Kragujevac Journal of Mathematics

Volume 47(1) (2023), Pages 153–164.

q-LAPLACE TRANSFORM ON QUANTUM INTEGRAL

NECMETTIN ALP1 AND MEHMET ZEKI SARIKAYA2

Abstract. In this paper, we present q-Laplace transform by q-integral definition on

quantum analogue. We present some properties and obtain formulaes of q-Laplace
transform with its aplications.

1. Introduction
Quantum calculus is the modern name for the investigation of calculus without
limits. The quantum calculus or q-calculus began with FH Jackson in the early
twentieth century, but this kind of calculus had already been worked out by Euler and
Jacobi. Recently it arose interest due to high demand of mathematics that models
quantum computing. q-calculus appeared as a connection between mathematics and
physics. It has a lot of applications in different mathematical areas such as number
theory, combinatorics, orthogonal polynomials, basic hyper-geometric functions and
other sciences quantum theory, mechanics and the theory of relativity.
There are many of the fundamental aspects of quantum calculus. It has been
shown that quantum calculus is a subfield of the more general mathematical field of
time scales calculus. Time scales provide a unified framework for studying dynamic
equations on both discrete and continuous domains.
In 2017, Alp and Sarikaya [1] gave a new defination of q-integral which is showed
q-integral.
The aim of this paper present Laplace transform on q-integral. In second section we
give notations and preliminaries for q-analogue. In third section we give definition of
Laplace transform on q-integral and obtain some auxiliary results. In fourth section

Key words and phrases. q-integral, Laplace transform, gamma function, beta function.
2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary: 44A10. Secondary: 44A15, 81S25.
Received: March 25, 2020.
Accepted: July 23, 2020.

153
154 N. ALP AND M. Z. SARIKAYA

we calculate q-Laplace transforms of functions and some properties of q-Laplace

transform.
Now remember following Laplace transform on classical analysis.
For t > 0 Laplace transform of f (t) is defined as
Z∞ ZA
−st
(1.1) L {f (t)} = F (s) = e f (t)dt = lim e−st f (t)dt.
A→∞
0 0

We say that transform converges if the limit exists, and diverges if not.

2. Notations and Preliminaries

In this section, first we give definition and notations of q-analogue with q-derivates
then definition and properties of q-integral. For 0 < q < 1 here and further we use
the following notations [3, 4]:
1 − qn
(2.1) [n]q = = 1 + q + q 2 + · · · + q n−1 ,
1−q

(2.2)
n−1
Y     
(x − a)nq = x − q i a = (x − a) (x − qa) x − q 2 a · · · x − q n−1 a , n ∈ Z+ ,
i=0
(a : q)0 =1,
n  
(1 − a)nq = (a : q)n = Π 1 − q i a ,
i=0
(2.3)
∞  
(1 − a)∞ i
q = (a : q)∞ = Π 1 − q a ,
i=0
(2.4)
(1 − a)∞ q (a : q)∞
(1 − a)nq = ∞ = , n ∈ C.
(1 − q n a)q (q n a : q)∞

Notice that, under our assumptions on q, the infinite product (2.3) is convergent.
Moreover, the definitions (2.2) and (2.4) are consistent.

Definition 2.1. In [2], for f has Dqn f (a) , Jackson introduced the following q-
counterpart of Taylor series:
n
∞
(1 − q)n n ∞ D n f (a) (x − a)
q q
Dq f (a) (x − a)nq =
X X
(2.5) f (x) = ,
n=0 (q; q)n n=0 [n]q !

Dq is the q-difference operator.

 q-LAPLACE TRANSFORM ON QUANTUM INTEGRAL 155

Here Eqx and exq are two q-analogues of the exponential functions and their q-Taylor
series ([4]):
∞ n(n−1) xn
Eqx = (1 + (1 − q) x)∞
X
(2.6) = q q = ((q − 1) x : q)∞ ,
2

n=0 [n]q !
∞
xn 1 1
exq =
X
(2.7) = ∞ = .
n=0 [n]q ! (1 − (1 − q) x)q ((1 − q) x : q)∞
Lemma 2.1 ([4]). The q-exponential functions satisfy the following properties:
exq Eq−x =Eqx e−x
q = 1, Eqx = ex1/q .
For Eq−x = 1
ex
we have
q
1
lim Eq−x = lim
= 0.
x→∞ x→∞ ex
q
Let J := [a, b] ⊂ R, J ◦ := (a, b) be interval and 0 < q < 1 be a constant. Definiton of
q-derivative of a function f : J → R at a point x ∈ J on [a, b] as follows.
Definition 2.2 ([5]). Assume f : J → R is a continuous function and let x ∈ J.
Then the expression
f (x) − f (qx + (1 − q) a)
(2.8) a Dq f (x) = , x 6= a,
(1 − q) (x − a)
a Dq f (a) = lim a Dq f (x) ,
x→a

is called the q-derivative on J of function f at x.

