- Lectures, public talks/speeches, research
and project proposals, reports, and
Communication
Communication is a systematic process in
which individuals interact with and through
symbols to create and interpret meanings (
Wood,2004).
1. Communication is a PROCESS
2. Communication is SYSTEMATIC
3. Communication is SYMBOLIC
4. Communication involves MEANING
Types of Communication According to
Context
1. Intrapersonal Communication
- “self-talk.” (Wood, 1997)
-is a communication that occurs in your
mind.
2. Interpersonal Communication
-normally involves two people, and can
range from intimate and very personal to
formal and impersonal.
3. Extended Communication
-involves the use of electronic media.
Includes tele, audio, or phone conferencing;
other technological means.
4. . Organizational Communication
-defined as the sending and receiving of
messages among interrelated individuals
or setting to achieve individual and
common goals.
5. Intercultural Communication
-is the communication between or among
people having different linguistic,
religious, ethnic, social. And professional
backgrounds.
According to Purpose and Style
1. Formal Communication
- Employs formal language delivered orally
or in written form.
business letters, etc.
2. Informal Communication
- Does not employ formal language
- Involves personal and ordinary
conversation with friends, family members,
or acquaintances.
- May be oral as face-to-face , ordinary or
everyday talks and phone calls, or written
as in e-mail messages, personal notes,
letters, or text messages.
- The purpose is simply to socialize and
enhance relationships.
Communication Process
The Shannon-Weaver Model of
Communication
Barriers in Communication
Physical Barriers –If the source is not
visible to the receiver and s/he is not
comfortable in the environment, it may
create barriers in communication.
Psychological barriers: Due to individual
differences, attitudes, interest and
motivation levels, we perceive things and
situations differently. Apart from this, the
varied levels of anxiety, inherent
prejudices and previous experiences
also create barriers in communication.
Socio-cultural barriers: Some societies
are less vocal which may affect their level
of communication with those from other
cultures who are more vocal or aggressive
in behavior.
Linguistic barriers: During the process of
communication, faulty expressions, poor
translation, verbosity, ambiguous words
and inappropriate vocabulary create
barriers.
Technical barriers: While using
technology, technical barriers also make
the process of communication complex
STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE 7. Courtesy -refers to the ability to
COMMUNICATION communicate politely and respectfully.
●Clarity of message
●Reinforcement of ideas Non-verbal Communication Cues
●Appropriate channel more on visual cues such as facial
●Motivation reactions, body language, voice tone, and
●Proper environment physical distance between communicators
●Feedback

