Phys Sol U01 Review

Pearson Physics Level 20
Unit I Kinematics: Unit I Review

Solutions
Student Book pages 118–121
Vocabulary
1. acceleration: a vector quantity representing the change in velocity (magnitude and/or
direction) per unit time
acceleration due to gravity: downward acceleration experienced by objects near
Earth’s surface; 9.81 m/s2 [down]
air velocity: an object’s velocity relative to still air
at rest: not moving, stationary
Cartesian method: a direction convention where the positive x-axis is at 0o and angles
are measured by moving counter-clockwise about the origin
collinear: along the same straight line, either in the same or in opposite directions
components: perpendicular parts into which a vector can be separated
displacement: a vector quantity representing change in position
distance: a scalar quantity representing the path taken to travel between two points
ground velocity: velocity relative to an observer on the ground
instantaneous velocity: an object’s velocity at a moment in time
kinematics: branch of mechanics that describes motion
navigator method: a direction convention where 0o can be north, south, east, or west,
and the angle, between 0o and 90o, is between two adjacent cardinal directions, e.g.,
north of east or west of south
non-collinear: not along a straight line
non-uniform motion: accelerated motion; change in velocity
origin: a reference point
position: a vector quantity representing an object’s location relative to a reference
point
projectile: an object thrown into the air
projectile motion: motion in a vertical plane
range: the distance a projectile travels horizontally over level ground
relative motion: motion measured with respect to an observer
resultant vector: a vector drawn from the tail of the first vector to the tip of the last
vector
scalar quantity: a measurement that has magnitude only
tangent: a straight line that touches a curved-line graph at only one point
trajectory: the parabolic motion of a projectile
uniform motion: constant velocity (motion or rest)
uniformly accelerated motion: constant change in velocity per unit time
vector quantity: a measurement that has both magnitude and direction
velocity: a vector quantity representing displacement divided by time elapsed
wind velocity: velocity of the wind relative to the ground
Pearson Physics Solutions Unit I Review 1 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Knowledge
Chapter 1
2. Scalar quantities remain constant regardless of where they are measured and contain
magnitude only. Vector quantities have magnitude and direction and can change
depending on their location or reference point from which they are measured.
Chapter 2
3. (a) d x = (5.0 m)( cos 90°)
=0m
d y = (5.0 m)(sin 90°)
= 5.0 m
(b) vx = (16.0 m/s)( cos 20°)
= 15.0 m/s
v y = (16.0 m/s)(sin 20°)
= 5.47 m/s
4. (a)
(b)
(c)
5. vector
G
measures 2.8 cm, at a 30° angle
.: = 9.8 km [30° S of E]
R
Applications
G
G Δd
6. v =
Δt
27.0 m [W]
=
10.0 s
= 2.70 m/s [W]
7. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
8. Given
G
v = 107 km/h [30°]
Required
time ( Δt )
range ( Δd x )
maximum height ( Δd y )
Analysis and Solution
Choose up and forward to be positive.

First convert km/h to m/s.
km 1000 m 1 h
107 × × = 29.72 m/s
h 1 km 3600 s
Then find the components of the puck’s velocity.
vx = (29.72 m/s)(cos 30°)
= 25.74 m/s
v y = (29.72 m/s)(sin 30°)
= 14.86 m/s
vf − vi
Use the equation a = to find the time interval.
Δt
vf y − vi y
ay =
Δt
vf y − vi y
Δt =
ay
−14.86 m/s − (14.86 m/s)
=
−9.81 m/s 2
m
−29.72
s
=
m
−9.81 2
s
= 3.03 s
Substitute into the uniform motion equation to find the range.
Δd x = vx Δt
⎛ m⎞
= ⎜ 25.74 ⎟ (3.03 s )
⎝ s ⎠
= 78 m
1
To find maximum height, use the equation Δd y = vi y Δt + a y ( Δt ) , where vi y at
2
2
maximum height equals zero. Substitute one-half of the time interval.
1
Δd y = vi y Δt + a y ( Δt )
2
2
2
1⎛ m ⎞⎛ 3.03 ⎞
= 0 + ⎜ −9.81 2 ⎟⎜ s⎟
2⎝ s ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠
= −11 m
Since up and forward are positive, the negative sign means that motion is downward.
Paraphrase
The hockey puck will remain airborne for 3.0 s, travel 78 m horizontally, and reach a
maximum height of 11 m.
9. Graphs should have negative slope.
10. The velocity-time graphs should have a negative slope.
11. Object A has the steepest slope and, therefore, the greatest velocity.
12. (a)
G G
G v − vi
a= f
Δt
G G G
vf − vi = a Δt
G G G
vi = vf − a Δt
(b)
G G 1G
Δd = vi Δt + a ( Δt )
2
2
G G 1G
vi Δt = Δd − a ( Δt )
2
2
G 1G
Δd − a ( Δt )
2
G 2
vi =
Δt
(c)
G 1 G G
Δd = ( vi + vf ) Δt
2
G
G G 2Δd
vi + vf =
Δt
G
G 2Δd G
vi = − vf
Δt
13. Given
Δd x = 83.2 m
Δt = 5.0 s
Required
initial speed ( vi )
Choose up and forward to be positive. G

