Finite Element Method

- Brief Elasticity

BM CSTKM – Khoa CKM

Mai Đức Đãi

FMD Dept. – Fundamentals of Machine Design Department

Quality & Efficiency
1 29.08.2023 FMD Dept.
Elasticity problem

We are going to apply the Finite Element Method for solving Elastic problems

3 – Displacements (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤)
6 – Strain (𝜀𝑥𝑥 , 𝜀𝑦𝑦 , 𝜀𝑧𝑧 , 𝜀𝑥𝑦 , 𝜀𝑦𝑧 , 𝜀𝑧𝑥 )
15 variables
6 – Stresses (𝜎𝑥𝑥 , 𝜎𝑦𝑦 , 𝜎𝑧𝑧 , 𝜎𝑥𝑦 , 𝜎𝑦𝑧 , 𝜎𝑧𝑥 )

3 – Equilibrium equations
6 – Strain – displacement equations 15 equations
6 – Stresses – strain relationships

To describe a problem, we need geometry and force boundary conditions (BCs)

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6 Strain – Displacement equations

Definition of strains

2 2 2 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜀𝑥𝑦 = + + + +
𝜀𝑥𝑥 = + + + 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

2 2 2
𝜕𝑣 1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝜀𝑦𝑦 = + + + 𝜀𝑦𝑧 = + + + +
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

2 2 2
𝜕𝑤 1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝜀𝑧𝑧 = + + + 𝜀𝑧𝑥 = + + + +
𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥

Small strain assumption is effective

Extensional strains 𝜀𝑥𝑥 , 𝜀𝑦𝑦 , 𝜀𝑧𝑧 are approximately equivalent the relative length change
Shear strains 𝜀𝑥𝑦 , 𝜀𝑦𝑧 , 𝜀𝑧𝑥 are approximately equivalent the relative angle change

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6 Strain – Displacement equations

Definition of strains

2 2 2 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜀𝑥𝑦 = + + + +
𝜀𝑥𝑥 = + + + 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

linear non-linear terms

Higher Order Term

2 2 2
𝜕𝑣 1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝜀𝑦𝑦 = + + + 𝜀𝑦𝑧 = + + + +
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

2 2 2
𝜕𝑤 1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝜀𝑧𝑧 = + + + 𝜀𝑧𝑥 = + + + +
𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥

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Assumptions

Linear strain assumption means small strain + small rigid body rotation

→ We can drop nonlinear and higher order terms in strain-displacement relations

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
𝜀𝑥𝑥 ≈ 𝜀𝑥𝑦 ≈ +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑣
𝜀𝑦𝑦 ≈ 𝜀𝑦𝑧 ≈ +
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤
𝜀𝑧𝑧 ≈ 𝜀𝑧𝑥 ≈ +
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥

Small strain assumption means small change in relative length and relative angles. But, still allow large
rigid body rotation of the volume element 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 → consider all nonlinear terms → Geometric
nonlinear relation

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3 Equilibrium equations

𝜕𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜎𝑦𝑥 𝜕𝜎𝑧𝑥

+ + + 𝑋𝐵 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Complementary property of shear stress (shear stresses
are symmetric) – tính chất đối ứng ứng suất tiếp
𝜕𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜎𝑧𝑦
+ + + 𝑌𝐵 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜎𝑥𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦𝑥
𝜕𝜎𝑥𝑧 𝜕𝜎𝑦𝑧 𝜕𝜎𝑧𝑧
+ + + 𝑍𝐵 = 0 𝜎𝑦𝑧 = 𝜎𝑧𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜎𝑥𝑧 = 𝜎𝑧𝑥

9 tress components → 6 Independent components

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6 Stress – Strain relations

For linear elastic material

𝜎𝑖 𝜎𝑖 non-linear elastic
linear elastic
𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13 𝐶14 𝐶15 𝐶16 𝜀𝑥𝑥
𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝐶21 𝐶22 𝐶23 𝐶24 𝐶25 𝐶26 𝜀𝑦𝑦
𝜎𝑧𝑧 𝐶 𝐶32 𝐶33 𝐶34 𝐶35 𝐶36 𝜀𝑧𝑧
𝜎𝑦𝑧 = 31 𝜀𝑦𝑧
𝐶41 𝐶42 𝐶43 𝐶44 𝐶45 𝐶46
𝜎𝑧𝑥 𝐶51 𝐶52 𝐶53 𝐶54 𝐶55 𝐶56 𝜀𝑧𝑥
𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝐶61 𝐶62 𝐶63 𝐶64 𝐶65 𝐶66 𝜀𝑥𝑦
𝜀𝑖 𝜀𝑖

𝝈 6×1 = 𝑪 6×6 𝜺 6×1

Elastic constant matrix (matrix of elastic stiffness coefficients)

In general, we need 36 constants

Generalized Hooke’s Law for the linear stress-strain relation

𝜎𝑖 = 𝑐𝑖𝑗 𝜀𝑗
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6 Stress – Strain relations

→ 𝑪 Is symmetric
𝑐𝑖𝑗 = 𝑐𝑗𝑖
𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13 𝐶14 𝐶15 𝐶16
𝐶22 𝐶23 𝐶24 𝐶25 𝐶26
𝐶33 𝐶34 𝐶35 𝐶36 21 constants → Anisotropic material
𝐶44 𝐶45 𝐶46
𝑆𝑦𝑚 𝐶55 𝐶56
𝐶66

→ For the materials with material property has three planes of symmetry
𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13 0 0 0
𝐶22 𝐶23 0 0 0
𝐶33 0 0 0
09 constants → orthotropic material
𝐶44 0 0
𝑆𝑦𝑚 𝐶55 0
𝐶66
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6 Stress – Strain relations
→ For the materials with material property is independent of the orientation of any axes

𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13 0 0 0

𝐶22 𝐶23 0 0 0
𝐶33 0 0 0
02 independent elastic constants → isotropic material
𝐶44 0 0
𝑆𝑦𝑚 𝐶55 0
𝐶66

𝐸 1−𝜈
𝐶11 = 𝐶22 = 𝐶33 =
1 + 𝜈 1 − 2𝜈

𝐸𝜈
𝐶12 = 𝐶13 = 𝐶23 =
1 + 𝜈 1 − 2𝜈

𝐸
𝐶44 = 𝐶55 = 𝐶66 = =𝐺
2 1+𝜈

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 END

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