GUAGUA NATIONAL COLLEGES, INC.

Municipality of Guagua, Pampanga

College of Allied Medical Programs (CAMP)
Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) Program

DISASTER RISK
MANAGEMENT PLANNING

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in

NCM 118 - Care of Clients with Life Threatening Conditions, Acutely Ill/
Multi-Organ Problems High Acuity and Emergency Situation

A disaster management plan presented to the College of Nursing (CON)

Prepared by:

Del Pilar, Jomy Micha

Malit, Jericho

Submitted to:

Mrs. Josefina V. Sioco, RN, RM, MANc

Clinical Instructor

January 2024
 Disaster Risk Management (DRM) is a comprehensive approach that aims
to minimize the damage and losses caused by natural and man-made disasters. It
involves a systematic process of using administrative decisions, organization,
operational skills, and capacities to implement policies, strategies, and coping
capacities of the society and communities. This process not only includes
managing the disaster itself but also the planning, coordination of responses to
disasters or emergencies, and post-disaster recovery plan implementation. By
focusing on risk reduction, DRM aims to prevent new risks, reduce existing risks,
and manage residual risks, thereby promoting the well-being, safety, and resilience
of individuals, communities, and countries. It’s a crucial aspect of sustainable
development, especially in the face of climate change and increasing disaster risks.
Effective DRM requires the involvement of all stakeholders, from government
agencies and non-governmental organizations to local communities and
individuals, ensuring a comprehensive and inclusive approach to disaster
resilience.

Disaster nursing is the application of professional nursing skills and

knowledge to meet the physical and emotional needs of disaster victims. Disaster
nurses play a vital role in preparing for, responding to, and recovering from various
types of emergencies, such as pandemics, natural disasters, terrorist attacks, and
mass casualty incidents. Disaster nurses help to save lives, reduce suffering, and
promote resilience among affected populations. They also collaborate with other
health professionals, emergency responders, and community leaders to
coordinate care, manage resources, and prevent further harm. Disaster nursing
requires specialized training, competencies, and ethical standards to deal with the
complex and dynamic challenges of disaster situations. By being prepared and
competent, disaster nurses can make a positive difference in the health and well-
being of individuals and communities in times of crisis.

2
Terminologies:

Emergencies- Sudden and unlooked for conditions requiring immediate

action.
First aid- The immediate and temporary care given to the victim.
Disaster
- A catastrophic situation
- The daily living patterns are disrupted
- People are plunged into helplessness and suffering.
- Disaster victims are in need of clothing, shelter, medical, and nursing
care and other necessities of life.
Disaster Preparedness
- A program geared towards pinpointing dangerous spots with predictable
hazards to the community.
- And thereby planning and disseminating information to the public.
- It further involves identification of all available resources – human and
materials which can be tapped during disasters.

Rescue- to free for danger or violence.

Shelter- a temporary place where disaster victims are housed until they are
able to establish their own living quarters.
Warning signals- official public information concerning impending disaster
for precautionary measures.
Triage- used to identify those patients whose conditions are most seriously
compromised so that they are the first to receive medical intervention.

3
4
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Levels of Disaster

Level III Disaster

- A minor disaster that involves a minimal level of damage but could
result in a presidential declaration of an emergency.

Level II Disaster
- A moderate disaster that likely will result in a presidential declaration
of an emergency, with moderate federal assistance.

Level I Disaster
- A massive disaster that involves significant damage and results in a
presidential disaster declaration, with Major Federal involvement and
full engagement of Federal, Regional, and National resources.

5
 Outline for a Tsunami Disaster Risk Management Plan

1. Risk Assessment:

• Identify Vulnerabilities: Identify areas that are prone to tsunamis.

• Assess Infrastructure: Evaluate the resilience of critical infrastructure like
hospitals, schools, and evacuation centers.
• Population at Risk: Identify the number of people living in tsunami-prone
areas.

2. Mitigation Measures:

• Infrastructure Improvement: Strengthen critical infrastructure to

withstand tsunamis.
• Land Use Planning: Implement zoning laws to discourage construction in
high-risk areas.
• Public Education: Conduct regular public awareness campaigns about
tsunamis.

3. Preparedness:

• Early Warning Systems: Install and maintain tsunami detection and

warning systems.
• Evacuation Plans: Develop clear evacuation routes and procedures.
• Emergency Drills: Conduct regular tsunami drills to ensure everyone
knows what to do in case of a tsunami.

4. Response:

• Emergency Services: Ensure that emergency services are equipped and

trained to respond to tsunamis.
• Evacuation: Implement the evacuation plan as soon as a tsunami warning
is issued.

6
 • Search and Rescue: After the tsunami, conduct search and rescue
operations for missing persons.