G Δd
First, determine horizontal velocity using the equation v = .
Δt
Δd
vx = x
Δt
83.2 m
=
5.0 s
= 16.6 m/s
G G
G v −v
Use the equation a = f i to calculate initial vertical velocity, where vf y at
Δt
maximum height equals zero and the time is half the time the football is in the air.
vf y − vi y
ay =
Δt
vi y = vf y − a y Δt
⎛ m ⎞ ⎛ 5.0 ⎞
= 0 − ⎜ −9.81 ⎟⎜ s⎟
⎝ s 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠
= 24.5 m/s
Use the Pythagorean theorem to determine initial speed.
( vx )2 + ( vi )
2
vi = y
= (16.6 m/s )2 + ( 24.5 m/s )2

= 30 m/s
Paraphrase
The football’s initial speed is 30 m/s.
14. Given
Δd = 48 km
1h
Δt = 90 min × = 1.5 h
60 min
Required
speed (v)
Δd
v=
Δt
48 km
=
1.5 h
= 32 km/h
Paraphrase
The raven’s speed is 32 km/h.
15. The object accelerates from rest to a velocity of 8.0 m/s [E] in 4.0 s, maintains a
constant velocity for 2.0 s, and then accelerates to a complete stop at 8.0 s.
G
G Δv
16. (a) a =
Δt
G G
Δv = a Δt
⎛ ⎞
= ⎜ 3.0
⎝
m
s 2
[90°] ⎟ 10.0 s
⎠
( )
= 30 m/s [90°]
G G G
(b) Δv = vf − vi
G G G
vf = vi + Δv
= 10 m/s [90°] + 30 m/s [90°]
= 40 m/s [90°]
17. Given
v = 13.4 m/s
60 s
Δt = 15.0 min × = 900 s
1 min
Required
distance ( Δd )
Δd = vΔt
⎛ m⎞
= ⎜13.4 ⎟ (900 s )
⎝ s⎠
= 12060 m
= 12.1 km
Paraphrase
The crow can fly 12.1 km in 15.0 min.
18. If the measured displacement is 0.8 cm, the displacement from Valleyview to Grande
118 km
Prairie is 0.8 cm × = 94.4 km .
1 cm
Δd
v=
Δt
Δd
Δt =
v
94.4 km
=
km
100
h
= 0.944 h
It will take the car 0.944 h to travel from Valleyview to Grande Prairie.
19. Given
G
v = 30 m/s [25°]
dioutfielder = 85.0 m
Required
outfielder’s speed ( voutfielder )

