FEC002 Lab Manual

Republic of the Philippines
University of the Immaculate Conception

Bonifacio Street, Davao City 8000, Philippines
A COMPILATION OF
LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS IN
FEC002
FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
________________________________________________
Experiment no.1
DIODE APPROXIMATIONS
PRE-TEST
Name: ____________________________________________ Date: ____________
Instructions: Encircle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer. Erasures or
alterations of answers will be considered wrong.
1. What type of semiconductor diode was used in experiment #1?

a. 1N913 silicon diode b. 1N914 silicon diode
c. 1N915 silicon diode d. 1N916 silicon diode
2. Which of the ff. currents was considered at knee voltage in the 1st experiment?
a. 5 mA b. 10 mA c. 25 mA d. 50 mA
3. How to estimate the voltage across the diode?
a. by measuring the voltage across the diode
b. by using the voltage of the power supply and resistor
c. by adding the voltage of the power supply and the voltage across the resistor
d. by subtracting the voltage across the resistor from the voltage of the power supply
4. What is meant by bulk resistance?
a. ratio of change of voltage and current in diode
b. ratio of change of current and voltage across the diode
c. ratio of change of voltage and change of current in diode
d. ratio of change of current and change of voltage across the diode
5. How to calculate the diode current in fig. 1-2 of experiment #1?
a. by using thevenin’s theorem and voltage divider principle
b. by using thevenin’s theorem and piecewise-model of diode
c. by using thevenin’s theorem and the operating point of diode
d. by using thevenin’s theorem and the measured value of voltage
6. What is the thevenin’s resistance of fig. 1-2 in the 1st experiment?
a. 150 ohms b. 370 ohms c. 580 ohms d. 690 ohms
7. What is the estimated value of current in the diode in fig. 1-2 of expt #1?
a. 24 mA b. 25 mA c. 26 mA d. 27 mA
8. How to calculate the diode current of fig. 1-2 with the third approximation in the 1st
experiment?
a. by using the ideal diode principle
b. by using the knee voltage of diode of table 1-2
c. by using the knee voltage and bulk resistance in table 1-2
d. by using the ideal diode principle and knee voltage of table 1-2
9. What is the thevenin’s voltage of fig. 1-2 in the 1st experiment??
a. 8.22 V b. 10.22 V c. 12.22 V d. 14.22 V
10. What must be the knee voltage of diode in the 1st experiment?
a. 0.3 V b. 0.7 V c. 0.8 V d. 0.9 V
Experiment no.1
DIODE APPROXIMATIONS
Introduction:
In the ideal or first approximation, a diode acts like a closed switch when
forward-biased and an open switch when reversed biased. In the second approximation,
the knee voltage of the diode is included when forward biased. This means that the
voltage across the conducting silicon diode is 0.7 V and 0.3 V for germanium. The third
approximation includes the knee voltage and bulk resistance and the voltage across a
conducting diode increases as the diode current decreases. In troubleshooting and design,
the second approximation is usually adequate.
In this experiment, you will wok with the three diode approximations.
Troubleshooting, design and computer options are also included.
Objectives:
At the end of experiment you should be able to:
1. Measure the voltage across the diode when conducting.

2. Calculate the bulk resistance of the diode.
3. Measure the diode current in the circuit with the given troubles.
Materials / Equipment:
Variable Regulated DC Power Supply, (0 – 15 V)

Semiconductor diode, (1N914 or equivalent)
Three ½ W Resistors, (two 220 , 470 )
Multimeter
Diagram:
_ 220  220 
+ A
+ +
VS 220  15 V 470 
_ _
B
Fig. 1-1 Fig. 1-2
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit of fig.1-1. Adjust the voltage source VS to set-up a

current of 10 mA through the diode. Calculate the diode voltage V and
record in Table 1-1.
2. Measure the diode voltage V and record in Table 1-1.
3. Adjust the voltage source to get 50 mA. Calculate the diode voltage and
record in Table 1-1. Measure and record the diode voltage V.
4. Calculate the bulk resistance using the formula, rB = V / I. Where V

and I are the changes in measured voltage and current in Table 1-1.
Assume that the knee voltage is the measured diode voltage for a diode
current of 10 mA in Table 1-1.
5. Calculate the diode current in fig. 1-2 as follows: thevenize the circuit left
of the AB terminals. Then calculate the diode current using the first,
second and third approximations. Use the VKNEE and rB in procedure 4.
Record your answers in Table 1-2.
6. Connect the circuit of fig. 1-2. Measure and record the diode current in
Table 1-2.
Troubleshooting:
7. Calculate the diode current in fig. 1-2 for each of these conditions: 470 
shorted and open. Record the calculated value in Table 1-3.
8. Measure and record the diode current in the circuit of fig. 1-2 with the
470  resistor shorted and open.
Data and Findings
Table 1-1. Two points on the forward curve
Current ( I ) Calculated V Measured V

10 mA
50 mA
rB = (V50mA – V10mA ) / (50 mA – 10 mA) = __________________________
Table 1-2. Diode Current
Diode current for 1st Approximation
Diode current for 2nd Approximation
Diode current for 3rd Approximation
Measured diode current
Table 1-3. Troubleshooting
Trouble Calculated ID Measured ID

Shorted 470 
Open 470 
POST-TEST
1. In experiment no. 1, find the knee voltage of the diode.

a. 0.3 V b. 0.7 V
c. corresponds to 10 mA d. corresponds to 50 mA
2. How to solve the bulk resistance of the diode?

a. diode voltage divided by current
b. the same as the DC resistance of the diode
c. the same as the AC resistance of the diode
d. ratio of voltage difference to current difference above the knee
3. The DC resistance of a silicon diode for a current of 10 mA is closest to ___.

a. 2.5  b. 10  c. 70  d. 80 
4. In fig. 1-2, find the approximate power dissipated by the diode.

a. 0 b. 1.5 mW c. 15 mA d. 150 mW
5. Suppose the diode of fig. 1-2 has an IFmax (maximum forward current) of 500 Ma.
To avoid damage, the source voltage can be no more than ____.
a. 15 V b. 50 V c. 185 V d. 272 V
II. Answer the following questions.
6. Why there is no diode current when the 470 Ω resistor is shorted in figure 1-2?
Explain.
7. Why does diode current increase with an open 470 Ω resistor in figure 1-2?
Laboratory Exercise no.2
RECTIFIER CIRCUITS
PRE-TEST
Name: ____________________________________________ Date: ____________

2. Which of the ff. voltages is the rms secondary output voltage of transformer in the 2nd
experiment?
a. 12.2 V b. 12.4 V c. 12.6 V d. 12.8 V
3. How to calculate the peak output voltage across the 1 KΩ load resistor for half-wave
rectifier?
a. by multiplying the rms secondary voltage by 0.707.
b. by multiplying the rms secondary voltage by 1.414.
c. by adding the voltage of the power supply and the voltage across the resistor.
d. by subtracting the voltage across the resistor from the voltage of the power
supply.
4. What is the watt rating of the load resistor in experiment #2?
a. ¼ W b. ½ W c. 1 W d. 2 W
5. What is the ripple frequency for half-wave rectifier in experiment #2?
a. input frequency b. 2 x input frequency
c. 3 x input frequency d. 4 x input frequency
6. What is the ripple frequency for full-wave rectifier in experiment #2?
a. input frequency b. 2 x input frequency
c. 3 x input frequency d. 4 x input frequency
7. What instrument is used to measure the peak voltage value of the half-wave signal in
experiment #2?
a. VOM b. Voltmeter c. Multi-meter d. Oscilloscope
8. How to calculate the DC output voltage of half-wave rectifier in the 2nd experiment?
a. by multiplying the peak output voltage by 0.318.
b. by multiplying the peak output voltage by 0.636.
c. by adding the voltage of the power supply and the voltage across the resistor.
d. by adding the voltage across the resistor from the voltage of the power supply.
9. What is the percent relationship between the unfiltered output of rectifier and the
transformer secondary rms voltage?
a. 90 % b. 92 % c. 94 % d. 96 %
10. What type of transformer is used in experiment #2?
a. multi-tapped b. center-tapped c. step-down d. power type
Laboratory Exercise no.2
RECTIFIER CIRCUITS
Introduction:
The three basic rectifier circuits are the half-wave, full-wave center-tapped, and bridge.
The ripple frequency of a half-wave rectifier is equal to the input frequency, whereas the ripple
frequency of a full-wave center-tapped or bridge rectifier equal to twice the input frequency. For
a given transformer, the unfiltered output of the half-wave and full-wave rectifiers ideally has a
DC value of slightly less than half the rms secondary voltage (90 %).
In this experiment, you will build all three types of rectifiers and measure their input-
output characteristics. Be especially careful in this experiment when connecting the transformer
to line voltage. The transformer should have a fuse line cord with all primary connections
insulated to avoid electrical shock.
Objectives:
At the end of the experiment, you should be able to:
1. Measure and calculate the ripple frequency, peak, and DC output voltage of the three
types of rectifiers.
2. Compare the input-output characteristics of the three types of rectifiers.
1 Transformer, 12.6 V AC center-tapped with fuse line cord

4 Silicon Diodes: (1N4001 or equivalent)
1, ½ W Resistor: (1K)
1 VOM: (Analog or Digital Multimeter)
1 Oscilloscope
1 Breadboard
1 set Connecting wires
1 set Alligator Clips
Diagram:
Fuse Diode
220 V 12 V
AC
Plug 0V 1 KΩ
CT
0V
Fig. 2-1: Half- wave Rectifier
Fuse D1
220 V 12 V
AC 1 KΩ
Plug 0V
CT
0V 12 V
D2
Fig. 2-2: Center-tapped Full- wave Rectifier
Fuse
220 V 12 V
AC
Plug 0V
CT
1 KΩ
0V
Fig. 2-3: Bridge type Full- wave Rectifier

