Cultures

Culture is a complex and multifaceted

concept that encompasses various
aspects of human life, including beliefs,
values, customs, traditions, language,
art, and social behaviors.
Anthropological Perspective: Culture,
from an anthropological viewpoint, refers
to the shared patterns of beliefs, behaviors,
and symbols that characterize a particular
group of people. It encompasses the
learned and transmitted aspects of human
societies, including language, customs,
rituals, and social norms.
Sociological Perspective: In sociology, culture
is defined as the totality of socially
transmitted knowledge, beliefs, values, and
practices that shape individuals' behaviors
and interactions within a society. It includes
both material (e.g., artifacts, technology) and
non-material (e.g., norms, values) aspects of
human life.
 ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGICAL GLOBALIZATION
PERSPECTIVE PERSPECTIVE PERSPECTIVE

In organizational studies, From a psychological With globalization, culture

culture refers to the standpoint, culture is increasingly viewed as
shared values, norms, and influences individuals' dynamic and
practices that define an cognitive processes, interconnected,
organization's identity and emotions, and behaviors. transcending geographical
guide employees' Culture shapes perceptions, boundaries and
behaviors and decision- attitudes, and identity incorporating diverse
making. Organizational formation, influencing how influences from around
culture influences individuals interpret the the world. Global culture
workplace dynamics, world around them and refers to the blending and
leadership styles, and interact with others. exchange of ideas,
organizational products, and cultural
effectiveness. practices on a global scale.
Types of Culture

National Culture
Organizational Culture
Subcultures
Popular Culture
Counterculture
Multiculturalism
 Social structure refers to the organized patterns of social
relationships and institutions within a society. It encompasses
the various elements and arrangements that shape social
interactions, roles, statuses, and hierarchies.
SEVERAL DEFINITIONS OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE FROM VARIOUS
FIELDS:

Sociological Perspective:
Macro-Level Definition: From a macro-level sociological perspective, social
structure refers to the overarching framework of institutions,
organizations, and systems that shape society as a whole. This includes
political institutions, economic systems, educational institutions, family
structures, and cultural norms that govern social life.

Micro-Level Definition: At the micro-level, social structure refers to the

patterns of social relationships, roles, and statuses within smaller social
units, such as families, communities, or social groups. It encompasses
the rules, expectations, and interactions that govern individuals'
behavior within these social contexts.
ANTHROPOLOGICAL POLITICAL SCIENCE
PERSPECTIVE PERSPECTIVE

Anthropologists define In political science, social

social structure as the structure refers to the
underlying framework of distribution of power,
social relationships, authority, and resources
kinship ties, and social within a society. It
institutions that organize encompasses political
and regulate human institutions, governance
societies. It includes systems, and social
kinship systems, marriage hierarchies that
patterns, political determine individuals'
organization, and access to political
economic arrangements participation, rights, and
that shape social life and opportunities.
cultural practices in
different societies.
 Economic Perspective:
From an economic perspective, social structure refers to the organization and
distribution of economic resources, wealth, and opportunities within a society. It includes
economic institutions, market systems, class structures, and labor relations that
influence individuals' socioeconomic status and mobility.

Psychological Perspective:
Psychologists may define social structure as the cognitive frameworks, social roles, and
interpersonal relationships that shape individuals' perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors
within social contexts. It includes the internalized norms, values, and expectations that
guide individuals' interactions and self-concept within society.

Historical Perspective:
Historians analyze social structure as the historical processes, events, and developments
that have shaped the organization and dynamics of society over time. It includes the
long-term patterns of social change, continuity, and evolution in institutions, ideologies,
and power relations.
Relationship
Relationships can be defined in various ways
depending on the context and the perspective
of the discipline or field of study.
 Social Science Perspective:
Sociological Definition: In sociology, a relationship refers to the social
connections and interactions between individuals or groups. These
connections can be characterized by various dimensions, such as kinship,
friendship, romantic involvement, or professional associations. Relationships
play a fundamental role in shaping social structures, norms, and identities
within society.

Psychological Definition:
From a psychological perspective, a relationship is a dynamic interaction
between two or more individuals that involves emotional, cognitive, and
behavioral components. Relationships encompass various types, such as
familial relationships, friendships, romantic relationships, and professional
relationships, each with its unique dynamics and patterns of interaction.
 Interpersonal Communication Perspective:
In interpersonal communication studies, a relationship is defined as the ongoing exchange of messages, feelings, and meanings
between two or more people. Relationships are characterized by mutual understanding, empathy, trust, and respect, which are
cultivated through effective communication and interaction.
Biological Perspective:
In biology, a relationship refers to the interactions and associations between organisms of the same species or different species within
an ecosystem. These relationships can be symbiotic (mutually beneficial), parasitic (one organism benefits at the expense of another),
or competitive (organisms compete for resources).
Business and Organizational Perspective:
In business and organizational studies, a relationship typically refers to the interactions and connections between individuals, groups,
or organizations within a professional context. These relationships may involve collaboration, negotiation, networking, or conflict
resolution, and they play a crucial role in achieving organizational goals and outcomes.
Family Studies Perspective:
In family studies, a relationship is defined as the emotional and social bonds that exist between family members. Family relationships
can include parent-child relationships, sibling relationships, marital relationships, and extended family relationships, each with its
unique dynamics, roles, and communication patterns.
Anthropological Perspective:
Anthropologists may define relationships as the social connections and networks that form the basis of kinship systems and social
organization within different cultures and societies. Relationships encompass kinship ties, marriage alliances, and social roles that
regulate interactions and obligations among individuals and groups.
Different Cultures