vx = (30 m/s)(cos 25°)
= 27.2 m/s
v y = (30 m/s)(sin 25°)
= 12.7 m/s
Calculate the time the ball is in the air.
vf y − vi y
ay =
Δt
vf y − vi y
Δt =
ay
−12.7 m/s − (12.7 m/s)
=
−9.81 m/s 2
= 2.59 s
Calculate how far the ball will travel horizontally.
Δd x = vx Δt
⎛ m⎞
(
= ⎜ 27.2 ⎟ 2.59 s
s⎠
)
⎝
= 70.4 m
Subtract this distance from the distance of the outfielder to determine how far the
outfielder must run to catch the ball.
Δd outfielder = 85.0 m − 70.4 m
= 14.6 m
Divide the distance the outfielder must cover by the amount of time the ball is in the
air to determine the outfielder’s speed.
Δd outfielder
voutfielder =
Δt
14.6 m
=
2.59 s
= 5.6 m/s
Paraphrase
The outfielder must run with a speed of 5.6 m/s to catch the ball.
20. Given
Δd = 51.51 m
vi = 113 km/h
vf = 0
Required
magnitude of acceleration (a)
Convert speed from km/h to m/s. Since the final speed is zero and the distance is
known, use the equation vf 2 = vi 2 + 2aΔd .
km 1000 m 1h
113 × × = 31.39 m/s
h 1 km 3600 s
vf 2 = vi 2 + 2aΔd
vf 2 − vi 2
a=
2Δd
0 − (31.39 m/s) 2
=
2(51.51 m)
= −9.56 m/s 2
The negative sign means that the jeep is slowing down.
Paraphrase
The magnitude of the jeep’s acceleration is 9.56 m/s2.
21. Given
G
vair = 785 km/h [S]
G
vwind = 55 km/h [22° S of W]
Required
G
ground velocity ( vground )
Resolve wind velocity into its x and y components.

vwind x = −vwind cos θ
= −(55 km/h)(cos 22°)
= −51.0 km/h
vwind y = −vwind sin θ
= −(55 km/h)(sin 22°)
= −20.6 km/h
vairx =0
vairy = −785 km/h
Perform vector addition and then use tangent function to determine the direction.
G G G
vground = vair + vwind
vground x = vairx + vwind x
= 0 + (−51.0 km/h)
= −51.0 km/h
vground y = vairy + vwind y
= −785 km/h + (−20.6 km/h)
= −805.6 km/h
(v ) + (v )
2 2
vground = ground x ground y
= ( −51.0 km/h )2 + ( −805.6 km/h )2

