Session 5 : Sizing of Retention TANK

Retention basins
I-Generalities

Objective - Urban flood prevention

- Water remediation

• Types of retention tank:

- Buried artificial tanks
– open pond (dry or humid)

Gentilly retentionbasin (France, Meurthe-et-Moselle)

(1) In the case of light to medium rainfall, the water enters the pond through the 2
main collectors directly into the small compartment. This first compartment, with
a capacity of 2000 m3, can be sufficient to store the smallest rainfall. (2) Above
2000 m3, during heavier rainfall, an overflow system is used to supply the 2nd
compartment, with a maximum capacity of 9000 m3.
Open-air retention basin with permanent body of
water.
Pondfrom Bailly Seine et Marne (source:Tassin, 2001)
Determination of volumes
Retention basins

• Objective 1 Urban flood prevention:

- To delay a priori flows by storing water upstream of the network

(runoff from non-urbanized upstream watershed, rainy events beyond the network capacity)

- To account for dysfunctions that appear onan existing network when urbanization progresses

Hydrological problem :

Contributions of upstream catchment compared to the capacity of the downstream network ?

Definition of an acceptable leak rate (degree of protection, size of the basin, emptying tmie) ?

• Objective 2 Water depollution:

- Diversion of the « first flow » when the pollution is supposed to be maximum due to
resuspension of the deposit in the network (obsolete concept)
- Leakage rate based on the vulnerability of the receiving environment (dilution calculation)
 Basis f calculation
I.1 : The « rain » method (= méthode des pluies)

Principle • Method originally based on the use of IDF curves.

• Can be applied to a project rain

method 1: From the IDF curves I(t,t), definition of HDF (Height-Duration-Frequency) curves:

𝐻𝑝 𝑡, 𝑇 = 𝐼 𝑡, 𝑇 × 𝑡

In this case 𝐻𝑝 𝑡, 𝑇 =maximum precipitatd water deph on the catchment over a duration t and a return
period T
No chronological aspect on the rain, each duration t corresponding to different rainy events

method2 : From a synthetic rain i(t)

• Calculation of the cumulative height at time t, 𝐻𝑝 𝑡, 𝑇 . 𝐻𝑝 𝑡, 𝑇 represents in this case the water depth
evolution with time on the catchment for this event
𝑡

𝐻𝑝 (𝑡) = න 𝑖(𝜏, 𝑇)𝑑𝜏

0

• One generally considers spatially homogeneous rain on the BV, without spatial reduction)

In both cases, the retention tank is dimensioned by making a volume balance

 Basis of calculation
I.1 : The « rain » method (= méthode des pluies) - Rain method

Calculation procedure

Known Data:

• 𝑄𝑓 = leak rate, assumed to be continuous and constant (m3/s)

• 𝑞𝑠 (= 𝑄𝑓 Τ(𝐶 × 𝐴) = specific leak rate (mm/min usually)

with 𝐶 runoff coefficient and 𝐴 catchment surface

• Return period T

Assumption ; it is assumed that the transfers on the catchment are made without
damping of the hydrograph (no rainfall to flow model).

The hydrograph is thus given directly from 𝑄 𝑡 = 𝐴. 𝑖𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡 = 𝐶. 𝐴. 𝑖(𝑡)

Conservative hypothesis
 I.1 : The « rain » method (= méthode des pluies)

Calculation procedure

1) Classical method based on the HDF curves

For ONE event, at the end of the event whose duration is t , the rain being constant over this duration
(as stated by the IDF curve) :

i(t)
V
𝐼(𝑡, 𝑇)
Vp(t) Vs(t)
𝑞𝑠
Vns(t)

t Time t t Time t

• Precipitated volume that runoff over time t (0<t<t): 𝑉𝑝 𝜏 = 𝐶. 𝐴. 𝐼 𝑡, 𝑇 . 𝜏 = 𝐶. 𝐴. 𝐻𝑝 (𝜏)

• Volume not stored over the same duration: 𝑉𝑛𝑠 𝜏 = 𝑄𝑓 . τ = 𝐶. 𝐴. 𝑞𝑠. . 𝜏
• Therefore volume to be stored at time t
𝑉𝑠 𝜏 = 𝑉𝑝 𝜏 − 𝑉𝑛𝑠 (𝜏)
 Basis of calculation
I.1 : The « rain » method (= méthode des pluies)

Calculation procedure
1) Classical method based on the HDF curves

The rain being constant over the duration t and the leak rate being constant, the maximum volume to be
stored is necessarily reached at the end of the rain at time t.

