Int. J. Fuzzy Syst.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40815-024-01681-8
Ulam–Hyers Stability of Fuzzy Fractional Non-instantaneous
Impulsive Switched Differential Equations Under Generalized
Hukuhara Differentiability
Jizhao Huang1 • Danfeng Luo1
Received: 4 July 2023 / Revised: 12 December 2023 / Accepted: 11 January 2024
Ó The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Taiwan Fuzzy Systems Association 2024
Abstract This paper is devoted to studying a class of
fuzzy fractional switched implicit differential equations
(FFSIDEs) with non-instantaneous impulses that there are
few papers considering this issue. Considering switching
law and the memory property of fractional calculus, we
first present a formula of solution for FFSIDEs with non-
instantaneous impulses. Subsequently, based on a sequence
of Picard functions, we explore the existence of solutions
for the addressed equations by successive approximation.
Furthermore, Ulam–Hyers (U–H) stability for this consid-
ered equations is derived. The main results are obtained
using fuzzy-valued fractional calculus and nonlinear anal-
ysis. Finally, two numerical examples illustrating the the-
oretical result are given.
Keywords Fractional calculus  Fuzzy differential
equations  Impulsive differential equations  Ulam–Hyers
stability
1 Introduction
The classical integral and derivative operators were origi-
nally defined for integer-order, but with the increasing
study of calculus, they have been extended to include
fractional order. Compared with integer-order models,
fractional dynamics models have higher precision, non-
locality, weak singular kernel, and can more accurately
describe the memory and genetic characteristics of various
& Danfeng Luo
dfluo@gzu.edu.cn
1
Department of Mathematics, Guizhou University,
Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
processes. Fractional calculus has been of great interest to
researchers due to its applications in various branches of
applied sciences such as physics [1], economics [2], biol-
ogy [3] and medicine [4]. For more details, please see
[5–11].
Impulsive differential equations are used to simulate
systems that are affected by a sudden change of state at a
particular time. In general, there are two types of impulsive
effects in differential equations. According to the state
change or the duration of the disturbed process, the impulse
can be divided into instantaneous situation [12–15] and
non-instantaneous situation [16–18]. Instantaneous impul-
sive effect means that the time of the mutation or distur-
bance process is extremely short compared with the whole
development process of things, while non-instantaneous
impulsive effects mean that the change process depends on
the current state and needs to continue for a period of time.
This period is crucial for the entire system development
process, both in theoretical analysis and practical applica-
tions. As a branch of impulsive problems, the theoretical
study of fractional impulse system has been widely used in
many fields, including applied mathematics, medical
research, information engineering technology, power sys-
tem, networked control and so on. Up to now, there have
been a large number of studies [18–20] on the stability and
controllability of such systems. In [18], the authors proved
the controllability of fractional differential inclusions with
non-instantaneous impulses by virtue of a weakly conver-
gent criteria. In [19], authors obtained controllability of
nonlocal Hilfer fractional differential inclusions with non-
instantaneous impulses. In [20], finite-time stability for
fractional impulsive differential equations with delays was
obtained. For more information about the fractional
impulsive differential system, see previous works [21, 22].
123

As we all know, some systems will produce errors due to
experimentation, maintenance and observation reasons, so
the obtained parameters are fuzzy, and the information is
incomplete. We use fuzzy set theory to deal with this kind
of fuzzy uncertainty. The concept of a fuzzy set was first
proposed by Zadeh [23] in 1965, which marked the birth of
fuzzy mathematics. In these decades, fuzzy mathematics
has achieved rapid development, and has gradually com-
bined with the classical mathematics of each branch, then
formed each branch of fuzzy mathematics, such as fuzzy
topology, fuzzy analysis, fuzzy algebra, and so on [24, 25].
Recently, an increasing number of researchers have com-
bined fuzzy set theory and fractional theory to establish
numerous results about fuzzy fractional calculus. For
instance, authors obtained the solutions of fuzzy fractional
differential equations by virtue of fuzzy Laplace transforms
in [26]. In [27], using the contraction principle, the exis-
tence and uniqueness results for fuzzy fractional functional
integral equations were obtained. In [28], by virtue of the
Banach fixed point theorem and Grönwall inequality, the
uniqueness of solutions and U–H stability for fuzzy frac-
tional differential equations with delay were discussed. For
more details related to fuzzy fractional differential equa-
tions, please see [29–36]. In fact, most scholars discussed
fractional and fractional delay differential equations in a
fuzzy environment. There are few papers discussing frac-
tional impulsive differential equations in a fuzzy environ-
ment, which is more complex than fractional fuzzy
differential equation. However, there is a lot of work that
can be done in this area, and it is very meaningful.
As a special kind of hybrid system, switched system is
composed of a family of continuous or discrete subsystems
and a rule related to how these subsystems switch one by
one, and the rule determines that subsystems are running on
the whole process. The study of dynamic behavior in
switching systems has significant theoretical implications
for the study of complex systems, and the solution of
practical engineering problems. Meanwhile, switched sys-
tems have attracted great attention among researchers since
they have many applications in describing many problems
about robotics, biology and control; we can see previous
studies [37–39]. Recently, several researchers have studied
fractional switched differential equations. For example, the
authors investigated the finite-time stability of fractional
switched system in [40]. The Banach fixed point theorem
was used to prove the controllability of switched Hilfer
neutral fractional systems with non-instantaneous impulses
in [41]. The authors of [42] used the Banach fixed point
theorem to obtain some results for the Hilfer fractional
switched impulsive systems. In [43], authors studied con-
trollability and observability of fractional switched
impulsive systems based on an algebraic approach. In the
existing literature, there is no work about fractional
123
International Journal of Fuzzy Systems
switched impulsive differential equations under fuzzy
environment and the above facts are our research motiva-
tion and starting point. In this paper, we focus on the case
with switched effect, non-instantaneous impulsive effect
and fuzzy environment, and explore the U–H stability for
FFSIDEs including non-instantaneous impulses with the
help of nonlinear analysis techniques and fuzzy-valued
fractional calculus.
Due to the relative lack of results on FFSIDEs with
impulses, and inspired by the above discussion, this paper
will discuss FFSIDEs with impulses:
8C j
>
> D0þ LðqÞ ¼ #rðqÞ ðq; LðqÞ; C Dj0þ LðqÞÞ;
>
>
>
< q 2 ðqi ; qiþ1 ; i ¼ 0; . . .; m;
:;
>
>
> LðqÞ ¼ UrðqÞ ðq; LðqÞÞ; q 2 ðqi ; qi ; i ¼ 1; . . .; m;
>
>
:
Lð0Þ ¼ L0 ;
ð1Þ
where C
Dj0þ
is the Caputo fractional derivative,
0\j  1; J ¼ ½0; b, Let 0 ¼ q0 ¼ q0 \q1 \q1 \    \
 