We say that f is q-differentiable on J provided a Dq f (x) exists for all x ∈ J. Note
that if a = 0 in (2.8), then a Dq f = Dq f , where Dq is the well-known q-derivative of
the function f (x) defined by
f (x) − f (qx)
a Dq f (x) = .
(1 − q) x
For more details, see [4].
Lemma 2.2 ([5]). Let α ∈ R, then we have
(2.9) a Dq (x − a)α = [α]q (x − a)α−1 .
The following definitions and theorems with respect to q-integral were referred in
[1, page 148].
Definition 2.3. Let f : J → R is continuous function. For 0 < q < 1
Zb ∞
" #
(1 − q) (b − a)
q n f (q n b + (1 − q n ) a) − f (b) ,
X
(2.10) f (s) a dq s = (1 + q)
a
2q n=0

which second sense quantum integral definition that call q-integral for x ∈ J.
156 N. ALP AND M. Z. SARIKAYA

Moreover, if c ∈ (a, x) then the definite q-integral on J is defined by

Zx
(2.11) f (s) a dq s
c
Zx Zc
= f (s) a dq s − f (s) a dq s
a a
∞
" #
(1 − q) (x − a)
q n f (q n x + (1 − q n ) a) − f (x)
X
= (1 + q)
2q n=0
∞
" #
(1 − q) (c − a)
q n f (q n c + (1 − q n ) a) − f (c) .
X
− (1 + q)
2q n=0

Theorem 2.1 ([1]). Let f : J → R be a continuous function. Then we have the

following properties of q-integral
i)
Zx
f (x) + f (qx + (1 − q) a)
a Dq f (s) a dq s = ;
a
2
ii)
Z1 b
1 Z
f (sb + (1 − s) a) 0 dq s = f (t) a dq t;
b−a a
0
iii)
Zx
a Dq f (s) a dq s
c
qf (x) + f (qx + (1 − q) a) − qf (c) − f (qc + (1 − q) a)
= , for c ∈ (a, x) ;
2q
iv)
Zx Zx Zx
[f (s) + g (s)] a dq s = f (s) a dq s + g (s) a dq s;
a a a
v)
Zx Zx
(αf ) (s) a dq s = α f (s) a dq s, α ∈ R;
a a
vi) partial integration property:
Zx
(2.12) f (s) a Dq g (s) a dq s
c
x
qf (s) g (s) + f (qs + (1 − q) a) g (qs + (1 − q) a)
=
2q c
 q-LAPLACE TRANSFORM ON QUANTUM INTEGRAL 157

Zx
− g (qs + (1 − q) a) a Dq f (s) a dq s;
c

vii)
Zx
1 1 + qα
 
(s − a)α a dq s = (x − a)α+1 .
a
[α + 1]q 2

3. Auxiliary Results
For using in further theorems lets give an example on q-derivative.
Example 3.1. For s > 0, t ∈ R, we have
(3.1) Dq Eq−st = − sEq−qst ,
2
Dq Eq−qst = − qsEq−q st .
Proof. By using q-derivative and (2.6), we obtain that:
 n(n−1)

∞ n
(−1) q 2
Dq Eq−st =Dq 1 + (st)n 
X

n=1 [n]q !
n(n−1)
∞
(−1)n q 2 sn
Dq tn
X
=
n=1 [n]q !
n(n−1)
∞
X (−1)n q 2 sn n−1
= t
n=1 [n − 1]q !
n(n+1)
∞
(−1)n+1 q 2 sn+1
tn
X
=
n=0 [n]q !
n(n−1)
∞
(−1)n q 2
(qst)n
X
=−s
n=0 [n]q !
= − sEq−qst
and in the same way we have
2 st
Dq Eq−qst = −qsEq−q
and the proof is completed. 
Now we present q-Laplace transform on q-integral below.
Definition 3.1. Let s > 0 and f : [0, ∞) → R be a function. Then the q-Laplace
transform is defined by
Z∞
(3.2) Lq {f (t)} = F (s) = f (t) Eq−qst dq t.
0
158 N. ALP AND M. Z. SARIKAYA

Assume f, g are two functions and α, β ∈ C by using (3.2) linearity property of

q-Laplace transform is written as follow:
Lq {αf (t) + βg(t)} = αLq {f (t)} + βLq {g(t)} .

