CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction
Due to Pandemic, the mode of classes has change to online classes for two years.

There is a big impact to the students in terms of lack of knowledge from their subjects

and the student teacher ratio. Some of them are coping up, while others can’t.

Students are most essential asset for any educational institution. The social and economic

development of the country is directly linked with student performance. The student’s

performance (academic achievement) plays an important role in producing the best

quality graduates who will become great leader and manpower for the country thus

responsible for the country’s economic and social development. (Ali et al, 2009)

Academic Performance is the outcome of education. It is the degree to which a

person has met their educational objectives. There are many purposes that are satisfied

by pursuing academic performance. To encourage improvement and use educational

development, students' academic careers will have both successful and unsuccessful

periods.

In relation with the post-pandemic way of learning there are different factors that

affects students’ performance in their studies. Such factors are being financially stable

to go to school and continue their studies. Students had used to online activities and

online examination that’s why mode of adaptation is needed.

 The pandemic changed everything about the experience of higher education for

the vast majority of students, from how they are taught and learn course content to how

they interact with faculty, peers and others across the institution. According to a panel

of administrators focused on student success in different ways at their universities,

supporting students during this time and, eventually, post-pandemic requires effort

from all corners of campus. (The campus team May 2022)

The Innovative College of Science and Technology is owned by Mr. Anthony L.

Yap, located at Brgy, Malitbog, Bongabong, Oriental Mindoro. This school have

different courses provided for the student and one of the courses offered is Bachelor of

Science in Criminology.

The researchers conducted this study in order to know the Factors Affecting

Academic Performance of Selected Criminology Students in Post-Pandemic at

Innovative College of Science and Technology AY 2023-2024. It aims to determine

whether those factors related in post-pandemic has a significant effect to the students’

performances which is currently happening.

2
Statement of the Problem

The study aims to determine the Factors Affecting Academic Performance of

Selected 4th Year Criminology Students in Post-Pandemic at College of Science and

Technology AY 2023-2024.

Specifically, the study sought to answer the following questions:

1. What are the demographic profile of the Selected 4 th year Criminology Students at

Innovative College of Science and Technology SY 2023-2024 in terms of:

1.1 Age;

1.2 Sex;

1.3 Civil Status; and

1.4 Race?

2. What are the Factors affecting Academic Performance of Selected 4 th year

Criminology Students in the Post-Pandemic at Innovative College in Science and

Technology SY 2023-2024 in terms of:

2.1 Personal Factors;

2.2 Environmental Factors;

2.3 School Factors; and

2.4 Student Factors?

3
3. Is there is a significant relationship between the Demographic Profile of the Selected

4th year Criminology Students and Factors affecting Academic Performance in the Post-

Pandemic at Innovative College of Science and Technology SY 2023-2024?

Statement of Hypothesis

There is no significant relationship between the Demographic Profile of the

Selected 4th year Criminology Students and Academic Performance of Criminology

Students in Post-Pandemic at Innovative College of Science and Technology.

Significance of the Study

The findings of study are considered significant to the following stakeholders:

Criminology Students.

The result of the study would give them knowledge and information regarding to the

improvement of their academic performance and to surpass and resolved those factors

affecting their Performance during this Post-Pandemic.

Criminology Instructors.

The result of the study will give value to the instructors to know and be provided with

information to understand and comprehend the factors that affect the Academic

Performance of every Criminology Student Studying in the Post-Pandemic.

4
Researchers.

The result of the study would determine if there is a Significant Relationship between the

Factors during Post-Pandemic to the Academic Performance of Criminology Student at

Innovative College of Science and Technology.

Future Researchers.

The result of the study would serve as future reference of other researchers who would

like to study the same or related matter.

Innovative College of Science and Technology.

The result of the study would give this institution knowledge and background regarding

the factors affecting the Academic Performance of their Students in the Post-Pandemic.

Scope and Delimitation

This study focused on the Factors Affecting Academic Performance of the

Selected 4th year Criminology Student in Post-Pandemic at Innovative College of Science

and Technology as Perceived by selected Criminology Students.

There are 124 4th year Criminology Students of Innovative College of Science and

Technology who served as respondents of the study. This study was conducted during

Academic Year 2023-2024.

5
Definition of Terms

The following definitions are defined operationally

Academic Performance- The measurement of the 4th year Criminology Students of

ICST achievement across various academic subject.

Adaptation- The 4th year criminology students learn how to act in a way suited to a new

environment.

Crisis- Is any event that is expected to lead to an unstable and dangerous situation

affecting the 4th year criminology students, community, or society.

Experience- A gained knowledge through direct observation or participation of the 4 th

year Criminology students

Flexibility- A method of learning where 4th year Criminology students are given freedom

in how, what, when and where they learn

Internet- A global computer network providing a variety of information and

communication facilities, consisting interconnected networks using standardized

communication protocols use by 4th year Criminology students.

Financial Stability- It is the financial status of Criminology student in Innovative

College of Science and Technology.

New Normal Trend- It is an online learning system used by Criminology Student during

Pandemic in Innovative College of Science and Technology.

Pandemic- It is the global epidemic experience and suffered by the Criminology

Students of Innovative College of Science and Technology

6
Post-Pandemic- It is the time were the pandemic ends and the start of the new normal for

the Criminology students.

Transition- The process or a period of changing from one state or condition to another of

the 4th year Criminology students.

Theoretical Framework

The study is basically in the following:

Transformative Learning Theory

Transformative Learning Theory by Jack Mezirow, this theory stated that, “it

is a great approach for adult education and young adult learning. Also referred to as

transformation learning, transformative learning theory focuses on the idea that learners

can adjust their thinking based on new information.”

It is related in the study because nowadays the Criminology Students adopted a

new type of learning wherein, they transform their mode of studying to gather new ideas

and information in their course.

Constructivism learning theory

Constructivism Learning Theory by Jean Piaget, this theory stated that, "it is

based on the idea that students actually create their learning based on their previous

experiences. Students take what they’re being taught and add it to their previous

7
knowledge and experiences, creating a reality that’s unique to them. This learning theory

focuses on learning as an active process, which is personal and individual for each

student.”

It is related in the study because nowadays the criminology students have their

own way of studying wherein, they connect their experience during face-to-face classes

to easily adopt a new normal way of learning given by their instructors.

Theory of Academic Achievement

It was proposed by Walberg's, this theory stated that, “psychological

characteristics of individual students and their immediate psychological environments

influence educational outcomes (cognitive, behavioral, and attitudinal). It tackles about

the influences on learning that affects the academic performance of a student. It is an

exploration of academic achievement wherein Walberg used a variety of methods on how

to identify the factors that affects the academic performance of a student.”

It is related in the study because this theory is connected to know how different

factors really affect the students' academic performance and achievement in the school

8
Conceptual Framework
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
1. The Demographic
Profile of the
respondents in terms
of:
1.1 Age; 1. Data Collection Factors Affecting
1.2 Sex; Academic
1.3 Civil Status; and 2. Distribution of
Performance of the
1.4 Race Questionnaires.
Selected 4th year
3. Retrieval of Criminology Students
Questionnaires. in Post-Pandemic at
2. Factors affecting
Innovative College of
Academic 4. Tabulation of Data Science and
Performance of
5. Statistical Technology AY
respondents in terms
Treatment of Data 2023-2024.
of:
2.1 Personal Factors;
2.2 Environmental
Factors;
2.3 School Factors;
And
2.4 Student Factors.

Figure1. Hypothesized Relationship between Variables

Figure 1: Illustrate the Hypothesized relationship between variables using IPO Model

Input pertains to Demographic Profile and Factors Affecting Academic Performance of

the respondents. Process pertains to the Data collection of student’s profile, Distribution

of Questionnaires, Retrieval of Questionnaires, and Statistical Analysis of Data. Output

pertains to the Factors Affecting Academic Performance of the Selected 4 th year

Criminology Students in Post-Pandemic at Innovative College of Science and

Technology AY 2023-2024.