qm \qmþ1 ¼ b; and Lðqþi Þ ¼ limþ Lðqi þ hÞ and L qi ¼
h!0
limþ Lðqi  hÞ denote the right and left limits of LðqÞ at
h!0
q ¼ qi , respectively. #rðqÞ and UrðqÞ are some given func-
tions, and the definition of fuzzy subsets EF can be found
in next section.
The switching signal is expected to be a piecewise
constant function of time q and to be right-continuous at
switching instants. It only changes its values at switching
times , i.e.,
rðqÞ ¼ i; qi  q\qiþ1 ; i ¼ 0; 1; . . .; m:
Hence, using the above switching law, we get the following
FFSIDEs with impulses:
8C j
> D0þ LðqÞ ¼ #i ðq; LðqÞ; C Dj0þ LðqÞÞ;
>
>
>
>
< q 2 ðqi ; qiþ1 ; i ¼ 0; . . .; m;
: ð2Þ
>
> LðqÞ ¼ Ui ðq; LðqÞÞ; q 2 ðqi ; qi ; i ¼ 1; . . .; m;
>
>
>
:
Lð0Þ ¼ L0 :
Building on previous discussions, this study focuses on the
fuzzy fractional switched implicit differential equations
with non-instantaneous impulses. The following are the
main contributions of this research.
(1) To the best of our knowledge, there are few papers
considering U–H stability for fractional switched
non-instantaneous impulsive differential equations
under fuzzy environment, we fill the gap.
(2) Compared with the existing studies [28, 30, 31], the
equation we studied is more complex. Since the
equation contains non-instantaneous impulses, we
J. Huang, D. Luo: Ulam–Hyers Stability of Fuzzy Fractional Non-instantaneous Impulsive...

use the method in [33] to give the form of the

solution. In addition, the authors presented existence
of corresponding fractional differential equations
using Schauder fixed point theorem in [28, 30]. We
use successive approximation method [31] and find
that the impulse interval is not a closed interval and
the method in [31] cannot be directly adopted. Then
we adopt the method similar to the proof of the
generalized Ascoli–Arzela theorem in [44] to solve
this problem.
This article is structured as follows. Section 2 gives some
lemmas and definitions of fuzzy set theory and fractional
calculus. In Sect. 3, considering switching law and the
memory property of fractional calculus, we give the form
of solution for the FFSIDEs with non-instantaneous
impulses. In Sect. 4, the existence of solutions to the
FFSIDEs with non-instantaneous impulses is considered by
virtue of successive approximation. The U–H stability of
this considered equations is studied in the Sect. 5.
where 0 is the zero element of R.
Definition 1 ([27]) The distance D0 ½v1 ; v2  for v1 and v2
in EF is defined as
D0 ½v1 ; v2  ¼ sup H ð½v1 r ; ½v2 r Þ; 8v1 ; v2 2 EF ;
0r1
where
n o
H ð½v1 r ; ½v2 r Þ ¼ max jv1 ðrÞ  v2 ðrÞj; jv1 ðrÞ  v2 ðrÞj
is the Hausdorff distance between ½v1 r and ½v2 r :
Remark 2 According to Definition 1, for v1 ; v2 ; v3 ; v4 ;
v 2 EF ; l1  0; l2  0; l 2 R, we can obtain
(1) D0 ½v1 þ v3 ; v2 þ v3  ¼ D0 ½v1 ; v2 ;
D0 ½v1 ; v3   D0 ½v1 ; v2  þ D0 ½v2 ; v3 ;
(2) D0 ½v1 þ v2 ; v3 þ v4   D0 ½v1 ; v3  þ D0 ½v2 ; v4 ;
D0 ½lv1 ; lv2  ¼ jljD0 ½v1 ; v2 ;
     
(3) D0 v1 þ v2 ; 0^  D0 v1 ; 0^ þ D0 v2 ; 0^ ;
^
D0 ½l1 v; l2 v ¼ jl1  l2 jD0 ½v; 0.

2 Preliminaries Definition 2 ([30]) Let u; m 2 EF , the Hukuhara differ-

In this section, some necessary concepts, lemmas and
definitions of fuzzy set theory and fractional calculus will
be given. Let EF indicate the class of fuzzy numbers in the
real axis v: R ! ½0; 1, i.e., normal, fuzzy convex, upper
semicontinuous and compactly supported fuzzy subsets of
the real numbers. We note that R  EF . For 0\r  1,
denote ½vr ¼ fs0 2 R j vðs0 Þ  rg and ½v0 ¼ fs0 2 R j vðs0 Þ [ 0g.
Then, ½vr ; represents the r-level set of v 2 EF ,
and ½vr ¼ ½vðrÞ; vðrÞ, is a bounded, closed interval, for
r 2 ½0; 1: In addition, the diameter of ½vr is defined as
dð½vr Þ ¼ vðrÞ  vðrÞ. CðJ; EF Þ and ACðJ; EF Þ show the
set of all continuous interval functions and the set of all
absolutely continuous interval functions on the interval J
with values in EF , respectively. Throughout this paper,
denote PCðJ; EF Þ ¼ fx : J ! EF : x 2 Cððqi ; qiþ1 ; EF Þ;
i ¼ 0; 1; 2; . . .; m; 9xðq þ 
i Þ and xðqi Þ; with xðqi Þ ¼ xðqi Þg.
ence of u and m is defined as: u  m ¼ r provided that
u ¼ m þ r, where r 2 EF .
Definition 3 ([30]) The fuzzy function l : ½0; b ! EF is
d-increasing (d-decreasing) on [0, b], if the function
q7!d ð½lðqÞr Þ is nondecreasing (nonincreasing) on [0, b],
for r 2 ½0; 1. If l is d-increasing or d-decreasing on [0, b],
then l is called d-monotone on [0, b].
Definition 4 ([30]) The generalized Hukuhara difference
of g1 ; g2 : ½0; b ! EF is defined as follows:
(
(i) g1 ¼ g2 þ g3 ;
g1 g g2 ¼ g3 , :
or (ii) g2 ¼ g1 þ ð1Þg3 :
Remark 3 The case (i) happens if dð½g1 r Þ  dð½g2 r Þ; and
the case (ii) happens if dð½g1 r Þ  d ð½g2 r Þ.