V
Vs(t)

Vp(t)
Vns(t)

t Time t

So volume to be store FOR THIS EVENT is :

𝑉𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑝 𝑡 − 𝑉𝑛𝑠

𝑉𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐶. 𝐴. 𝐻𝑝 𝑡 − 𝑄𝑓 . 𝑡 = 𝐶. 𝐴. 𝐻𝑝 𝑡 − 𝐶. 𝐴. 𝑞𝑠 . 𝑡
 Basis of calculation
I.1 : The « rain » method (= méthode des pluies)

Calculation procedure
1) Classical method based on the HDF curves

If we think in terms of water depth (dividing the preceeding equation by C.A

𝐻𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑠 𝑡 Τ𝐶𝐴 = 𝐻𝑝 𝑡 − 𝑞𝑠 . 𝑡

𝐻𝑠 𝑡 = ∆𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐻𝑝 𝑡
𝐻𝑛𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑞𝑠. 𝑡

t duration
Each event of duration t corresponds to
- a precipitated height HP(t),
- the unstored height Hns(t)=(Qf/CA).t
- volume of water to store expressed as the water depth on the catchment HS(t)

The event being defined from the IDF curve, for all possibile duration, the points Hp(t) define
a curve called the HDF curve. We are looking for the event giving the maximum volume
to store
I.1 : The « rain » method (= méthode des pluies)

Calculation procedure
1) Classical method based on the HDF curves

To sumarize

Among all the events (associated with the IDF curve with return period T, we seek the duration
tcritical which gives the maximum volume to store (for this return period)

𝑑𝑉𝑠 (𝑡) 𝑑
=0= 𝐶. 𝐴. 𝐻𝑝 𝑡 − 𝑄𝑓 . 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝐻𝑝 (𝑡) 𝑄𝑓 for t=tcritical

= = 𝑞𝑠
𝑑𝑡 𝐶. 𝐴

With 𝐻𝑝 𝑡 = 𝐼 (𝑡, 𝑇) × 𝑡 = HDF curve

tcritical : duration of the constant intensity rain event, with return period T, and given by the HDF
curve leading to the maximum volume to be stored
Retention basins Basis of
Basis of calculation
calculation
- Rain
- Rain method
method
I.1 : The « rain » method (= méthode des pluies)

Calculation procedure - Rain method

1) Classical method based on the HDF curves
Analytical solution ; example of an HDF curve with a Montana adjustment

IDF curve I(𝑡, 𝑇) = 𝑎(𝑇). 𝑡 𝑏(𝑇) 𝑏 𝑡 <0

Corresponding HDF curve: 𝐻𝑝 (𝑡, 𝑇) = 𝑎𝑡 𝑏+1

𝑑𝐻𝑝 (𝑡)
= 𝑞𝑠 ⇒ 𝑎(𝑏 + 1)𝑡 𝑏 = 𝑞𝑠
𝑑𝑡

Only one solution here:

1/𝑏
𝑞𝑠
𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 =
𝑎(𝑏 + 1)

So maximum volume to store for a given specific leak rate 𝑞𝑠

𝑏+1
Cf graphical explanation later
𝑉max = 𝐶. 𝐴. 𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 − 𝑞𝑠 . 𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
∆𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 +
DHmax 𝑞𝑠
I.1 : The « rain » method (= méthode des pluies)

Calculation procedure
1) Classical method based on the HDF curves

Ex : IDF curves adjusted with Montana law such as :

a= 5 and b =-0.59 (t in mn and i in mm/mn in the Montana Law)
Catchment surface A = 20 ha
Leakage discharge Qf = 150 l/s
Average runoff coefficient : C=0.42
𝑄𝑓 100 × 10−3
• Specific leakage flowrate : 𝑞𝑠 = = = 1.78 × 10−6 𝑚Τ𝑠
𝐶 × 𝐴 0.42 × 20 × 10000
𝑞𝑠 = 0.1071 𝑚𝑚Τ𝑚𝑖𝑛
1/𝑏 1Τ−0.59
𝑞𝑠 0.1071
• Critical rainfall duration : 𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = = = 148,8 𝑚𝑛
𝑎(𝑏 + 1) 5 × (1 − 0.59

• Tank volume :
𝑏+1
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐶 × 𝐴 × 𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 − 𝑞𝑠 𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 0.42 × 20 × 10000 (5 × 148.80.41 − 0.1071 × 148.8) × 0.001
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1927 𝑚3 m2 mm
• Duration from the start of the rain to empty the tank
∆𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 22.93
𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 + = 148.8 + = 362.9 𝑚𝑛
𝑞𝑠 0.1071
I.1 : The « rain » method (= méthode des pluies)

Calculation procedure - Rain method

1) Classical method based on the HDF curves HDF curve (return period T fixed)
qs.t
Graphical interpretation
Hp