= 8.1 × 102 km/h
opposite
tanθ =
adjacent
51.0 km/h
=
805.6 km/h
= 0.0633
θ = tan −1 (0.0633)
= 3.6°
From the diagram, this angle is 3.6o W of S.
Paraphrase
The aircraft has a ground velocity of 8.1 × 102 km/h [3.6o W of S].
22. Given
vi = 11.0 m/s
Δd = 350 m
Δt = 3.00 s
Required
1
Since initial velocity and time are known, use the equation Δd = vi Δt + a ( Δt ) .
2
Δd = vi Δt + 1 a ( Δt )
2
2
2(Δd − vi Δt )
a=
( Δt )2
⎡ ⎛ m⎞ ⎤
2 ⎢350 m − ⎜ 11.0 ⎟ (3.00 s ) ⎥
⎝ s⎠
= ⎣ ⎦
(3.00 s) 2
= 70.4 m/s 2
Paraphrase
The magnitude of the object’s acceleration is 70.4 m/s2.
23. Given
Δd y = 24 m
Required
time ( Δt )
1
Choose down to be positive. Use the equation Δd y = vi y Δt + a y ( Δt ) , where vi = 0.
2
2 y
1
2
2
2Δd y
Δt =
ay
2(24 m )
=
m
9.81 2
s
= 2.2 s
Paraphrase
The pedestrian has 2.2 s to get out of the way.
24. Given
G
vi = 15 m/s [32°]
Δd y = 65.0 m
Required
range ( Δd x )
Choose up and forward to be positive. Find the components of the initial velocity.
vi x = (15 m/s)(cos32°)
= 12.7 m/s
vi y = (15 m/s)(sin32°)
= 7.95 m/s
Solve for the time going up and then down separately, where v y = 0 at maximum
height.
G G
G vf − vi
For time going up, use the equation a = .
Δt
vf y − vi y
ay =
Δt
vf y − vi y
Δt =
ay
0 − 7.95 m/s
=
−9.81 m/s 2
= 0.810 s
Solve for maximum height with respect to the top of the building using the equation
vf 2 = vi 2 + 2aΔd .
vf y 2 − vi y 2
Δd y =
2a y
0 − (7.95 m/s) 2
=
2(−9.81 m/s 2 )
= 3.22 m
Since the building is 65.0 m high, the object falls a total distance of
Δd y = 3.22 m + 65.0 m = 68.22 m
Solve for time to fall all the way to the ground using the equation
Δd y = vi y Δt + 1 a y ( Δt ) . From maximum height, vi y = 0.
2
2
Δd y = 1 a y ( Δt )
2
2
2Δd y
Δt =
ay
2(−68.22 m)
=
−9.81 m/s 2
= 3.73 s
Add the two times together to find the total time in the air.
Δt = 0.810 s + 3.73 s
= 4.54 s
Then solve for the range.
Δd x = vx Δt
⎛ m⎞
= ⎜12.7 ⎟ (4.54 s )
⎝ s⎠
= 58 m
Paraphrase
The object lands 58 m from the base of the building.
25. (a) The friend on the travelator moves at a speed of 4.0 km/h + 3.0 km/h = 7.0 km/h.
Convert km/h to m/s.
km 1000 m 1 h
7.0 × × = 1.94 m/s
h 1 km 3600 s
Δd
v=
Δt
Δd
Δt =
v
100 m
=
m
1.94
s
= 51.5 s
It will take 52 s to reach the end of the travelator.
(b) Given
km 1000 m 1 h
vi = 4.0 × × = 1.11 m/s
h 1 km 3600 s
Δd = 100 m
Δt = 51.5 s
Required
The pedestrian who’s not on the travelator has the same amount of time to cover
the same distance.
Δd = vΔt + 1 a ( Δt )
2
2
2(Δd − vΔt )
a=
( Δt )2
⎡ ⎛ m⎞ ⎤
2 ⎢100 m − ⎜1.11 ⎟ (51.5 s ) ⎥
⎝ s⎠
= ⎣ ⎦
(51.5 s)2
= 0.032 m/s 2
Paraphrase
The pedestrian must have an acceleration of magnitude 0.032 m/s2 to keep up with
his friend.
26. Given
G
a = 2.00 m/s 2 [forward]
G
vi = 2.50 m/s [forward]
G
vf = 7.75 m/s [forward]
Required G
displacement ( Δd )
Use the equation vf 2 = vi 2 + 2aΔd and substitute scalar quantities.
vf 2 = vi 2 + 2aΔd
vf 2 − vi 2
Δd =
2a
(7.75 m/s) 2 − (2.50 m/s) 2
=
2(2.00 m/s 2 )
= 13.5 m
Paraphrase
The vehicle travelled a displacement of 13.5 m [forward].
27. Given
G
v = 25.0 m/s [42°]
Required
range ( Δd x )
Resolve the velocity vector into its x and y components.
vx = (25.0 m/s)(cos 42°)
= 18.6 m/s
v y = (25.0 m/s)(sin 42°)
= 16.7 m/s
vf − vi
Determine how long the object is in the air using the equation a = .
Δt
vf y − vi y
ay =
Δt
vf y − vi y
Δt =
ay
−16.7 m/s − (16.7 m/s )
=
−9.81 m/s 2
= 3.40 s
G
G Δd
To determine how far it will travel horizontally, use the equation v = .
Δt
Δd x = vx Δt
⎛ m⎞
= ⎜18.6 ⎟ (3.40 s )
⎝ s ⎠
= 63 m
Paraphrase
The object will travel 63 m horizontally.
28. Given
G
v1 = 110 km/h [W]
1h
Δt1 = 80 min × = 1.33 h
60 min
G
v2 = 90 km/h [W]
1h
Δt2 = 100 min × = 1.67 h
60 min
Required
G
average velocity ( vave )
Find the displacement travelled at each velocity and then divide by the total time.
G G
G Δd1 + Δd 2
vave =
Δt1 + Δt2
G G
v Δt + v2 Δt2
= 1 1
Δt1 + Δt2
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎜⎜110 km [W]⎟⎟(1.33 h ) + ⎜⎜90 km [W]⎟⎟(1.67 h )
⎜⎝ h ⎟
⎠⎟ ⎝⎜ h ⎠⎟⎟
=
1.33 h + 1.67 h
= 99 km/h [W]
Paraphrase
The average velocity of the truck was 99 km/h [W].
29. Given
G
vi = 15.0 m/s [S]
G
vf = 35.0 m/s [S]
Δt = 6.0 s
Required
distance ( Δd )
1
Since the object accelerates uniformly, use the equation Δd = ( vf + vi ) Δt .
2
Since the directions of the velocity vectors are the same and you are asked to find
a scalar quantity, directions may be omitted from the calculation.
1
Δd = ( vf + vi ) Δt
2
1
= ( 35.0 m/s + 15.0 m/s )( 6.0 s )
2
⎛ m⎞
(
= ⎜ 25 ⎟ 6.0 s
s⎠
)
⎝
= 150 m
Paraphrase
The vehicle travels 1.5 × 102 m.
Δy
30. mt =5.0 s =
Δx
G
G Δd
v=
Δt
10.0 m [210°] − 0.0 m
=
10.0 s − 2.0 s
10.0 m [210°]
=
8.0 s
= 1.2 m/s [210°]
Δy
mt =10.0 s =
Δx
G
G Δd
v=
Δt
40.0 m [210°] − 0.0 m
=
15.0 s − 6.0 s
40.0 m [210°]
=
9.0 s
= 4.4 m/s [210°]
Δy
mt =15.0 s =
Δx
G
G Δd
v=
Δt
60.0 m [210°] − 40.0 m [210°]
=
16.0 s − 13.0 s
20.0 m [210°]
=
3.0 s
= 6.7 m/s [210°]
31. Given
G
vboat = 215 km/h [N]
G
Δd = 877 km [25° E of N]
Δt = 3.5 h
Required
G
current’s velocity ( vcurrent )
Calculate the boat’s ground velocity.

