2º ESO | GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

UNIT 8
HUMAN SPACES
AROUND THE
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O
WORLD
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KEY TO THE SYMBOLS
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CONTENTS OF THE UNIT
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1. Population dynamics. The birth rate

 2. Mortality and life expectancy
O

4. The
consequences of migration
E

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5.
T

Demographic trends in developed countries

N

3. Migratory movements
D
6.
L

R
 M

Demographic trends in developing countries

E
U

7. The
distribution of the world’s population
N

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3
H

G
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6. LA EXPANSIÓN DEL
ISLAM
1. POPULATION
DYNAMICS. THE BIRTH
RATE
S

E
Demography
L

R
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O
2

▪ Demography: science that studies the population of

a territory. It is a part
W

of Geography that, with the help of statistics, analyses

the quantity of the
E

population, its dynamics, its movements and its

D

structure by age, sex or

T

activity.
N

U
▪ To understand population dynamics, we must
S

analyse deaths, births and

C

A
O

P
R

migratory movements.
A
N

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A

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1. POPULATION DYNAMICS. THE BIRTH RATE
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In order to study the population of a territory, it is not enough to

know the number of inhabitants. We need to know many other data.
 GROWTH
R

POPULATION
D
8

NATALITY POPULATION
D
DENSITY MORTALITY
N

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O

STRUCTURE d
POPULATION d
N

S
 M

S
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O

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1. POPULATION DYNAMICS. THE BIRTH RATE
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 W

CRUDE BIRTH RATE

P

CBR =N.º of births x 1000 Total

population ‰

Natality
8

U
DL

R
Definition Number of births that occ
O the course of a y
 How it is With the c Current • In 2014, the wRelated to… Fertility: estim
measured overview although th of childre
between
their le

6
SI

1. ECONOMIC FACTORS:
D
O

L
E

G
O

1. POPULATION DYNAMICS.
THE BIRTH RATE
S

⮡ The birth rate decreases during economic

R

Factors affecting the birth rate

crises and increasing in prosperous times.
W

⮡ In rural societies, where children work and

H

T
help to support the family from an early age,
D the birth rate is high.
N

O
⮡ In urban societies, the birth rate is low
R

because rising children is more expensive and

A

S
their entry into the labour market is later (+16
E

C
years).
A

N
 U
A

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H

G
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1. POPULATION DYNAMICS.
THE BIRTH RATE
S

Factors affecting the birth rate

D

O
2. Cultural factors: in some societies with strong
W

religious beliefs, contraception may be

E

H
prohibited, and women have more children.
T

D
3. Social factors: in societies where women have
N

U
entered the labour market, the birth rate is
O

R lower.
A

I
 N

U
A

UH

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8
H

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6. LA EXPANSIÓN DEL Demographic polities

ISLAM ▪ Governments sometimes adopt population policies
to encourage or reduce
1. POPULATION birth rates, depending on the circumstances.

DYNAMICS. THE BIRTH ▪ In Europe, natalist policies are pursued because the
decrease in the
RATE
D

number of children per woman jeopardises

generational replacement.
S

E
L

R
º

O
2

W
 D
ANTI-
N

• Penalise with fin

O

A than allowed.
• Sterilise women
S

children.
C

S
• Encourage the u
8
N

A
T

U
U

H
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NATALIST POL

• Encourage the reduction of w

mothers and fathers can car
their children in the first mo
• Create or support the creation
• Reduce taxes for couples who
one child.

T
S

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2. MORTALITY AND LIFE EXPECTANCY
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 W

CRUDE DEATH RATE

P

CDR =N.º of deaths x 1000 Total

population ‰

U
DL

O
 How it is With the crud Current • The mortality ra Promotes Life expectancy: a
Mortali measured overview since the begi the a person is
increase
• In 2014, the wo
of…
8‰, with less
Definition Number of deaths that bet
the course of
S
10
O

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2. MORTALITY AND LIFE EXPECTANCY
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N
 younger than one x 1000
Current • It has b
Inf overview time
di
an