∆𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥

Hp(tcritical)

qstcritical
qs
t=tcritical t
t=td

∆𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐻𝑝 𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 − 𝑞𝑠 . 𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐶. 𝐴. ∆𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥

I.1 : The « rain » method (= méthode des pluies)

Calculation procedure - Rain method

1) Classical method based on the HDF curves HDF curve (period return T fixed)
qs.t
Graphical interpretation
Hp

∆𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 DHmax= V/(𝐶𝐴) = 𝑞𝑠 × (𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 )

qs
t=tcritical temptying

Duration after which the basin is drained : temptying

After the duration t=tcritical the rain stops (no more flow enter the tank).
The water deph Dhmax flows at the rate qs outside the tank so the emptying duration is :
temptying-tcritical
I.1 : The « rain » method (= méthode des pluies)

Calculation procedure
1) Classical method based on the HDF curves

Ex : IDF curves adjusted with Montana law such as :

a= 5 and b =-0.59 (t in mn and i in mm/mn in the Montana Law)
Graphical solution of the previous example

tcritical ~ 150 mn

DHmax~ 23 mm

V=C.A.Dhmax~ 1932 m3
I.1 : The « rain » method (= méthode des pluies)

Calculation procedure
1) Classical method based on the HDF curves

Ex : IDF curves adjusted with Montana law such as :

a= 5 and b =-0.59 (t in mn and i in mm/mn in the Montana Law)
Graphical solution of the previous example

𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 370 𝑚𝑛

𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔
I.1 : The « rain » method (= méthode des pluies)

Calculation procedure
2) Method based on a synthetic rain (or real rainfall event)

The rain i(t) has now a chronology and is associated with a return period T and a duration tp

For an event of duration tp we look for the time td when the basin starts to fill and the time tcritical for
which the volume to be stored has reached its maximum.

The precipitaded water depth and corresponding (effecitve) volume that can runoff at time
t (0<t<tp) are :

𝐻𝑝 = න 𝑖 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 𝑒𝑡 𝑉𝑝 𝑡 = 𝐶. 𝐴. 𝐻𝑝 (𝑡)
0
I.1 : The « rain » method (= méthode des pluies)

Calculation procedure
2) Method based on a synthetic rain (or real rainfall event)

• Until time t=td, if the rain flowrate is lower than the leakage flow, the tank will not
not fill. At t=td we have:

𝑡𝑝
𝑉𝑠 𝑡𝑑 = 0 = 𝑉𝑝 𝑡𝑑 − 𝑉𝑛𝑠 𝑡𝑑 = 𝑉𝑝 𝑡𝑑 − 𝑄𝑓 . 𝑡𝑑
𝑡𝑝
𝑉𝑠 Volume stored for an event of duration tp

• After time t>td, the excess volume potentially to be stored is:

𝑉𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑝 𝑡 − 𝑉𝑝 (𝑡𝑑 )
At the same time the evacuated volume (from the time when the tank starts to fill) is:

𝑉𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑡 = 𝑄𝑓 (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑑 )
I.1 : The « rain » method (= méthode des pluies)

Calculation procedure
2) Method based on a synthetic rain (or real rainfall event)

The volume balance is formally the same (except for the start of filling condition)

𝑡𝑝
𝑉𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡 − 𝑉𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑑 (𝑡)

𝑡𝑝
𝑉𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐶. 𝐴. 𝐻𝑝 𝑡 − 𝐶. 𝐴. 𝐻𝑝 𝑡𝑑 − 𝑄𝑓 (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑑 )
I.1 : The « rain » method (= méthode des pluies)

Calculation procedure
2) Method based on a synthetic rain (or real rainfall event)

We are looking for the maximum volume to storeFOR THISevent

𝑡𝑝
𝑑𝑉𝑠 (𝑡) 𝑑
=0= 𝐶. 𝐴. 𝐻𝑝 𝑡 − 𝐶. 𝐴. 𝐻𝑝 𝑡𝑑 − 𝑄𝑓 . (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑑 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑡𝑝
𝑉𝑠 𝑡𝑑 , 𝑇 = 𝑉𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0
𝑑𝐻𝑝 (𝑡) 𝑄𝑓
= = 𝑞𝑠 ֞ ൞
𝑑𝑡 𝐶. 𝐴 𝑡𝑝 𝑡𝑝 𝑡𝑝
𝑉𝑠 𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 , 𝑇 = 𝑉𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉𝑝 𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 − 𝑉𝑝 𝑡𝑑 − 𝑄𝑓 (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑑 )

td : time from which the basin fills for this rain duration tp
𝑡𝑝
𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 : time for which he volume to be stored is maximum for this event duration tp
𝑡𝑝
𝑉𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 : corresponding volume to be stored for this event duration tp and specific leak rate qs

