Started on Wednesday, 27 December 2023, 4:57 AM

State Finished
Completed on Wednesday, 27 December 2023, 4:57 AM
Time taken 16 secs
Grade 5.00 out of 10.00 (50%)

Question 1
Incorrect
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Effect modification must be controlled much like a confounding variable.

a. True 
b. False

The correct answer is: False

Question 2
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What is effect modification?

a. It is a variable at different levels that can cause different outcomes.

b. It is adjusted by stratifying the data set. 
c. Results in a confirmation of the hypothesis
d. Is only seen in participants removed from a study

The correct answer is: It is a variable at different levels that can cause different outcomes.
Question 3
Incorrect
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All of the following are effects of confounding variables except:

a. An observed difference between study populations when no real difference exists. 

b. No observed difference between study populations when a true association does exist.
c. An underestimate of an effect.
d. Validation of a new connection between exposure and outcome.

The correct answer is: Validation of a new connection between exposure and outcome.

Question 4
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In the study of whether coffee consumption is a risk factor for pancreatic cancer, smoking is a confounder if:

a. smoking is highly prevalent in all the study populations.

b. it is a known risk factor for pancreatic cancer.
c. it is a result of coffee drinking. 
d. it increases the amount of coffee consumed by the study participants.

The correct answer is: it is a known risk factor for pancreatic cancer.

Question 5
Correct
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Confounding and effect modification both involves third variables in a study.

a. True 
b. False

The correct answer is: True

Question 6
Correct
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Designing a study as a randomized controlled trial can often reduce the impact of confounding variables.

a. True 
b. False

The correct answer is: True

Question 7
Correct
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A confounding variable often causes the desired outcome in a study.

a. True 
b. False

The correct answer is: True

Question 8
Correct
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A confounder is separate from both the exposure and outcome in a study.

a. True 
b. False

The correct answer is: True

Question 9
Correct
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From the options below all are the criteria that a confounding variable must meet except:

a. It must be associated with an exposure

b. It must result in an OR of 5 or more 
c. It must not be on the causal pathway
d. It must cause the outcome

The correct answer is: It must result in an OR of 5 or more

Question 10
Incorrect
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__________ occurs when the observed result between exposure and disease differs from the truth because of the influence of the third
variable.

a. Selection Bias 
b. Confounding
c. Informational bias
d. Gender bias

The correct answer is: Confounding