Definition Number o

Causes Extrem
How it is Wi med
measured
INFANT MORTALITY RATE
N.º of deaths of babies
8

U
IC

AL

P
AL
 IMR =
N.º of births ‰

SI
11 D

G
O

2. MORTALITY AND LIFE

EXPECTANCY
S

⮡ People who are well nourished tend to be in

O

Factors affecting mortality

1. LIFESTYLE AND DIET:
good health, have a lower risk of illness, and
W

E
recover faster in the event of illness.
H

T
⮡ Hunger and malnutrition are the main causes
D

N
of death in less developed countries.
U

R
⮡ In more developed countries, overnutrition
A

(diets high in cholesterol, etc.) increases

S

E
 C

mortality rates.
8

U
A

UH
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H

G
O

2. MORTALITY AND LIFE

EXPECTANCY
S

Factors affecting mortality

2. ACCESS TO HYGIENE AND SANITATION SERVICES:
D

R
⮡ Access to clean water and sewage systems
O

prevent disease and lead to longer life

W

E
expectancy.
H

⮡ Health care and medical advances reduce

T

N
mortality.
U

⮡ Citizens in developed countries have access

O

R
A
to these services, but those in less
S

E
developed countries do not.
C

I
 N

U
A

UH

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H Current In 2014, the global natural growth rate
O

E
overview was around 1,2%, although there are
G
O
sharp contrasts between countries.

2. MORTALITY AND LIFE To find out In order to know the real growth of a
more… population, it is necessary to consider its
EXPECTANCY
S
migratory balance (difference between
the number of immigrants and
E

º
emigrants).
2

Population growth D

Definition Natural growth is the difference between births E

and deaths in a population. H

How it is With the natural growth rate (NGR). It is D

measured considered high above 2%, and low below N

1%. U

NATURAL GROWTH
O
 A

A Total population x
P
100
RATE (NGR) S

N
S

NGR =N.º of births− N.º of deaths

8

U
A

UH

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POPULATION PYRAMIDS
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Creating and commenting on population pyramids

 Spanish population pyramid 2017
T
S

N
N

U
DL A

Gender
R

H
% MEN
W

Population pyramid % WOMEN

E

T
a specific place at a
D
Double bar chart specific time.
N

U
representing population
O distribution according to
gender and age groups in
R

15
E

C
A

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POPULATION PYRAMIDS
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 GROUPS OF AGE

Steps to create a
Women

population pyramid Population (%)

Men Population (%) Population pyramid of Germany
O and generally expressed as a
W percentage of the total population.
E

H
2. Place on the vertical axis the age
T

groups in 5-year intervals. Each

D
group is called a cohort.
N

3. Mark on the horizonal axis the

O

R
population values (in general, in
A
percentages). Only some of them are
S
labeled, at equal intervals, to
E

C
facilitate their reading.
A

4. Represent in the right half of the

S

graph the values referring to the

N

A
female population. Male population Female population
T

5. Represent in the left half of the

I M

N U

U
DL
H graph the values referring to the
1. Know the number of inhabitants male population.
R

organized in age groups and gender,

 In
SOURCE:

S
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POPULATION PYRAMIDS
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Interpreting a population pyramid

 Progressive pyramid Stationary pyramid Regressive pyramid

U
NU

OR

SE

AP
S

NA

M
 UH

It is pagoda-shaped (very wide base and very narrow peak).

It indicates a high proportion of young people. The population growth is important and will be important in the coming years.
It is characteristic of
less developed countries.
It is bell-shaped, where the base (young population) and the centre (adult population) are almost equal.
It indicates that there has been a decline in the birth rate, and so its natural growth is decreasing.
It is characteristic of many
developing countries.
It is barrel-shaped,
with a very wide central part.
It represents a low birth rate and
low natural growth, as well as a
high life expectancy.
It is characteristic of more
developed countries with
an ageing population.

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POPULATION PYRAMIDS
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 H

Steps for interpreting a

population pyramid
Population pyramid of Germany 1. Describe its shape and indicate what type of pyramid it is
(progressive, stationary or regressive).
Male population Female population
2. Comment on the differences between the genders: whether
D
there are more women or men, and at what ages.
L

R
3. Study the population by age and group. Analyse the most
O

significant indents and projections, and investigate their causes.

