Natural Gas Drying

Drying of natural gas
part of Aker
Thomas Førde, October 21, 2010
Troll A
© 2008 Aker Solutions

Layout
1. Introduction/motivation
2. Industrial examples
3. Theory drying
• Dehydration
4. Summary
Slide 2 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

Introduction Background
Explanations
■ Raw natural gas; gas produced

from the well
■ Sour natural gas; contains
hydrogen sulfide H2S or carbon
dioxide CO2
■ Sweet natural gas; contains little
sulfur and carbon dioxide
■ Rich natural gas; contains larger
quantities of higher hydrocarbons
■ Wet natural gas; is saturated with
water vapor under natural
conditions
Petroleum technology volume 1-2 chapter 13 natural gas

Kårstø Statoilhydro photo
Introduction
Introduction
Gas specifications
Gas and liquid contracts usually contain the following basic considerations:
■ Gas
1. Minimum, maximum and nominal delivery pressure
2. Maximum water content (expressed as a dewpoint at a given pressure or
concentration)
3. Maximum condensable hydrocarbon content (expressed as a
hydrocarbon dewpoint )
4. Allowable concentration of contaminants (H2S, carbon disulfide…)
5. Minimum and maximum heating value
6. Cleanliness (allowable solids concentration)
■ Liquid
1. Quality of product (expressed as vapor pressure, relative or absolute
density)
2. Specification (color, concentration of contaminants)
3. Maximum water content

Introduction Motivation
Treating
■ Water must be removed

● Solid hydrates with hydrocarbons or hydrogen sulfide
● Slugs in pipeline
● Corrosive H2S and CO2
■ Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) must be

removed
● Toxic and corrosive
● Often done centralized treatment
plants
■ Nitrogen
● No heating value
Petroleum technology volume 1-2 chapter 13 natural gas, Natural gas production processing transport A.Rojey et.al

Introduction Motivation
Flow configurations
• Well-stream from sub-sea/platform to shore (LNG; Snøhvit, gas export; Troll and Ormen Lange)
• Platform with full gas processing gas export (Sleipner) Pipe line to europe
Off shore platform
Troll, ormen lange
processing
LNG
snøhvit
Refinery and
petrochemicals
Pipe line
Sleipner Troll
1: Off shore to land, pipe line demands 3: LNG composition demands
2: Export pipe line, demands 4: Condensate composition
demands
Principal sketch natural gas, well to consumer

Introduction
Motivation
Typical north sea natural gas composition
Major components (mol percentage dry gas) in some north sea gas reservoirs
H20 N2 H2S CO2 He Methane Ethane Propane Other*
TrollAA Saturated 1.74 - 0.22 - 92.69 3.53 1.51 0.31

KristinA Saturated 0.32 3.36 71.08 8.70 4.13 12.4
South-east Saturated 0.38 0.49 65.8 24.8 0.47 0.15 7.9

asian field
SleipnerB Saturated 1.6 3.42 83 8.6 3 0.38
Typical [1] Saturated 0-15 0-3 0-30 0-5 75-99 1-15 1-10 0-1
A Well stream, B Pipeline stream

It can be seen from the table, that Troll produced very lean gas.
Other fields contains more CO2 and heavy components.
1 Petroleum technology chapter 13 * hydrocarbons

Industrial
examples

Industrial Natural gas processing
Principal sketch natural gas processing route

Industrial
Industrial examples
Troll, Kolsnes onshore plant
Simplified flow sheet Troll onshore gas treatment plant Kolsnes

Industrial
Industrial examples
Principal sketch Troll, MEG* System
Background:
•Troll is located in the north part of the North Sea, about 65 km west of Kolsnes
• Ocean depth is above 300 meter
• The field is divided into Troll east and Troll west
• 2/3 of the recoverable gas reserve is located in the east
* Monoethylene Glycol (MEG) also called ethylene glycol (EG)
Troll
Dehydration system
MEG
(Pressure, BARG)
<Temperature, Celcius>
Lean gas to pipeline
(68.5) compressors
Turboexpander
Inlet gas <-11.7>
Suction drum (78.4) <-0.7>
separator
Feed gas from
slug catchers (90) (89.5) Dewpoint
<5> <-5.1> separator
(69.4)<-20.2> (67)
<-21>
(69)<-20.2>
Condensate
and Glycol