For a given return period and specific leak rate qs , here, different rainfall event duration must be
tested so that the retention tank volume is :
𝑡𝑝
𝑉𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = max(𝑉𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
I.1 : The « rain » method (= méthode des pluies)

- Rain method
Calculation procedure
2) Method based on a synthetic rain (or real rainfall event)

Hp t
H p (t , T ) =  i (t , T )dt
Dhmaxtp 0

qs.t

Hp(tcriticaltp)

qs(tcriticaltp-td)

Hp(td)
t=tcritical t
t=td
or tcriticaltp

𝑡𝑝
∆𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐻𝑝 𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑒 − 𝐻𝑝 𝑡𝑑 − 𝑞𝑠 (𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑒 − 𝑡𝑑 )
𝑡𝑝
𝑉𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐶. 𝐴. ∆𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥
I.1 : The « rain » method (= méthode des pluies)

Calculation procedure
2) Method based on a synthetic rain (or real rainfall event)
Example : Case of a triangular (centered) synthetic rain
𝑑𝐻𝑝 (𝑡) 𝑄𝑓
The criteria = = 𝑞𝑠
𝑑𝑡 𝐶. 𝐴
Means that the tank start to fill
Whe, i(t)=qs (td on the graphic)
and reach the maximum specific
𝑞𝑠 Water to store at t=tmax

So the specific water depth to store correspond to the area under the triangle above i(t)=qS.
For a centered triangular rain, geometrical considerations give :
𝑞𝑠 𝑡𝑝 𝑡𝑝
𝑏 𝑡𝑑 = ∆𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑞𝑠 − 𝑡𝑑
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑎𝑡
2𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 2
𝑡𝑝
𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑡𝑝 − 𝑡𝑑 𝑉𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = C × 𝐴 × ∆𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥
I.1 : The « rain » method (= méthode des pluies)

Calculation procedure
2) Method based on a synthetic rain (or real rainfall event)
Ex : Numerical application withthe same IDF curves and other parameters as before :
a= 5 and b =-0.59 (t in mn and i in mm/mn in the Montana Law)
Catchment surface A = 20 ha Leakage discharge Qf = 150 l/s Average runoff coefficient : C=0.42
𝑞𝑠 = 0,1071 mm/min

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2100 𝑚3 𝑡𝑝,𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 210 𝑚𝑛

I.1 : The « rain » method (= méthode des pluies)

Calculation procedure
2) Method based on a synthetic rain (or real rainfall event)
Example : Case of a triangular (centered) synthetic rain
Emptying time

qs

temptying

Emptying time =

∆𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑞𝑠 × 𝑡𝑝 − 𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 /2 + (𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 𝑡𝑝 ) × 𝑞𝑠

I.1 : The « rain » method (= méthode des pluies)

Calculation procedure
2) Method based on a synthetic rain (or real rainfall event)
Example : Case of a triangular (centered) synthetic rain

Emptying time

qs

tmax temptying tp

Emptying time =

∆𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑞𝑠 × (𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 )/2

I.1 : The « rain » method (= méthode des pluies)

2) Method based on a synthetic rain (or real rainfall event)

Example : Case of a triangular (centered) synthetic rain

Ex : Numerical application withthe same IDF curves and other parameters as before :
a= 5 and b =-0.59 (t in mn and i in mm/mn in the Montana Law)

Catchment surface A = 20 ha Leakage discharge Qf = 150 l/s Average runoff coefficient : C=0.42

∆𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑞𝑠 × 𝑡𝑝 − 𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 /2 + (𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 𝑡𝑝 ) × 𝑞𝑠

∆𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 0.5 × 𝑞𝑠 × 𝑡𝑝 − 𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑡𝑝 × 𝑞𝑠

𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 =
𝑞𝑠

25.11 − 0.1071 × 210 − 183.63 + 210 × 0.1071

𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = 431 𝑚𝑛
0.1071

Ok. If results where negative, take the second formula

I.1 : The « rain » method (= méthode des pluies)

Calculation procedure
2) Method based on a synthetic rain (or real rainfall event)
Graphical solution for the critical rain (useful for the emptying time as you have all the other data from
the previous calculatioj

tp,critical=210mn
td ~28 mn
tmax ~180 mn
DHmax
DHmax ~ 24 mm

Vmax ~ 2016 m3

temptying=440 mn

td tmax temptying
Retention basins
I.2 : The « volume » method (=méthode des volumes)

• The previous method assumes independent rains: we assume a period of dry weather
long enough for the basin to be empty between 2 events

w
• A basin, during successive close rains, can therefore exceed its storage capacity even
for events whose intensity and precipitaded volume are less than the criticical rainfall
event that was used to size the tank
I.2 : The « volume » method (=méthode des volumes)