G
G Δd
vground =
Δt
877 km [25° E of N]
=
3.5 h
= 250.6 km/h [25° E of N]
Resolve the ground velocity into its x and y components.
vground x = vground sin θ
= (250.6 km/h)(sin 25°)
= 105.9 km/h
vground y = vground cos θ
= (250.6 km/h)(cos 25°)
= 227.1 km/h
vboat x =0
vboat y = 215 km/h
Use trigonometry and the Pythagorean theorem to solve for the current’s velocity.
G G G
vground = vboat + vcurrent
G G G
vcurrent = vground − vboat
vcurrent x = vground x − vboat x
= 105.9 km/h − 0
= 105.9 km/h
vcurrent y = vground y − vboat y
= 227.1 km/h − 215 km/h
= 12.1 km/h
(v ) + (v )
2 2
vcurrent = current x current y
= (105.9 km/h )2 + (12.1 km/h )2

= 1.1 × 102 km/h
opposite
tanθ =
adjacent
12.1 km/h
=
105.9 km/h
= 0.114
θ = tan −1 (0.114)
= 6.5°
From the diagram, the direction is [6.5o N of E].
Paraphrase
The current’s velocity is 1.1 × 102 km/h [6.5o N of E].
32. Given
vi = 0 m/s
Δd = 50.0 m
Δt = 2.75 s
Required
Since the object starts from rest, initial velocity is zero. Use the equation
Δd = vi Δt + 1 a ( Δt ) .
2
2
Δd = 0 + 1 a ( Δt )
2
2
2Δd
a=
( Δt )2
2(50.0 m)
=
(2.75 s)2
= 13.2 m/s 2
Paraphrase
The magnitude of the object’s acceleration is 13.2 m/s2.
km 1 h 1000 m
33. 30.0 × × = 8.33 m/s
h 3600 s 1 km
JG
Δ d = area under velocity-time graph
= 1 bh + lw
2
⎛ m ⎞
= 1 ⎜⎜8.33 [N]⎟⎟⎟ (30.0 s )
2 ⎜⎝ s ⎟⎠
⎛ m ⎞
+ ⎜⎜8.33 [N]⎟⎟⎟ (60.0 s − 30.0 s )
⎜⎝ s ⎠⎟
= 125 m [N] + 250 m [N]
= 375 m [N]
The blue jay travels 375 m [N] in 60.0 s.
34.
35. Given
G
v = 18.0 m/s [20°]
Required
height ( Δd y )