Industrial
Principal sketch Kristin
All processing offshore
Q Q
Kristin is a high pressure field (900 in the well, choke sea bottom to 350 bar)
Ocean depth is about 350 meters
Gas is transported to Kårstø
Economic choice of technology; takes advantage of high well pressure and existing single phase
pipe-line to Kårstø
Full processing offshore to meet existing pipe-line spec (105 cricondenbar) inlet pipeline pressure
211 bar and 50 degrees Celsius
Gas is delivered at Kårstø at 100 bar
Kristin
Liquid separation system
To Dehydration system
Pres
<26> s
3st stage incre ure
(25) recompressor asing
<30>
(7)
Inlet wet 2st stage <30>
gas Inlet <112> recompressor (1.7)
separator (87)
1st stage
<120> recompressor
(26)
2nd stage
<Temperature, Celcius>
separator
(Pressure, BarA) <74>
pre (2.15)
red ssu
uc re 3rd stage
tio
n separator To condensate
storage
Sketch of Kristin’s liquid separation system

Kristin
Separation re-compressor package
Compressor Out of recompressor

From separator
separator
To separator
Sketch of Kristin’s separator recompression system

Industrial
Principal sketch Kristin
All processing offshore
Q Q
Kristin is a high pressure field (900 in the well, choke sea bottom to 350 bar)
Ocean depth is about 350 meters
Gas is transported to Kårstø
Economic choice of technology; takes advantage of high well pressure and existing single phase
pipe-line to Kårstø
Full processing offshore to meet existing pipe-line spec (105 cricondenbar) inlet pipeline pressure
211 bar and 50 degrees Celsius
Gas is delivered at Kårstø at 100 bar
Kristin
De-hydration (TEG) system
Sketch of Kristin’s dehydration system

TEG: Triethylene glycol Slide 17 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker
Industrial
Snøhvit
Principal sketch
CO2
Feed from
pipeline Slug Inlet CO2 De- Mercury
catcher separation Removal hydration Removal
To
pipeline MEG Condensate Natural gas LNG
Recovery treatment liquefaction storage
Condensate LPG
Fractionation
storage storage
First developed field in the Barents sea

Ocean depth of 300-350 meters
A gas field with condensate and an underlying thin oil zone
Choice of technology: Make LNG, no existing gas lines to Europe

Snøhvit dehydration system
Molecular sieve
Regeneration gas (63.0)<230>
Dry gas
(64.0)
<27.6 >
Example of
Molecular sieves (pressure, barA)
<Temp, Celsius >
Hot Oil
(64.9) <26.6 >

Regeneration
Wet gas
gas
(63.7) (63.2) <233.0 >
<27.5 >
Snøhvit’s molecular sieve

Summary
Introduction, industrial examples and pipeline
These points have been discussed/explained:

■ General facts about natural gas
■ The dehydration system at:
● Troll (onshore), MEG injection and dehydration by cooling
(turboexpanders)
● Kristin (offshore), dehydration by absorption (TEG system)
● Snøhvit (onshore), dehydration by adsorption (molsieve)
■ Some of the issues related to transport of natural gas in pipelines

Dehydration

Dehydration Natural gas processing
Principal sketch of a natural gas processing plant

Dehydration Dehydration
Dehydration is the process of removing water from a gas and/or liquid
Natural gas is commercially Four glycols are used for dehydration

dehydrated in one of three ways and/or inhibition
1. Absorption (Glycol dehydration) 1. Monoethylene Glycol (MEG) also

called ethylene glycol (EG)
2. Adsorption (Mol sieve, silica gel, or activated
alumina)
2. Diethylene glycol (DEG)
3. Condensation (cooling) (Refrigeration
with glycol or methanol injection) 3. Triethylene glycol (TEG)
4. Tetraetylhene glycol (T4EG)
• Absorption and refrigeration with hydrate inhibition is the most common dehydration
process used to meet pipeline sales specifications
• Adsorption processes are used to obtain very low water contents required in low
temperature processes, for example LNG
• TEG is most common in absorption systems
• MEG is most common in glycol injection systems

Absorption
Dehydration

Absorption
Dehydration Absorption
Dehydration
Natural gas is dried by absorption,
often in a countercurrent scrubbing
unit Increasing values
A liquid having a strong affinity for
water is used as an absorbent Molecular MEG DEG TEG T4EG 62 – 194
weight
A good absorbent should have:
Viscosity (25 C) MEG DEG TEG T4EG 17- 49
1. Strong affinity for water Freezing point MEG T4EG DEG TEG -13 - -7
2. Low cost C
3. Non corrosive
Vapor pressure MEG DEG TEG T4EG
4. Low affinity for hydrocarbons and 25 C
acid gases
5. Thermal stability
Basic glycol properties
6. Easy regeneration
7. Low viscosity
8. Low vapor pressure at the contact
temperature
9. Low tendency to foam
Absorption Basic glycol dehydration unit
Dehydration
Simplified flow diagram for a glycol dehydration unit. from the GPSA Engineering Data Book, 11th
ed.