Volume method: statistical analysis similar to that of IDF curves:

- Long time series of rain in terms of cumulative layers of water (per year)
- For each year i, determination of the maximum differenceDhij(qs)for each event j (an event
can include several successive rains) at qs fixed.
- Ranking of the annual maximum (1 per year) in descending order and allocation of a return
period T
- Curve adjustment Dhmax(qs,T)

Dhij
H(i,t)

Dhi1 Year i

t
I.2 : The « volume » method (=méthode des volumes)

Diagram Volumes Method (IT77)

I.3 : Method based on the rough simulation of the tank functionning
(=méthode des débits)

𝑑𝑉𝑠 (𝑡) 𝑑ℎ
~𝑆(ℎ) = 𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 (𝑡) − 𝑄𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑆(ℎ, 𝑡) Law describing the tank geometry as a function of the depth

𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 (𝑡) : Hydrograph obtain from a synthetic hyetograph or a real event

𝑄𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑡) = 𝑔(h(t))Function of the type of flow regulation system

Example : completly explicit scheme (not the best for stability of the solution)

ℎ𝑖+1 −ℎ𝑖
𝑆 ℎ𝑖 ∆𝑡
= 𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑖∆𝑡 − 𝑄𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 (ℎ𝑖 (𝑡𝑖 ))

∆𝑡
ℎ𝑖+1 = ℎ𝑖 + 𝑄 𝑖∆𝑡 − 𝑄𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 (ℎ𝑖 (𝑡𝑖 ))
𝑆(ℎ𝑖 ) 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡
I.3 : Method based on the rough simulation of the tank functionning
(=méthode des débits)

𝑑𝑉𝑠 (𝑡) 𝑑ℎ
~𝑆(ℎ) = 𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 (𝑡) − 𝑄𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑆(ℎ, 𝑡) Law describing the tank geometry as a function of the depth

𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 (𝑡) : Hydrograph obtain from a synthetic hyetograph or a real event

𝑄𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑡) = 𝑔(h(t)) Function of the type of flow regulation system

Example of results
(parallepipedic tank.
S(h)=constant)
 II : Choice of the leak rate
• II.1 Maximum capacity of the flow in the network downstream (1/4)

𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑄𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚
Maximum available discharge
downstream so that :
Predicted hydrograph
ℎ
= 𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑄(𝑡) 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑄𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 < 𝑄𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑚𝑎𝑥
- 𝑄𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝐷

𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑄𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚
Maximum discharge upstream
ℎ
=𝑟
𝐷
for this discharge
II : Choice of the leak rate

• II.1 Maximum capacity of the flow in the network downstream (2/4)

ℎ∶ Water level in the duct for a given discharge Q

ℎ 𝑄
𝑟 = = 𝑓( )
𝐷 𝑄𝑝𝑠 𝐷∶ Duct diameter

𝑄𝑝𝑠 ∶ Discharge at full section for a given duct diameter

and duct slope s0

See next session for pipe design et those equations demonstration

𝐷11/4
𝑄𝑝𝑠 = 2𝜋60 3/4
2𝜋𝑆01/2
8×4

7/4
𝑄 𝜃 sin 𝜃
= 1− = 𝑔(ℎ/𝐷)
𝑄𝑃𝑆 2𝜋 𝜃

ℎ
𝜃 = 2𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 1 − 2
𝐷
II : Choice of the leak rate

• II.1 Maximum capacity of the flow in the network downstream (3/4)

ℎ∶ Water level in the duct for a given discharge Q

ℎ 𝑄
𝑟 = = 𝑓( )
𝐷 𝑄𝑝𝑠 𝐷∶ Duct diameter

𝑄𝑝𝑠 ∶ Discharge at full section for a given duct diameter

and duct slope s0

See next session for pipe design et those equations demonstration

1
0,9 Q/Qps
0,8 corrigé

0,7
0,6
h/D

0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
0 0,5 1 1,5
Q/Qps
II : Choice of the leak rate

• II.1 Maximum capacity of the flow in the network downstream (4/4)

The existing duct diameter D and slope s0 are known

𝐷11/4 is known
𝑄𝑝𝑠 = 2𝜋60 3/4
𝑆01/2
8×4

• Compute 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑄𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚

𝑚𝑎𝑥 7/4
𝑄𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝜃 sin 𝜃
= 1−
𝑄𝑃𝑆 2𝜋 𝜃

• Compute them Qf such as :

𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑄𝑓 ≤ 𝑄𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 - 𝑄𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚
II : Choice of the leak rate

• II.1 Maximum capacity of the flow in the network downstream (4/4)