Determine the vertical component of the projectile’s velocity.
v y = v sin θ
= (18.0 m/s)(sin 20°)
= 6.156 m/s
To solve for maximum height, use the equation vf 2 = vi 2 + 2aΔd , where vf at
maximum height equals zero.
vf y 2 = vi y 2 + 2a y Δd y
vf y 2 − vi y 2
Δd y =
2a y
0 − ( 6.156 m/s )
2
=
2(−9.81 m/s 2 )
= 1.9 m
Paraphrase
The projectile reaches a height of 1.9 m.
36. (a) Δd 2 = d12 + d 2 2
Δd = ( 500 m )2 + ( 500 m )2
= 707 m
⎛ 500 ⎞
θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 500 ⎠
= 45°
Becky’s position is 707 m [45o].
(b) Becky must walk 3 blocks and a bit to get to school—500 m + 500 m +
500 m +100 m = 1600 m.
37. Given
60 s
Δt = 15 min × = 900 s
1 min
G
di = 350 m [N]
G 1000 m
d f = 1.75 km [N] × = 1.75 × 103 m [N]
1 km
Required
G
average velocity ( vave )
Average velocity equals total displacement divided by total time.
G G G
Δd = d f − di
= 1.75 × 103 m [N] − 350 m [N]
= 1400 m [N]
G
G Δd
vave =
Δt
1400 m [N]
=
900 s
= 1.56 m/s [N]
Paraphrase
The wildlife biologist’s average velocity is 1.56 m/s [N].
38. Given
G
d1 = 500 m [N]
G
d 2 = 200 m [E]
G
d3 = 750 m [S]
Required JG
displacement ( Δ d )
Choose north and east to be positive.
JG
Δ d = 500 m [N] + 200 m [E] + 750 m [S]
Δd y = 500 m [N] + 750 m [S]
= 500 m [N] + (−750 m [N])
= 500 m [N] − 750 m [N]
= −250 m [N]
= 250 m [S]
Δd x = 200 m [E]
2
Δd = (Δd x ) + (Δd y )
2
2 2
= ( 250 m) + (200 m)
= 320 m
⎛ opposite ⎞⎟
θ = tan−1 ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎜⎝ adjacent ⎠⎟⎟
⎛ 250 m ⎞⎟
= tan−1 ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟
⎜⎝ 200 m ⎟⎟⎠
= 51.3°
From the diagram, this angle is S of E.
Paraphrase
The bus’ displacement is 320 m [51.3o S of E].
39. (a) ii, uniformly accelerated motion
(b) iv, uniformly accelerated motion
(c) ii, uniformly accelerated motion
(d) iii, at rest
(e) iii, at rest
(f) i, uniform motion
40. Given
vi = 0
vf = 26.9 m/s
Δt = 4.50 s
Required
Since the car starts from rest, initial velocity is zero.
Δv
a=
Δt
26.9 m/s − 0 m/s
=
4.50 s
= 5.98 m/s 2
Paraphrase
The magnitude of the jeep’s acceleration is 5.98 m/s2.
Extensions
41. Given
Δt = 1.47 s
G
vi = 0
Required
G
(a) final vertical velocity ( vf )
(b) height ( Δd y )
Choose down to be positive.
G G
G vf − vi
(a) For final vertical velocity, use the equation a = .
Δt
G G G
vf = vi + a Δt
⎛ m⎞
= 0 + ⎜ +9.81 ⎟ (1.47 s )
⎝ s2 ⎠
= +14.4 m/s
= 14.4 m/s [down]
G G G
(b)For the height the penny falls, use the equation Δd = vi Δt + 1 a ( Δt )2 .
2
Δd y = vi y Δt + 1 a y ( Δt )
2
2
1⎛ m⎞
= 0 + ⎜ 9.81 2 ⎟ (1.47 s)2
2⎝ s ⎠
= 10.6 m
Paraphrase
(a) The penny has a final vertical velocity of 14.4 m/s [down].
(b) The distance from the top of the well to the water’s surface is 10.6 m.
42. Given
G
vballoon = 3.25 m/s [up]
Δt = 8.75 s
Required
(a) initial height of balloon ( Δdi )
(b) final height of balloon ( Δdf )
(c) final velocity of sandbag ( vfsandbag )
(a) The height of the balloon at the time the sandbag is dropped is the distance the
sandbag drops, which can be calculated using the equation Δdi = vi Δt + 1 a ( Δt ) .
2
2
Δdi = vi Δt + 1 a ( Δt )
2
2
⎛ m⎞ ⎛ m⎞
= ⎜ −3.25 ⎟ (8.75 s) + 1 ⎜ 9.81 2 ⎟ (8.75 s) 2
⎝ s ⎠ 2⎝ s ⎠
= 347 m
(b) After the sandbag is dropped, the balloon continues to rise at the constant rate of
3.25 m/s. Use the uniform motion equation.
⎛ m⎞
Δd8.75 s = ⎜ 3.25 ⎟ (8.75 s)
⎝ s⎠
= 28.44 m
Δd f = Δdi + Δd8.75 s
= 347 m + 28.44 m
= 375 m
(c) Find the final velocity of the sandbag by using the accelerated motion equation
G G
G v − vi
a= f .
Δt
vf − vi y
ay = y
Δt
vf y = vi y + a y Δt
m ⎛ m⎞
= −3.25 + ⎜ 9.81 2 ⎟ (8.75 s)
s ⎝ s ⎠
= 82.6 m/s
Paraphrase
(a) The sandbag dropped from a height of 347 m.
(b) The balloon’s height when the sandbag hits the ground is 375 m.
(c) The sandbag has a velocity of 82.6 m/s [down] before it hits the ground.
43. Given
Δd x = 20.0 m
Δd y = 3.0 m
θ = 30°
Required
G
minimum initial velocity ( vi )