Absorption
Dehydration The glycol dehydration unit
Wet gas (no liquid water) enter bottom
of absorber and flows
countercurrent to the glycol. Lean
glycol enters at the top
■ Absorber internal
One, two pass trays
● Tray Maximize
Reactor
■ Bubble cap Contact area
■ Valve and time
■ Sieve Gas/glycol
● Packing
■ Berl Saddle, Raschig Ring……
Valve tray Bubble Cap
Bearl Saddle
Sieve tray
Bubble Cap tray
Absorption
Dehydration Absorber design
Design parameters
w Yb
flo
Mol fraction water

s
■ Purity demand Ga
■ Working temperatures Top of tower Y mol frac. Water
in gas
Bottom of gas phase
■ Working pressure e
P lin tower
■  Choice of absorbent Yt O Yb*
li n e
EQ Y* EQ mol frac.
Design procedure ol f lo w Water gas phase
Yt* Glyc
■ Mass balance circulate enough glycol to Mol fraction water
absorb the water in the gas
in glycol
■ Gas rate tank diameter (flooding)
Principal sketch assuming:
■ Equilibrium analysis number of equilibrium
stages • Mass transfer are controlled by
■ Real analysis, have to take into account the resistance on the gas side
reaction kinetic and contact time between
glycol and gas. Gives number of actual trays • Straight operation and equilibrium
■ Dryer glycol higher concentration lines of mol fraction water in the gas
differences  higher reaction kinetic phase
higher efficiency  more expensive and
No. of EQ stages
■
heavier glycol regeneration system
Higher glycol circulation rate higher

concentration differences higher reaction No. of actual stages
kinetic higher efficiency higher pressure
drop  more expensive and heavier pumps
Absorption
Dehydration Glycol dehydration unit
Working principle
Typical profiles of the mol fraction of

Typical profiles of the mol fraction of
water in gas as a function of tower
water in glycol as a function of tower
height. For tray and structural
height. For tray and structural
packing
packing
• Minimum tray spacing 610 mm • Discrete and continues concentration profile

• Flooding, foaming • Equilibrium assumption

Absorption
Dehydration Glycol regeneration
Cool
Alternatives
A; Wet stripping Increased

gas temperature
B; stripping
gas still
column Rich TEG
Heat
Water Re boiler
Exchanger
TEG unit
Heat
A; Stripping gas
A) Open stripping loop C) Cold finger

B) Closed stripping loop
A) Any inert gas is suitable. Theoretically best to insert
stripping gas between re boiler and surge tank C) A cold finger is inserted into a bucket in the
surge drum vapor space. A TEG mixture rich in
B) A closed stripping loop, isooctane can be used. water condenses out. This mixture is taped off.
Vaporizes at re-boiler temperature and condenses and H2O partial pressure is lowered and lean glycol
can be separated from water in a three phase separator. concentration is increased. 99.5-99.9 % (w/w)
High stripping gas rates with little venting of glycol has been achieved.
hydrocarbons. Glycol cons> 99.99% (w/w) has been
achieved.
Absorption
Dehydration Glycol regeneration
Component
Reboiler:
Temperature should not exceed 204 C (TEG) due to
degradation.
Some degradation of glycol in contact with heat
transfer surface  maximum heat flux rates.
Heat provided with direct fired fire tubes immersed in
the bath, hot oil, steam or electric resistance heating.
Stripping Colum:
Can be trayed or structural packed. Stripping gas
Flash tank: lowers the partial pressure of H2O in the gas phase,
and more water can be absorbed by the gas (Raoults
Used to remove light hydrocarbons, law).
CO2, H2S. Operation pressure 15% of
the contactor operating pressure. Surge drum:
Filters: Retention time >20 min