Example : main network : D=500 mm, s0= 0.004 m/m. I dont know Qmax_upstream but the
maximum observed r=h/D =0.5. I dont want to go above h/D=0.7 downstream

Upstream
ℎ
• 𝜃 = 2𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 1 − 2
𝐷
𝜃 = 2𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 1 − 2 × 0.5
𝜃 = 3.1415 … = 𝜋
which is the obvious expected
result

𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑄𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝜃 sin 𝜃 7/4
• = 1−
𝑄𝑃𝑆 2𝜋 𝜃

𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑄𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝜋 sin 𝜋 7/4
= 1− =0.5
𝑄𝑃𝑆 2𝜋 𝜋
II : Choice of the leak rate

• II.1 Maximum capacity of the flow in the network downstream (4/4)

Example : main network : D=500 mm, s0= 0.004 m/m. I dont know Qmax_upstream but the
maximum observed r=h/D =0.5. I dont want to go above h/D=0.7 downstream

Upstream
𝐷11/4
• 𝑄𝑝𝑠 = 2𝜋60 3/4 𝑆01/2
8×4
0,511/4
𝑄𝑝𝑠 = 2𝜋60 3/4
0.0041/2
8×4
𝑄𝑝𝑠 = 0,156 𝑚3/𝑠
𝑚𝑎𝑥
• 𝑄𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 0.5 × 0.156

𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑄𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 0.078 m3/s
II : Choice of the leak rate

• II.1 Maximum capacity of the flow in the network downstream (4/4)

Example : main network : D=500 mm, s0= 0.004 m/m. I dont know Qmax_upstream but the
maximum observed r=h/D =0.5. I dont want to go above h/D=0.7 downstream

Downstream

ℎ
• 𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐷 = 0.7

ℎ
• 𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 1 − 2
𝐷

𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 1 − 1.4 = 3.965 𝑟𝑎𝑑

(> p so ok)

𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑄𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥 sin 𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥 7/4
• = 1−
𝑄𝑃𝑆 2𝜋 𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑄𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚
= 0.85
𝑄𝑃𝑆
II : Choice of the leak rate

• II.1 Maximum capacity of the flow in the network downstream (4/4)

Example : main network : D=500 mm, s0= 0.004 m/m. I dont know Qmax_upstream but the
maximum observed r=h/D =0.5. I dont want to go above h/D=0.7 downstream

𝑚𝑎𝑥
• 𝑄𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 0.85 × 𝑄𝑝𝑠
𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑄𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 0.85 × 0.156
𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑄𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 0.133 𝑚3/𝑠

• 𝑄𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 0.133 − 0.078

𝑄𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 0.055 𝑚3/𝑠

 II : Choice of the leak rate

• II.2 Based on a dilution calculation to fullfill a criteria on the water quality of the receiving
environment downstream based on the concentration C of a reference pollutant
(TTS, BOD5…) (no downgrading by more than one quality class. Cf SEQ-EAU)

𝑄𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 × 𝐶𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 + 𝑄𝑓 × 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 = 𝑄𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 × 𝐶𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

𝑄𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 𝑄𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 + 𝑄𝑓
𝐶𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

𝑄(𝑡) 𝑄𝑓
𝐶𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡

𝑄𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 × 𝐶𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 − 𝑄𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 × 𝐶𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑄𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟

𝑄𝑓 =
𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 − 𝐶𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚
 II : Choice of the leak rate

• II.2 Based on a dilution calculation to fullfill a criteria on the water quality of the receiving
environment downstream based on the concentration C of a reference pollutant
(TTS, BOD5…) (no downgrading by more than one quality class. Cf SEQ-EAU)
 II : Choice of the leak rate

• Based on a dilution calculation to fullfill a criteria on the water quality of the receiving
environment downstream based on the concentration C of a reference pollutant
(TTS, BOD5…)

Example of range of concentrations (mg/l) for the stormwater pollution depending

on the density of urbanized area.
 II : Choice of the leak rate

• Based on a dilution calculation to fullfill a criteria on the water quality of the receiving
environment downstream based on the concentration C of a reference pollutant
(TTS, BOD5…)
 II : Choice of the leak rate

• II.2 Based on a dilution calculation to fullfill a criteria on the water quality of the receiving
environment downstream based on the concentration C of a reference pollutant
(TTS, BOD5…)

How to calculate Coutlet ?