4. q-Laplace Transform of Functions

In this section, we proved q-Laplace transform of functions and n degrees of quantum
derivative function. Let’s first calculate the q-Laplace transformation of the constant
function as below.
Theorem 4.1. The q-Laplace transform of function f (t) = 1 is
1+q 1
Lq {1} = F (s) = · .
2q s
Proof. From definition of q-Laplace transform, it follows that
Zα Z∞
F (s) = Lq {1} = lim Eq−qst dq t = Eq−qst dq t.
α→∞
0 0
Then calculate above integral by using the q-integral, we have
Zα
Eq−qst dq t
0
Zα X n(n−1)
∞
(−1)n q 2
= (qst)n dq t
n=0 [n]q !
0
n(n−1) α
∞
X (−1)n q 2 (qs)n Z n
= t dq t
n=0 [n]q !
0
n n(n−1) n
∞
X (−1) q (qs) 2 1 + q n n+1
= · α
n=0 [n]q ! 2 [n + 1]q
n(n−1) n(n−1)
∞
X (−1)n q 2 (qs)n n+1 X ∞
(−1)n q 2 (qs)n q n n+1
= α + α
n=0 2 [n + 1]q ! n=0 2 [n + 1]q !
n(n+1) n(n+1)
1 X ∞
(−1)n+1 q 2 n+1 1 X ∞
(−1)n+1 q 2
=− (sα) − (qsα)n+1
2s n=0 [n + 1]q ! 2qs n=0 [n + 1]q !
n(n−1) n(n−1)
1 X ∞
(−1)n q 2
n 1 X ∞
(−1)n q 2
=− (sα) − (qsα)n
2s n=1 [n]q ! 2qs n=1 [n]q !
n(n−1) n(n−1)
1 X ∞
(−1)n q 2 n 1 1 X∞
(−1)n q 2 1
=− (sα) + − (qsα)n +
2s n=0 [n]q ! 2s 2qs n=0 [n]q ! 2qs
1 1 1 −qsα 1
= − Eq−sα + − Eq +
2s 2s 2qs 2qs
 q-LAPLACE TRANSFORM ON QUANTUM INTEGRAL 159

and by taking the limit the proof is obtained as follows

!
1 1 1 −qsα 1 1+q 1
Lq {1} = F (s) = lim − Eq−sα + − Eq + = · ,
α→∞ 2s 2s 2qs 2qs 2q s
where
lim Eq−qsα = α→∞
α→∞
lim Eq−sα = 0. 
Theorem 4.2. For n ∈ R with n > −1, the q-Laplace transform of function f (t) = tn
is
[n]q n n−1 o
(4.1) Lq {tn } = Lq t .
s
Proof. From definition of q-Laplace transform, it follows that
Zα Z∞
n
Lq {t } = F (s) = lim t n
Eq−qst dq t = tn Eq−qst dq t.
α→∞
0 0
Then, calculate above integral by using (2.12) and (3.1) with the q-integral, we have
Zα α
1Z n
n
t Eq−qst dq t =− t Dq Eq−st dq t
s
0 0
Zα
 
n α
1 qtn Eq−st + (qt) Eq−qst
=−  − [n]q tn−1 Eq−qst dq t
s 2q 0 0
Zα
[n] qα n
Eq−sα + (qα)n Eq−qsα
= q t n−1
Eq−qst dq t −
s 2qs
0
Zα
[n] qαn Eq−sα + (qα)n Eq−qsα
= q t n−1
Eq−qst dq t −
s 2qs
0
and by taking the limit
Zα
n
Lq {t } =F (s) = α→∞
lim tn Eq (−qst)dq t
0
Zα
 
[n] qαn Eq−sα + (qα)n Eq−qsα
= lim  q n−1 −qst
t Eq dq t − 
α→∞ s 2qs
0

[n]q Z∞ [n]q n n−1 o

= tn−1 Eq−qst dq t = Lq t
s s
0
and the proof is completed. 
Theorem 4.3. Let n ∈ N, then the q-Laplace transform of function f (t) = tn is