Procedure:
A. Half-wave Rectifier
1. In fig. 2-1, the rms secondary output voltage is a nominal 12.6 V AC. Calculate the peak
output voltage across the 1 KΩ load resistor. Also, calculate the DC output voltage and
ripple frequency. Record your calculations in Table 2-1.
2. Connect the half-wave shown in fig. 2-1.
3. Measure the rms voltage across the secondary winding and record in Table 2-1.
4. Measure and record the DC load voltage in Table 2-1.
5. Use an oscilloscope to look at the rectified voltage across the 1 KΩ load resistor. Record
the peak voltage of the half-wave signal. Next, measure the period of the rectified output.
Calculate the ripple frequency and record the result in Table 2-1.
B. Center-tapped Full-wave Rectifier
6. In fig.2-2, calculate and record the quantities listed in Table 2-2.
7. Connect the Center-tapped Full-wave Rectifier shown in fig. 2-2.
8. Measure and record the quantities listed in Table 2-2.
C. Bridge type Full-wave Rectifier
9. In fig.2-3, calculate and record the quantities listed in Table 2-3.
10. Connect the Bridge type Full-wave Rectifier shown in fig. 2-3.
11. Measure and record the quantities listed in Table 2-3.

Data and Findings
Table 2-1. Half-wave Rectifier
Quantities Calculated V Measured V
RMS secondary voltage 12.6 V
Peak output voltage
DC output voltage
Ripple frequency
Table 2-2. Center-tapped Full-wave Rectifier
Peak output voltage
DC output voltage
Ripple frequency
Table 2-3. Bridge type Full-wave Rectifier
Peak output voltage
DC output voltage
Ripple frequency
POST-TEST
I. Encircle the letter of the corresponding correct answer among the choices.
1. What is the best to use to measure the rms secondary voltage of transformer?
a. an ammeter b. a floating VOM
c. an Oscilloscope d. a voltmeter with common lead grounded
2. With the full-wave center-tapped rectifier of this experiment, the DC load voltage
was closest to _____.
a. 1V b. 3V c. 6V d. 12 V
3. The DC load output voltage of the bridge rectifier compared with the full-wave c
enter-tapped rectifier was approximately ___.
a. 60 Hz b. the same c. half as large d. twice as large
4. Of the three rectifiers tested, the one with the largest DC output was ___.
a. half-wave b. full-wave bridge type
c. full-wave center-tapped d. any of the three rectifiers
5. The unfiltered DC output voltage from a bridge rectifier is ideally what percent of
the rms secondary voltage?
a. 31.8 b. 45 c. 63.6 d. 90
II. Answer the following question.
6. Why the bridge type full-wave rectifier is the most widely used of the three types?
Laboratory Exercise No. 3
THE CAPACITOR-INPUT FILTER
PRE-TEST
Name: ____________________________________________ Date: ____________

2. Which of the ff. voltages is the rms secondary output voltage of transformer in the 3rd
experiment?
a. 12.2 V b. 12.4 V c. 12.6 V d. 12.8 V
3. How many capacitors are used in experiment 3?
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
4. Which of the following resistors are used in experiment #3?
a. 1 KΩ & 10 KΩ b. 1 KΩ & 100 KΩ
c. 10 KΩ & 100 KΩ d. 20 KΩ & 100 KΩ
5. Ideally, what is the filtered DC output voltage in experiment #3?
a. 12.2 V b. 12.4 V c. 12.6 V d. 12.8 V
6. What is the maximum load resistor of experiment #3?
a. 1 KΩ b. 10 KΩ c. 20 KΩ d. 100 KΩ frequency
7. What type of circuit is used in experiment #3?
a. half-wave rectifier b. full-wave rectifier
c. center-tapped full-wave d. bridge-type full-wave
8. How many percent is the DC voltage with respect to peak secondary voltage with a
peak-to-peak ripple of about 10 %?
a. 90 to 92 b. 90 to 93 c. 90 to 94 d. 90 to 95
9. What is the title of experiment 3?
a. The Rectifier with Filter b. The Capacitor-Input Filter
c. The Rectifier with Capacitor d. The Power Supply with Filter
10. What is the minimum voltage rating required in experiment #3?
a. 20 V b. 25 V c. 30 V d. 50V
Laboratory Exercise No. 3
THE CAPACITOR-INPUT FILTER
Introduction:
By connecting the output of a bridge rectifier to a capacitor-input filter, we can produce a

DC load voltage that is approximately constant. Ideally, the filtered DC output voltage equals the
peak secondary voltage. To a better approximation, the DC voltage is typically 90 to 95 % of the
secondary voltage with a peak-peak ripple of 10%.
In this experiment, you will connect a bridge rectifier to a capacitor-input filter. By
changing load resistors and filter capacitors, you will verify the basic relations discussed in the
lecture. Be especially careful in this experiment when connecting the transformer to line voltage.
The transformer should have a fuse line cord with all primary connections insulated to avoid
electrical shock.
Objectives:
At the end of experiment, you should be able to:
1. Measure and calculate the ripple frequency, peak and DC output voltage of the bridge-
type full-wave rectifier with capacitor-input filter.
2. Measure the DC load voltage, ripple frequency and peak-to-peak ripple voltage of bridge-
type full-wave rectifier with capacitor-input filter when the diode or capacitor is open.

2, ½ W Resistors: (1K, 10 K)
2 capacitors: (47 µF, 470 µF 25 V-rating or better)
1 Oscilloscope
1 Breadboard
Diagram:
Fuse
220 V 12 V
AC
Plug 0V
CT
C RL
0V
Procedure:
A. Capacitor-input Filter
1. Measure the resistance of the primary and secondary windings of the transformer. Record
the resistances in Table 3-1.
2. In fig. 3-1, assume the rms secondary voltage of 12.6 V, RL = 1 KΩ and C = 47 µF.
Calculate and record the quantities listed in Table 3-2.
3. Build the circuit of fig. 3-1 with RL = 1 KΩ and C = 47 µF.
4. Measure and record all the quantities listed in Table 3-2.
5. Repeat steps 2 through 4 for RL = 1 KΩ and C = 470 µF. Use Table 3-3.
6. Repeat steps 2 through 4 for RL = 10 KΩ and C = 470 µF. Use Table 3-4.
B. Troubleshooting
7. Assume one of the diodes is open in fig. 3-1 with RL = 1 KΩ and C = 470 µF. Calculate
the DC load voltage, ripple frequency and peak-peak ripple voltage. Record your results
in Table 3-5.
8. Connect the foregoing circuit with one of the diodes open. Measure and record the
quantities of Table 3-5.
9. Assume the filter capacitor is open in fig. 3-1 with RL = 1 KΩ and C = 470 µF. Calculate
and record the quantities listed in Table 3-5 for this trouble.
10. Connect the circuit of fig. 3-1 with an open filter capacitor. Measure and record the
quantities of Table 3-5.
Data and Findings
Table 3-1. Transformer Resistances
Rpri
Rsec
Table 3-2. RL = 1 KΩ and C = 47 µF
Quantities Calculated Measured

Peak output voltage
DC output voltage
DC load current
Ripple frequency
Peak-to-peak ripple
voltage

Peak output voltage
DC output voltage
DC load current
Ripple frequency
Peak-to-peak ripple
voltage

Peak output voltage
DC output voltage
DC load current
Ripple frequency
Peak-to-peak ripple
voltage
Calculated Measured
VDC fout Vrip VDC fout Vrip
Open Diode
Open Capacitor
POST-TEST
1. In this experiment the DC output voltage from the capacitor-input filter was
approximately equal to _____.
a. peak primary voltage b. peak secondary voltage
c. rms primary voltage d. rms secondary voltage
2. The peak-to-peak ripple voltage decreases when the _____.

a. load resistances decreases b. filter capacitor decreases
c. ripple frequency decreases d. filter capacitor increases
3. The turns ratio of the transformer is approximately 9:1. Because of the

transformer resistances in Table 3-1, the thevenin’s resistance facing the filter
capacitor must be at least _____.
a. Rsec + Rpri /3 b. Rsec + Rpri /9 c. Rsec /9 + Rpri d. Rsec + Rpri /81
4. For normal operation, the ripple frequency is ______.

a. 0 Hz b. 60 Hz c. 120 Hz d. 240 Hz
5. When the load resistance increases, the peak-to-peak ripple _____?

a. decreases b. stays the same
c. increases d. none of the foregoing
How the capacitor-input filter works? Explain.