W

E
 the country to which the
4. Draw conclusions. Indicate the possible level of development of

U
P

NA

UH

In
SOURCE:
pyramid corresponds and explain the
possible evolution of its population.

S
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POPULATION PYRAMIDS ACTIVITIES
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3

1. Create a population pyramid for Australia from these data. Use a grid sheet.
GROUPS OF AGE

Men
Women Population (%)

Population (%)

L
2. Follow the steps on slide 18 and interpret these pyramids separately.
R

PYRAMID OF ANGOLA. YEAR 2015

PYRAMID OF ITALY. YEAR 2015
W

U
Male population Female population
H

SOURCE: In
M

U
 H

Male population Female population SOURCE: In

S
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O

3. MIGRATORY
MOVEMENTS
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L
R

4. MIGRATION IN THE WORLD

N

U
A
 M

UH

S
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O

4. LAS MIGRACIONES: FACTORES Y TENDENCIAS 3.

MIGRATORY MOVEMENTS
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▪ Migrations: movements made by the population from one geographical region to

another that involve a change of residence and are not motivated by leisure.
⮡ Emigrant: a person who leaves his or her place of residence.
 N

⮡ Immigrant: a person who arrives at a new place.

D

▪ Net migration rate: the result of subtracting emigrants

from immigrants arriving in a place.
O

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E

H M

T
U

H
D
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3. MIGRATORY MOVEMENTS
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Types of migrations
1. Temporary or permanent. They depend on the duration
of the migration.

D
• Temporary: for a specific period of time.
8

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• Definitive: forever.
L

N
R

U
O

2. National or international. Depends on the destination.

W

• National: migrations within the country itself.

H

T
• International: migrations to a different country.
D

• Voluntary: free migration in order to improve

E

3. Voluntary or forced. Depends on the reason for the

O

economic or working conditions, etc.

A

migration.
P

S
 A

• Forced: migrations that take place because a person’s

S

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M

freedom or even life is at risk.

N
S

O
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3. MIGRATORY MOVEMENTS
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2

Causes of migration
Throughout history there have been migratory flows,
movements of large numbers of people from one country or
8

group of countries to another.

D

1. Economic: overpopulation, lack of employment and poor

O

working conditions or wages.

W

H
2. Social: pursuit of better health care, education, housing,
T

country because of war or ideological, religious or racial

R

etc.
D

persecution (refugees).
S

3. Political or religious: people are forced to leave their

O
C
 A

4. Natural: caused by natural disasters such as earthquakes,

A

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M

floods, prolonged droughts, etc.

S

N
S

O
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3. MIGRATORY MOVEMENTS
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2

Current migration trends

1. Most migration (national and international) is directed
towards cities.
 their countries each year go to developed countries such as
H

the United States, Canada, Australia, European countries or

D

⮡ The percentage of the world’s urban population is constantly

D

L
Saudi Arabia.
N

growing to the detriment of the rural population.

R

2. Approximately half of the international migrants who leave

W

E
3. In developing countries such as Africa, the rural population
O

4. The inability of cities to respond adequately to migratory

C

is heading for the big cities.

A

movements has led to the emergence of slums with

P

S
 sanitation problems.
N

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M

H
S

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3. MIGRATORY MOVEMENTS
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 D

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5. GLOBAL MIGRATION FLOWS
A

N
 M

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H

4. THE CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION

6. LA EXPANSIÓN DEL ISLAM

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▪ Migration has a profound impact on populations because it changes the demographic structure,
increases regional contrasts and can create social problems and uprooting.
 CONSE O

THE PLAC A

NEGATIVE EFFECTS POSI

A

• The population ages, • It A

because the M

younger
U

people are the ones • It H

who migrate.