1 + q [n]q !
Lq {tn } = · n+1 .
2q s
160 N. ALP AND M. Z. SARIKAYA

Proof. By using (4.1), it follows that

[n]q n n−1 o
Lq {tn } = Lq t
s
[n] [n − 1]q n n−2 o
= q· Lq t
s s
..
.
[n]q [n − 1]q
= · · · · Lq {1}
s s
[n] [n − 1]q 1+q 1
= q· ··· ·
s s 2q s
1+q [n]q !
= · n+1 .
2q s

Theorem 4.4. The q-Laplace transform of function f (t) = eat
q is
n o 1+q 1
Lq eat
q = · , s > a.
2q s−a
Proof. From definition of q-Laplace transform, it follows that
Zα ∞ α
n o
−qst an Z n −qst
eat eat
X
Lq q = lim q Eq dq t = lim t Eq dq t
n=0 [n]q !
α→∞ α→∞
0 0
∞ Zα ∞
an an
tn Eq−qst dq t = Lq {tn }
X X
= lim
n=0 [n]q ! [n] !
α→∞
0 n=0 q
∞ ∞  n
X an 1 + q [n]q ! 1+q X a 1+q 1
= · · n+1 = = · ,
n=0 [n]q ! 2q s 2qs n=0 s 2q s−a
and the proof is completed. 
Theorem 4.5. The q-Laplace transform of function f (t) = Eqat is
∞  n
n o 1+q X n(n−1) a
Lq Eqat = q 2 , s > 0.
2qs n=0 s
Proof. From definition of q-Laplace transform, it follows that
n o Z∞
Lq Eqat = Eqat Eq−qst dq t
0
∞ ∞
X n(n−1) an Z n −qst
= q 2 t Eq dq t
n=0 [n]q !
0
 q-LAPLACE TRANSFORM ON QUANTUM INTEGRAL 161

∞
X n(n−1) an 1 + q [n]q !
= q 2 · · n+1
n=0 [n]q ! 2q s
∞  n
1+q X n(n−1) a
= q 2 . 
2qs n=0 s
Theorem 4.6. The q-Laplace transform of q-cosine, q-sine, q-Cosine, q-Sine func-
tions are that
1+q s
Lq {cosq at} = · 2 ,
2q s + a2
1+q a
Lq {sinq at} = · 2 ,
2q s + a2
∞  2n
1+q X a
Lq {Cosq at} = (−1)n q n(2n−1) ,
2qs n=0 s
∞  2n+1
1+q X n n(2n+1) a
Lq {Sinq at} = (−1) q .
2qs n=0 s
Proof. Consider the following definition of q-cosine, q-sine, q-Cosine and q-Sine func-
tions:
eiat + e−iat eiat − e−iat
cosq at = q q
and sinq at = q q
,
2 2i
E iat + Eq−iat E iat − Eq−iat
Cosq at = q and Sinq at = q .
2 2i
Then, by using linearity of q-Laplace transform,
+ e−iat
( iat )
e q q 1  n iat o n o
Lq {cosq at} =Lq = Lq eq + Lq e−iat
q
2 2
!
1 1+q 1 1+q 1
= · + ·
2 2q s − ia 2q s + ia
1+q s
= · 2
2q s + a2
and in the same way we have
1+q a
Lq {sinq at} = · 2 .
2q s + a2
Now, we obtain q-Laplace transform of q-Cosine and q-Sine functions
Eqiat + Eq−iat
( )
Lq {Cosq at} =Lq
2
1  n iat o n o
= Lq Eq + Lq Eq−iat
2
∞  n ∞
−ia n
 !
1+q X ia

n(n−1) X n(n−1)
= q 2 + q 2
4qs n=0 s n=0 s
162 N. ALP AND M. Z. SARIKAYA

∞  n
1+q X n n(n−1) ia
= [1 + (−1) ] q 2
4qs n=0 s
∞  2n
1+q X n n(2n−1) a
= (−1) q
2qs n=0 s
and
Eqiat − Eq−iat
( )
Lq {Sinq at} =Lq
2i
1  n iat o n o
= Lq Eq − Lq Eq−iat
2i
∞  n ∞
−ia n
 !
1+q X ia