Laboratory Exercise #4
LIMITERS AND PEAK DETECTORS
PRE-TEST
Name: ____________________________________________ Date: ____________

2. Which of the ff. voltages is the maximum output voltage of the power supply in the
4th experiment?
a. 10 V b. 12 V c. 15 V d. 20 V
3. What is the frequency setting of audio generator in experiment 4 ?

a. 1 KHz b. 10 KHz c. 50 KHz d. 100 KHz
4. What is the value of the capacitor used in experiment #4?

a. 1 µF b. 10 µF c. 100 µF d. 330 µF
5. What must be the output positive limiter in experiment #4?

a. clipped sine wave b. positively clipped sine wave
c. negatively clipped sine wave d. sine wave
6. What is the peak-to-peak input voltage from audio generator in experiment #4?
a. 2 b. 4 c. 10 d. 20
7. What must be the output negative limiter in experiment #4?

a. clipped sine wave b. positively clipped sine wave
c. negatively clipped sine wave d. sine wave
8. Which of the following is the maximum value of resistor used in experiment #4?
a. 1 KΩ b. 10 KΩ c. 22 KΩ d. 100 KΩ
9. What is the used of diode clamper?

a. to double the output voltage b. to increase the load voltage
c. to increase the circuit efficiency d. to protect the load from high voltage
10. What type of limiter with positive and negative parts of the signal is removed?
a. biased limiter b. negative limiter
c. positive limiter d. combination limiter
LIMITERS AND PEAK DETECTORS
Introduction:
A positive limiter clips off positive parts of the input signal, while a negative limiter clips
negative parts. In a biased limiter, the clipping level is selectable. With a combination limiter,
positive and negative parts of the signal are removed. A diode clamp is an alternative for a
limiter. Often, a diode clamp is used to protect a load from excessively high input voltages
In this experiment, you will connect different limiters. You will also experiment with a
peak detector, a variation of the rectifier circuits. A peak detector produces a DC output voltage
approximately equal to the peak voltage of the input signal.
Objectives:
At the end of the laboratory exercise, you should be able to:
1. Measure the positive and negative peak values of the limiter output.
2. Calculate and measure the DC output voltage, ripple frequency, and peak-
to-peak ripple voltage of the peak detector circuit.
1 Audio Generator
1 Power Supply; Adjustable from approximately 0 to 15 V
2 Diodes: (1N914 or equivalent)
4, ½ W Resistors: (470 , 1K, 10 K, 100 K)
1 capacitor: (1 µF, 10 V-rating or better)
1 Oscilloscope
1 Breadboard
Diagram:
10 K
Vout
Vp = 10 V 1K Vin 100 K
Fig. 4-1
10 K
Vout
Vp = 10 V 1K Vin 100 K
Fig. 4-2
10 K
Vout
Vp = 10 V 1K Vin 100 K
470
Fig. 4-3
Vout
1K Vin 1 µF 100 K
Vp = 10 V
Fig. 4-4
Procedure:
A. Positive Limiter
1. In fig. 4-1, estimate the positive and negative peak output voltages. Record in
Table 4-1.
2. Connect the positive limiter of fig. 4-1, (the 1 KΩ is a DC return in case the
source is capacitively coupled). Adjust the source to get 1 kHz and 20 V peak-
to-peak across the input (equivalent to a peak input of 10 V).
3. Move the oscilloscope leads to output. You should get a positively clipped sine
wave. Record the positive and negative peak values in Table 4-1. (You must use
the DC input to the oscilloscope).
B. Negative Limiter
4. In fig. 4-1, assume the diode polarity is reversed. Record your estimates of the
positive and negative output peak voltages in Table 4-1. Reverse the polarity of
the diode in your built-up circuit and look at the output waveform. It should be
negatively clipped. Record the positive and negative peak values.
C. Combination Limiter
5. In fig. 4-2, estimate the positive and negative peak output voltages. Record your
estimates in Table 4-1. Connect the combination limiter.
6. Look at the output waveform. Measure and record the positive and negative
peaks.
D. Biased Limiter
7. In fig. 4-3, estimate the positive and negative peak output voltages and record in
Table 4-1. Connect the variable limiter of fig. 4-3.
8. Look at the output with an oscilloscope (DC input). When you vary the DC
source, the positive clipping level should vary from a low value to a high value. If
it does, write “variable” under the positive peak in Table 4-1. Measure and record
the negative peak.
E. Peak Detector
9. In fig. 4-4 estimate the DC output voltage, ripple frequency, and peak-to-peak
ripple voltage. Record your estimates in Table 4-2.
10. Connect the peak detector of fig. 4-4. Adjust the source to get 1 kHz and 10 V
peak across the input.
11. Look at the output voltage with the oscilloscope. It should be a DC voltage with
an extremely small ripple.
12. Use the VOM to measure the DC output voltage. Record this as VDC.
13. Switch to AC input on the oscilloscope and increase sensitivity until you can
measure the ripple accurately. Record the ripple frequency and peak-to-peak
ripple.
14. Because the VOM has the input resistance across the 1 µF capacitor. While
looking at the output ripple on the oscilloscope, connect and disconnect the VOM
is disconnected? Record “bigger”, “same”, or “smaller” in Table 4-2.
Data and Findings
Table 4-1. Limeters
Calculated Measured
Pos. Peak Neg. peak Pos. Peak Neg. peak
Positive limiter
Negative limiter
Combination limiter
Biased limiter
Table 4-2. Peak Detector
Calculated Measured
VDC
fout
Vrip
Ripple Change
POST-TEST
1. In a negative limiter, which of these is the largest?

a. positive peak b. negative peak
c. knee voltage d. crossover voltage
2. The combination limiter of fig.4-2 _____.

a. puts out a small sine wave b. generates a small squarish wave
c. has an adjustable clipping level d. has an output proportional to the input
3. When the DC source of fig. 4-3 varies from 0 o 15, the positive output peak varies
from roughly ___.
a. 0 to Vp/2 b. 0 to Vp c. 0 to 2Vp d. 0 to 0.7V
4. In the combination of fig. 4-2 which diode approximation is the most reasonable
compromise?
a. Ideal b. Second
c. Third d. Fourth
5. The peak-to-peak ripple voltage of the peak detector of fig.4-4 was approximately
what percent of the DC output voltage?
a. 1 % b. 5 % c. 10 % d. 20 %
What is the operation of the biased combination clipper (fig. 4-3)? Explain.
DC CLAMPERS AND PEAK-TO-PEAK DETECTORS
PRE-TEST
Name: ____________________________________________ Date: ____________
1. What type of semiconductor diode used in experiment #5?

2. Which of the ff. voltages is the peak voltage of audio generator used in the 5th
experiment?
a. 5 V b. 8 V c. 10 V d. 12 V
3. Find the frequency of audio generator used in experiment #5.

a. 1 KHz b. 10 KHz c. 15 KHz d. 20KHz
4. What is the watt rating of the load resistor in experiment #5?

a. ¼ W b. ½ W c. 1 W d. 2 W
5. How many capacitors used in experiment #5?

a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
6. How many diodes used for peak detector circuit in experiment #5?
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
7. Ideally what is total swing of the output voltage of positive clamper in expt. #5?
a. 2 V b. 4 V c. 6 V d. 8 V
8. What is used to eliminate unwanted clamping in experiment #5?

a. diode b. resistor c. capacitor d. none
9. What is the cause of the problem of DC return with diode and transistor circuits?
a. diode b. resistor c. capacitor d. none
10. Which of the following statement describe the peak-to-peak detector?

a. cascaded connection of a DC clamper and a rectifier
b. cascaded connection of a peak detector and rectifier
c. cascaded connection of a DC clamper and a peak detector
d. cascaded connection of a DC clamper and a power supply
DC CLAMPERS AND PEAK-TO-PEAK DETECTORS
Introduction:
In a DC clamper, capacitor is charged to approximately the peak input voltage VP.

Depending on the polarity of the charge, the output voltage has a DC component equal to the
positive or negative peak input voltage. The output of a positive clamper ideally swings from 0
to 2 VP, while the output of a negative clamper swings from 0 to -2 VP.
A peak-to-peak detector is a cascaded connection on a DC clamper and a peak detector.
The DC clamper ideally produces an output that swings from 0 to 2 VP, and the peak detector
produces a DC output of approximately 2 VP. Since the final DC output voltage equals the peak-
to-peak input voltage, the overall circuit is called a peak-to-peak detector.
If a signal source is capacitively coupled, the problem of the DC return may arise with
diode and transistor circuits. When the source has to supply more current on one half-cycle than
the other, its coupling capacitor will charge to approximately the peak of the source voltage.
Because of this, you will get unwanted DC clamping of the source signal. To eliminate this
unwanted clamping, you can add a DC return. It discharges the coupling capacitor and prevents a
DC shift of the output signal.
Objectives:
1. Measure the positive and negative peak values of the clamper.