Different cultures refers to the unique beliefs, values, customs,

traditions, languages, and social behaviors that characterize distinct
groups of people around the world. Each culture has its own set of
norms, practices, and symbols that shape individuals' identities,
interactions, and worldviews within that cultural context.

The meaning of different cultures lies in the diversity and richness of

human experience, reflecting the complex tapestry of history, geography,
environment, and social dynamics that influence the development of
cultural identities.
Cultures provide individuals with a sense of belonging, community, and shared
identity, shaping their perceptions, behaviors, and social interactions. The meanings
embedded within different cultures encompass a wide range of aspects, including
Beliefs and Values: Cultures define what is important and meaningful, shaping individuals'
moral frameworks and worldviews
Customs and Traditions: Cultures encompass rituals, ceremonies, and social practices that.
reinforce cultural identity and provide continuity within communities
Language and Communication: Different languages reflect unique ways of perceiving and
organizing the world, influencing communication styles and social interactions
Arts and Expressive Forms: Cultures produce diverse forms of artistic expression,.
reflecting cultural values, aesthetics, and creativity
Social Norms and Behaviors: Cultures establish norms, rules, and expectations governing.
social interactions, roles, and relationships within communities
Identity and Belonging: Cultural identity provides individuals with a sense of belonging.
and connection to their cultural heritage, influencing self-concept and worldview
Adaptation and Change: Cultures are dynamic and evolving, adapting to internal and.
.external influences such as globalization and social change
Difference between Identity and Cultural Identity:
Identity:
Identity is a broad concept that encompasses various aspects of an individual's self-concept,
including personal and social dimensions.
Personal identity refers to the unique characteristics, experiences, and qualities that distinguish
one individual from another.
Social identity refers to the social categories, roles, and affiliations that individuals use to define
themselves in relation to others within society.
Cultural Identity:
Cultural identity specifically refers to the identification and attachment with a particular cultural
group or community.
It encompasses shared cultural values, beliefs, practices, and traditions that shape individuals'
sense of belonging and affiliation with their cultural heritage.
Cultural identity is often based on factors such as ethnicity, nationality, religion, language, or
regional identity, and it influences individuals' worldview, behaviors, and social interactions within
their cultural context.
 Development
Development refers to the process of growth,
progress, and change over time, encompassing various
aspects of human life, societies, and systems.
Development involves qualitative and quantitative
improvements in individuals, communities, and
nations, leading to enhanced well-being, functionality,
and capacity.
Growth and Progress: Development entails advancement and improvement over time in
various aspects of human life, societies, and systems.
Improvement in Quality of Life: Development aims to enhance the quality of life and
.well-being by addressing basic needs and promoting access to essential services
Capacity Building: Development focuses on building the capabilities, skills, and resources
.of individuals, communities, and institutions
Sustainable Development: Development balances economic growth, social progress, and
.environmental protection to ensure long-term viability
Human Development: Development emphasizes well-being, empowerment, health,
.education, employment, and human rights
Social and Economic Development: Development includes improvements in social
.welfare, health, education, as well as economic growth and productivity
Global Development: Development involves cooperation among countries and
international organizations to address shared challenges and promote collective well-
.being
 The Difference
Variation: Difference refers to the existence of variations or distinctions between entities,
characteristics, or phenomena.
Diversity: Difference encompasses the diversity and uniqueness present within individuals,
.groups, societies, cultures, and environments
Distinctiveness: Difference implies the presence of distinguishing features, traits, or qualities
.that differentiate one entity from another
Disparity: Difference may also denote inequalities or disparities in attributes, opportunities,
.or outcomes between individuals or groups
Multiplicity: Difference acknowledges the multiplicity of perspectives, experiences, and
.identities that contribute to the richness and complexity of human life and society
Context-dependence: Difference is contextual and can vary depending on the specific
.context, circumstances, or criteria used for comparison
Dynamic: Difference is dynamic and may change over time due to various factors such as
.social, cultural, economic, or environmental influences
Source of Learning: Embracing and understanding differences can be a source of learning,
growth, and enrichment, fostering greater understanding, empathy, and appreciation for
.diversity
Thank
you!!