n(n−1) X n(n−1)
= q 2 − q 2
4qsi n=0 s n=0 s
∞  n
1+q X n n(n−1) ia
= [1 − (−1) ] q 2
4qsi n=0 s
∞  2n+1
1+q X n(2n+1) ia
= q
2qsi n=0 s
∞  2n+1
1+q X a
= (−1)n q n(2n+1) .
2qs n=0 s
So, the proof is completed. 
Theorem 4.7. The q-Laplace transform of hyperbolic q-cosine, hyperbolic q-sine
functions are
1+q s
Lq {coshq at} = · 2 ,
2q s − a2
1+q a
Lq {sinhq at} = · 2 .
2q s − a2
Proof. Hyperbolic q-cosine, hyperbolic q-sine are defined by
eat + e−at eat − e−at
coshq at = q q
and sinhq at = q q
.
2 2
Then, by using linearity of q-Laplace transform,
eq + e−at
( at )
q 1  n at o n o
Lq {coshq at} = Lq = Lq eq + Lq e−at q
2 2
!
1 1+q 1 1+q 1
= · + ·
2 2q s−a 2q s+a
1+q s
= · 2
2q s − a2
and in the same way we have
1+q a
Lq {sinhq at} = · 2 . 
2q s − a2
 q-LAPLACE TRANSFORM ON QUANTUM INTEGRAL 163

If f (t) is piecewise continuous on the interval (0, ∞) and of exponential order c,

then Lq {f (t)} exists for s > c. Therefore, we obtain the following theorem.
Theorem 4.8. If f, Dq f, Dq2 f, . . . , Dqn−1 f are continuous and Dqn f is piecewise con-
tinuous on (0, ∞) and are of exponential order then we have
n o (1 + q) n−1
Dqn f (t) n
sn−1−i Dqi f (0) .
X
Lq = s Lq {f (t)} −
2q i=0
Proof. A function f is said to be of exponential order c if there exist c, K > 0 and
T > 0 such that
|f (t)| ≤ Kect , for all t < T.
Therefore, we have
(4.2) lim Eq−qst f (t) = 0.
t→∞

Then, by using (4.2) we write

Z∞
Lq {Dq f (t)} = Eq−qst Dq f (t) dq t
0
2 ∞ Z∞
qEq−qst f (t) + Eq−q st f (qt)
= − f (qt) Dq Eq−qst dq t
2q
0 0
Z∞
(1 + q) 2
=− f (0) + qs f (qt) Eq−q st dq t
2q
0
Z∞
(1 + q)
=− f (0) + s f (u) Eq−qsu dq u
2q
0
(1 + q)
=sLq {f (t)} − f (0) .
2q
If we replace f (t) by Dq f (t) we have
n o Z∞
Lq Dq2 f (t) = Eq−qst Dq2 f (t) dq t
0
2 ∞ Z∞
qEq−qst Dq f (t) + Eq−q st Dq f (qt)
= − Dq f (qt) Dq Eq−qst dq t
2q
0 0
Z∞
(1 + q) 2
=− Dq f (0) + qs f (qt) Eq−q st dq t
2q
0
Z∞
(1 + q)
=− Dq f (0) + s Dq f (t) Eq−qst dq t
2q
0
164 N. ALP AND M. Z. SARIKAYA

(1 + q)
=sLq {Dq f (t)} − Dq f (0)
2q
" #
(1 + q) (1 + q)
=s sLq {f (t)} − f (0) − Dq f (0)
2q 2q
(1 + q)
=s2 Lq {f (t)} − (Dq f (0) + sf (0)) .
2q
If we continue with this process, we get
n o (1 + q) n−1
Dqn f (t) n
sn−1−i Dqi f (0) ,
X
Lq = s Lq {f (t)} −
2q i=0
and the proof is completed. 

References
[1] N. Alp and M. Z. Sarikaya, A new definition and properties of quantum integral which calls
q-integral, Konuralp J. Math. 5 (2017), 146–159.
[2] F. Jackson, q-Form of Taylor’s theorem, Messenger of Mathematics 39 (1909), 62–64.
[3] F. H. Jackson, On q-definite integrals, Quarterly Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 41
(1910), 193–203.
[4] V. Kac and P. Cheung, Quantum Calculus, Springer, New York, 2002.
[5] J. Tariboon and S. K. Ntouyas, Quantum calculus on finite intervals and applications to impulsive
difference equations, Adv. Differ. Equ. 1 (2013), Article ID 282.
2
Department of Mathematics,
Faculty of Science and Arts,
Düzce University
Email address: placenn@gmail.com
2
Department of Mathematics,
Faculty of Science and Arts,
Düzce University
Email address: sarikayamz@gmail.com