Remark 1 For v1 ; v2 2 EF and k 2 R, the sum v1 þ v2 Definition 5 ([30]) Let LðÞ : J ! EF , the generalized
and the product k  v1 are defined by Hukuhara derivative of LðqÞ at q0 is defined as
Lðq0 þ hÞ g Lðq0 Þ
½v1 þ v2 r ¼ ½v1 r þ½v2 r DgH Lðq0 Þ ¼ lim ;
h!0 h
¼ fs1 þ s2 j s1 2 ½v1 r ; s2 2 ½v2 r g;
if DgH Lðq0 Þ 2 EF , then L is said to be gH-differentiable at
½k  v1 r ¼ k½v1 r ¼ fks j s 2 ½v1 r g; 8r 2 ½0; 1: q0 .
Definition 6 ([30]) Let LðÞ : ½0; b ! EF , the Riemann–
Liouville fractional integral of order j [ 0 of the fuzzy
Denote 0^ 2 EF the zero element of EF as follows:
 function LðqÞ is given as
1; z ¼ 0; Z q
^
0ðzÞ ¼ ;  j  1
0; z 6¼ 0; J0þ L ðqÞ ¼ ðq  sÞj1 LðsÞds; q 2 ð0; b;
CðjÞ 0

123
 International Journal of Fuzzy Systems

8C j
where CðjÞ is the well-known Gamma function. >
> D0þ LðqÞ ¼ #ðq; LðqÞ; C Dj0þ LðqÞÞ; q 2 ð0; b;
<
Lðq0 Þ ¼ L1 2 EF ; q0 [ 0; : ð4Þ
Definition 7 ([30]) If LðqÞ 2 ACð½0; b; EF Þ is a d- >
>
:
Lð0Þ ¼ L0 2 EF ;
monotone fuzzy function and j 2 ð0; 1, then
Z q
C j  ðq  sÞj iff L satisfies
D0þ L ðqÞ ¼ DgH LðsÞds; q 2 ð0; b:
0 Cð1  jÞ LðqÞ g L ðq0 Þ
Z q
1
¼ ðq  sÞj1 #ðs; LðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞÞds; q 2 ð0; b
CðjÞ 0

3 Representation of Solutions and the fuzzy function q7!Jj0þ #ðq; LðqÞ; C Dj0þ LðqÞÞ is d-
increasing on (0, b], where
8 Z q0
In order to representation of solutions of equation (2), we > 1 j1
>
> L  ðq0  sÞ
give the following Lemma 1 and Lemma 2. The following >
> 1
CðjÞ 0
>
>
>
>
Lemma 1 illustrates the equivalence between fuzzy frac- >
> #ðs; LðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞÞds;
>
>
tional differential equations and fuzzy fractional integral > 
>
>
< r
if d ½Lðq0 Þ  d ð½L0 r Þ;
equations. 0
L ðq Þ ¼ :
> Z q0
>
> 1 j1
Lemma 1 ([30]) Let # : ½0; b EF EF ! EF be a >
> L1 þ ð1Þ 0
ðq  sÞ
>
> CðjÞ 0
>
>
continuous function. Then a d-monotone fuzzy function L 2 >
>
>
> #ðs; LðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞÞds;
Cð½0; b; EF Þ is a solution of initial value problem >
>
>
:  r
(C j if d ½Lðq0 Þ  d ð½L0 r Þ:
D0þ LðqÞ ¼ #ðq; LðqÞ; C Dj0þ LðqÞÞ; q 2 ð0; b;
: ð3Þ
Lð0Þ ¼ L0 2 EF ;
Proof The proof is similar to the proof of Lemma 3.2. in
iff L satisfies
[33].
Z q
1  
LðqÞ g L0 ¼ ðq  sÞj1 # s; LðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞ ds; Lemma 3 Assume that #i : ½0; b EF EF ! EF ; i ¼
CðjÞ 0 0; . . .; m and Ui : ðqi ; qi  EF ! EF ; i ¼ 1; . . .; m are
q 2 ð0; b; jointly continuous. Then, a d-monotone fuzzy function L 2
PCð½0; b; EF Þ is a solution of the equation (2) iff L 2
and the fuzzy function q7!Jj0þ #ðq; LðqÞ; C Dj0þ LðqÞÞ is PCð½0; b; EF Þ satisfies
d-increasing on (0, b]. 8 Z q
> 1
>
> LðqÞ g L0 ¼ ðq  sÞj1 #0 ðs; LðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞÞds;
Remark 4 If dð½LðqÞr Þ  d ð½L0 r Þ for all q 2 ð0; b and >
> CðjÞ 0
>
>
>
>
for every r 2 ½0; 1, then the equation (3) is equivalent to >
> q 2 ð0; q1 ;
>
<
Z q
1   LðqÞ ¼ Ui ðq; LðqÞÞ; q 2 ðqi ; qi ; i ¼ 1; . . .; m; :;
LðqÞ ¼ L0 þ ðq  sÞj1 # s; LðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞ ds; >
>
> Z q
CðjÞ 0 >
>
> 1
>
> LðqÞ g L ðqi Þ ¼ CðjÞ ðq  sÞj1 #i ðs; LðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞÞds;
q 2 ð0; b: >
>
>
>
0
:
q 2 ðqi ; qiþ1 ; i ¼ 1; . . .; m;
If d ð½LðqÞr Þ  d ð½L0 r Þ for all q 2 ð0; b and for every ð5Þ
r 2 ½0; 1, then the equation (3) is equivalent to
where
LðqÞ ¼ L0  ð1Þ 8 Z qi
Z q >
> 1
1   >
> Ui ðqi ; Lðqi ÞÞ  ðqi  sÞj1
ðq  sÞj1 # s; LðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞ ds; q 2 ð0; b: >
>
>
>
CðjÞ 0
CðjÞ 0 >
>
>
> #i ðs; LðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞÞds;
>
>
>
>
< if dð½Lðqi Þr Þ  dð½L0 r Þ;
L ðqi Þ ¼ Z qi :
>
> 1
Lemma 2 Let # : ½0; b EF EF ! EF be a continu- >
> U ðq ; Lðq ÞÞ þ ð1Þ ð q  s Þj1
>
> i i i
CðjÞ 0 i
>
>
ous function, then a d-monotone fuzzy function L is a >
>
>
> C j
#i ðs; LðsÞ; D0þ LðsÞÞds;
solution of the initial value problem >
>
>
>
:
if dð½Lðqi Þr Þ  dð½L0 r Þ;