• Pollution : TSS + fixed pollution (particle fraction)

Dissolved fraction of pollution

• Reference : TSS removal

Ponderation coefficient for the particle fraction (other pollutants)

The system is unsteady that make the manual calculation approximative if no

model is used for the pollution removal efficiency. Beyond the scope of this course
 II : Choice of the leak rate

• II.2 Based on a dilution calculation to fullfill a criteria on the water quality of the receiving
environment downstream based on the concentration C of a reference pollutant
(TTS, BOD5…) (no downgrading by more than one quality class. Cf SEQ-EAU)

Simplest choice : make the calculation as if there was no pollution reduction between the
inlet and outlet of the retention tank (or take an estimation of the efficiency on the
concentration outlet (based on observation))

Very conservative (overestimation of the necessary volume)

Ex :
Upstream conditions in the river : DBO5 : 2 mg L-1 TSS = 4 mg/L-1
Qriver = 1 m3/s

Typical concentration for rainfall event

TSS : 500 mg/l
BOD5 : 100 mg/l
• II.2 Based on a dilution calculation to fullfill a criteria on the water quality of the receiving
environment downstream based on the concentration C of a reference pollutant
(TTS, BOD5…) (no downgrading by more than one quality class. Cf SEQ-EAU)

• From the SEQ-EAU table, the river quality is GREEN on both parameter

• Downstream, to remain in the YELLOW qualiy, the acceptable concentration are :

𝐶𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒,𝑇𝑆𝑆 = 50 𝑚𝑔Τ𝑙 = 0.05 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑚3

𝐶𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒,𝐵𝑂𝐷5 = 6 𝑚𝑔Τ𝑙 = 0.006 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑚3

• Dilution calculation during the rainfall event (neglecting many processus :

auto-epuration, dispersion, etc …

𝑄𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 × 𝐶𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒,𝑇𝑆𝑆 − 𝑄𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 × 𝐶𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 , 𝑇𝑆𝑆

TSS : 𝑄𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 =
𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡,𝑇𝑆𝑆 − 𝐶𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 , 𝑇𝑆𝑆

1 𝑚3 Τ𝑠 × 0.05 (𝑘𝑔Τ𝑚3 ) − 1 × 0.004

𝑄𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 = = 0.102 𝑚3Τ𝑠
0.5 − 0.05
• II.2 Based on a dilution calculation to fullfill a criteria on the water quality of the receiving
environment downstream based on the concentration C of a reference pollutant
(TTS, BOD5…) (no downgrading by more than one quality class. Cf SEQ-EAU)

• From the SEQ-EAU table, the river quality is GREEN on both parameter

• Downstream, to remain in the YELLOW qualiy, the acceptable concentration are :

𝐶𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒,𝑇𝑆𝑆 = 50 𝑚𝑔Τ𝑙 = 0.05 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑚3

𝐶𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒,𝐵𝑂𝐷5 = 6 𝑚𝑔Τ𝑙 = 0.006 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑚3

• Dilution calculation during the rainfall event (neglecting many processus :

auto-epuration, dispersion, etc …

𝑄𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 × 𝐶𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒,𝐵𝑂𝐷5 − 𝑄𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 × 𝐶𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 , 𝐵𝑂𝐷5

BOD5 : 𝑄𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 =
𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡,𝐵𝑂𝐷5 − 𝐶𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 , 𝐵𝑂𝐷5

1 𝑚3 Τ𝑠 × 0.006 (𝑘𝑔Τ𝑚3 ) − 1 × 0.002

𝑄𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 = = 0.004 𝑚3Τ𝑠
0.1 − 0.006
Flow regulation systems (examples)
PASSIVE FLOW LIMITERS

Nozzles (orifices)
Summary flow limitation device. Fixed in a manhole upstream of the
rainwater drainage pipe. It generally consists of a metal plate pierced by
an orifice of the exact dimension for the imposed flow rate.

This maximum evacuation flow rate is calculated based on the maximum

water height in the basin
Q = m.S . 2.g.h
Benefits
• Implementation is easy and inexpensive.
• Suitable for flow rates less than 1 l/s
.
Disadvantages
•Evacuation flow is not constant and depends on the water height.
Not recommended for large tidal ranges.
• Subject to clogging: must be protected by a grid
DEBIT REGULATOR
Vortex effect regulators
DEBIT REGULATOR
Flow regulators with servo-control
DEBIT REGULATOR
Floating valves

(has) (b)
DEBIT REGULATOR
Floating threshold valves

Example of curve
constructor:
(a) Operating range
(b) Ex of curve Q(h)

(has) (b)
 Appendix Water quality: effectiveness of retention basins (suspended matter)
Example of mechanistic models

What follows is drawn from: “Sediment modeling and design optimization for stormwater »
Lig et a, lCanadian WaterResourcesJournal / Canadian Journal of Water Resources
 Modèles 1D