2. Calculate and measure the DC output voltage and peak-to-peak ripple
voltage of peak-to detector circuit.
1 Audio Generator
2 Diodes: (1N914 or equivalent)
4, ½ W Resistors: (47 K, 1K, 10 K, 100 K)
2 capacitors: (1 µF, 10 V-rating or better)
1 Oscilloscope
1 Breadboard
Diagram:
1µF
Vout
Vp = 10 V Vin 1µF 100 K
f = 1 KHz
Fig. 5-1
1µF
Vout
Vp = 10 V Vin 100 K
f = 1 KHz
Fig. 5-2
1µF
Vout
Vp = 10 V 1K 10 K
f = 1 KHz
Fig. 5-3
Procedure:
A. Positive Clamper
1. In fig. 5-1, estimate the positive and negative peaks of the output voltage. Record
in Table 5-1.
2. Connect the positive clamper of fig. 5-1. Adjust the source to get 1 KHz and 20 V
peak-to-peak across the input.
3. With the oscilloscope on DC input, look at the output. It should be a positively

clamped sine wave. Measure and record the positive and negative peaks in Table
5-1.
4. Keep the oscilloscope on the output and vary the input voltage. Notice how the
negative peak is clamped near zero while the positive peak moves up and down.
B. Negative Clamper
5. Assume the polarity of the diode in fig. 5-1 is reverse. Estimate and record the
output peaks in Table 5-1.
6. Reverse the polarity of the diode in the built-up circuit. Measure and record the
output peaks.
C. Peak Detector
7. Estimate the DC output voltage and peak-to-peak ripple in fig. 5-2. Record in
Table 5-2.
8. Connect the peak-to-peak detector of fig. 5-2. Adjust the source to get 1 KHz
and 20 V peak-to-peak across the input.
9. Look at the voltage across the first diode. It should be a positively clamped signal.
10. Look at the output. It should be a DC voltage with a small ripple. Measure the DC
output voltage with a VOM and record in Table 5-2.
11. Switch the oscilloscope to AC input and high sensitivity to measure the ripple.
Record the ripple voltage (Vrip).
. DC Return
12. In fig.5-3, the inside of the dashed box stimulates a capacitively coupled source.
The 1K resistor is a DC return. Estimate and record the positive peak output
voltage (Table 5-3). Visualize the DC return open; estimate and record the
positive peak output voltage.
13. Connect the circuit of fig. 5-3. Adjust the source to get 1 KHz and 20 V peak-to-
peak across the 1K resistor.
14. Look at the output with the oscilloscope. It should be a half-wave signal. Measure
and record the peak value in Table 5-3.
15. Disconnect the DC return. Measure and record the output peak value.
Data and Findings
Table 5-1. Clampers
Calculated Measured
Pos. Peak Neg. peak Pos. Peak Neg. peak
Positive limiter
Negative limiter
Table 5-2. Peak-to-peak Detector
Calculated Measured
VDC
Vrip
Table 5-3. DC Return
Calculated Measured
With DC return
Without DC return
POST-TEST
1. If the diode of figure 5-1 is reversed the output will be

a. positively clamped b. negatively clamped
c. half-wave rectified d. peak rectified
2. If Vp is 10 V in figure 5-2, the maximum positive voltage across the first diode is
approximately
a. 5V b. 10V c. 15V d. 20 V
3. If Vp is 10 V in figure 5-2, the DC output voltage is ideally

a. 0V b. 5V c. 10V d. 20 V
4. In figure 5-2, the peak-to-peak ripple is approximately what percent of DC output

voltage?
a. 0 % b. 1 % c. 5 % d. 63.6 %
5. When the DC return of figure 5-3 is disconnected which of the following is true?
a. The diode eventually stops conducting
b. The capacitor charges to approximately 2 Vp
c. Current flows easily in the reverse diode direction
d. The diode conducts briefly near each positive peak
How a positive DC clamper works? Explain.

Experiment 6
THE ZENER REGULATOR
PRE-TEST
Name: ____________________________________________ Date: ____________
1. How many load resistors are used for voltage regulation in experiment #6?
a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5
2. How many load resistors are used for ripple attenuation in experiment #6?
a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5
3. How many diodes are used in peak-to-peak detector?

a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
4. What is open in the circuit of fig. 7-1 for troubleshooting in experiment #6?
a. resistor b. capacitor
c. center tap d. all of the given
5. How many troubles are assumed in experiment #6?

a. 1 b. 1 c. 3 d. 4
6. At what region is the zener diode operates when used as regulator?

a. active region b. forward region
c. breakdown region d. saturation region
7. Which of the ff. resistances is the zener diode when used as stiff regulator?
a. less than 1/10 of the load resistance
b. greater than 1/10 of the load resistance
c. less than 1/100 of the load resistance
d. greater than 1/100 of the load resistance
8. What type of dc power supply you will build in experiment #6?

a. half wave b. full wave c. split type d. bridge type
9. What is the nominal voltage of zener diode to be used in experiment #6?

a. 5.2 V b. 6.2 V c. 7.2 V d. 8.2 V
10. How to determine the input voltage of zener regulator in experiment #6?
a. by measuring the voltage across the resistor
b. by measuring the voltage across the inductor
c. by measuring the voltage across the capacitor
d. by measuring the voltage across the transformer
Laboratory Exercise#6
THE ZENER REGULATOR
Introduction:
In a zener voltage regulator a load resistor is in parallel with a zener diode. As

long as the zener diode operates in the breakdown region, the load voltage is
approximately constant and equal to zener voltage. In a stiff zener regulator, the zener
resistance is less than 1/100 of the series resistance and less than 1/100 of the load
resistance. By meeting the first condition, a zener regulator attenuates the input ripple by
factor of at least 100. By meeting the second condition, a zener regulator appears like a
stiff voltage source to the load resistance.
In this experiment you will build a split supply with regulated positive and
negative output voltages. This will allow you to verify the operation of a zener regulator
as described in the lecture.
Objectives:
1. Measure the input and output voltages of zener regulator.

2. Calculate and measure the DC output voltage and peak-to-peak
ripple voltage at the input and output of the positive regulator.

3 Zener Diodes: 1N753
8, ½ W Resistors: (two 150 , two 470 , two 4.7 K, two 47 K)
2 capacitors: (470 µF, 25 V-rating or better)
1 Oscilloscope
1 Breadboard
Diagram:
1/16 A
D1 D2 150
AC +Vout
Plug CT
D3 D4
470µF D5 470
C1 1N753
150 -Vout
C2 470µF D6 470
1N753
Fig. 6-1
Procedure:
A. Split Supply
1. A 1N753 has a nominal zener voltage of 6.2 V. In fig. 6-1, calculate the
input and output voltages for each zener regulator. (The input voltages are
across the filter capacitors). Record your answers in Table 6-1.
2. Connect the split supply of fig. 6-1.
3. Measure the input and output voltages of each regulator. Record your data
in Table 6-1.
B. Voltage Regulation
4. Estimate and record the output voltages in fig. 6-1 for each of the load
resistors listed in Table 6-2.
5. Connect the circuit. Measure and record the output voltages for the load
resistances of Table 6-2
C. Ripple Attenuation
6. For each load resistance listed in Table 6-3, calculate and record the peak-
to-peak ripple across the upper filter capacitor of fig. 6-1. Also calculate
and record the peak-to-peak ripple at the positive output. (Assume a zener
resistance of 7Ω)
7. For each load resistance of Table 6-3, measure and record the peak-to-
peak ripple at the input and output of the positive zener regulator.
D. Troubleshooting
8. Assume the center tap of fig. 6-1 is open.
9. Estimate the output voltages for the foregoing trouble. Record your
answer in Table 6-4.
10. Connect the circuit with foregoing trouble. Measure and record the output
voltages. Record the trouble.
11. Repeat steps 9 and 10 for the other troubles listed in Table 6-4.
Data and Findings
Table 6-1. Split Supply
Calculated Measured
Vin Vout Vin Vout
Positive regulator
Negative regulator
Table 6-2. Voltage Regulation
Calculated Measured
RL +Vin -Vout +Vin -Vout
470 Ω
4.7 KΩ
47 KΩ
Table 6-3. Ripple
Calculated Measured
RL +Vin -Vout +Vin -Vout
470 Ω
47 KΩ
Calculated Measured
+Vin -Vout +Vin -Vout
Open CT
Open D1
Open D6
POST-TEST
1. A split supply has?

a. only one output voltage b. only positive output voltage
c. only negative output voltage d. positive and negative outputs
2. The value of the Vin to the positive zener regulator is closest to

a. 5 V b. 10 V c. 15 V d. 20 V
3. When RL increases in Table 6-2, the measured positive output voltage

a. decreases slightly b. remains the same
c. increases slightly d. none of the choices
4. Theoretically, the positive zener regulator of fig. 6-1 attenuates the ripple by a
factor of approximately
a. 10 b. 20 c. 50 d. 100
5. The current through either series resistor of fig. 6-1 is closest to

a. 5 mA b. 10 mA c. 15 mA d. 20 mA
How the positive zener regulator of figure 6-1 works? Explain

VOLTAGE DOUBLERS
PRE-TEST
Name: ____________________________________________ Date: ____________

2. Which of the ff. voltages is the rms secondary output voltage of transformer in the 7th
experiment?
a. 12.2 V b. 12.4 V c. 12.6 V d. 12.8 V
3. How many capacitors are used in experiment 7?

a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
4. Which of the following resistors are used in experiment #7?

a. 1 KΩ b. 100 KΩ
c. 10 KΩ d. 20 KΩ
5. In troubleshooting, what capacitor is open in experiment #7?

a. C1 b. C2 c. C3 d. C4
6. Voltage doublers are useful in ______.

a. low resistance / low current loads b. high voltage / low current loads
c. high resistance / low current loads d. high voltage / high current loads

a. half-wave rectifier b. full-wave rectifier
c. half-wave doubler d. full-wave doubler
8. As the multiple increases, the peak-to-peak ripple ____.

a. decreases b. the same c. gets worse d. any of the given
9. What is the title of experiment #7?

a. Multiplier Circuits b. Voltage Doublers
c. Voltage Multipliers d. Doubler Circuits
10. What is the required minimum voltage rating of capacitor in experiment #7?
a. 20 V b. 25 V c. 30 V d. 50V
VOLTAGE DOUBLERS
Introduction:
A voltage multiplier produces a DC voltage equal to a multiple of the peak input

voltage. Voltage multipliers are useful with high voltage / low current loads. With a
voltage doubler, you get twice as much DC output voltage as you do from a standard
peak rectifier. This is useful when you are trying to produce high voltages (several
hundred volts or more) because higher secondary voltages result in bulkier transformers.
At some point, a designer may prefer to use voltage doublers instead of bigger
transformers. With a voltage tripler, the DC voltage is approximately three times the peak
input voltage. As the multiple increases , the peak-to-peak ripple gets worse.
In this experiment, you will build half-wave and full-wave voltage doublers. You
will measure the DC output voltage and peak-to-peak ripple of these circuits to verify the
operation in the lecture.
Objectives:
1. Measure and calculate the ripple frequency, peak-to-peak ripple

and DC output voltage of the half-wave and full-wave doubler.
2. Measure the DC load voltage, ripple frequency and peak-to-peak
ripple voltage of the half-wave doubler when the diode or capacitor
is open.