123
J. Huang, D. Luo: Ulam–Hyers Stability of Fuzzy Fractional Non-instantaneous Impulsive...

8 Z q2
and the fuzzy function q7!Jj0þ #i ðq; LðqÞ; C Dj0þ LðqÞÞ is d- >
> 1
>
> U 2 ðq 2 ; Lðq 2 ÞÞ  ðq2  sÞj1
increasing on [0, b], for i ¼ 0; 1; 2. . .; m. >
> CðjÞ 0
>
>
>
>
Proof Suppose LðqÞ satisfies the initial value problem (2), >
> #2 ðs; LðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞÞds;
>
>
>
>
for any q 2 ð0; q1 , we consider < if dð½Lðq2 Þr Þ  d ð½L0 r Þ;
(C j L ðq2 Þ ¼ Z q2 :
D0þ LðqÞ ¼ #0 ðq; LðqÞ; C Dj0þ LðqÞÞ; q 2 ð0; q1 ; >
> 1
: >
>
j1
> U2 ðq2 ; Lðq2 ÞÞ þ ð1Þ CðjÞ
>
ðq2  sÞ
Lð0Þ ¼ L0 : >
> 0
>
>
>
> #2 ðs; LðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞÞds;
According to Lemma 1, we can get >
>
>
>
Z q :
1   if dð½Lðq2 Þr Þ  d ð½L0 r Þ:
LðtÞ g L0 ¼ ðq  sÞj1 #0 s; LðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞ ds;
CðjÞ 0
Proceeding as above, when q 2 ðqi ; qi ; i  3; one can get
q 2 ð0; q1 :
LðqÞ ¼ Ui ðq; LðqÞÞ; Lðqi Þ ¼ Ui ðqi ; Lðqi ÞÞ. For any q 2
ðqi ; qiþ1 ; i ¼ 3; . . .; m, we consider
When q 2 ðq1 ; q1 ; LðqÞ ¼ U1 ðq; LðqÞÞ: Then, we can 8C j
derive Lðq1 Þ ¼ U1 ðq1 ; Lðq1 ÞÞ: For any q 2 ðq1 ; q2 , we >
> D0þ LðqÞ ¼ #i ðq; LðqÞ; C Dj0þ LðqÞÞ; q 2 ðqi ; qiþ1 ;
<
consider
Lðqi Þ ¼ Ui ðqi ; Lðqi ÞÞ :
8C j >
>
>
> D0þ LðqÞ ¼ #1 ðq; LðqÞ; C Dj0þ LðqÞÞ; q 2 ðq1 ; q2 ; :
Lð0Þ ¼ L0 :
<
Lðq1 Þ ¼ U1 ðq1 ; Lðq1 ÞÞ; :
>
>
: According to Lemma 2, we can derive
Lð0Þ ¼ L0 : 8 Z q
>
> 1
According to Lemma 2, we can obtain > LðqÞ g L0 ¼
> ðq  sÞj1
>
> CðjÞ 0
>
>
LðqÞ g L ðq1 Þ >
>
Z q >
>
C j
#0 ðs; LðsÞ; D0þ LðsÞÞds; q 2 ð0; q1 ;
>
>
1 >
>
¼ ðq  sÞj1 #1 ðs; LðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞÞds; ; < LðqÞ ¼ Ui ðq; LðqÞÞ; q 2 ðqi ; qi ; i ¼ 1; . . .; m;
CðjÞ 0 :;
Z q
q 2 ðq1 ; q2 ; >
> 1
>
> LðqÞ  L ð q Þ ¼ ð q  s Þ j1
>
> g i
CðjÞ 0
>
>
where >
>
>
> #i ðs; LðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞÞds; q 2 ðqi ; qiþ1 ;
8 Z q1 >
>
> 1 >
>
>
> U ðq ; Lðq ÞÞ  ðq1  sÞj1 :
>
>
>
1 1 1
CðjÞ 0 i ¼ 1; . . .; m;
>
>
>
>
>
> #1 ðs; LðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞÞds; where
>
>
>
> 8 Z qi
< if d ð½Lðq1 Þr Þ  d ð½L0 r Þ; >
> 1
L ðq 1 Þ ¼
>
Z q1 : >
> U ðq
i i ; Lðq i ÞÞ  ðqi  sÞj1
>
> 1 j1 >
> CðjÞ 0
>
> U ðq
1 1 ; Lðq 1 ÞÞ þ ð1Þ ð q1  s Þ >
>
>
>
> CðjÞ 0 >
>
>
> >
>
C j
#i ðs; LðsÞ; D0þ LðsÞÞds;
>
> >
>
>
> #1 ðs; LðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞÞds; >
>
>
> < if d ð½Lðqi Þr Þ  d ð½L0 r Þ;
:
if d ð½Lðq1 Þr Þ  d ð½L0 r Þ: L ðqi Þ ¼ Z qi :
>
> 1
>
> U ðq ; Lðq ÞÞ þ ð1Þ ð q  s Þ j1
When q 2 ðq2 ; q2 ; LðqÞ ¼ U2 ðq; LðqÞÞ: Then, we have >
> i i i
CðjÞ 0 i
>
>
Lðq2 Þ ¼ U2 ðq2 ; Lðq2 ÞÞ: For any q 2 ðq2 ; q3 , we consider >
>
>
> #i ðs; LðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞÞds;
8C j >
>
> D0þ LðqÞ ¼ #2 ðq; LðqÞ; C Dj0þ LðqÞÞ; q 2 ðq1 ; q2 ; >
>
> :
< if d ð½Lðqi Þr Þ  d ð½L0 r Þ:
Lðq2 Þ ¼ U2 ðq2 ; Lðq2 ÞÞ :
>
> h
:
Lð0Þ ¼ L0 :

According to Lemma 2, we can attain

Z q
4 Existence
1
LðqÞ g L ðq2 Þ ¼ ðq  sÞj1 #2 ðs; LðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞÞds;
CðjÞ 0 ;
q 2 ðq2 ; q3 ;
In order to existence of solutions of equation (2), we need
the following hypothesis:
where

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 International Journal of Fuzzy Systems