5. Recovery:

• Damage Assessment: After the tsunami, assess the damage to

infrastructure and property.
• Rehabilitation: Repair damaged infrastructure and rehabilitate affected
areas.
• Psychosocial Support: Provide support to individuals and communities
affected by the tsunami.

During a tsunami, nurses are at the forefront of providing immediate medical

assistance and ensuring safety. Their interventions during and after this natural
disaster are multifaceted:

During a Tsunami:

• Evacuation and Safety: Nurses play a critical role in evacuating patients

from affected areas to higher ground or designated safe zones. They ensure
the safety and well-being of patients, providing assistance to those with
mobility issues or medical needs during the evacuation process.
• Emergency Medical Care: In the chaotic aftermath of a tsunami, nurses
provide vital emergency medical care. This includes administering CPR,
controlling bleeding, stabilizing injuries, and performing basic life-saving
procedures. Their quick thinking and expertise are instrumental in saving
lives and preventing further complications.
• Collaboration in Rescue Operations: Nurses collaborate closely with other
healthcare professionals, emergency response teams, and volunteers to
coordinate rescue efforts. They assist in identifying and prioritizing medical
needs, offering medical expertise to aid in the rescue of survivors, and
organizing resources effectively.

7
 • Assessment: Prioritize the injured based on severity, starting with those
needing urgent attention.
• First Aid: Administer first aid for injuries, controlling bleeding, stabilizing
fractures, and addressing immediate medical needs.
• Hygiene and Sanitation: Prevent infection by ensuring clean water, proper
sanitation, and hygiene practices.
• Psychological Support: Provide emotional support and mental health
assistance for trauma survivors.

After a Tsunami:

• Triage and Treatment: Nurses continue their critical role in assessing and
prioritizing patients' needs in the aftermath of a tsunami. They conduct
triage to categorize injuries and illnesses, ensuring that those in critical
condition receive immediate attention while also providing care to others
based on the severity of their conditions.
• Medical Care and Infection Prevention: They administer necessary medical
treatments, dress wounds, provide medication, and manage post-disaster
health issues. Preventing infections is crucial in these situations, and nurses
educate both patients and communities on hygiene practices to mitigate
health risks.
• Psychological Support: Beyond physical injuries, the emotional trauma
experienced by survivors requires attention. Nurses offer psychological
support, comforting and reassuring individuals experiencing distress, grief,
or shock. They often collaborate with mental health professionals to address
long-term psychological effects. Community Education and Support:
Nurses play a pivotal role in educating affected communities about post-
disaster health measures, emphasizing hygiene, sanitation, and safety
practices. They provide guidance on accessing healthcare services,
managing chronic conditions, and offer support in rebuilding a sense of
normalcy.

8
 • Collaboration in Relief Efforts: Nurses work collaboratively with healthcare
teams, aid organizations, and local authorities in sustained disaster relief
efforts.
• They participate in setting up medical camps, providing ongoing care, and
ensuring that healthcare services remain available to those affected by the
disaster.

Post-tsunami, continue medical support, monitor for injuries, infections, and

psychological trauma, while aiding in recovery efforts and community health
initiatives. In summary, nurses exhibit extraordinary resilience, compassion, and
expertise in managing the immediate aftermath and providing ongoing care during
the challenging times following a tsunami. Their interventions encompass a wide
range of medical, emotional, and community-focused support to help individuals
and communities recover and rebuild.

Emergency Plans and Supplies

▪ Plan a meeting place for family members.

▪ Identify where to go if an evacuation is necessary.
▪ Determine when and how to turn of water, gas, and electricity at main
switches.
▪ Locate the safe spots in the home for each type of disaster.
▪ Replace water supply every 3 months and food supply every 6 months.
▪ Include the following supplies
- A 3-day water supply (1 gallon per person per day)
- A 3-day supply of non-perishable food.
- Clothing and blankets
- A first aid kit
- Adequate supply of prescription medications.
- Battery-operated radio
- Flashlights and batteries
- Credit card (if available), cash, or checks (if available)
9
 - An extra set of car keys and a full tank of gas in the car (as
applicable).
- Sanitation supplies for washing, toileting, and for disposing of trash
- An extra pair of eyeglasses (if available)
- Special items for infants, the older persons, or the disabled.
- Important documents in a water- proof case.
- Items needed for a pet such as food, water, and leash (as applicable).

Emergencies

❖ Accidents
- Home- falls, fires, poisoning
- Community- vehicular accidents
- Hospitals- falls, fires

Classifications of Fire:

Class A

- Composed of normal solid elements

- Paper, wood, textiles, rubbers
- Foamy and aquatic equipment, dry powder

Class B

- Consist of element whose vapors are sent off at normal temperature

or when heated, such as flammable liquid.
- CO2; dry powder

Class C

- Results from the electric power and lead to the ignition of close
flammable objects.
- CO2
- Never use water or foam because these convey electricity.