Appendix Water quality

MIKE 11 (DHI 1995, Neary et al, 2001. Particules fines

Suspension

Equation de St Venant Equation 1D

+ 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑚2 Τ𝑠

Equation Convection-Diffusion 1D

𝐶ሚ : Moyenne concentration des sédiments dans une section Q : Débit A(x,h) : Section transverse
K coefficient de dépossiton Se : flux erosion (resuspension) Sd : flux deposision flux
ws : vitesse de chute caractéristique

M* : Erodabilitité du lit ഥ : Vitesse moyenne dans une section h : profondeur d’eau ഥ

𝑈 𝑈𝑐𝑑 : vitesse
critique de déposition ഥ *
𝑈𝑐𝑒 : vitesse critique d’érosition h : profondeur moyenne sur laquelle les
particules sédimentent
 Modèles 1D

Appendix Water quality

MIKE 11 (DHI 1995, Neary et al, 2001. Particules grossières)

Charriage

𝜕 𝑊𝑧𝑏 𝜕𝑄𝑠
Sediment continuity equation 𝜌𝑝 1 − 𝑝′ + =0
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥

zb : niveau du fond Qs : débit solide total (suspension + charriage) p’ : porosité du lit

W : Largeur au miroir, rp : masse volumique des particules

Qs(x) Qs (x+dx)

Variation débit solide = taux d’accumulation = variation masse déposée au fond

 Modèles 2D

Appendix Water quality

MIKE-21, FLUENT, RUBAR…..

Suspension

Barré de Saint Venant 2D

+

C(x,y,t) : concentration moyennée sur la profondeur, U(x,y,t) and V(x,y,t): composantes des vitesses moyennées
sur la profondeur Eb : Flux d’érosion/d’entrainement près du fond Db : Flux de dépôt près du fond
𝜀𝑠ҧ (x,y,t) Coefficient de dispersion (horizontal) des sédiments. Supposé isotrope)

Exemple de loi de fermeture pour les lois d’érosion et de dépôt :

CCHED model (Wu et al , 2000)

𝐶𝑏𝑒 (x,y) Concentration moyennée sur la profondeur à l’équilibre
ws : vitesse de chute caractéristique
b Coefficient d’adaptation (situation hors équilibre)
 Modèles 2D

Appendix Water quality

Charriage et variation bathymétrie du fond

Inconnues : C(x,y,t) et zb(x,y,t), le champs de vitesse étant connu à chaque pas de temps

𝜀𝑠ҧ , qbx , qby , ws : fonction des variables d’écoulements et des inconnues primaires (C(x,y,t))
traitées comme des fonctions auxiliaires (souvent empiririque).

Exemples de telles fonctions auxiliaires :

Garcia, M. 2008. Sedimentation engineering: Processes, measurements modeling, and practice. Reston, VA: ASCE
Manual of Practice 110.
 Modèles 3D

Appendix Water quality

(MIKE-3, FLUENT, ….)

Suspension

Navier-Stokes (RANS)
+

𝜀𝑠 (x,y,z,t): coefficient de diffusivité massique 𝑤𝑠 : settling velocity (can be dependant on concentration)

 Modèles 3D

Appendix Water quality

3D Models (MIKE-3, FLUENT, …..)

Charriage (équation de continuité pour le fond)

EFDC-3D model
𝑐𝑏𝑒 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑧𝑓𝑜𝑛𝑑) Equations empirique (Van Rijn (1984), Smith & Mc Lean (1977),
Garcia-Parker (1991)=
cb = cb(x,y,z=zb) concentration près du fond

Mike 3D Probabilité de deposition

𝜏𝑐𝑑 Contrainte critique de déposition
𝑚
𝜏𝑏
« hard » bed 𝐸𝑏 = 𝐸 −1 𝜏𝑏 > 𝜏𝑐𝑒
𝜏𝑐𝑒
« soft » bed 𝐸𝑏 = 𝐸(𝑒 𝛾 𝜏𝑏 −𝜏𝑐𝑒 )
𝜏𝑏 > 𝜏𝑐𝑒

E : Erodabilité 𝜏𝑐𝑒 : contrainte d’erosion critique m and g : constant

Appendix Water quality

Bibliography

Van Rijn, L. C. 1984. Sediment transport, part II: Suspended load transport. Journal of Hydraulic
Engineering 110: 1613–1641.

Smith, J. D., and S. R. McLean. 1977. Spatially averaged flow

over a wavy bed. Journal of Geophysical Research 82 : 1735–1746.

Garcia, M., and G. Parker. 1991. Entrainment of bed sediment

into suspension. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 117: 414–435.

Garcia, M. 2008. Sedimentation engineering: Processes, measurements

modeling, and practice. Reston, VA: ASCE Manual of Practice 110.

Wu, W. 2001. CCHE2D sediment transport model. Technical Report No. NCCHE-TR-2001-3, National Center for
Computational Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Mississippi.