8
(A1) The functions ðq; z; wÞ ! #i ðq; z; wÞ and ðq; zÞ ! > L0 ðqÞ ¼ L0 ;
>
>
Ui ðq; zÞ are continuous. >
> Z q
>
>
(A2) There exist constants G0 ; Gi and Mi ; i ¼ 1; . . .; m >
> ðq  sÞj1
>
> Ln ðqÞ  g 0L ¼
such that for each z; w 2 EF >
> CðjÞ
>
>
0
>
>
^  Gi ; for q 2 ½0; b;
D0 ½#i ðq; z; wÞ; 0 >
> #0 ðs; Ln1 ðsÞ; C Dj0þ Ln1 ðsÞÞds; q 2 ð0; q1 ;
>
<
^  Mi ; for q 2 ½qi ; qi :
D0 ½Ui ðq; zÞ; 0 Ln ðqÞ ¼ Ui ðq; Ln1 ðqÞÞ; q 2 ðqi ; qi ; i ¼ 1; . . .; m; : ;
>
>
>
> Z q
>
>
> ðq  sÞj1
>
> Ln ðqÞ  g L ð qi Þ ¼
(A3) There exist constants Ki1 and Ki2 ; i ¼ 0; . . .; m such >
>
n1
CðjÞ
>
>
0
that for each q 2 ½0; b, and all z1 ; z2 ; w1 ; w2 2 EF , >
>
>
> #i ðs; Ln1 ðsÞ; C Dj0þ Ln1 ðsÞÞds; q 2 ðqi ; qiþ1 ;
we have >
>
>
:
D0 ½#i ðq; z1 ; w1 Þ; #i ðq; z2 ; w2 Þ i ¼ 1; . . .; m;
 Ki1 D0 ½z1 ; z2  þ Ki2 D0 ½w1 ; w2 : ð6Þ
where
(A4) There exists constants LUi ; i ¼ 1; . . .; m such that 8 Z qi
>
> ðqi  sÞj1
for each q 2 ½qi ; qi , and all z1 ; z2 2 EF , we have >
> Ui ðq i ; Ln1 ðqi ÞÞ 
>
> 0 CðjÞ
>
>
D0 ½Ui ðq; z1 Þ; Ui ðq; z2 Þ  LUi D0 ½z1 ; z2 : >
>
>
>
C j
#i ðs; Ln1 ðsÞ; D0þ Ln1 ðsÞÞds;
>
>
>
>
For simplify, we set G ¼ max fGi g; M ¼ max fMi g; < if dð½Ln1 ðqi Þr Þ  dð½L0 r Þ;
0im 1im Ln1 ðqi Þ ¼ Z qi :
>
> ð q  s Þ j1
K1 ¼ max fKi1 g; K2 ¼ max fKi2 g; LU ¼ max fLUi g: >
> i
0im 0im 1im > Ui ðqi ; Ln1 ðqi ÞÞ þ ð1Þ
>
>
> 0 CðjÞ
Setting #i ðqi ; Lðqi Þ; C Dj0þ Lðqi ÞÞ ¼ #i ðqi þ 0; Lðqi þ 0Þ; >
>
>
C j >
> #i ðs; Ln1 ðsÞ; C Dj0þ Ln1 ðsÞÞds;
D0þ Lðqi þ 0ÞÞ and Ui ðqi ; Lðqi ÞÞ ¼ Ui ðqi þ 0; Lðqi þ 0ÞÞ. >
>
    >
:
Let Bi 0;^ xi ¼ fh 2 EF j sup D0 hðqÞ; 0^  xi ; i ¼ 0; if dð½Ln1 ðqi Þr Þ  dð½L0 r Þ:
q2½0;b
   
^x
. . .; mg and Oi 0; ¼ fh 2 EF j sup D0 hðqÞ; 0^ Step 2. We need to prove fLn ðÞg is well-defined. Indeed,
q2½qi ;qi 
since L0 ðÞ is continuous on [0, b]. We suppose that
 x; i ¼ 1; . . .; mg.
Lk ðÞ; k ¼ 0; 1; 2; . . .n  1, are piecewise continuous on
On the basis of previous research [31, 44], we will
[0, b].
combine successive approximation method [31] under
Then for q 2 ½0; bÞ and i [ 0 such that q þ i 2 ð0; b,
fuzzy environment and the approach similar to the proof of
we obtain the following processes. For q 2 ½0; q1 , we can
the generalized Ascoli–Arzela theorem [44], and next will
derive
obtain existence for fuzzy fractional switched implicit
differential equations with non-instantaneous impulses. D0 ½Ln ðq þ iÞ; Ln ðqÞ
 D0 ½L0 ; L0 
Theorem 1 Assumptions (A1)-(A4) hold and there exist Z q 
constants Ci ; Gi and C such that 1
    þ ðq þ i  sÞj1 ðq  sÞj1
#i : ½0; b Bi 0; ^ Ci ^ Gi ! EF is a compact
Bi 0; CðjÞ 0
 
mapping, i ¼ 0; . . .; m; D0 #0 ðs; Ln1 ðsÞ; C Dj0þ Ln1 ðsÞÞ; 0^ ds
  Z qþi
^ C ! EF is a compact mapping,
Ui : ½qi ; qi  Oi 0; 1
þ ðq þ i  sÞj1
i ¼ 1; . . .; m. CðjÞ q
Then, the FFSIDEs with impulses (2) have a least one  
D0 #0 ðs; Ln1 ðsÞ; C Djþ Ln1 ðsÞÞ; 0^ ds
0
solution in PCð½0; b; EF Þ.
G0
 ððq þ iÞj  qj Þ:
Proof To prove the theorem, we shall divide our proof Cðj þ 1Þ
into several steps.
Therefore, D0 ½Ln ðq þ iÞ; Ln ðqÞ ! 0 as i ! 0þ . For
Step 1. We construct a sequence of Picard functions.
q 2 ðqi ; qi ; i ¼ 1; 2; . . .; m, since Ui is continuous for all
Define a sequence of functions Ln ðÞ : ½0; b ! EF for
i ¼ 1; 2; . . .; m, thus D0 ½Ln ðq þ iÞ; Ln ðqÞ ! 0 as i ! 0þ .
n 2 N, as follows:

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J. Huang, D. Luo: Ulam–Hyers Stability of Fuzzy Fractional Non-instantaneous Impulsive...

For q 2 ðqi ; qiþ1 ; i ¼ 1; 2; . . .; m, the prove procedures Cð½0; q1 ; EF Þ, and there exists a subsequence fLnk g of
is similar to the q 2 ½0; q1 , we get fLn g such that
Gi Lnk j½0;q1  ! La1 in Cð½0; q1 ; EF Þ as k ! 1:
D0 ½Ln ðq þ iÞ; Ln ðqÞ  ððq þ iÞj  qj Þ;
Cðj þ 1Þ
We consider fLn g in ½qi ; qi  and setting Ln ðqi Þ ¼ Ln
and we have D0 ½Ln ðq þ iÞ; Ln ðqÞ ! 0 as i ! 0þ . ðqi þ 0Þ; i ¼ 1; 2; . . .; m. Then, let C ¼ max fCi g and
Similarly, for q 2 ð0; b and i [ 0 such that 0im

q  i 2 ½0; bÞ, we obtain that D0 ½Ln ðqÞ; Ln ðq  iÞ ! 0 as fLn j½qi ;qi  g  Cð½qi ; qi ; EF Þ. We can similarly deduce that
i ! 0þ . Hence, the functions Ln ðÞ : ½0; b ! EF ; n 2 N, is there exists a subsequence fLnk g of fLn g such that
piecewise continuous on [0, b]. So fLn ; n  0g is well-
Lnk j½qi ;qi  ! Lbi in Cð½qi ; qi ; EF Þ as k ! 1:
defined.
Step 3. We need to prove fLn ðÞg is compact. By means We consider fLn g in ½qi ; qiþ1  and setting Ln ðqi Þ ¼ Ln
of (A1) and (A2), we can easily deduce that fLn ; n  0g is ðqi þ 0Þ; i ¼ 1; 2; . . .; m. Then, let C ¼ max fCi g and
0im
uniformly bounded.
We consider fLn j½0;q1  g and fLn j½0;q1  g  Cð½0; q1 ; EF Þ. fLn j½qi ;qiþ1  g  Cð½qi ; qiþ1 ; EF Þ. We can similarly deduce
According to compact mappings #0 , it is easy for us to that there exists a subsequence fLnk g of fLn g such that
    
