Electrical measuring instruments and Measurements ANALOGUE AND DIGITAL INSTRUMENTSIntroduction a Tests and measurements are important in des! cn evaluating, maintaining and servicing electrical circuits and equipment. In order to detect electrical quantities such as current, voltage, resistance or power, it is necessary to transform an electrical quantity or condition into a visible indication. This is done with the aid of instruments (or meters) that indicate the magnitude of quantities either by the position of a pointer moving over a graduated scale (called an analogue instrument) or in the form of a decimal number (called a digital instrument).Analogue Instruments eee erect iene te nee ec ees BR eet gr Glee tage eae eee tu acm cleo eei! position. (b) A controlling device. The controlling force acts in opposition to the Peete ean men emcee the same for a given measured quantity. It also prevents the pointer always going to the maximum deflection. There are two main types of controlling eee eee ermal(c) A damping device. The damping force -_ that the pointer comes to rest in its final position quickly and without undue oscillation. There are three main types of damping used — -eddy-current damping, -air friction damping and - fluid-friction damping. There are basically two types of scale; pe it lar-Lile| - non-linear.Linear and Non-Linear scalesMoving-iron instrument Erarra tensa Scale , —_— Pointer_F Zy Pivot and controlling spring ‘Air-piston damping Soft-iron’ disc Solencid (a) ATTRACTION TYPE2.Repulsion type Pivot and controlling ‘spring Pointer \" Fixed place of iron Moveable piece of iron {b) REPULSION TYPEShunts and multipliers Hs fon An ammeter, which measures current, has a resistance (ideally zero) and must be connected in Uma al -Ne | cael A voltmeter, which measures p.d., has a high resistance (ideally infinite) and must be connected in parallel with the part of the circuit whose p.d. is required.SHUNT When an ammeter is required to measure currents of larger magnitude, a proportion of the current is diverted through a low- value resistance connected in parallel with the meter. Such a diverting resistor is called a shunt.Thus the value of the shunMULTIPLIER {multiplier)The milliammeter is converted m | voltmeter by connecting a high value resistance (called a multiplier) in series with it as shown ih Figure above). From mtellcon Vd Seal hve ol /ii Thus the value of the multipliernae) (a I A moving-coil instrument gives a fs.d. when the current is 40mA and _ its resistance is 250. Calculate the value of the shunt to be connected in parallel with the meter to enable it to be used as an ammeter for measuring currents up to Brey1=50A [,=40mAWee ous kom ery Rs =resistance of shunt, PEON ues eas on nus nes a eee Perec en aca a ere eames ah or aire.) BT ee ee es ee eesti eo chs) Peay (0.04)(25) 49,96 20.02 mQ> Thus for the moving-coil instrument A be used as an ammeter with a range 0- 50A, a resistance of value 20.02mQ needs to be connected in parallel with ivatemUarciecU ian claimExample 2 Amoving-coil instrument having a resistance of 109, gives a fis.d. when the current is 8 mA. Calculate the value of the multiplier to be connected in series with the instrument so that it can be used as a voltmeter for measuring p.ds up to 100V.Ream We Romulo on reece ay /=total permissible instrument current =8mA=0.008A, eee cM chr ree a ed Aad eed Tomer OHS UREA Te COE eC) Bear reece f0X0 2) EaPE veg rec) cs) Mie Mm aurea MOC ds eke Mr mie ete Rea Oa) resistance of value 12.49kO needs to be connected in series with the instrument.Electronic instruments The digital voltmeter (DVM) is one which provides a digital display of the voltage being measured. Advantages of a DVM over analogue instruments include higher accuracy and resolution, no observational or parallax errors and a very high input resistance, constant on all ranges. A digital multimeter is a DVM with additional circuitry which makes it capable of measuring a.c. voltage, d.c. and a.c. current and resistance.The ohmmeter An ohmmeter is an instrument for measuring electrical resistance.quiz 2 PM ire colt MUaC Cube Ne Ri Hic Cle Meee ee occ MeN NR Ag Ree cH Cy ior Wer etic na RCI Cte Gus ieie lel Seely tacoma UCU so that it can be used as a voltmeter for measuring p.d’s up to 200v, BRO LEN ac hsolnte cei ele et cea eC Re i cao ote) MCMC ne Lec Moe chet tem ona cmc anu kage mer an etcd GUC em ese cely a Roo Cee Sai ere Cie ata eee Oe Ute) R= 1MQ. Give comments of the results obtained.Multimeters | | > Instruments are manufactured that combine a moving coil meter with a number of shunts and series multipliers, to provide a range of readings on a single scale graduated to read current and voltage. If a battery is incorporated then resistance can also be measured. Such instruments are called multimeters or universal instruments or multirange instruments. > Digital Multimeters (DMM) are now almost universally used, the Fluke Digital Multimeter being an industry leader for performance, accuracy, resolution, ruggedness, reliability and safety.NET aap ay ol c=) acy Pea ae ar trae SN cra Ca alee ag a oe typical connections of a wattmeter used for measuring power supplied to a loadThe instrument has two coils: (i) a current coil, which is connected in series with the load, like an ammeter, and (ii) a voltage coil, which is connected in parallel with the load, like a voltmeter.Loading effect Some measuring instruments depend for their operation on power taken from the circuit in which measurements are being made. Depending on the ‘loading’ effect of the instrument (i.e. the current taken to enable it to operate), the prevailing circuit conditions may change. The resistance of voltmeters may be calculated since each have a stated sensitivity (or ‘figure of merit’), often stated in ‘k per volt’ of fs.d.A voltmeter should have as high a resistance as possible (— ideally infinite).i clanlellaws ere Rural rcs eg ara uc a re ci ruaM a tics below when (a) R=2500 (b) R=2MO. Assume that the voltmeter sensitivity feet ume remi Cem Tit) como ey Ae(a) Resistance of volimeter, Ry =sensitivity x fs.d. Hence, Ry = (1OKQ/V) x (200°V) = 2000k2 =2MQ y 100 Current flowing in voltmeter, f, Ry x 106 50 x 10-8 A Power dissipated by voltmeter = V/, (100,130 x 10%) smW V When R= 250 8, current in resistor, fg = = R =04APower dissipated in load resistor R = V/p =(100)(0.4)=40W Thus the power dissipated in the voltmeter is insignificant in comparison with the power dissipated in the load.(b) When R= 2 MQ, current in i I Me UO 50 x 10-8 A re: = =5 f resistor, IR R 108 x Power dissipated in load resistor R= V/p =100 x 50 x 10-°=SmW In this case the higher load resistance reduced the power dissipated such that the voltmeter is us much power as the load.Example 2 An ammeter has a fis.d. of 100mA and a resistance of 509. The ammeter is used to measure the current in a load of resistance 5000 when the supply voltage is 10V. Calculate (a) the ammeter reading expected (neglecting its fesistance), (b) the actual current in the circuit, (c) the power dissipated in the ammeter, and (d) the power dissipated in the load.l=pe-]an le) (oes (a)A current of 20A flows through a load having a resistance of 20. Determine the power dissipated in the load. (b) A wattmeter, whose current coil has a resistance of 0.019 is connected as shown in Figure below. Determine the wattmeter readingend