10
Class D

- Metal
- Dry powder
- Direct flow of extinguisher at the base of the flame.

Nursing Assessment:

1. Primary Assessment: ABC

a. If with major traumatic injury- include evaluation of cervical
spine.

2. Secondary Assessment:
a. Neurological assessment
b. History
c. Pain
d. General overview
e. Head to toe or focused assessment

Then, obtain the following information quickly:

A- Allergies

M- Medications currently using

P- Past medical and surgical history

L- Last meal

E- Events preceding the emergency and any care rendered.

Principles of Management in Emergency

▪ Remain calm and think before acting

▪ Identify oneself as a nurse to victim and bystanders

11
 ▪ “Good Samaritan Law”, limits liability and offer legal immunity for people
who help in emergency, provided that give the best possible care under
the conditions of emergency.
▪ Do rapid assessment for priority data. Patent airway; stop bleeding.
▪ Carry out life saving measures as indicated by the priority assessment
▪ Do a head-to-toe assessment before initiating general aid measures.
▪ Keep victim lying down or in the position which he or she is found,
protect from dampness or cold.
▪ If the victim is conscious, explain what is occurring, assure that help will
be given.
▪ Avoid unnecessary handling or moving of the victim. Move only if
danger is present.
▪ Do not give fluids if there is possibility of abdominal injury
▪ Do not transport the victim until all the first aid measures have been
carried out and appropriate transportation is available.
▪ Protect the wound and allay anxiety.

Principles of Management of Mass Casualties

Triage - Sorting and identification of the injured

1. All medical management must be oriented towards serving the

greatest number with resources which will often be critically deficient.
2. It should be emphasized that whereas no victim should be
considered abandoned, the concentration of medical efforts on a few
deprives the majority of appropriate care.
3. Time is an important factor. The more medical care for a seriously
injured person is delayed, the less likely their chances of survival are.
4. Victims must be transported carefully and quickly to the nearest
medical facility for further treatment by qualified personnel.

12
5. Qualified medical personnel, equipped with essential diagnostic and
treatment equipment, should be brought as close to areas of
casualties as circumstances permit.
6. Initial medical and surgical supplies and equipment should be
available immediately and large reserve stocks should be prepared
for transport to affected areas.
7. The scale of supply needs requires uniformity in the management of
specific types of injuries.
8. Adequate transport will be required to transport victims from the
disaster area to first aid or mine clearance stations and then to local
and district hospitals.
9. Communication between emergency units is a prerequisite for the
orderly movement of casualties and supplies between facilities.
10. Administrative services are responsible for providing food, shelter,
clothing, supplies, equipment and replacement of personnel,
essential to effective operation.
11. No qualified medical personnel should be used for first aid and
rescue operations. Their limited availability relative to the scale of
medical needs requires that they be used only in medical treatment
facilities.
12. The use of narcotics should be kept to a minimum. Nothing should
be done to a victim that could diminish their ability to care for
themselves.
13. Triage is the key to successful mass casualty management. “The
greatest good for the greatest number”
14. Do as much as possible for as many people as possible. “The best
for the most with the least for the least by the fewest”.

13
References:

What Is Disaster Nursing? - Trusted Health.

https://www.trustedhealth.com/blog/what-is-disaster-nursing.
Disaster Nursing - International Council of Nurses.
https://www.icn.ch/sites/default/files/inline-
files/ICNP_Catalogue_Disaster_Nursing.pdf.
What Is Disaster Nursing? - University of North Carolina Wilmington Online.
https://onlinedegree.uncw.edu/articles/nursing/what-is-disaster-
nursing.aspx.
Udan, J. (2017). Comprehensive Nursing Licensure Review Book. Emergency and
Disaster Nursing pp. 617-623.
Tsunamis | Ready.gov. https://www.ready.gov/tsunamis.
Tsunami Preparedness | Tsunami Safety Tips | Red Cross.
https://www.redcross.org/get-help/how-to-prepare-for-emergencies/types-
of-emergencies/tsunami.html.
Tsunami Emergency Planning in Australia Handbook - AIDR.
https://knowledge.aidr.org.au/resources/handbook-tsunami-planning/.
Philippines: National disaster response plan for earthquake and tsunami.
https://www.preventionweb.net/publication/philippines-national-disaster-
response-plan-earthquake-and-tsunami-version-two.
Tsunami Hazard and Risk Assessment - United Nations Office for
https://www.unisdr.org/files/52828_02tsunamihazardandriskassessment.p
df.

14