obtain that #0 ½0; q1  B0 0; ^ C0 B0 0; ^ G0 is rela- Lnk j½qi ;qiþ1  ! Laiþ1 in Cð½qi ; qiþ1 ; EF Þ as k ! 1:
tively compact in EF . Subsequently, from Theorem 2.1 in
     Finally, define LðqÞ ¼ Laiþ1 ðqÞ; q 2 ½qi ; qiþ1 ; i ¼ 0; . . .; m
[31], #0 ½0; q1  B0 0; ^ C0 B0 0;^ G0 is level-
and LðqÞ ¼ Lbi ðqÞ; q 2 ½qi ; qi ; i ¼ 1; . . .; m. Hence, fLnk g
equicontinuous, that is, for any e [ 0 there exists d [ 0
uniformly converges to L 2 PCðJ; EF Þ.
such that for jr2  r1 j\d we get
Step 4. We need to prove LðÞ is a solution of the
e
H ð½L0 r2 ; ½L0 r1 Þ\ ; integral equation (5).
2 For q 2 ½0; q1 , we have
Cðj þ 1Þe "
Hð½#0 ðq; .; mÞr2 ; ½#0 ðq; .; mÞr1 Þ\ ;
2qj1
D0 Lnk ðqÞ g L0 ;
   
for all q 2 ½0; q1 ; . 2 B0 0; ^ C0 ; m 2 B0 0; ^ G 0 ; r1 ; r2 2 #
Z
½0; 1 with r1 \r2 . Hence, for n 2 f1; 2; . . .g, we can get
q
ðq  sÞj1
#0 ðs; LðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞÞds
0 CðjÞ
H ð½Ln ðqÞr2 ; ½Ln ðqÞr1 Þ  H ð½L0 r2 ; ½L0 r1 Þ Z
Z q ðq  sÞj1 
q
ðq  sÞj1  r2  D0 #0 ðs; LðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞÞ;
þ H #0 ðs; Ln1 ðsÞ; C Dj0þ Ln1 ðsÞÞ ; 0 CðjÞ
0 CðjÞ 
 r1  #0 ðs; Lnk 1 ðsÞ; C Dj0þ Lnk 1 ðsÞÞ ds:
#0 ðs; Ln1 ðsÞ; C Dj0þ Ln1 ðsÞÞ ds
Z q
e ejðq  sÞj1 Hence, we obtain
 þ ds\e;
2 0 2qj1 LðqÞ g L0
 
which means that fLn ; n  0g is level-equicontinuous on ¼ lim Lnk ðqÞ g L0
k!1
[0, 1] with respect to q 2 ½0; q1 . For 0  .1 \.2  q1 , we Z q
ðq  sÞj1
obtain ¼ #0 ðs; LðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞÞds; q 2 ½0; q1 :
0 CðjÞ
D0 ½Ln ð.1 Þ; Ln ð.2 Þ
 
Z .1 G0 ð.  sÞj1 ð.  sÞj1 For q 2 ðqi ; qi ; i ¼ 1; 2; . . .; m, one can attain
2 1
 ds D0 ½Lnk ðqÞ; Ui ðq; LðqÞÞ
0 CðjÞ
Z .2  D0 ½Ui ðq; Lnk 1 ðqÞÞ; Ui ðq; LðqÞÞ:
G0 ð.2  sÞj1
þ ds
.1 CðjÞ Hence, we obtain
 j 
G0 .2  .j1 LðqÞ ¼ lim ðLnk ðqÞÞ ¼ Ui ðq; LðqÞÞ;
¼ ; k!1
Cðj þ 1Þ
q 2 ðqi ; qi ; i ¼ 1; . . .; m:
as .1 ! .2 , the right-hand side of the above inequality
tends to zero. Hence, fLn g is equicontinuous on ½0; q1 . Due For q 2 ðqi ; qiþ1 ; i ¼ 1; 2; . . .; m, one can get
to Theorem 2.3 in [31], fLn j½0;q1  g is a compact subset of

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 International Journal of Fuzzy Systems

"
D0 ½ XðqÞ; LðqÞ  ed; q 2 ½0; b:
D0 Lnk ðqÞ g L ðqi Þ;

Z #
q
ðq  sÞj1 Remark 5 A function X 2 PCðJ; EF Þ is a solution of
#i ðs; LðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞÞds
0 CðjÞ inequality (7) iff there exist DðqÞ and Di ; i ¼ 1; . . .; m such
 D0 ½Ui ðqi ; Lnk 1 ðqi ÞÞ; Ui ðqi ; Lðqi ÞÞ that
Z qi  
ðqi  sÞj1  (1) D0 DðqÞ; 0^  e; 8q 2 ðqi ; qiþ1 ; i ¼ 0; 1; . . .; m and
þ D0 #i ðs; LðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞÞ;  
0 CðjÞ D0 Di ; 0^  e; 8i ¼ 1; . . .; m;

#i ðs; Lnk 1 ðsÞ; C Dj0þ Lnk 1 ðsÞÞ ds (2) C
Dj0þ XðqÞ ¼ #i ðq; XðqÞ; C Dj0þ XðqÞÞ
Z q þDðqÞ; q 2 ðqi ; qiþ1 ; i ¼ 0; 1; . . .; m;
ðq  sÞj1 
þ D0 #i ðs; LðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞÞ; (3) XðqÞ ¼ Ui ðq; XðqÞÞ þ Di ; q 2 ðqi ; qi ; i ¼ 1; . . .; m:
0 CðjÞ
 Using Remark 5, we can obtain
#i ðs; Lnk 1 ðsÞ; C Dj0þ Lnk 1 ðsÞÞ ds:
8C j
>
> D0þ XðqÞ ¼ #i ðq; XðqÞ; C Dj0þ XðqÞÞ þ DðqÞ;
Hence, we obtain >
>
  >
>
>
> q 2 ðqi ; qiþ1 ; i ¼ 0; . . .; m;
LðqÞ g L ðqi Þ ¼ lim Lnk ðqÞ g L ðqi Þ <
k!1
Z q XðqÞ ¼ Ui ðq; XðqÞÞ þ Di ; q 2 ðqi ; qi ; : ð8Þ
ðq  sÞj1 ; >
>
¼ #i ðs; LðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞÞds; >
>
>
> i ¼ 1; . . .; m;
0 CðjÞ >
>
:
Xð0Þ ¼ L0 :
where
8 Z qi Using Lemma 3, the solution X 2 PCð½0; b; EF Þ of the
>
> 1
>
> Ui ðqi ; Lðqi ÞÞ  ðqi  sÞj1 above equation is defined as
>
> CðjÞ 0
>
> 8 Z q
>
> > ðq  sÞj1
>
> #i ðs; LðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞÞds; >
> XðqÞ g L0 ¼
>
> >
> CðjÞ
>
> >
> 0
< if d ð½Lðqi Þr Þ  d ð½L0 r Þ; >
>  
L ðqi Þ ¼ : >
> #0 ðs; XðsÞ; C Dj0þ XðsÞÞ þ DðsÞ ds; q 2 ð0; q1 ;
Z qi >
>
>
> 1 <
>
> Ui ðqi ; Lðqi ÞÞ þ ð1Þ ðqi  sÞ j1
>
> CðjÞ 0 XðqÞ ¼ Ui ðq; XðqÞÞ þ Di ; q 2 ðqi ; qi ; i ¼ 1; . . .; m; :;
>
> >
>
>
> >
> Z q
>
> #i ðs; LðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞÞds; >
> ðq  sÞj1 
>
> >
> XðqÞ  X ð q Þ ¼ #i ðs; XðsÞ; C Dj0þ XðsÞÞ
>
> >
> g i
CðjÞ
: >
if d ð½Lðqi Þr Þ  d ð½L0 r Þ: >
>
:
0

þDðsÞÞds; q 2 ðqi ; qiþ1 ; i ¼ 1; . . .; m;

h
ð9Þ
where
5 Ulam–Hyers Stability Result 8 Z qi
>
> ðqi  sÞj1
>
> ½Ui ðqi ; Xðqi ÞÞ þ Di  
Let e [ 0, consider the following inequality >
> 0 CðjÞ
>
>
8 C j  >
>  
> D0 D0þ XðqÞ; #i ðq; XðqÞ; C Dj0þ XðqÞÞ  e; >
> #i ðs; XðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞÞ þ DðsÞ ds;
>
> >
>
>
> >
>
< q 2 ðqi ; qiþ1 ; i ¼ 0; 1; . . .; m; < if d ð½ X ðqi Þr Þ  dð½L0 r Þ;
: ð7Þ X ðqi Þ ¼ Z qi :
>
> D0 ½ XðqÞ; Ui ðq; XðqÞÞ  e; >
> ðqi  sÞj1
>
> >
> Ui ðqi ; Xðqi ÞÞ þ Di þ ð1Þ
>
: >
>
q 2 ðqi ; qi ; i ¼ 1; . . .; m: >
> 0 CðjÞ
>
>  
>
> C j
>
> #i ðs; XðsÞ; D0þ XðsÞÞ þ DðsÞ ds;
Definition 8 The system (2) is U–H stable if there exists a >
>
:
positive real number d such that for each e and for each if d ð½ X ðqi Þr Þ  dð½L0 r Þ:
solution X 2 PCðJ; EF Þ of the inequality (7), and there
exists a solution L 2 PCðJ; EF Þ of the equation (2) with

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J. Huang, D. Luo: Ulam–Hyers Stability of Fuzzy Fractional Non-instantaneous Impulsive...

Theorem 2 Suppose that Hypotheses (A3) and (A4) hold. D0 ½ XðqÞ; LðqÞ
If 0\K2 \1 and LU þ ð1K2KÞCðjþ1Þ
1
ðqki þ qkiþ1 Þ\1, then the Z q
ðq  sÞj1 
 D0 #0 ðs; XðsÞ; C Dj0þ XðsÞÞ;
equation (2) is U–H stable. 0 CðjÞ

#0 ðs; LðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞÞ ds
Proof X satisfies the inequality (7) and L 2 PCð½0; b; EF Þ Z q
is a solution of FFSIDEs (2). Then, by Lemma 3, we can ðq  sÞj1  
þ D0 DðsÞ; 0^ ds
obtain 0 CðjÞ
8 Z q
Z q ðq  sÞj1
>
> ðq  sÞj1  ðK1 D0 ½ XðsÞ; LðsÞ
>
> LðqÞ  g L 0 ¼ #0 ðs; LðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞÞds; 0 CðjÞ
>
> CðjÞ C j 
>
>
0
þK2 D0 D0þ XðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞ ds
>
>
>
> q 2 ð0; q1 ; Z q
>
< ðq  sÞj1  
þ D0 DðsÞ; 0^ ds
LðqÞ ¼ Ui ðq; LðqÞÞ; q 2 ðqi ; qi ; i ¼ 1; . . .; m; :; 0 CðjÞ
>
>
>
> Z K1 qk
>
>
>
q
ðq  sÞj1 
>
> LðqÞ g L ðqi Þ ¼ #i ðs; LðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞÞds; ð1  K2 ÞCðj þ 1Þ
>
> 0 CðjÞ
>
>
: k
q 2 ðqi ; qiþ1 ; i ¼ 1; . . .; m; supq2½0;b D0 ½ XðqÞ; LðqÞ þ e ð1K2qÞCðjþ1Þ :For each
q 2 ðqi ; qi , we can obtain
where
8 Z qi D0 ½ XðqÞ; LðqÞ
> ðqi  sÞj1  
>
>
> U ðq
i i ; Lðq i ÞÞ   D0 Di ; 0^ þ D0 ½Ui ðq; XðqÞÞ; Ui ðq; LðqÞÞ
>
> 0 CðjÞ
>
>  e þ LU sup D0 ½ XðqÞ; LðqÞ:
>
>
>
> #i ðs; LðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞÞds; q2½0;b
>
>
>
>
< if d ð½Lðqi Þr Þ  d ð½L0 r Þ; For each q 2 ðqi ; qiþ1 , we can obtain
L ðqi Þ ¼ Z qi :
>
> ð q  s Þj1 D0 ½XðqÞ; LðqÞ  D0 ½X ðqi Þ; L ðqi Þ
>
> i
Z q
>
> Ui ðqi ; Lðqi ÞÞ þ ð1Þ
>
> CðjÞ ðq  sÞj1 
>
>
0 þ D0 #i ðs; XðsÞ; C Dj0þ XðsÞÞ þ DðsÞ;
>
> 0 CðjÞ
>
>
> #i ðs; LðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞÞds; 
>
: #i ðs; LðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞÞ ds  D0 ½ Xðqi Þ; Lðqi Þ
if d ð½Lðqi Þr Þ  d ð½L0 r Þ: Z qi
ðqi  sÞj1 
þ D0 #i ðs; XðsÞ; C Dj0þ XðsÞÞ þ DðsÞ;
Note that 0 CðjÞ

  #i ðs; LðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞÞ ds
D0 C Dj0þ XðqÞ; C Dj0þ LðqÞ Z q
 ðq  sÞj1 
þ D0 #i ðs; XðsÞ; C Dj0þ XðsÞÞ þ DðsÞ;
¼ D0 #i ðq; XðqÞ; C Dj0þ XðqÞÞ þ DðqÞ; 0 CðjÞ
 