8
NEGATIVE EF
T

N
L

U R

U
 • It requires econo
efforts to imple26
integration polic
immigrants.
• Marginalisation,
rejection and
xenophobia can

I
4. THE CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION
S

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W
 E

N
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M

U
U

6. PERCENTAGE OF FOREIGN IMMIGRANTS

N
H

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O
5. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
E

G
O

6. LA EXPANSIÓN DEL
S

ISLAM
2
The evolution of the world population

▪ Today, there are about 7 billion people

D

U
19th century.
living in the L

world, compared to only 1 billion at the

R

beginning of the
 ▪ The population has increased over time,
A

but it has not

W
S

always grown at the same rate.

E
A

▪ World population growth is uneven

throughout the
D

world. There are two models of

demographic evolution:
N

1. Demographic evolution of developed

countries.
A

S
28
M

2. Demographic evolution of developing U

countries.
H

WORLD POPULATION GROWTH

C
SI S

º
O

E
2

G
O

5. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
 PHASES OF THE DEMOGRAPHI D

th
• Until the 18 century. O

1
OLD W

• Slow growth due to hig

E

E
DEMOGRAPHIC D

• Many epidemics, wars a U

A
REGIME O

H
A

P
• Lack of hygiene and san S

E
2

th
E
DEMOGRAPHI • 19 century. C

C EXPLOSION • Reduction of famines due P

A S

H • Reduction of mortality du
N

growth and population inc

3

E
MODERN • During the 20th century.
S

DEMOGRAPHI • Sharp drop in the birth ra

A

H
C REGIME • Decline in mortality due t
P

• Low natural growth.

• High life expectancy.
• Aging of the population.
 8

U
A

UH

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REGIME
H

O
A

⮡ High mortality.
E

G H
O

5. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
P

⮡ High infant mortality.

2

DEMOGRAPHI • 19th century.

DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
S
E

S
C EXPLOSION • High natural growth.
A
E

H
• Population increase.
º

PHASES OF THE DEMOGRAPHIC MODERN • During the 20th century.

E

OF DEVELOPED COUNTRIE
S

DEMOGRAPHI • Low natural growth:

⮡ Falling birth rate.
A

H
C REGIME
• Until the 18th centur ⮡ Decrease in mortality.
P

OLD
1
⮡ High life expectancy.
• Slow growth: ⮡ Aging population.

E
DEMOGRAPHIC
S
⮡ High birth rate. D

R
 R
O

H
C

T
A

N
U

U
A

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E

2
E

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5. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN 1. Aging population (life expectancy around 80 years):

DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
S
• Increases health and pension spending.

a
O h

l
t

W
u

f
se

p
E

o
H
n

• Reduces the active

DL
p

R
i

t
e population.
 in developed help reduce aging.
• Produces reduced
or even negative 2. Positive countries: • They • They increase the
natural growth. migratory balance active population.

U
T

NU

OR

SE

AP
S

NA

UH
o

it

ir

tc

r
 a

hT
i

3. Negative migratory balance in some developed countries:

r

• Increases aging.
u

• Produces a loss of population.

c

4. Some countries implement birth support policies:

p

• Maternity and paternity leave.

e

• Tax reductions.
e

• Free schooling.
n

SI
31
H

O
6. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
E

G
O

E
 2

PHASES OF THE DEMO E

DEMOGRAPHI • At the e
OF DEVELOPED S

C EXPLOSION • Populat
A

H
(dem
P

• The birt
• Unt
• The mo
OLD
1

to im
• Low (vacc

E
DEMOGRAPHIC
S
• Very

A
REGIME D

H
to w R

P
etc. W

8 O

I A

U
E

A
 P
COUNTRIES
S

32
SI
DEMOGRAPHIC MODEL OF DEVELOPED
H

O
6. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
E

G
O

E
º
and declining mortality.
2 n

1. High percentage of young population: due to high birth rates

W
o
than resources, so young people
E
s migrate to other countries with
i

r
H it

s
t
T ir

t
better opportunities.
n

c
u

U r
5. Some countries implement birth
O

R
a

control policies: to avoid

o
h

c
c
A

E
e
excessive demand on limited
2. Low life expectancy (45-70 years). resources and to prevent famine and
hT

S
3. The birth rate tends to decrease: socio-political conflicts.
p

N as infant mortality decreases, o

families find themselves with a 6. Strong contrast between agrarian

M

number of children they cannot areas (high birth and mortality

U
8

support.
e

H v
o
T

it

rates, traditional mentality) and

I
a

N
lu

4. Mostly negative migratory

urban areas (lower birth and
po

U
DL
e

balance: population is usually e

greater
h
d

mortality rates, without reaching the

t
R
s

level of developed countries).

