat which she sells to different retailers and individuals.

(c) According to the information above, which breed does she keep?

………………………………………………………………………………………………… (1)
(d) Give two characteristics of the above named breed of rabbit.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………. (2)
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