#i ðq; LðqÞ; C Dj0þ LðqÞÞ #i ðs; LðsÞ; C Dj0þ LðsÞÞ ds  e þ LU sup D0 ½XðqÞ; LðqÞ
q2½0;b
 e þ K1 D0 ½ XðqÞ; LðqÞ
  K1 qki
þ K2 D0 C Dj0þ XðqÞ; C Dj0þ LðqÞ ; þ sup D0 ½ XðqÞ; LðqÞ
ð1  K2 ÞCðj þ 1Þ q2½0;b

then qki K1 qkiþ1

þe þ
  ð1  K2 ÞCðj þ 1Þ ð1  K2 ÞCðj þ 1Þ
D0 C Dj0þ XðqÞ; C Dj0þ LðqÞ qkiþ1
e K1 sup D0 ½ XðqÞ; LðqÞ þ e :
 þ D0 ½ XðqÞ; LðqÞ: q2½0;b ð1  K2 ÞCðj þ 1Þ
1  K2 1  K2
Summarizing, we can get
For each q 2 ð0; q1 , we can obtain
1
sup D0 ½ XðqÞ; LðqÞ  e 1 þ ðqk þ qkiþ1 Þ
q2½0;b ð1  K2 ÞCðj þ 1Þ i
K1
þ LU þ ðqk þ qkiþ1 Þ
ð1  K2 ÞCðj þ 1Þ i
sup D0 ½ XðqÞ; LðqÞ;
q2½0;b

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 International Journal of Fuzzy Systems

Fig. 1 The graph of the solution (10) Fig. 2 Comparison of XðqÞ and LðqÞ with e ¼ 0:01

which gives With ½d1 ; d2 ; d3  ¼ ½0:3; 0:4; 0:5 and Lð0Þ ¼ ½1; 2; 3, we
see the graph of the solution (10) is shown in Fig. 1, and
sup D0 ½ XðqÞ; LðqÞ  ed; ; LðÞ is d-increasing.
q2½0;b
For XðqÞ; LðqÞ 2 EF and q 2 ð0; 2, we can obtain
where  
D0 #0 ðq; XðqÞ; Dj0þ XðqÞÞ; #0 ðq; LðqÞ; Dj0þ LðqÞÞ
 
1
1 þ ð1K2 ÞCðjþ1Þ ðqki þ qkiþ1 Þ 3 1  
 :  D0 ½ XðqÞ; LðqÞ þ D0 Dj0þ XðqÞ; Dj0þ XðqÞ :
d¼ 20e5 2
1  LU þ ð1K2KÞCðjþ1Þ
1
ðqki þ qkiþ1 Þ
For XðqÞ; LðqÞ 2 E and q 2 ð3; 5, we can obtain
 
D0 #1 ðq; XðqÞ; Dj0þ XðqÞÞ; #1 ðq; LðqÞ; Dj0þ LðqÞÞ
1 1  
 D0 ½ XðqÞ; LðqÞ þ D0 Dj0þ XðqÞ; Dj0þ XðqÞ :
20 2
6 Numerical Simulation
For q 2 ð2; 3, we can obtain
6.1 Example 1 D0 ½U1 ðq; XðqÞÞ; U1 ðq; LðqÞÞ ¼ 0:

Let us consider the following specified equations: We can obtain

8C j
>
> D0þ LðqÞ ¼ #0 ðq; LðqÞ; Dj0þ LðqÞÞ; q 2 ð0; 2; K1 1
>
>
> ðqk1 þ qk2 Þ ¼ 20
ð30:6 þ 50:6 Þ
< C Djþ LðqÞ ¼ #1 ðq; LðqÞ; Djþ LðqÞÞ; q 2 ð3; 5;
0 0
ð1  K2 ÞCðj þ 1Þ ð1  12ÞCð1:6Þ
:; ð10Þ
>
> LðqÞ ¼ ½d1 q3 ; d2 q3 ; d3 q3 ; q 2 ð2; 3;  0:6\1:
>
>
>
:
Lð0Þ ¼ L0 ;
Then, the hypotheses of Theorem 2 are satisfied, and (10)
where d1 \d2 \d3 are constants, j ¼ 0:6. Define is U–H stable on [0, 5]. In addition, from Fig. 2 we can
clearly observe that XðqÞ is close enough to LðqÞ when e is
3LðqÞ q 1 C j
#0 ðq; LðqÞ; Dj0þ LðqÞÞ ¼ þ þ D0þ LðqÞ; small enough. Hence, we can draw a conclusion.
20e5 4 2
j LðqÞ q 3 1 C j
#1 ðq; LðqÞ; D0þ LðqÞÞ ¼ þ þ þ D0þ LðqÞ: 6.2 Example 2
20 4 2 2
Let us consider the following specified equations:

123
J. Huang, D. Luo: Ulam–Hyers Stability of Fuzzy Fractional Non-instantaneous Impulsive...
8C j
> D0þ LðqÞ ¼ #0 ðq; LðqÞ; Dj0þ LðqÞÞ; q 2 ð0; 2;
>
> Dynamics and Control. Springer, New York (2011)
>
>
< C Djþ LðqÞ ¼ #1 ðq; LðqÞ; Djþ LðqÞÞ; q 2 ð3; 5;
0 0
:;
>
> LðqÞ ¼ ½d1 q3 ; d2 q3 ; d3 q3 ; q 2 ð2; 3;
>
>
>
: cations of Fractional Differential Equations. Elsevier, Amerster-
Lð0Þ ¼ L0 ;
ð11Þ
where d1 \d2 \d3 are constants, j ¼ 0:8. Define
#0 ðq; LðqÞ; Dj0þ LðqÞÞ ¼ #1 ðq; LðqÞ; Dj0þ LðqÞÞ
2LðqÞ q 1 C j
¼ þ þ D0þ LðqÞ:
35 8 2
With ½d1 ; d2 ; d3  ¼ ½0:1; 0:2; 0:3 and Lð0Þ ¼ ½2; 4; 6. It’s
easy to see that (11) is U–H stable on [0, 5].
7 Conclusion
We mainly discuss a class of fuzzy fractional switched
impulsive differential equations in this paper. Firstly,
considering switching law and the memory property of
fractional calculus, solution of FFSIDEs with non-instan-
taneous impulses is presented. Further, by adopting the
successive approximation, the existence of FFSIDEs with
non-instantaneous impulses is discussed. In addition, the
U–H stability of FFSIDEs with non-instantaneous impulses
is investigated. The main results are obtained using fuzzy-
valued fractional calculus and nonlinear analysis. In the
next work, we will concentrate on U–H stability of frac-
tional switched differential system.
Acknowledgements The author thanks reviewers for their valuable
suggestions.
Data availability No data was used for the research described in the
article.
Declarations
Conflict of interest It is declared that authors has no competing
interests.
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