Communication Principles
and Ethics

General Principles in Effective

Communication
► Principles are what we call the standards
in communication, and when we consider
standards, we also consider rules.
Basic Rules of Communication (Guide
Questions)
► who is your audience?
► why are you communicating?
► what are you communicating about?
► what could be the possible objections?
► have you presented a comprehensive
Gestures
picture about the situation?
1. “Come here’ gesture, beckoning with
► Are you a credible source of
an upturned finger:
information?
- in many Asian countries, it is a
gesture for calling a dog, gesturing
The Golden Ratio of Effective
to a prostitute, or starting a fight.
Communication
- Ethiopia, it is also a gesture for
People remember:
calling a dog
10% of what they read
- In Latin America , it is arrogant
20% of what they hear
2. “OK” : Obscene in Afghanistan, Brazil
30% of what they see
3. ‘’ Good luck” ( Crossing your fingers) :
40% of what they hear and see
Obscene in Southeast Asia , Argentina
4. Slitting one’s throat :
Seven C’s for Effective Communication
US : “I’ve had it”, “Cut”; “stop what you’re
1. Clarity - ability to communicate clearly
doing” Switzerland : “I love you”
and
Laos: “I’m going to kill you.”
straightforwardly.
2. Coherence - to the ability to organize
and present information in a logical and
Language use ( Word Choice)
orderly manner.
A person must develop the habit of using
3. Consideration - “stepping into the
correct words. While speaking or writing,
shoes of others”.
one must use the most appropriate word.
4. Concreteness - ability to communicate
One must learn the importance of correct
specific information and details ratheb
word choice. Some of them are
than generalities or
► If a person is using an incorrect word, the
abstract concepts.
message delivered is not meant.
5. Correctness - the accuracy and
► Incorrect word choice leads to the
appropriateness
misunderstanding among the audience.
6. Conciseness- ability to communicate the
► It sometimes makes a situation
message in as few words as possible
awkward and unclear.
without sacrificing clarity
► Sometimes, an incorrect word makes
or completeness.
no sense.
► Correct word choice increases the
impact of mind.
► It reveals the attitude and personality
of a person.
Ways of Improving the Choices of
Words
► Focus on the tone of diction or
communication..
► Use a dictionary or thesaurus for finding
synonyms and antonyms.
► Improve your vocabulary.
► Learn the meaning of the words as much
as you can.
► Use new words in sentences for
practice.
► ► Avoid redundancies.
► Avoid awkward, vague and unclear
word.
► Use proper diction.
► Avoid slang
► Practice a lot.
Issues in word choice
► Misused words
- the word doesn’t actually mean
what the writer thinks it does.
Example: Cree Indians were a monotonous
culture until French and British settlers
arrived.
Revision: Cree Indians were a
homogenous culture.
► Words with unwanted connotations or
meanings. Example: I sprayed the ants in
their private places. Revision: I sprayed
the ants in their hiding places.
► Jargon or technical terms that make
readers work unnecessarily hard.
- Maybe you need to use some of
these words because they are
important terms in your field, but
don’t throw them in just to “sound
smart.”
Example: The dialectical interface between
neo-Platonists and anti-disestablishment
Catholics offers an algorithm for
deontological thought.
Revision: The dialogue between
neo-Platonists and certain Catholic thinkers
is a model for deontological thought.
► Loaded language.
- Sometimes we as writers know what
we mean by a certain word, but we
haven’t ever spelled that out for
readers. We rely too heavily on that
word, perhaps repeating it often,
without clarifying what we are talking
about.
Example: Society teaches young girls that
beauty is their most important quality. In
order to prevent eating disorders and other
health problems, we must change society.
Revision: Contemporary American popular
media, like magazines and movies, teach
young girls that beauty is their most
important quality. In order to prevent eating
disorders and other health problems, we
must change the images and role models
girls are offered.
► Wordiness
Sometimes the problem isn’t choosing
exactly the right word to express an
idea—it’s being “wordy,” or using words that
your reader may regard as “extra” or
inefficient. Take a look at the following list
for some examples. On the left are some
phrases that use three, four, or more words
where fewer will do; on the right are some
shorter substitutes:
Ethical Communication
What is ethics?
► Ethics is an area of philosophy that
determines or judges on what is right or
wrong. When applied to communication , it
speaks of communication within specific
ethical dimensions that asks the question:
is the message helpful or harmful?
Could it cause distress or the least harm ?
Is it accurate and fair ?
Is it truthful?
Ethical Considerations in
Communication
► Ethical communicators are respectful of
their audience.
► Ethical communicators weigh the
consequences of their actions.
► Ethical communicators are all about the
truth.
► Ethical communicators know how to
properly use
information.
► Ethical communicators do not falsify
information.
Examples of Ethics in Communication:
1. Share only what you are comfortable
to share. Avoid interruptions
2. Good communication is an exchange
of information or interaction with accuracy
and truthfulness.
3. Openness promotes a multilateral
dialogue and
Modes of Communication
-the means of communicating.
Importance of Modes of Communication
• Maintains the flow of conveying
information
• helps in devising plans and strategies for
reaching a goal
• builds cordial relations and soft skills
• decision-making becomes more effective
and less time-
consuming
• problem-solving and conflict management
become easier
Modes of Communication
1. Interpretive Communication
2. Interpersonal Communication
3. Presentational Communication
4. Multimodal Communication
5. Linguistical or Alphabetical
Communication
6. Gestural Communication
7. Aural Communication
8. Visual Communication
9. Spatial Communication
Interpretive Communication
- “ one-way communication”,
-information by the sender is interpreted
by the receiver in its original form.
-There is currently no alternative available
to active negotiations
e.g. radio news, literature, speeches,
articles, etc.
Interpersonal Communication
-can involve written, oral, and non-verbal
communication forms,
- this term is applied only and mainly to the
spoken communication taking place
between two or more individuals on a
personal or face to face level.
✓ Text messages
✓ Emails
✓ Debates
✓ Interactive sessions
✓ Telephonic conversations
✓ Personal Interviews
Presentational Communication
This is the other one-way communication
mode that facilitates the interpretation by
members of any other group where there is
no direct opportunity for active negotiations
of the said and understood meanings
between members of any two groups.
-a person speaks to the audience after
being rehearsed, scripted, or pre-prepared.
Multimodal Communication
-the communication mechanic like
gestures, verbal, written, and others.
Linguistical or Alphabetical
Communication
referred to the spoken or written
communication ways where the sender
conveys the message using any written
mode or by speaking
Gestural Communication
-body language and physical movements
for communicating the messages.
e.g. sign language
Aural Communication
-mode uses audio mode for conveying the
messages and for communicating. It can
use either sounds or spoken audios for
communication.
-the speaker’s voice and pronunciation
must be precise and clearer, and there
must be zero background noise.
-music, radio, audiobooks, sound effects,
ambient noises, silence, tone of voice in
spoken language, volume of sound,
emphasis, and accent.
Visual Communication
refers to the non-verbal communication
mode as it involves the visual messages
from the sender to the receiver.
• symbols, graphs, pictures, drawings,
charts
Spatial Communication
- emphasizes the usage of physical space
in texts and the entire written structures to
convey different messages and meanings.
- The physical layout of any written text
is designed precisely for making it look in
a certain way and associate with any
particular theme.
Spatial Communication
- Websites also use this unique
communication mode to choose some font,
design, style, and layout for making the
websites user-friendly, attractive, and
interactive.