Be able to hold all the re-boiler glycol, to allow repair
Captures chemical impurities and solid or inspection of the re-boiler heating coil.
particles. Pressure drop is measured
and used as a replacing criteria.
Absorption Glycol absorption
Dehydration Pros and cons
Pros Cons
■ Low initial cost ■ Suspended matter, such as dirt, scale, and iron
■ Low pressure drop across absorption towers oxide may contaminate glycol solutions
■ Recharging of towers present no problems ■ Overheating of solutions may produce both low
and high boiling decomposition products
■ Materials that would cause fouling of some ■ The resultant sludge may collect on heating
solid adsorbents can be tolerated in the surfaces, causing some loss in efficiency, or, in
contactor severe cases, complete flow stoppage
■ When both oxygen and hydrogen sulfide is
present, corrosion may become a problem
because of the formation of acid material in the
glycol solution
■ Liquids such as water, light hydrocarbons or
lubrication oils in inlet gas may require
installation of an efficient separator ahead of
the absorber. Highly mineralized water entering
the system with inlet gas may, over long
periods crystallize and fill the re-boiler with solid
salts
■ Foaming of solution may occur with a resultant
carry-over of liquid. The addition of a small
quantity of antifoam compound usually
remedies this problem

Dehydration by
cooling

Dehydration by
cooling NGL Refrigeration system
recovery
A refrigeration system lowers the
temperature of a fluid or gas below that
possible when using air or water at
ambient conditions.
■ Refrigeration systems are used for
● Removing of water
● Chilling natural gas for NGL
extraction
● Chilling natural gas for
hydrocarbon dew-point control
● LPG product storage
● Natural gas liquefaction (LNG)
■ Refrigeration processes:
● Mechanical refrigeration
■ Compression (uses energy in form of work
to pump heat)
■ Absorption (use energy in form of heat to
pump heat, ammonia systems)
● Expansion refrigeration
■ Valve expansion (Joule Thompson) Natural gas liquid fractions as a function of
■ Turbine expansion (Turbo expander) temperature at atmospheric pressure

Dehydration by
cooling NGL Refrigeration cycle
recovery Principal thermodynamic path
Liquid recovery by refrigeration

Thermodynamic path
A-B,E cooled by heat exchange with the process gas.
B-C Natural gas is cooled by heat exchange with the refrigeration cycle. The gas temperature is lowered at
constant pressure.
E-F’ Natural gas is cooled by isentropic (constant entropy S) expansion through a turbine (turbo expander), EF
actual path.
B-D Natural gas is cooled by isenthalpic (constant enthalpy) expansion through a valve (Joule Thompson).

Dehydration by Principal sketch of a
cooling NGL
recovery
refrigeration cycle
Natural
gas
Refrigeration is achieved by vaporization at relatively low refrigerant pressure.

The refrigerant can be a propane or sometimes a halogen of the Freon type.

Dehydration by
cooling NGL
recovery Turbo expander cycle
1 Feed gas
(Troll gas)
110
Path turbo expander
1-2 Gas-gas heat exchanger
Feed gas phase envelope
2-3 Suction drum Path joule thompson
90
3-4 Turbine expander
Pressure [Bar]
70
4-5 Dewpoint separator
5-6 Gas-gas heat exchanger 50
6-7 Compression
30
A hydrate inhibitor (MEG) is

often injected upstream of the 10
heat exchanger, if the gas is un-
hydrated -170 -140 -110 -80 -50 -20
-10
10 40
Temperature [C]
Lean gas to pipeline
Turboexpander
compressors
Suction drum
Dehydrated
6 Phase envelope based Troll, dehydrated gas
3 7
gas
Dewpoint
1 2 separator
4
5
Turbo expander process for
NGL extraction
Condensate
and Glycol
Dehydration by
cooling NGL
Joule Thompson cycle
recovery (Troll gas)
110
1 Feed gas Path turbo expander
Feed gas phase envelope
1-2 Gas-gas heat exchanger Path joule thompson 90
2-3 Suction drum
Pressure [Bar]
3-4 Valve expander 70
4-5 Dewpoint separator

50
5-6 Gas-gas heat exchanger
30
A hydrate inhibitor (MEG) is
often injected upstream of the
10
heat exchanger, if the gas is un-
hydrated.
-170 -140 -110 -80 -50 -20 10 40
-10
Temperature [C]
Turboexpander Lean gas to pipeline