1, ½ W Resistors: (1K)
2 capacitors: (470 µF 25 V-rating or better)
1 Oscilloscope
1 Breadboard
Diagram:
Fuse 470 D2
C1
AC
D1 C2 470 1K
Plug
CT
Fig. 7-1: Half-wave Doubler
Fuse
470
AC
Plug 1K
CT
470
Fig. 7-2: Full-wave Doubler

Procedure:
A. Half- wave doubler
1. Measure the resistance of the primary and secondary windings of the

transformer. Record the resistances in Table 7-1.
2. In fig. 7-1, assume the rms secondary voltage of 12.6 V. Calculate and
record the quantities listed in Table 7-2. Use the equation for peak-to-peak
ripple.
3. Connect the circuit of fig. 7-1.
4. Measure and record all the quantities listed in Table 7-2.
B. Full-wave doubler
5. Repeat steps 2 through 4 for the full-wave doubler of fig. 7-2. Use Table
7-3 to record your data. When calculating the peak-to-peak ripple, noticed
that the load resistors is in parallel with two capacitors in series.
C. Troubleshooting
6. Assume capacitor C1 is open in fig. 7-1.
7. Estimate the DC load voltage, ripple frequency and peak-to-peak ripple.

Record your rough estimates in Table 7-4.
8. Connect the circuit of fig. 7-1 with foregoing trouble. Measure and record
the quantities of Table 7-4.
9. Assume diode D2 is open in Fig. 7-1. Repeat steps 7 and 8.

Data and Findings
Table 7-1. Transformer Resistances
Rpri
Rsec
Table 7-2. Half-wave doubler

Peak output voltage
DC output voltage
DC load current
Ripple frequency
Peak-to-peak ripple
voltage
Table 7-3. Full-wave doubler

Peak output voltage
DC output voltage
DC load current
Ripple frequency
Peak-to-peak ripple
voltage
Calculated Measured
VDC fout Vrip VDC fout Vrip
Open C1
Open D2
Open C2
POST-TEST
1. In experiment #7 the DC output voltage from the half-wave doubler was

approximately equal to _____.
a. peak primary voltage
b. rms primary voltage
c. twice the peak secondary voltage
d. twice the peak voltage driving the half-wave doubler
2. The ripple frequency of half-wave doubler was _____.

a. 60 Hz b. 120 Hz c. 240 Hz d. 480 Hz
3. The full-wave doubler has a ripple frequency of _____.

a. 60 Hz b. 120 Hz c. 240 Hz d. 480 Hz
4. The peak-to-peak ripple of a full-wave doubler compared with a half-wave

doubler is ______.
a. half b. the same c. twice as much d. none of the given
5. Assume the primary resistance of 30 Ω and the secondary resistance of 1 Ω ib fig.

7-2. The primary voltage is 115 V and the secondary voltage is 12.6 V. The
Thevenin resistance facing either filter capacitor is approximately _____.
a. 0.59 Ω b. 0.86 Ω c. 1.09 Ω d. 1.36 Ω
How the full-wave doubler works? Explain.

THE COMMON EMITTER CONNECTION
PRE-TEST
Name: ____________________________________________ Date: ____________
1. What type of transistor is used in experiment #8?

a. 2N2904 b. 2N3904 c. 2N3905 d. 2N4904
2. Which of the following is the most common transistor trouble?

a. base-emitter open b. base-emitter short
c. collector-emitter open d. collector-emitter short
3. How many resistors are used in experiment #8?

a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
4. What is the watt rating of the resistors in experiment #8?

a. ¼ W b. ½ W c. 1 W d. 2 W
5. What is the expected measured resistance between collector and emitter terminals in
experiment #8?
a. Mega ohms b. Tens of mega ohms
c. Hundreds of mega ohms d. Thousands of mega ohms
6. What is the expected measured forward and reverse resistance of the base-emitter
diode and the collector-base diode in experiment #8?
a. 1:1 b. 10:1 c. 100:1 d. 1000:1
7. What is the required voltage supply of the circuit in experiment #8?

a. 5 V b. 9 V c. 15 V d. 18 V
8. How to simulate the open collector-emitter terminals of transistor in

experiment #8?
a. by removing the transistor from the circuit
b. by removing the transistor and 100 Ω from the circuit
c. by removing the emitter terminal of transistor from the circuit
d. by removing the collector terminal of transistor from the circuit.
9. What test is used in experiment #8?
a. resistance test b. open-circuit test
c. short-circuit test d. all of the given
10. How to simulate the shorted collector-emitter terminals of transistor in

experiment #8?
a. by removing the transistor from the circuit
b. by putting a jumper between the collector and emitter of transistor
c. by putting a resistor between the collector and emitter of transistor
d. by putting an ohmmeter between the collector and emitter of transistor
11. What model is used for an approximation of transistor behavior in experiment #8?
a. hybrid-pi model b. Ebers-Moll model
c. h-parameter model d. any of the given

a. collector curves b. the CB connection
c. the CC connection d. the CE connection
13. How many transistors are needed in experiment #8?

a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
14. What is the maximum value of resistance used in experiment #8?

a. 220 k b. 330 k c. 470 k d. 820 k
15. At what terminal of the transistor is the 100  connected in experiment #8?
a. base b. emitter c. collector d. both b & C
THE COMMON EMITTER CONNECTION
Introduction:
An approximation of transistor behavior, we use the Ebers-Moll model: the emitter

diode acts like a rectifier diode, while the collector diode acts like a controlled-current source.
The voltage across the emitter diode of a small-signal transistor is typically 0.6 to 0.7 V. For
most troubleshooting and design, we will use 0.7 V for the V drop. In this experiment, you
BE
will get data for calculating the α , β , and V drop.

DC DC BE
When the maximum ratings of the transistors are exceeded, it can be damaged in
several ways. The most common transistor trouble is a collector-emitter short where both the
emitter diode and the collector diode are shorted. Another common transistor trouble is the
collector-emitter open when both the emitter diode and the collector diode open. Besides the
foregoing, it is possible to have only one diode shorted, only one diode open, a leaky diode,
etc.
To keep the troubleshooting straightforward, we will emphasize the two most common
troubles; the collector-emitter short and the collector-emitter open. We will simulate a
collector-emitter short by putting a jumper between the collector, base and emitter; this shorts
all three terminals together. We will simulate the collector-emitter open by removing the
transistor from the circuit; this opens both diodes.
Objectives:
1. Measure the resistance between the collector and emitter of one of the transistors.
2. Calculate and measure the values of α , β , I and V drop.
DC DC E CB
2 Regulated DC Power Supply: 15 V

3 Transistors: 2N3904 or equivalent
3, ½ W Resistors: (100 , 1 K, 470 K)
1 Breadboard
Diagram:
100
470 K +
+ VCE
VBE -
- 15 V
15 V
Fig. 8-1
Procedure:
A. Ohmmeter tests
1. Measure the resistance between the collector and emitter of one of the transistors. This
resistance should be extremely high (hundreds of mega ohms) in either direction.
2. Measure the forward and reverse resistance of the base-emitter diode and the
collector-base diode. For both diodes, the reverse/forward resistance ratio should be at
least 1000:1.
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 for the two other transistors.
B. Transistor Characteristics
4. Connect the circuit of fig. 8-1, using one of the transistors.
5. Measure and record the V and V in Table 8-1.

BE CE
6. Measured and record I and I in Table 8-1.

C B
7. Calculate the of α , β , I and V in fig. 8-1. Record in Table 8-2.

DC DC E CB
8. Repeat steps 4 to 7, using a second transistor.
9. Repeat steps 4 to 7, using a third transistor.
10. If a curve tracer is available, display the collector curves of all the three transistors.
The differences in β , breakdown voltages, etc.
DC
Data and Findings
Table 8-1. Transistor Voltages and Currents
Transistor VBE VCE IB IC

1
2
3
Table 8-2. Calculations
Transistor VBE VCE IB IC

1
2
3
POST-TEST
1. The VBE drop of the transistor was closest to

a. 0 V b. 0.3 V c. 0.7 V d. 1 V
2. The α of all transistors was very close to

DC
a. 0 b. 1 c. 5 d. 20
3. The β of all transistors was greater than

DC
a. 0 b. 1 c. 5 d. 20
4. This experiment proves that collector current is much greater than

a. collector voltage b. emitter current
c. base current d. threshold voltage
5. The transistors were silicon because

a. V was approximately 0.7 V
BE
b. IC is much greater than IB

c. the collector diode was reverse-biased
d. βDC was much greater than unity
What did you learn about the V drop and the relation of collector current to base
BE
current?
COLLECTOR CURVES
PRE-TEST
Name: ____________________________________________ Date: ____________
1. What is the value of the power supply voltage used in experiment no.9?
a. 6 V b. 9 V c. 12 V d. 16 V
2. What is the horizontal sensitivity control setting of the oscilloscope in expt #9?
a. 0.5 V/cm b. 1 V/cm c. 2 V/cm d. 5 V/cm
3. What is the vertical sensitivity control setting of the oscilloscope in expt #9?
a. 1 V/cm b. 0.5 V/cm c. 0.2 V/cm d. 0.1 V/cm
4. What is the title of experiment no.9?