The minimum horizontal distance is 20.0 m and the minimum vertical distance is
3.0 m.
vx = vi cos 30°
vi y = −vi sin 30°
Δd x = vx Δt
20.0 m
Δt =
vx
20.0 m
=
vi cos 30°
Substitute the components of the initial velocity into the equation
Δd y = vi y Δt + 1 a y ( Δt ) to solve for the magnitude of the initial velocity.
2
2
1
2
2
2
⎛ 20.0 m ⎞ 1 2 ⎛ 20.0 m ⎞
3.0 m = − ( vi sin 30° ) ⎜ ( )
⎟ + 2 9.81 m/s ⎜ ⎟
⎝ vi cos 30° ⎠ ⎝ vi cos 30° ⎠
2
⎛ 20.0 m ⎞
(
= − ( tan 30° )( 20.0 m ) + 1 9.81 m/s 2 ⎜
2 ) ⎟
⎝ vi cos 30° ⎠
2616
14.547 =
vi 2
vi = 13 m/s
Paraphrase
The minimum initial velocity for a successful jump is 13 m/s [30o].
Skills Practice
44.
45.
46.
47. Your choice of instruments depends on availability and experimental conditions. A

radar gun will give moment-to-moment measures of the velocity of an object and
may be used outdoors. Probeware and motion sensors may only be for use indoors
and may have limited range of motion. Radar guns can track an object but lack the
graphing capabilities of other equipment.
48. Student answers should be similar to 1-7 Inquiry Lab: Determining the Magnitude of
the Acceleration due to Gravity, substituting an inclined plane for straight vertical
motion.
49.
50. Velocity-time graphs describe the motion of an object. If the velocity-time graph is
along the time axis, the object is at rest. If the velocity-time graph is a horizontal line
that is not on the time axis, the object is travelling at a constant rate. Both types of
graphs represent uniform motion with zero acceleration. If the velocity-time graph
has a non-zero slope, the object is experiencing uniformly accelerated motion. The
area under a velocity-time graph represents the displacement of the object for a
particular time interval.
Self-assessment
Students' answers in this section will vary greatly depending on their experiences, depth
of understanding, and the depth of the research that they do into each of the topics.

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Pearson Physics Level 20

Unit I Kinematics: Unit I Review

Choose up and forward to be positive.

10. The velocity-time graphs should have a negative slope.

Choose up and forward to be positive. G

= (16.6 m/s )2 + ( 24.5 m/s )2

Choose up and forward to be positive.

Resolve wind velocity into its x and y components.

= ( −51.0 km/h )2 + ( −805.6 km/h )2

Calculate the boat’s ground velocity.

= (105.9 km/h )2 + (12.1 km/h )2

Choose up and forward to be positive.

Choose down to be positive.

47. Your choice of instruments depends on availability and experimental conditions. A

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