O e
 n

SI
33
2

G
O World population growth
6. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN It is measured with the real growth rate, which is the result of
adding
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
S
the migratory balance to the natural growth rate.
E

º
 grow in developing
R

• The population tends to

D

countries.
W
E

• Developed countries have

H slower growth.
T

N
• The population grows
U

more in urban areas

O

R
(cities) than in rural areas.
A

• The population grows

E

C
more in coastal areas
A

P
(coast) than in inland
S

N
 U
A

UH

areas.

SI
34
H

G
O

6. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
S

Population pyramids and evolution of the

population

Progressive pyramid Stationary pyramid Regressive

pyramid Kenya Turkey Germany O

O
A

P
W

Male population Female population

D

In millions of people In millions of people In millions of people

U
 N

SOURCE:
8

U
A
 M

UH

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35
H

G
O

7. THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE

WORLD POPULATION
S

How is the distribution of the population measured?

The current population of the Earth is not distributed
homogeneously:
there are highly populated areas and sparsely populated areas. 1. COUNTING THE NUMBER OF
D
 W

INHABITANTS:
L

censuses, which are usually carried out

E

This data is provided by population

every 10 years. They provide information
T

on the absolute population.

D

U
2. CALCULATING POPULATION
O

R
DENSITY:
A

E
It relates the absolute population to the
C

A territory it occupies. It allows us to know

P

S
 N

whether a territory is sparsely or heavily

8

U
A
 M

UH

populated.
S
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O

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ACTIVIES UNIT 8, SECTION 7
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3
2

1. Calculate the population density of each country in this table.

COUNTRY AREA (KM2) ABSOLUTE DENSITY (INHAB/KM2)
Liechtenstein 160 POPULATION 37.286

Sierra Leone 71.740 6.315.627

Uruguay 176.215 3.419.516

Australia 7.741.220 23.490.736

China 9.596.220 1.364.270.000

D

N
2. Which of these countries has the largest absolute population?
U

O
Which has the smallest?
 R
POPULATION DENSITY
A

3. Which country is more densely population? And less

S

E
M

4. Order the countries from highest to H

lowest absolute
S
Population density =N. º of inhabitants
8

Area of the site

population and then order them by
T

density. Are they in the

N

U N

populated? Explain why.

C
A
37
S
A same order? Explain your answer.
O

I
7. THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE WORLD POPULATION
S

E
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2

Factors affecting population distribution

1. Physical:
 • Favorable physical factors: areas with temperate climates,

I
relief shapes favorable for communications, fertile land with
D

N
L

access to drinking water, oil or mineral deposits…

R

• Unfavorable physical factors: areas with extreme climates

W
 O

(very hot or very cold, very dry or very rainy), abrupt relief
E

(mountains)…
H
times, have a higher birth rate and have received strong and
R

2. Demographic: the areas that have accumulated the largest

N

constant migration.
S

populations are those that have been inhabited since ancient

U
3. Economic and social: good working conditions, provision of
A

quality of life, etc.

N

services, recognition of individual and collective freedoms,

S
 M

S
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O

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UNIT 8 REVIEW ACTIVITIES
S

E
º
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2
3

1. Explain the difference between these pairs of concepts: ▪

 Birth rate and fertility.

▪ Natural growth and real growth.

U
▪ Emigrant and immigrant.
D

▪ Absolute population and population density.

O

E
2. Explain two factors that may be involved in the
decline of each of
H

these demographic indicators:

D

▪ Natality
O

▪ Mortality
S

▪ Life expectancy
A 39
M

U
S

▪ Population ageing
N