c. the CC connection d. the CE connection
5. How many transistors are needed in experiment no.9?

a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
6. What is the value of the resistance used to observe the collector current?
a. 10 ohms b. 100 ohms c. 500 ohms d. 100 K ohms
7. What is the maximum value of resistance used in experiment #9?

a. 100 K ohms b. 220 K ohms c. 330 K ohms d. 470 K ohms
8. What must be the setting of the variable resistor in experiment #9?

a. 10 K ohms b.100 K ohms c. 1 M ohms d. 10 M ohms
9. How many capacitors are used in experiment #9?

a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

a. 2N3902 b. 2N3903 c. 2N3904 d. 2N3905
12. What is the watt rating of resistors used in experiment no.9?
a. ¼ W b. ½ W c. 1 W d. 2 W
13. What is used to monitor the collector current of transistor in experiment no.9?
a. Ammeter b. horizontal inputs of oscilloscope
c. vertical inputs of oscilloscope d. both b and c
14 What is used to monitor the collector current and collector-emitter voltage of

transistor in experiment no.9?
a. Voltmeter b. horizontal inputs of oscilloscope
c. vertical inputs of oscilloscope d. both b and c
15. How to create collector curves on the oscilloscope in experiment no.9?

a. by varying the base supply voltage
b. by varying the collector supply voltage
c. by varying the resistance of potentiometer
d. by varying the collector current of transistor
COLLECTOR CURVES
Introduction:
Each base current in a transistor produces a different collector curve. The

collector curve is a graph of collector current versus collector-emitter voltage. To build a
circuit that simulates the action of a curve tracer, the vertical and horizontal inputs of the
oscilloscope will be used to monitor the collector current and the collector-emitter
voltage. By varying the collector supply voltage, you will be able to create collector
curves on the oscilloscope.
Objectives:
At the end of the laboratory exercise, you should be able to:
1. To monitor the collector current and the collector-emitter voltage

of a transistor.
2. To create collector curves on the oscilloscope by varying the
collector supply of the transistor.
2 Regulated DC Power Supplies: 9 V and adjustable from 1 to 10 V

2, ½ W Resistors: (100 , 100 K)
3 capacitors: two 1µF, 100 µF (16 V rating or better)
1 variable resistor: 1M
1 Oscilloscope
1 Breadboard
Diagram:
To horizontal line
1MΩ
100KΩ
+
VCE
+ -
VBE VarVcc
15 V -
To vertical input
100
Fig. 9-1
IC
VCE
Fig. 9-
Procedure:
1. Set up the oscilloscope by turning the horizontal sensitivity control to 1

V/cm (Dc input) and the vertical sensitivity to 0.1 V/cm (DC input).
Center the undeflected spot in the upper left-hand corner of the screen.
2. Connect the circuit of figure 9-1. Notice the collector current passes
through the 100 Ω resistor. Because of this, the voltage to the vertical
input is proportional to IC. In fact, each milliampere of collector current
produces 100 mV of vertical input.
3. Set the variable resistor to 1 MΩ.
4. Vary the VCC supply back and forth rapidly between the minimum and 10
V. You will see the first collector curve of figure 9-2.
5. Change R to 470 KΩ. Again vary the VCC rapidly. You should see the
second curve of figure 9-2.
6. Change R to 220 KΩ and vary VCC rapidly. You should see a third
collector curve.
7. Return R to 1 MΩ. Set the VCC supply to produce each VCE listed in Table
9-1. For each VCE, read and record the value of IC and IB.
8. In a similar way, fill in the rest of Table 9-1 for other values of R.
Data and Findings
Table 9-1. Collector Curves
VCE (Volts)
Resistor (R) 0 2 4 6 8 10
IC IB IC IB IC IB IC IB IC IB IC IB
1 MΩ
470 KΩ
220 KΩ
POST-TEST
1. When R in figure 9-1 equals 1 MΩ, base current is closest to

a. 2 µA b. 4 µA c. 8 µA d. 16 µA
2. If the voltage across the 100 Ω resistor of figure 9-1 is 100 mV when R equals 1
MΩ, βDC is closest to
a. 40 b. 80 c. 120 d. 180
3. Collector curves appear upside-down in experiment 9 because

a. the transistor is NPN
b. the voltage across the 100 Ω resistor is positive
c. the voltage across the 100 Ω resistor is negative
d. negative end of VCC is connected to vertical input
4. The IC values of Table 9-1 prove

a. base current is constant
b. the collector breaks down
c. collector current is constant
d. IC is almost constant when VCE is between 2 and 10 V
5. Because of the values in Table 9-1, VCE(sat) must be

a. less than zero
b. less than 2 volts
c. more than 2 volts
d. more than 10 volts
6. Table 9-1 proves collector breakdown voltage is

a. 0 b. 1 cm c. 2 cm d. 5 cm
7. Table 9-1, a collector current of 2 mA produces a vertical deflection of

a. 0 b. 1 cm c. 2 cm d. 5 cm
8. Table 9-1, a collector-emitter voltage of 5 V produces a horizontal deflection of

a. 0 b. 1 cm c. 2 cm d. 5 cm
How to create collector curves on the oscilloscope? Explain

Experiment 10
BASE BIAS
PRE-TEST
Name: ____________________________________________ Date: ____________
1. What is the value of the power supply voltage used in experiment #10?
a. 6 V b. 9 V c. 12 V d. 15 V

a. common base b. common emitter
c. common collector d. fixed-based current
3. What is the value of VCE in experiment #10?

a. 1 V b. 2 V c. 3 V d. 4 V

c. the CC connection d. Base Bias

a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
6. What is the value of the resistance connected to the base terminal?

a. 220 ohms b. 470 ohms c. 2.2 K ohms d. 22 K ohms
7. What is the minimum value of resistance used in experiment #10?

a. 220 ohms b. 470 ohms c. 2.2 K ohms d. 22 K ohms
8. What must be the value of the variable resistor in experiment #10?

a. 25 K ohms b.250 K ohms c. 1 M ohms d. 10 M ohms

a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
10. What transistors are used in experiment #10?

a. 2N3902 b. 2N3904 c. 2N3906 d. 2N3908
Experiment 10
BASE BIAS
Introduction:
A circuit like figure10-1 is referred to as base bias, because it sets up a fixed base current.
You can calculate the base current by applying Ohm’s law to the base resistance. This base
current will remain constant when you replace transistors.
On the other hand, the collector current equals the current gain times the base current.
Because of this, the collector current may have large variations from one transistor to the next. In
other words, the Q point in a base-biased circuit is heavily dependent on the value of βDC.
Objectives:
1. To observe the variation of collector current for different types of

transistors.
2. To calculate the base current of the different types of transistors.
1 Regulated DC Power Supplies: 15V

2, ½ W Resistors: (2.2 K , 22 K)
1 potentiometer: 1M
1 VOM
1 Breadboard
Diagram:
+15V
2.2 KΩ
22 KΩ
+
R VCE
-
+
VBE
-
Fig. 10-1
Procedure:
1. The fixed-based-current circuit of figure 10-1 is not a stable biasing circuit. But it
is a good way to measure βDC.
2. Connect the circuit of figure 10-1 using one of the transistors.
3. Adjust R to get VCE of 1 V. Record the value of R in Table 10-1, notice the total
base resistance RB equals R plus 22 KΩ. Record the value of RB in Table 10-1.
4. Calculate the values of βDC and IC. Record in Table 10-1.
5. Repeat steps 2 through 4 for the second and third transistors.
6. With the values of Table 10-1, calculate the ideal and second approximation
values of IE in figure 10-1. Record the IE values in Table 10-2.
Data and Findings
Table 10-1. βDC values
Transistor R RB βdc IC
1
2
3
Table 10-2. Calculations
Test IE(ideal) IE
1
2
3
POST-TEST
Name: ____________________________________________ Date: ____________
Experiment No. 10 Score: ____________
1. In figure 10-1, an increase in current gain causes an increase in:

a. IC b. VCE c. IB d. VCC
2. When RB increases in a base-biased circuit, which of these increases?

a. IE b. VBB c. IC d. VCE
3. When RC increases in a base-biased circuit, which of these decreases?

4. When VBB increases in a base-biased circuit, which of these decreases?

5. When βdc increases in a base-biased circuit, which of these remains constant?

6. The ideal and second approximation values in Table 10-2 differ by approximately
a. 0.1 % b. 1 % c. 5 % d. 10 %
7. If the base current is 10 µA in figure 10-1 and the collector voltage is 10 V, the
current gain is closest to:
a. 50 b. 125 c. 225 d. 350
8. If the collector voltage is 5 volts in figure 10-1 and βdc is 150, the base current is
closest to:
a. 50 µA b. 20 µA c. 30 µA d. 40 µA
Why the Q point in a base-biased circuit is heavily dependent on the value of βDC?
Explain.
Experiment 11
SETTING UP A STABLE Q-POINT
PRE-TEST
Name: ____________________________________________ Date: ____________
1. What is the value of the power supply voltage used in experiment #11?
a. 5 V b. 10 V c. 12 V d. 15 V
2. This type of bias is also called as the universal bias?

a. voltage-divider bias b. common base bias
c. fixed bias d. emitter-follower bias
3. What is the value of VCE in the voltage divider configuration of experiment #11,
(hfe = 100)?
a. 2 V b. 3 V c. 4 V d. 5 V

a. Setting up a stable q-point b. the CB connection
c. voltage divider connection d. Base Bias

a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
6. Which of the following values is nearest to the equivalent base resistance in the
voltage divider configuration?
a. 1.8k ohms b. 180 ohms c. 18k ohms d. 18 ohms

a. 1k ohms b. 2.2k ohms c. 3.6k ohms d. 8.2k ohms
8. Which of the following values is nearest to the equivalent Thevenin’s voltage in the
a. 2 V b. 1.5 V c. 1 V d. 0 V
9. How many resistors are used in the voltage divider configuration of experiment
#11?
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

a. 2N3902 b. 2N3904 c. 2N3906 d. 2N3908
Experiment 11
SETTING UP A STABLE Q-POINT
Introduction:
If you want a stable Q point, you will have to use either voltage-divider bias or
two supply emitter bias. With either of these stable biasing methods, the effects of β (h FE)
variations are virtually eliminated. Voltage-divider bias requires only a single power
supply. This type of bias is also called universal bias, an indication of its popularity.
When two supplies are available, two-supply emitter bias can provide a stable Q-point as
voltage-divider bias.
Objectives:
1. To connect voltage-divider bias and two supply emitter bias circuit and verify the
Q-points.
2. To calculate the base, collector and emitter voltage of transistor for voltage-
divider bias and two supply emitter bias circuit.

