• Software

- set of programs designed to perform a well-defined

function. > Application Software – type of computer program that performs a
- computer programs that run on PCs, mobile phones, specific personal, educational, and business function.
tablets, etc.
• Program – sequence of instructions written to solve a particular Example:
problem. > Microsoft Office (Word, PowerPoint, Excel, Microsoft Teams)
• System Software > Internet Browser (Chrome, Opera, Internet Explorer, Safari)
- a collection of programs designed to operate, control, and > Video Games
extend the processing capabilities of the computer itself. > Communication Software (Skype, Zoom, Discord, Google Meet)
- serves as the interface between the hardware and the end
users. Software Copyright and License
Types of Software
Types of System Software • Open-source – free to use, no copyright, no license needed,
1. Operating System – Harnesses communication between accessible by everyone
hardware, system programs, and other applications. • Pirated – cracked software, fake licensed, sometimes with virus
• Licensed/Free Trial – legal software, safe to use, costly,
Functions of the Operating System (OS) required by large companies/larger universities
1. Provide the interface between the user and hardware through GUI
2. Manages and allocates memory space for applications Computer Interconnections
3. Security management of files and applications Basic Principles of Networking
4. Manages input and output devices • Networking – delivering a message from a source to a
5. Detects, installs, and troubleshoots devices destination.
6. Implement interface for network communication • Communication – the problem of giving meaning to the
7. Manages printers in single or multi-user systems messages received.
8. Internal or network file management
9. Configures and manages internal and peripheral devices Uses of Computer Networks
➢ Network for Companies
Samples of Operating System - Resource Sharing
Computer Web OS - Database Management
> Windows 10 > Chrome OS ➢ Network for People
> Mac OS X > Club Linux - Access to remote information
> Ubuntu > Remix OS - Person-to-person communication
- Interactive communication
Network OS Mobile OS
> Ubuntu Server > iPhone OS • Communication Channels – a path over which information can
> Windows Server > Android OS be transferred
> Red Hat Enterprise > Windows Phone OS • Transmitter – where the information originates
• Receiver – where the information is delivered
2. Device Driver – Enables device communication with the OS and
other programs. 1. Simplex Channel
- the direction of transmission is unchanging, ex. Broadcasting.
Examples: - only 1 of the 2 devices can transmit, the other can only receive.
> Printer > Sound Card > Network Card 2. Half-duplex Channel
> GPU > Graphic Card - direction may be reversed, but the transmission does not occur at
the same time.
3. Utility Programs – Ensures optimum functionality of devices and - walkie-talkie, intercom, Bluetooth
applications. 3. Full-duplex Channel
- allows simultaneous exchange in both directions
Examples: - mobile phone, telephone
> Anti-Virus (Avast, Windows Defender, Norton, AVG, McAfee)
> File Management Tool – used to manage files (Windows Explorer, Types of Transmission Technologies
Mac OS Finder, Directory Opus, Dolphin in KDE) • Point-to-point Networks – consist of many connections to
> Compression Tool – reduce the size of a file (WinAce, WinZip, individual pairs of machines.
WinRAR, 7-Zip, PKZIP) • Broadcast Networks – consist of many connections to
> Disk Management Tool individual pairs of machines.
> Disk Cleanup Tool (CCleaner, Wise Disk Cleaner, ShredIt)
> Disk Defragmenter Network Topologies
> Backup Utility (Task Manager, Device Manager) 1. Bus Network – a common channel that connects all devices.
2. Ring Network – all messages travel in a ring, either in a clockwise
or counterclockwise direction.
3. Tree Network – integrates multiple star topologies together into a
bus.
4. Star Network – a central connection point (called the hub) is used
and all other devices connect through it.
5. Mesh Network – involves the concept of routes, where a message
is sent on the network can take any of several possible paths from
source to destination.
• Full – Full point-to-point contact with each other
• Partial – not point to point but still connected to each other
Distributed Systems
1. Distributed Data Processing (DDP) – manipulation of data using
distributed systems.
2. Central Data Processing (CDP) – conventional way of doing all the
processing and control on centralized computers.
3. Client-Server – extension of distributed data processing wherein it
provides the best of both centralized and distributed data processing
• Local Area Networks (LANs) – connect network devices over
relatively short distances and usually owned by an individual or
corporation.
• Wide Area Networks (WANs) – span a large physical distance
and owned by any one organization.
• Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) – connect network
around town or city.
• The Internet
- information superhighway, the Net, a network of networks.
- a global network of interconnected computers and devices that
facilitates the exchange of data.
The Origin and the Evolution of the Internet
• 1950S’ – 1960S’
-The United States was engaged in the Cold War with the Soviet
Union
-Computers were large and immobile and had magnetic computer
tapes
-The Soviet Union’s launch of the Sputnik satellite spurred the U.S.
Defense Department
-This led to the formation of the ARPANET (Advanced Research
Projects Agency Network)
• 1969
-when the first message was sent, in a research laboratory at UCLA
(University of California, Los Angeles) and SRI (Stanford Research
Institute, Stanford California)
o Prof. Leonard Kleinrock – made the first computer network at
UCLA, he supervised the transmission of the first internet
message, “LO”
• 1971
o Ray Tomlinson – developed the first system to send mail back
and forth, it is called Electronic-mail or E-mail.
o @ -tell a person's name and the host name apart.
o Vinton Cerf/Vint Cerf -invented a way to introduce computers
across the globe to each other in a virtual space, it is called
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which was followed by
Internet Protocol or IP in the 1980s.
• 1983
o January 1, 1983 – official birthday of the Internet
• 1991
o Tim Berners-Lee – invented the World Wide Web (WWW)
• 1992
o Erwise – first web browser to have a graphical interface.
• 1993 (The beginning of the Modern Web)
o Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina – developed the Mosaic
o Mosaic – first browser that automatically displayed
pictures along with text.
• 1995
o Netscape Navigator -most popular web browser in 1995
with 90% or 10 million global users.
• 2000s’
o Dial-Up Connections -uses a standard phone line and
analog modem to access the Internet.
o Broadbands – allowing the signal in one line to be split
between telephone and internet.
o 3G – third generation of cellular technology.
The Four Main Creators of the Internet
1. Vinton Cerf (Co-inventor of TCP/IP) – Founding Father of the
Internet
2. Robert “Bob” Khan (Internet Program Manager at DARPA)
-Co-inventor of TCP/IP
-responsible for implementing the Internet Program at DARPA
(United States Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects
Agency)
3. Larry Roberts – the Father of ARPAnet, the predecessor of the
Internet.
4. Tim Burners-Lee – The Father of Web
Top 10 Internet Milestones
1. The Birth of the Internet
2. The first e-mail
3. The invention of the World Wide Web (WWW)
4. The first website – info.cern.ch
5. The first photo on the Internet – Horrible CERN Girls
6. The invention of Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)
7. The first search engine – Archie
8. The first secure e-commerce transaction – Dan Kohn, created a
website called NetMarket and sold a Sting CD to a friend.
9. Creation of social media
10. Development of cryptocurrency (an alternative form of payment
created using encryption algorithms)
• Computer Hardware – physical components that a computer
system requires to function.
Comprised of 5 components:
1. Input devices
2. Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Integrated Circuit (IC) – a super-thin slice of semiconducting
3. Output Devices material packed with microscopic circuit elements.
4. Memory • Semiconducting materials – substances with properties
5. Storage Components between those of a conductor and an insulator.
• Motherboard – computer's main circuit board, it houses all
• Data Representation – process of transforming diverse data essential chips and provides connecting circuitry between them.
into form that computers can use for processing. • Microprocessor – an integrated circuit designed to process
• Numeric Data – numbers used in arithmetic operations. instructions, most expensive component of a computer.
• Base 2 – computers represent numeric data using the binary • Random Access Memory (RAM)
number system. - Memory chips that can be read from and written to by the
• Character Data – composed of letters, symbols, and numerals Processor.
that are not used in arithmetic operations. - Also called main memory or primary storage
• Digital Computer – uses series of bits to represent letters, - Volatile, data is lost when the computer is turned off
characters, and numerals.
Input/Output Components
Types of codes to represent character data: • Input – Data or instructions entered into memory of Computer.
1. ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) – • Input devices – hardware component that allows users to enter
7 bits, 128 characters data and instructions.
2. EBCDIC/ Extended ASCII – 8 bits, 256 characters
3. Unicode – 16 bits, 65,000 characters Two Types if Inputs:
1. Data – raw facts, unprocessed texts, numbers, images, audio,
Quantifying bits and bytes video
• Bit (binary digit) – lowercase b 2. Instructions – programs, commands, user inputs/responses
• Byte – composed of 8 bits, uppercase B
• Transmission speeds – expressed in bits Input Hardware Components:
• Storage Space – expressed in bytes • Keyboard – allows the computer user to enter words, numbers,
etc.
• kilobit (Kb or Kbit) – 1,024 or 210 bits • Pointing Device – controls the movement of the pointer, also
• megabit – 1,048,576 or 220 bits called MOUSE pointer.
• gigabit – 1,073,741,824 or 230 bits o Mouse – a pointing device that fits under the palm of your
hand.
Data Unit o Mechanical mouse – has rubber metal ball inside.
Unit Definition Storage space size o Optical mouse – no moving mechanical parts inside and
Bit 0 or 1 Yes/No senses light to detect mouse movement.
1 Byte 8 bits Alphabets and one
o Trackball – pointing device with a ball on its top or side.
number
• Touchpad – small, flat, rectangular pointing device sensitive to
1 kilobyte (KB) 1,024 Byte A few paragraphs
1 megabyte (MB) 1,024 KB 1-minute-long MP3 pressure and motion.
song • Ponting stick – pointing device shaped like a pencil eraser
1 gigabyte (GB) 1,024 MB 30-minute-long HD positioned between keys on keyboard.
movie • Joystick – vertical lever mounted on a base.
1 terabyte (TB) 1,024 GB About 200 FHD
• Wheel – steering-wheel-type input device.
movies
• Pedal – simulates car brakes and accelerator.
• Touch screen – touch areas of screen with finger, used with
• Data Processing - occurs when data is collected and translated
into usable information. kiosks.

6 Stages of Data Processing Sound and Voice Input

1. Data Collection - Data is pulled from available sources, including
data lakes and data warehouses.
2. Data Preparation (pre-processing) - stage at which raw data is
cleaned up and organized for the following stage of data processing.
Raw data is checked for any errors to eliminate bad data.
3. Data Input - the first stage in which raw data begins to take the
form of usable information.
4. Processing – the data inputted to the computer in the previous
stage is processed for interpretation during this stage.
5. Data Output/Interpretation – data is finally usable to non-data
scientists. It is now translated and readable.
6. Data Storage – all the data is processed, then stored for future
use.
• MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) – external device,
such as electronic piano keyboard, to input music and sound
effects.
• Microphone – allow user to input their voice.
Video Input – process of entering full-motion images into computer.
• Video capture card – adapter card that converts analog video
signal into digital signal that computer can use.
• Webcams – one of the examples of Video Input device.
• Digital/DSLR Cameras – can be used as Webcams with the use
of Video Capture Cards.
Scanners – light-sensing device that reads printed text and graphics.
• Flatbed scanner – design to scan flat objects
• Handheld scanner – capture small amounts of text.
• Sheet-fed scanner – scan one flat document at a time.
Readers
• Barcode Readers – used for products
• Optical Mark Readers (OMR) – Lotto machines/PCOS machine
• Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Readers – for
identification and passes
• Optical Character Recognition (OCR) – optical pointer scanner
• Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Readers – cheque
reader for banks
• Biometric Readers – employee identification
• Output – data that has been processed into a useful form.
• Output device – hardware component that can convey
information to user.
• Softcopy – information on display device
• Monitor – houses display device as separate peripheral.
o LCD Monitor – uses liquid crystal display and have a small
footprint. Best used for gaming.
o LED (Light Emitting Diode) Monitor – uses small
semiconductor and emits visible light when an electric
current passes through them.
o Plasma Monitor – displays image by applying voltage to
layer of gas.
o CRT (Cathode-Ray Tube) Monitor - screen coated with tiny
dots of phosphor material, each dot consists of a red, blue,
and green phosphor.
• Printers – output device that produces text and graphics on a
physical medium.
- Result: hard copy or printout
- Two orientations: portrait and landscape
Type of Printers
1. Impact Printer – dot-matrix printer, line printer
2. Non-impact Printer – ink-jet, photo, laser, thermal printer
• Resolution of Printer – determined by Dots Per Inch (DPI), 300
dpi, 600 dpi, 1200 dpi
• Audio Output Device – computer component that produces
music, speech, or other sounds.
- Speaker and headset are common devices
• Projector – takes image from computer screen and projects it
onto a larger screen.
• Storage Devices – computer hardware used to remember/store
data.
o Hard Disk Drive (HDD) – non-volatile magnetic storage
devices capable of remembering vast amounts of data.
o Solid State Drive (SSD) – non-volatile storage devices
capable of holding large amounts of data.
MIDTERM
• Computer – electronic device that stores, retrieves and
processes data.
• Tally Stick – ancient memory aid device that record and
document numbers.
• Arithmometer – mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de
Colmar in 1820. First reliable, useful and commercially
successful calculating machine.
• Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) – first
successful automatic calculator and remains one of the finest
examples of precision engineering of the time.
• Augusta Ada Byron – first computer programmer.
• Harvard Mark 1 – known as IBM Automatic Sequence
Controlled Calculator (ASCC).
• Charles Babbage – considered as the “Father of Computing”.
• Personal computer systems – it includes the system unit and a
variety of storage, input, and output devices.
• Laptop – portable computer that you can carry whenever and
wherever.
• Workstation – desktop computer but with more powerful
processing additional memory.
• Central Processing Unit – serves as the “brain” of your device.
• Bit – abbreviation for “binary digit”.
• Atanasoff-Berry Computer – first electronic digital computing
device.
• OSBORNE 1 – first portable computer released in 1981.
• Supercomputer – powerful computer that can process large
amount of data and do a computation very quickly.
• Bug – programming error that causes unexpected glitches.
• Integrated Development Environment (IDE) – where
developers can write code and run their programs.
• Joseph Jacquard – invented a mechanical loom, called Jacquard
loom in 1881.
• Minicomputer – mid-range computer that is intermediate in
size, power, speed, etc. between a mainframe and
minicomputer.
• Microcomputer – small computer designed for use by a single
user at a time.