Suction drum compressors Phase envelope based on Troll, dehydrated
6 3
gas
Inlet gas Dewpoint
1 2 4 separator
5
Joule Thompson process
for NGL extraction
(69)<-20.2>
Condensate
and Glycol
Dehydration by
adsorption

Dehydration
by sorption Dehydration by adsorption
Adsorption describes any process where gas molecules are held on

the surface of a solid by surface forces. Adsorbents may be
divided into two classes.
● Species is adsorbed due to physisorption and capillary
condensation
● Species is adsorbed due to chemisorption (not much used in
natural gas processing)
A sorbent must have the following properties:

1. High adsorption capacity at equilibrium
2. Large surface area
3. Easily and economically regenerated
4. Fast adsorption kinetics
5. Low pressure drop
6. High cyclic stability (kinetic and capacity)
7. No significant volume change (swelling shrinking)

Dehydration Dehydration by adsorption
by sorption
The commercial available sorbents can be divided into three broad categories:
1. Gel
A granular amorphous solid (silica gel (SiO2), alumina gel Al2O3)
2. Alumina
Hydrated form of aluminum oxide Al2O3, activated by drying off part of the hydrated water
adsorbed on the surface
3. Molecular sieves
Alkali metal crystalline aluminosilicates, very similar to natural clays
Example of sorbents:
■ Silica gel (Gel type)
Outlet gas water content down to 10 ppm (v/v) and dew point -60 C can be achieved
Regenerated between 120 and 200 C
It adsorbs hydrocarbons, which are desorbed during regeneration
Silica gel is destroyed by free water which causes the granules to burst, and react with bases
■ Activated alumina Al2O3
Outlet gas water content <1 ppm (v/v), outlet dew point -73 C can be achieved
Heavy hydrocarbons are adsobed but can not be desorbed during regeneration
■ Molecular sieves (zeolites)
Outlet gas water content down to 0.03 ppm (v/v) , outlet dew point -100 C
Water is adsorbed in a micro porous structure
The presence of carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon disulfide (CS2) should be avoided
The adsorbent must be replaced frequently (about every three year)
The water content in the feed must be low
Dehydration
By sorption Principal sketch
Adsorbent system
Process gas Regeneration gas

Regeneration
Operation
Molecular sieves
Regeneration gas
Process gas
Flow sheet of a basic two tower adsorption system with regeneration
http://www.uop.com/objects/96%20MolecularSieves.pdf
Dehydration
by sorption Adsorption Dry gas
Concentration profiles
Active
Zone
Mass transfer
Zone
Equilibrium
Zone
Wet gas
Variation of adsorption zones with time and height Schematic view of reactor bed with adsorption zones
• Equilibrium zone: Sorbent is saturated with water.

• Mass transfer zone: All the mass transfer takes place in this zone.
• Active zone: The sorbent has its full capacity for water, contains only residual
water left from regeneration cycle.
Dehydration
by sorption Adsorption
General point and re-generation
Design parameters
■ Number of adsorption units
regeneration time
■ Gas velocity and allowable
pressure drop  diameter
■ Good internal flow distribution avoid
channeling
■ Proper pre-treating of the gas
● Degradation due to loss of
effective surface area
Principal sketch of reactor temperature during
● Degradation due to blockage of regeneration
small capillary or lattice
openings T0-TA heating of the reactor
■ Proper heat loss management TA-TB evaporation and breaking of surface
(insulation internal/external) forces
optimize regeneration
■ Proper heat recovery TB-TC removing of heavy contaminants
and residual water
■ Possible to replace adsorbent
TC Cooling, heat recovery phase

Summary dehydration
Different dehydration technologies have been discussed

● Absorption
■ Glycol system
» Trayed towers
» Structural packing
● Concentration profiles
● Design guide lines
● System components
● Cooling
■ System
● Compressor cooling
● Turbo expander
● Joule Thompson
● Adsorption
■ Concentration profiles
■ Design guide lines
■ System component/operation