5, ½ W Resistors: (1 K , 2.2 K , 3.6 K , 8.2 K , 10 K)
1 VOM
1 Breadboard
Diagram:
+10 V
R1 RC
10 KΩ 3.6 KΩ
+
VCE
-
+
VBE RE
R2 - 1 KΩ
2.2 KΩ
Fig. 11-1
+10 V
3.6 KΩ
+
VCE
-
+
VBE 8.2 KΩ
2.2 KΩ -
-10 V
Fig. 11-2
Procedure:
Voltage-Divider Bias
1. In figure 11-1, calculate VB, VE, and VC. Record your answers in Table 11-1.
2. Connect the circuit of figure 11-1. Measure and record the quantities of Table 11-2.
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 for the other transistors.
Emitter Bias
5. Connect the circuit of figure 11-2. Measure and record the quantities of Table 11-
2
Troubleshooting
7. In figure 11-1, assume the resistor R1 is open. Estimate and record the collector
voltage VC in Table 11-3.
8. Repeat step 7 for the other troubles listed in Table 11-3. Connect the circuit of
figure 11-1 with each trouble listed in Table 11-3. Measure and record the
collector voltage.
Data and Findings
Table 11-1. Voltage-Divider Bias
Transistor Calculated Measured

VB VE VC VB VE VC
1
2
3
Table 11-2. Emitter Bias

VB VE VC VB VE VC
1
2
3
Trouble Estimated VC Measured VC
Open R1
Shorted R1
Open R2
Shorted R2
Open RC
Shorted RC
Open RE
Shorted RE
Open collector-emitter
Shorted collector-emitter
POST-TEST
1. Ideally, the voltage divider of figure 11-1 produces which of the following base
voltages?
a. 0 b. 1.1 V c. 1.8 V d. 6.03 V
2. The measured emitter voltage of figure 11-1 was closest to

a. 0 b. 1.1 V c. 1.8 V d. 6.03 V
3. The measured collector voltage of figure 11-1 was closest to

a. 0 b. 1.1 V c. 1.8 V d. 6.03 V
4. The base voltage measured in figure 11-2 was

a. 0 b. slightly positive
c. slightly negative d. -0.7 V
5. With both voltage-divider bias and emitter bias, the measured collector voltage
was approximately
a. constant b. negative
c. unstable d. one VBE drop less than the base voltage
What did you learn about the Q point of a circuit that uses voltage-divider bias or
emitter bias? Explain.
Experiment 12
BIASING PNP TRANSISTORS
PRE-TEST
Name: ____________________________________________ Date: ____________
1. What is the difference between PNP and NPN transistor?

a. Current flow b. Cost c. Function d. Configuration
2. What is the input voltage of experiment #12?

a. - 10V b. - 12V c. - 15V d.- 20V
3. What is the value of VCE in the voltage divider configuration of experiment #12
(hfe = 100)?
a. -2 V b. -3 V c. -4 V d. -5 V

a. Zener Regulator b. Biasing NPN Transistor
c. Clamper Circuit d. Biasing PNP Transistor

a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
6. Which of the following values is nearest to the equivalent base resistance in the
a. 1.8k ohms b. 180 ohms c. 18k ohms d. 18 ohms

a. 1k ohms b. 2.2k ohms c. 3.6k ohms d. 8.2k ohms
8. Which of the following values is nearest to the equivalent Thevenin’s voltage in the
a. -2 V b. -1.5 V c. -1 V d. 0 V
9. How many resistors are used in the voltage divider configuration of experiment
#12?
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

a. 2N3902 b. 2N3904 c. 2N3906 d. 2N3908
Experiment 12
BIASING PNP TRANSISTORS
Introduction:
Since the emitter and collector terminals of a PNP transistor point in the opposite
direction of an NPN transistor, all currents and voltages are reversed in the PNP
transistor. If only positive power supplies are available, you have to connect the PNP
transistor upside down.
Objectives:
1. To build PNP biasing circuits that work with positive or negative supply voltages
2. To calculate the base, collector and emitter voltage of transistor for negative
power supply and positive power supply.

4, ½ W Resistors: (1 K , 2.2 K , 3.6 K , 10 K)
1 VOM
1 Breadboard
Diagram:
-10 V
R1 RC
10 KΩ 3.6 KΩ
RE
R2 1 KΩ
2.2 KΩ
Fig. 12-1
+10 V
+
R1 RE
10 KΩ
VBE 1 KΩ
-
RC
R2 3.6 KΩ
2.2 KΩ
Fig. 12-2
Procedure:
Negative Power Supply
2.
Positive Power Supply
2
Troubleshooting
7. In figure 12-1, assume the resistor R1 is open. Estimate and record the collector
voltage VC in Table 12-3.
8. Repeat step 7 for the other troubles listed in Table 12-3. Connect the circuit of
figure 12-2 with each trouble listed in Table 12-3. Measure and record all
voltages.
Data and Findings
Table 12-1. Negative Power Supply

VB VE VC VB VE VC
1
2
3
Table 12-2. Positive Power Supply

VB VE VC VB VE VC
1
2
3
Trouble Estimated VC Measured VC
Open R1
Shorted R1
Open R2
Shorted R2
Open RC
Shorted RC
Open RE
Shorted RE
Open collector-emitter
Shorted collector-emitter
POST-TEST
1. Ideally, the voltage divider of figure 12-1 produces which of the following base
voltages?
a. 0 b. -1.1 V c. -1.8 V d. -6.03 V
2. The measured emitter voltage of figure 12-1 was closest to

a. 0 b. -1.1 V c. -1.8 V d. -6.03 V
3. The measured collector voltage of figure 12-1 was closest to

a. 0 b. 3.97 V c. 8.2 V d. 8.9 V
4. The emitter voltage measured in figure 12-2 was closest to

a. 0 b. slightly positive
c. slightly negative d. 8.9 V
5. With upside-down PNP bias, the emitter voltage is approximately

a. 0.7 V less than VB b. 0.7 V more than VB
c. unknown d. less than VC
What is the direction of the current through each component of figure 12-2?
Why? Explain.
Laboratory Exercise no. 13
TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH
PRE-TEST
Name: ________________________________________________ Date: ____________

a. 2N2222 b. 2N2223 c. 2N2224 d. 2N2225
2. What is the value of the voltage supply used in experiment #13?

a. 12V b. 6V c. 3V d. 2V

a. Transistor as a button b. Transistor as a switch
c. Transistor as an amplifier d. Transistor as an impedance-matcher

a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
5. What is the value of the resistor connected to the base of the transistor?
a. 560 ohm b. 100k ohm c. 560k ohm d. 100 ohm
6. What is the value of the resistor connected to the collector of the transistor?
a. 560 ohm b. 100k ohm c. 560k ohm d. 100 ohm
7. What is the standard value needed to fully illuminate a standard LED?

a. 2mA b. .2mA
c. 20mA d. .02mA
8. The load of the circuit is represented by the?

