Project

in
Mathematics

Submitted by:
Angel J Lyrica L. Ocupe
Grade 7 MIDES

Submitted to:
Mrs. Jerin Maglangit
1. Sets and Subsets
2. Basic Set Operations
3. Adding Integers
4. Subtracting Integers
5. Multiplying and Dividing Integers
6. Set of Fractions
7. Historical Development of Measurement
8. Measuring Instruments
9. Converting Measurements
10. Algebraic Symbols
11. Simplifying Numerical Expression
12. Evaluating Algebraic Expressions
13. Laws of Exponents
14. Adding and Subtracting Polynomials
15. Multiplying Polynomials
16. Dividing Polynomials
17. Special Products
18. Product of Two Binomials
19. Square of a Binomials
20. Square of a Multinomials
21. Product of Sum and Difference of Two Terms
22. Cube of a Binomial
23. Product of the form

Examples:

 Sets and Subsets

List all subsets of the set C = {1, 2, 3, 4}. How many are there?
Subsets
D = {1} M = {2, 4}
E = {2} N = {3, 4}
F = {3} O = {1, 2, 3}
G = {4} P = {1, 2, 4}
H = {1, 2} Q = {1, 3, 4}
J = {1, 3} R = {2, 3, 4}
K = {1, 4} S = {1, 2, 3,
4}
L = {2, 3} Ø

Answer: There are 16 subsets of the set C = {1, 2, 3, 4}.

 Basic Set Operations

Example: If A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} and B = {1, 3, 8, 4, 6}. Find intersection of two set A
and B.

Solution:

A ∩ B = {4, 6, 8}

Therefore, 4, 6 and 8 are the common elements in both the sets.

 Adding Integers
Example : Find the sum of +7 and -4.

Step 1: |+7| = 7 and |-4| = 4

Step 2: 7 - 4 = 3

Step 3: The number 3 will take a positive sign since +7 is farther from zero than -4.

Solution 1: +7 + -4 = +3

Solution 2: If you start with $7 and you owe $4, then you end up with $3.

 Subtracting Integers
Example: Find the difference between each pair of integers. You may extend the number
line below to help you salve these problems.

Subtracting Integers
Subtract Add The Opposite Result
-
8 - +3 = -
8 + -3 = -
11
+
17 - -9 = +
17 + +9 = +
26
-
12 - +15 = -
12 + -15 = -
27
-
19 - -23 = -
19 + +23 = +
4

 Multiplying and Dividing Integers

 Set of Fractions

3/4 – 1/4

Step 1. The bottom numbers are already the same. Go straight to step 2.

Step 2. Subtract the top numbers and put the answer over the same denominator:

3/4 – 1/4 = 3 – 1/4 = 2/4

Step 3. Simplify the fraction:

2/4 = 1/2

 Historical Development of Measurement

Length

If there were any measurement that has proven to be the most useful to humanity, it would be length.
Examples of length include the inch, the foot, the yard, and the mile. Knowing how to measure length
was quite useful for surveying land for property right purposes. Knowing the length of the land gave
the precise units needed to price accordingly.

To maintain a single idea of how long the measurement should be, bars or rods were kept in central
public places. This measuring tool would be considered the standard and thus distributed to the
community. One such example of this happening was in Mesopotamia and Egypt where rods were
kept in temples. The dimensions, called the cubit, were typically taken from the king’s physical
dimensions.

 Measuring Instruments

Energy
Energy is measured by an energy meter. Examples of energy meters include:
Electricity meter
An electricity meter measures energy directly in kilowatt hours.
Gas meter
A gas meter measures energy indirectly by recording the volume of gas used. This figure can then be
converted to a measure of energy by multiplying it by the calorific value of the gas.

 Converting Measurements

Convert 2.5 decimeters to centimeters.

25 cm
Explanation:
Step #1: Identify the base unit.
The base unit is meter (m).

Step #2: Determine the prefixes used and their equivalents.

dm means decimeters.
The prefix is deci which is equivalent to 10−110-1.
cm means centimeters.
The prefix is centi which is equivalent to 10−210-2.
Step #3: Subtract the exponent of the prefix equivalent of the converted unit
from the original unit.
The exponent of 10−110-1 is –1.
The exponent of 10−210-2 is -2.
–1 – (-2) = 1

Step #4: Move the decimal place of the original measurement according to the
value of the exponent.
• If the difference is positive, move the decimal place to the right.
• If the difference is negative, move the decimal place to the left.
Fill the extra spaces with zeros.
The difference 1 is positive.
So move the decimal point by 1 decimal place to the right.

Therefore, 2.5 dm = 25 cm

 Algebraic Symbols

Symbol Meaning Example

+ add 3+7 = 10
− subtract 5−2 = 3
× multiply 4×3 = 12
multiply (as "×" can look like "x") 4·3 = 12
/ divide 20/5 = 4

square root ("radical") √4 = 2

cube root

nth root

() grouping symbols (round brackets) 2(a−3)

[] grouping symbols (square brackets) 2[ a−3(b+c) ]
{} set symbols (curly brackets) {1,2,3}
 = equals 1+1 = 2

approximately equal to π 3.14

≠ not equal to π≠2
<≤ less than, less than or equal to 2<3
>≥ greater than, greater than or equal to 5>1

implies (if ... then) a and b are odd a+b is even

"if and only if" or iff or "is equivalent to" x=y+1 y=x−1

Therefore a=b b=a

! Factorial 4! = 4×3×2×1 = 24

 Simplifying Numerical Expression

[12 + {7 - (8 ÷ 2)}] × 3

= [12 + {7 - 4}] × 3 (Round brackets removed)

= [12 + 3] × 3 (Curly brackets removed)

= 15 × 3 (Square brackets removed)

= 45

 Evaluating Algebraic Expressions

Calculate the following expression for x=3 and z=2

6z+4x=?6z+4x=?

Solution: Replace x with 3 and z with 2 to evaluate the expression.

6z+4x=?6z+4x=?
6⋅2+4⋅3=?6⋅2+4⋅3=?
12+12=24
 Laws of Exponents
Dividing powers with the same base

For example:

3⁵ ÷ 3¹, 2² ÷ 2¹, 5(²) ÷ 5³

In division if the bases are same then we need to subtract the exponents.

 Adding and Subtracting Polynomials

Example:

Add the polynomials 5x – 2 + y and –3y + 5x + 2

Solution:

5x – 2 + y + (–3y + 5x + 2)
= 5 x + 5 x + y – 3y – 2 + 2
= 10x – 2y

 Multiplying Polynomials

Multiply: 3x2(4x2 – 5x + 7)

Step 1: Distribute each term of the first polynomial

to every term of the second polynomial. In this
case, we need to distribute the 3x2.
Step 2: Combine like terms. In this case, there are
no like terms.

 Dividing Polynomials
  Special Products

Multiply out 2x (a − 3)

This one uses the first product above. We just multiply the term
outside the bracket (the "2x") with the terms inside the brackets (the
"a" and the "−3").

2x (a − 3) = 2ax − 6x

 Product of Two Binomials

What is (xy + y2)(2x + 9y)?

Distribute (xy + y2) over (2x + 9y) to find:

(xy + y2)(2x) + (xy + y2)(9y)

Distribute further to get:

(xy)(2x) + (y2)(2x) + (xy)(9y) + (y2)(9y)

And then simplify:

2x2y + 2xy2 + 9xy2 + 9y3 =

2x2y + 11xy2 + 9y3

 Square of a Binomials

x+4)2a) (x+4)2
(x+4)2=x2+2(x⋅4)+42 =x2+8x+16

 Square of a Multinomials

Square the trinomial x2 − 2x + 1.

Solution:
  Product of Sum and Difference of Two Terms
Find the product (2x + 7y) (2x – 7y) by using the identity.

Solution:

We know (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2

Here a = 2x and b= 7y

= (2x)2 – (7y)2

= 4x2 – 49y2

Therefore, (2x + 7y)(2x – 7y) = 4x2 – 49y2

Cube of a Binomial
(x + 5y)3 + (x – 5y)3

Solution:

We know, (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3

and,

(a – b)3 = a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3

Here, a = x and b = 5y

Now using the formulas for cube of two binomials we get,

= x3 + 3.x2.5y + 3.x.(5y)2 + (5y)3 + x3 - 3.x2.5y + 3.x.(5y)2 - (5y)3

= x3 + 15x2y + 75xy2 + 125 y3 + x3 - 15x2y + 75xy2 - 125 y3

= 2x3 + 150xy2

Therefore, (x + 5y)3 + (x – 5y)3 = 2x3 + 150xy2

Product of the form

Example: (4y+2)(4y−2)
We know the result is the difference of two squares, because:
 (a+b)(a−b) = a2 − b2

so:

(4y+2)(4y−2) = (4y)2 − (2)2 = 16y2 − 4