CO2 capture
technology

CO2 capture from energy related sources
Fossil fuel
CO2
Combustion Flue gas N2 ,O2
Air separation
Energy CO2
Air
Fossil fuel
Gasification/ CO2
H2, CO2 H2 Combustion N2 ,O2 , H2O
Air/O2 Steam reforming separation
Energy CO2 Energy
CO2 capture from large scale power plants is yet

to be implemented
Overview CO2 capture technologies*
Process Streams Postcombustion capture Oxyfuel Combustion capture Pre-Combustion Capture
Separation
task
CO2/CH4 CO2/N2 N2/O2 CO2/H2
Capture
Current Emerging Current Emerging Current Emerging Current Emerging
technologies
Improved Improved Improved chemical

solvents solvents solvents
Physical
Novel Novel Biomimetic Physical
solvents
Solvents contacting Chemical contacting solvents, e.g. solvent Novel contacting
n. a.
(Absorption) equipment solvents equipment hemoglobine- Chemical equipment
Chemical
Improved Improved derivatives solvents
Solvents
design of design of Improved design of
processes processes processes
Ceramic Ceramic Ion transport
Facilitated Facilitated membranes Ceramic
Membranes Polymeric transport Polymeric transport Polymeric Polymeric Palladium Reactors
Carbon Carbon Facilitated Contactors
Contactors Contactors transport
Adsorbents for
Zeolites
O2/N2 Carbonates
Zeolites Zeolites Carbonates Zeolites
separation
Solid Activated
Perovskites Hydrotalcites
sorbents Activated Activated Carbon based Activated carbon
Oxygen
carbon carbon sorbents carbon
chemical Silicates
Alumina
looping
Ryan-
Hybrid Improved
Cryogenic Holmes Liquefaction Liquefaction Hybrid processes
processes Distillation distillation
process
* From IPCC special report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, 2005
Selcetion of CO2 capture technology
http://www.uop.com/gasprocessing/6010.html

Typical CO2 absorption loop
Product Product gas

Gas
KO Drum
Acid gas
Water
Make Up
Water Wash
Pumps
Regen. Acid Gas
Feedgas Reflux Condenser
(CW)
Amine Drum
Feed
Absorber Carbon
Gas
Filter
KO Drum (Lean Sol)
HP Lean
Pump
Lean Sol. Reflux
Cooler Pump
(CW) Flash gas
Amine
Regen-
erator
Rich Solvent Lean-Rich

Flash Drum Exchanger
LP Lean
Pump Regen.
Reboiler
(LPS)

Summary of presentation
These points have been discussed/explained:
■ General facts about natural gas

■ Industrial dehydration examples
■ The different mechanism in gas/liquid separation
■ Different dehydration technologies
● Absorption
● Cooling
● Adorption
■ Sour gas removal

Thank you for your attention

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Drying of natural gas

Thomas Førde, October 21, 2010

© 2008 Aker Solutions

Slide 2 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

■ Raw natural gas; gas produced

Petroleum technology volume 1-2 chapter 13 natural gas

Slide 4 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

■ Water must be removed

■ Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) must be

Slide 5 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

Principal sketch natural gas, well to consumer

Slide 6 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

TrollAA Saturated 1.74 - 0.22 - 92.69 3.53 1.51 0.31

South-east Saturated 0.38 0.49 65.8 24.8 0.47 0.15 7.9

SleipnerB Saturated 1.6 3.42 83 8.6 3 0.38

A Well stream, B Pipeline stream

1 Petroleum technology chapter 13 * hydrocarbons

Slide 8 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

Principal sketch natural gas processing route

Slide 9 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

Simplified flow sheet Troll onshore gas treatment plant Kolsnes

Slide 10 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

Slide 12 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

Sketch of Kristin’s liquid separation system

Slide 14 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

Compressor Out of recompressor

Sketch of Kristin’s separator recompression system

Slide 15 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

Sketch of Kristin’s dehydration system

First developed field in the Barents sea

Slide 18 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

(64.9) <26.6 >

Slide 19 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

These points have been discussed/explained:

Slide 20 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

Slide 21 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

Principal sketch of a natural gas processing plant

Slide 22 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

Natural gas is commercially Four glycols are used for dehydration

1. Absorption (Glycol dehydration) 1. Monoethylene Glycol (MEG) also

Slide 23 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

Slide 24 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

Slide 26 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

Valve tray Bubble Cap

Mol fraction water

Typical profiles of the mol fraction of

• Minimum tray spacing 610 mm • Discrete and continues concentration profile

Slide 29 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

A; Wet stripping Increased

A) Open stripping loop C) Cold finger

Filters: Retention time >20 min

Slide 32 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

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Slide 34 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

Liquid recovery by refrigeration

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Refrigeration is achieved by vaporization at relatively low refrigerant pressure.

Slide 36 © 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker

A hydrate inhibitor (MEG) is