a. Transistor b. LED
c. Resistor d. DC Supply Voltage

a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
10. What is used to measure the base current in the circuit of experiment #13?
a. Voltmeter b. Oscilloscope
c. Ammeter d. Ohmmeter
TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH
Introduction:
A transistor can be used as a solid-state switch. If the transistor is operated in the saturation
region, then it acts as closed switch and when it is operated in the cut-off region then it behaves as
an open switch. In order to switch between the two states a signal must be applied to the base of
the transistor. When a zero-input signal applied to the base, it acts as an open switch. If a positive
signal applied at the input terminal, then it acts like a closed switch.
In this exercise, you will create a circuit that will light up an LED load using a transistor
as a switch. It takes 20 mA to fully illuminate a standard LED. At most, in this experiment, a total
voltage of 12 V across a 100 kΩ resistance yields a current of only a few hundred micro-amperes.
The connection made by touching the wire to a positive point in the circuit conducts far less current
than 1 mA. Yet through its amplifying action, the transistor is able to control a much greater current
through the LED.
Objectives:
1. Measure and calculate the necessary currents needed to operate the transistor as a switch.
2. Create a simple circuit that showcases use of a transistor as a solid-state switch.
1 DC Power Supply
1 NPN Transistor: (2N2222 or equivalent)
2, ½ W Resistor: (100k and 560)
1 LED
1 Breadboard
1 set Connecting Wires
Diagram:
Fig. 13 – 1
Fig. 13 – 2 Fig. 13 - 3
Procedure:
1. Connect the figure illustrated in figure 13 – 1. Take note of the hanging connection
in the base of the transistor.
2. Set the voltage source, V1 to 6V. Connect the base connection to the source as
illustrated by figure 13 – 2. Calculate the current running across the collector and
base of the transistor and the voltage across the transistor and the load LED, D1.
Record the values in Table 13–1.
3. Using the VOM measure the actual current values running across the collector and
the base of the transistor and record in Table 13-1. Also measure the voltage across
the transistor and lastly, indicate if the LED is turned on or not.
4. Remove the connection of the base from the source and transfer it to the ground as
illustrated in figure 13 - 3. Repeat steps 2 and 3 using this configuration and record
the data in Table 13-2.
Troubleshooting:
5. Calculate the load current for figures 13 – 2 and 13 – 3 if the transistor is shorted
and opened. Record your findings in Table 13 – 3.
6. Measure and record the load current for figures 13 – 2 and 13 – 3 if the transistor
is shorted and opened. To short the transistor simply add a connecting wire between
the emitter and collector junction. To open the transistor, remove the element from
the circuit.
Data and Findings
Table 13 – 1. Base to V1
Collector/Load Current (A)
Base Current (A)
Transistor Voltage (V)
Load Voltage (V)
LED Status (On/Off)?
Table 13 – 2. Base to Ground
Collector/Load Current (A)
Base Current (A)
Transistor Voltage (V)
Load Voltage (V)
LED Status (On/Off)?
Table 13 – 3. Transistor is shorted/opened.
LED Status
(On/Off)?
Base to V1
Transistor
Shorted
Base to Ground
Base to V1
Transistor
Opened
Base to Ground
POST-TEST
1. In a transistor switch, what are the two main operating states?

a. Forward and Reverse c. High and Low
b. On and Off d. Positive and Negative
2. When a transistor is in the "off" state, what is the state of the current flowing through it?
a. High c. Variable
b. Low d. None
3. Which terminal of a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is commonly used as the input
(control) for a switch?
a. Collector c. Emitter
b. Base d. Substrate
4. What is the purpose of the resistor connected to the base (or gate) of a transistor in a switch
configuration?
a. To limit the collector current
b. To provide feedback
c. To bias the transistor
d. To control the emitter current
5. When a transistor switch is in the "on" state, what can be said about the voltage across the
collector-emitter terminals?
a. High c. Variable
b. Low d. Zero
6. What is the significance of using transistors as electronic switches especially in modern

electronic circuits?
TRANSISTOR-TRANSISTOR LOGIC
PRE-TEST
Name: ________________________________________________ Date: ____________

a. 2N2222 b. 2N2223 c. 2N2224 d. 2N2225
2. What is the value of the voltage supply used in experiment #14?

a. 10V b. 5V c. 2V d. 1V

a. Resistor-transistor Logic b. Diode-transistor Logic
c. Transistor-transistor Logic d. Injected Current Logic

a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
5. What is the value of RA?

a. 3.9k ohm b. 1.5k ohm c. 39k ohm d. 1k ohm
6. What is the value of RB?

a. 3.9k ohm b. 1.5k ohm c. 39k ohm d. 1k ohm
7. In order to obtain an output equal to logic 1, the output voltage must be equal to?
a. 5V b. 5A
c. 0V d. 0A
8. The load of the circuit is represented by?

a. VA b. VY
c. Q3 d. VCC

a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5
10. What is used to measure the base current in the circuit of experiment #14?
a. Voltmeter b. Oscilloscope
c. Ammeter d. Ohmmeter
TRANSISTOR-TRANSISTOR LOGIC
Introduction:
Logic operations can be performed using any non-linear device that has at least two distinct
regions of operation. Obvious choices for the electrical engineer are the semiconductor diode and
the bipolar junction transistor. Particular voltage levels are assigned to logic levels 0 and 1. While
many voltage level assignments are possible, one common assignment is:
logic 1 ---- ~ 5 V
logic 0 ---- ~ 0 V.
For this exercise, you will construct a transistor-transistor logic (TTL) circuit. TTL uses
bipolar transistors in both the input and output stages. At the input, a BJT with multiple-emitter
structure is often used which is then connected to the transistor that will act as a switch by switching
between saturation and cut-off operation modes.
Objectives:
1. Measure and calculate the voltages across the various transistors and determine the mode
of operation of each.
2. Create a simple circuit that showcases use of a transistor as a Logic Gate.
2 DC Power Supply
3 NPN Transistor: (2N2222 or equivalent)
4, ½ W Resistor: (2 - 3.9k, 1.5k, 1k and 100)
1 LED
1 Breadboard
1 set Connecting Wires
Diagram:
Fig. 14 – 1
Procedure:
1. Connect the figure illustrated in figure 14 – 1, attach the LED to the output VY (if
the LED will not turn on during the experiment replace RC3 with a 100 ohm
resistor).
2. Set the input, VA to 5V. Using the VOM, measure the voltages across the collector-
emitter of Q1, Q2 and Q3. Determine the state of operation of each transistor using
this data and record it in Table 14–1. Also record the final state of the LED.
3. Set the input, VA to 0V and repeat step 2 and record the data in Table 14-2.
Troubleshooting:
5. Short transistor Q2 by adding a connecting wire between its emitter and collector.
What happens to the output? Record your findings in Table 14-3.
6. Repeat the same procedure except this time, short transistor Q3 instead of Q2. What
happens to the output? Record your findings in Table 14-3.
Data and Findings
Table 14 – 1. VA = 5V (Logic 1)
Transistor Measured Voltage (V) Operating State
Q1
Q2
Q3
LED
Table 14 – 2. VA = 0V (Logic 0)
Transistor Measured Voltage (V) Operating State
Q1
Q2
Q3
LED
Table 14 – 3. Troubleshooting
LED Output State

Error
(On or Off)
Q2 Shorted
Q3 Shorted
POST-TEST
1. The output voltage across the load when VA = 5V is:

a. 0V c. 2V
b. 1V d. 5V
2. The output voltage across the load when VA = 0V is:

a. 0V c. 2V
b. 1V d. 5V
3. What is the logic gate simulated in the experiment?

a. AND c. NOT
b. OR d. Buffer
4. What happened to the output when the transistor Q2 was shorted?

a. Not affected c. Always Off
b. Always On d. Worked as intended
5. What happened to the output when the transistor Q3 was shorted?

a. Not affected c. Always Off
b. Always On d. Worked as intended
6. How has the evolution of digital electronics been influenced by the continued use and
adaptations of Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) circuits?

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Republic of the Philippines

University of the Immaculate Conception

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

Name: ____________________________________________ Date: ____________

1. What type of semiconductor diode was used in experiment #1?

At the end of experiment you should be able to:

1. Measure the voltage across the diode when conducting.

Variable Regulated DC Power Supply, (0 – 15 V)

1. Connect the circuit of fig.1-1. Adjust the voltage source VS to set-up a

2. Measure the diode voltage V and record in Table 1-1.

4. Calculate the bulk resistance using the formula, rB = V / I. Where V

Table 1-1. Two points on the forward curve

Current ( I ) Calculated V Measured V

rB = (V50mA – V10mA ) / (50 mA – 10 mA) = __________________________

Table 1-2. Diode Current

Diode current for 1st Approximation

Diode current for 2nd Approximation

Diode current for 3rd Approximation

Measured diode current

Table 1-3. Troubleshooting

Trouble Calculated ID Measured ID

1. In experiment no. 1, find the knee voltage of the diode.

2. How to solve the bulk resistance of the diode?

3. The DC resistance of a silicon diode for a current of 10 mA is closest to ___.

4. In fig. 1-2, find the approximate power dissipated by the diode.

II. Answer the following questions.

Name: ____________________________________________ Date: ____________

1. What type of semiconductor diode was used in experiment #2?

At the end of the experiment, you should be able to:

1 Transformer, 12.6 V AC center-tapped with fuse line cord

Fig. 2-1: Half- wave Rectifier

Fig. 2-2: Center-tapped Full- wave Rectifier

Fig. 2-3: Bridge type Full- wave Rectifier

2. Connect the half-wave shown in fig. 2-1.

4. Measure and record the DC load voltage in Table 2-1.

B. Center-tapped Full-wave Rectifier

6. In fig.2-2, calculate and record the quantities listed in Table 2-2.

7. Connect the Center-tapped Full-wave Rectifier shown in fig. 2-2.

8. Measure and record the quantities listed in Table 2-2.

C. Bridge type Full-wave Rectifier

9. In fig.2-3, calculate and record the quantities listed in Table 2-3.

11. Measure and record the quantities listed in Table 2-3.

Table 2-1. Half-wave Rectifier

Quantities Calculated V Measured V

RMS secondary voltage 12.6 V

Peak output voltage

Table 2-2. Center-tapped Full-wave Rectifier

Quantities Calculated V Measured V

RMS secondary voltage 12.6 V

Peak output voltage

Table 2-3. Bridge type Full-wave Rectifier

Quantities Calculated V Measured V

RMS secondary voltage 12.6 V

Peak output voltage

II. Answer the following question.

Name: ____________________________________________ Date: ____________

1. What type of semiconductor diode was used in experiment #3?

By connecting the output of a bridge rectifier to a capacitor-input filter, we can produce a

Name: ________________________________ Date:

Name: ________________________________ Date:

Name: ________________________________ Date:

Name: ________________________________ Date:

Name: ________________________________ Date:

Name: ________________________________ Date: