Giáo Trình Sophomore

Sách được đăng ký theo giấy chứng nhận đăng ký quyền tác giả số: 1902/2020/QTG
cấp ngày 27 tháng 03 năm 2020 của Cục Bản quyền tác giả.
This workbook belongs to:
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Table of Content
Unit 01: The Invisible Killer 2

Unit 02: Troubled Water 9
Unit 03: Paradise Lost 16
Unit 04: Switch - Energy Alliance 24
Unit 05: Assignment I 29
Unit 06: An Education 31

Unit 07: Against The Stream 38
Unit 08: Should I Stay or Should I Go? 47
Unit 09: One Size Fits All 56
Unit 10: Assignment II 62
Unit 11: Printing On Borrowed Time 64

Unit 12: Modern Talking 71
Unit 13: What’s The Catch? 79
Unit 14: Breaking Ad 85
Unit 15: Assignment III 93
Unit 16: House Hunting 95

Unit 17: Urban Burdens 101
Unit 18: The Beaten Track 108
Unit 19: A Tale of Two Places 117
Unit 20: Assignment IV 124
Companion Exercises 125

Synopsis
Major current environmental issues may include climate change, pollution,
environmental degradation, and resource depletion. The conservation
movement lobbies for protection of endangered species and protection of
any ecologically valuable natural areas, genetically modified foods and global
warming. In order to solve these pressing predicaments, all parties involved are
in urgent need of information.
1
The Invisible Killer
Exercise 1
Match the words 1-5 to the correct pictures a-e.
a exhaust c greenhouse e pollen
b flooding d mold f smog
1 2 3
4 5 6
Exercise 2
Complete the sentences below using the given adjectives in the box.
adverse man-made toxic

allergic respiratory visible
1 Hurricanes and tornadoes are examples of an _________________ weather condition.

2 The heavy rain made it difficult to see the road, nothing was _________________ at all.
3 Nose, throat, and lungs are all parts of the _________________ system.
4 It is _________________ to breath in polluted air.
5 Plastic is a popular _________________ material.
6 Jim is deathly _________________ to peanut butter so he must not have PB&J sandwiches.
2
Exercise 1
You are going to watch a video about air pollution.
As you listen, fill in the table below with what you hear.
Air Pollution
Definition
Causes
Exercise 2
You are going to hear more about the categories of man-made pollution.
As you listen, fill in the blanks with ONE WORD ONLY.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF HUMAN-MADE POLLUTION

Greenhouse gasses
• Root cause: burning 1 _________________
• Example: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, fluorinated gasses
• Impact:
→ trap 2 _________________ from the sun
→ increase global temperatures
→ worsen the air pollution
→ smog, mold growth and longer 3 _________________ season
3
Smog
• Root cause:
‫ ظ‬burning 4 _________________ like coal;
‫ ظ‬reaction between sunlight and car 5 _________________ , factory emission and organic
compounds from gasoline, paints and cleaning solvent
• Impact:
→ reduce 6 _________________
→ harm plant
→ irritate the eyes
→ cause 7 _________________ problem
Toxic Pollutant
• Root cause:
‫ ظ‬gas, coal combustion;
‫ ظ‬waste incineration;
‫ ظ‬8 _________________ of gasoline.
• Example: mercury, lead, dioxins, benzine
• Impact:
→ adverse 9 _________________ effect;
→ serious 10 _________________ problems, especially cancer.
Exercise 3
Work in groups to come up with solutions to the problems created by air pollution.
Then, watch the rest of the video and take notes of the suggested measures.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
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4
Exercise 4
You will watch a video about how to give a presentation.
As you listen, take note to answer the following questions because this information will be used
throughout the course.
1 How many parts should you have in your presentation?
What information is necessary in each part?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________________________
2 What should you do to help the audience follow the presentation more easily?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
3 List out two sentences which should be used when you move onto the next part of your
presentation.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 1 - How does the emission trading scheme work?

Complete the notes below with NO MORE THAN ONE WORD OR A NUMBER.
*a carbon unit: a permit to emit one ton of CO2
INTERNATIONAL-SCALE SOLUTIONS TO GLOBAL WARMING
Consequences of global warming
• rising sea levels
• unpredictable weather
• animals species 1 _________________
• severe water shortage in dry regions
Emission trading scheme

• The amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gases allowed to 2 _________________ is
determined by the scheme.
5
Kyoto Protocol
• In 1997, many 3 _________________ countries signed the Kyoto Protocol agreeing to
reduce the amount of greenhouse gasses emission by at least 4 _________________
percent from 2008 to 2012.
• UN distributes the carbon units and sets a 5 _________________ of CO2 emissions.
Carbon unit exchange

• Some countries that fail to reduce their emissions may buy more 6 _________________
carbon units while those that succeed may sell such units.
• The price of carbon units is similar to the stock exchange, based on supply and
7 _________________ .
How each country reduces its carbon emissions

• They can decide their own ways to cut emissions.
• 8 _________________ industry is often believed to take the responsibility for a country’s
large amount of CO2 emissions.
• These industries must make the largest contribution towards emission
9 _________________ .
Exercise 2
Read the following passage and answer questions 1-20.
Climate change is causing problems all over the world. Compared with 40 years
ago, we have almost five times more floods, droughts, heatwaves, and other
natural disasters today. And some of the poorest people in the world are the ones
most in danger from climate change. That’s why the United Nations Secretary-
General António Guterres recently said, ‘2021 is a make or break year to confront
the global climate emergency.’ Action needs to be taken now to reduce climate
change – before it is too late.
6
What is COP26?
COP26 is the 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference. These events are
also known as ‘COPs’, which stands for ‘Conference of the Parties’. At COP26, world
leaders, scientists, and environmental campaigners will work together and plan
action against climate change to protect people and the planet.
COP26 will be held from 1 to 12 November 2021, in Glasgow, Scotland. It should
have taken place in 2020, but it was postponed for a year because of the Covid-19
pandemic.
What does COP26 hope to achieve?
The event has four goals.
To get countries to set higher targets for reducing emissions. Countries will need
to reduce the use of fossil fuels, protect trees and forests, use more electric vehicles
and invest in clean energy.
To help countries to adapt to the changing climate. Countries will need to protect
their natural environment and find ways to protect people from climate problems,
such as by building defenses against natural disasters.
To raise funds. Countries will need money to achieve goals 1 and 2.
To work together. The climate emergency can only be solved if countries work
together. Countries will need to agree on how to do this and then take action
quickly.
The 2015 Paris Agreement
Six years ago, at COP21, the Paris Agreement was signed. The goal is to keep global
warming below 2ºC, ideally 1.5ºC. The Paris Agreement was important because it
was the first-ever legal agreement bringing countries together to act. Since then,
190 countries have joined the Paris Agreement. However, time is running out. Not
enough has been done, and COP26 is seen as the last opportunity to meet the goals
of the Paris Agreement. COP26 will try to get climate action on track.
How are young people getting involved?
Young people are at the front of the movement for climate action. School students
around the world went on strike in 2019 to call for more urgent action, and Greta
Thunberg has spoken to world leaders about it.
Before COP26 in Glasgow, there will be a COP26 Youth Summit from 28 to 30
September in Milan, Italy. About 400 young people from 197 countries will attend.
Some will travel to Milan, and others will attend online. The young people will work
together in groups to develop proposals for climate action.
7
Question 1-6
Do the following statements agree with the information in the reading passage?
Write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts with the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1 Natural disasters are more common today than 40 years ago.
2 Politicians are the only COP26 attendees.
3 The COP26 conference was supposed to happen in 2019.
4 Countries need to work harder and faster to reduce climate change.
5 The Paris Agreement has been a total success.
6 At the COP26 Youth Summit in Milan, young people will mainly listen to politicians’
proposals about how to solve the climate emergency.
Question 7-14
Complete the sentences with the given words in the boxes.
warming proposals leaders break

change goals disasters emissions
7 The conference is about the issue of climate _________________ .

8 António Guterres said that ‘2021 is a make or _________________ year to confront the global
climate emergency.
9 COP26 is a last opportunity for countries to meet the _________________ of the Paris
Agreement.
10 International _________________ will come together at COP26 to discuss the action needed.
11 The aim is to limit global _________________ to below 2ºC.
12 Countries need to cut CO2 _________________ .
13 Countries also need to protect their people from natural _________________ .
14 At the Youth Summit, young people will develop _________________ for action.
8
Troubled Water
Exercise 1
Fill in the blank with a word family of pollute on the left, and a synonym along with its own
word family on the right of the diagram.
Verb POLLUTE C__________
Noun
Exercise 2
Match the words 1-7 to their meanings a-g.
1 debris a water that flows away from high areas to low areas
2 dissolve b to be absorbed by a liquid
3 estuary c the wide part of a river at the place where it joins the sea
4 landfill d broken or torn pieces
5 runoff e a place where garbage is buried
6 sewer f a material with particular physical characteristics
7 substance g a large pipe, usually underground, that is used for carrying
waste water and human waste away from buildings
9
WATER POLLUTION
Everything you need to know about the troubled water
What Is Water Pollution?

Water pollution occurs when harmful substances - often chemicals - contaminate
a stream, river, lake, ocean, or other body of water, degrading water quality and
making it toxic to humans or the environment.
What Are the Causes of Water Pollution?
Water is uniquely vulnerable to pollution. Known as a “universal solvent”, water is
able to dissolve more substances than any other liquid on earth. It’s the reason we
have Kool-Aid and brilliant blue waterfalls. It’s also why water is so easily polluted.
Toxic substances from farms, towns, and factories readily dissolve into and mix with
it, causing water pollution.
Groundwater Pollution
When rain falls and goes deep down into the earth, it becomes
groundwater - one of our least visible but most important natural
resources. Nearly 40 percent of Americans rely on groundwater,
pumped to the earth’s surface, for drinking water.
For some people in rural areas, it’s their only freshwater source. Groundwater
gets polluted when contaminants - from pesticides and fertilizers to waste of
landfills and bacteria-infected systems - make their way into the layers of rock
and sand containing it - aquifers, making it unsafe for human use. Treating the
groundwater source of contaminants can be difficult to impossible, as well as costly.
Once polluted, aquifers can be unusable for decades, or even thousands of years.
Groundwater can also spread contamination far from the original polluting source
as it goes into streams, lakes, and oceans.
Surface Water Pollution
Covering about 70 percent of the earth, surface water is what fills
our oceans, lakes, rivers, and all those other blue bits on the world
map. According to the most recent surveys on national water
quality from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nearly half
of our rivers and streams and more than one-third of our lakes are
polluted and unfit for swimming, fishing, and drinking.
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Nutrient pollution, which includes nitrates and phosphates, is the leading type of
contamination in these freshwater sources. While plants and animals need these
nutrients to grow, they have become a major pollutant due to farm waste and
fertilizer runoff. The waste from cities and industries contributes their considerable
proportion of toxins as well.
Ocean Water Pollution
80 percent of ocean pollution (also called marine pollution)
originates on land - whether along the coast or far inland.
Contaminants such as chemicals, nutrients, and heavy metals are
carried from farms, factories, and cities by streams and rivers into
our bays and estuaries; from there they travel out to sea.
Meanwhile, marine debris - particularly plastic - is blown in by the wind or washed
in via storm, drains and sewers. Our seas are also sometimes polluted by oil spills
and leaks - big and small - and continuously take in carbon pollution from the air.
The ocean absorbs around a quarter of man-made carbon emissions.
Exercise 3
Read the passage Water Pollution and complete the table.
Water Pollution
Definition
Types
Exercise 4
Complete the sentences 1-5 using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the reading passage.
1 Water contamination takes place if poisonous _____________________________ are
contained in water bodies and worsen the water quality.
2 The phenomena like blue waterfalls are created by the fact that water is identified as a
_____________________________ .
11
3 A large number of people living in the United States depend on
_____________________________ for having clean water to drink.

4 It can be extremely challenging and even unfeasible for people to remove
_____________________________ from groundwater sources.

5 _____________________________ is the most common category of water surface
contamination.
Exercise 5
Write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
1 The data collected from the US Environmental Protection Agency revealed that less than
half of our lakes are contaminated and not good for human activities such as swimming
and fishing.
2 Beside agricultural nutrients, municipal and industrial waste is a significant reason
leading to surface water contamination.
3 Pollutants discharged from land go to the ocean through smaller water bodies and kill
numerous marine living creatures.
4 Storms play a role in spreading small pieces like plastic out to the sea.
5 The amount of man-made carbon emission dissolved by the sea changes according to
the season.
What Can You Do to Prevent Water Pollution?

The pictures below illustrates some activities that each and every individual can do to help
prevent water pollution. Tell your partner what you think these solutions are.
12
Exercise 1 - How We Can Keep Plastics Out of Our Ocean
Watch the video and answer questions 1-14.
Questions 1-6
Do the following statements agree with the information in the video?
1 The tube is 600 metres long.
2 The Great Garbage Patch is in the Atlantic Ocean.
3 Boyan first had the idea for his invention when he was at university.
4 Scientists think that there are 1.8 trillion pieces of plastic in the Great Garbage Patch.
5 The plastic that the device collects will be recycled.
6 Boyan’s organisation wants to put 16 ‘snakes’ in the Pacific Ocean by 2020.
Questions 7-14
Fill in the blanks with the given words in the box.
barriers currents marine life snake

break down plastic tackle
7 The tube looks like a giant _________________ .

8 The device’s _________________ is to catch the ocean’s rubbish.
9 Water _________________ make lots of plastic rubbish drift together.
10 For a school project, Boyan designed a system of floating _________________ .
11 Plastic takes a very long time to _________________ .
12 The plastic in our oceans is killing our _________________ .
13 Boyan hopes to _________________ the problem of plastic pollution.
14 Boats will fish out the collected _________________ every few months.
13
Exercise 2
Read the following text and answer questions 1-11.
Seventy percent of our planet is covered by one huge, continuous body of seawater
– the ocean. It holds 1.35 billion cubic kilometers of water. Nearly half of the ocean
is more than 3 kilometers deep. The deepest known point of the ocean is in the
Mariana Trench, 11 kilometers below sea level. But there may be deeper points that
we have not seen, as we have only explored five percent of the ocean to date.
World Oceans Day
The government of Canada suggested the idea of World Oceans Day at the Earth
Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. In 2008 the United Nations officially recognized
the date and it has been growing ever since, from 100 events in 2008 to over a
thousand events in more than 120 countries ten years later. The day is celebrated in
a variety of ways, including special events at aquariums and zoos, beach and river
clean-ups, school activities, conservation programs, art contests, and film festivals.
The importance of our oceans
One of the main aims of the day is to remind people of the important role the ocean
plays in our lives. Life began in the ocean. And the ocean is home to the majority of
plants and animals on Earth, from single-cell organisms to the blue whale. Marine
plants provide us with 70 percent of the oxygen we breathe. The ocean controls the
climate, providing heat in winter and cool air in summer. It also provides us with
food and medicines as well as transport. No matter where you live on the planet, no
matter how far from the sea, your life is dependent on the ocean.
The problems facing our oceans
The most urgent problem facing the ocean at the moment is plastic pollution.
Reducing one-use plastic, including plastic bags and plastic bottles, has been an
important theme for World Oceans Day for a number of years. Climate change and
14
rising sea temperatures are also huge problems. Rising sea temperatures have
a direct influence on weather patterns and are seen as partly responsible for an
increase in extreme weather conditions. An increase in carbon dioxide is increasing
the acid levels of seawater and putting many marine organisms at risk.
What we can do to help
On World Oceans Day, wear blue, go on a march, find a beach or river clean-up
near you, organize a local event, print a poster and put it in your window, or use the
hashtag #worldoceansday on social media. There are so many things you can do
on 8 June to join in the celebrations, to remind people about the importance of the
ocean in our lives and to make a difference!
Questions 1-6
1 The ocean is 3 kilometres deep.
2 World Oceans Day was first suggested more than 25 years ago.
3 More animals and plants live under the sea than live on land.
4 Plastic pollution is a new theme for World Oceans Day this year.
5 The temperature of the ocean is getting warmer.
6 People generally wear green on World Oceans Day.
Questions 7-11
Scan the text again and find the numbers that represent the following information.
7 The amount of oxygen we get from the sea.
8 The deepest known point in the ocean.
9 The percentage of the ocean that has been explored.
10 The number of countries that took part in recent World Oceans Days.
11 The date when we celebrate World Oceans Day.
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Paradise Lost
Exercise 1
Work in pairs.
Complete the crossword below using the given clues. You may use the internet for help.
Across
1
2 farm animal
2
3 a large open area of land
covered with grass, used
for grazing
3
4 a change in global or
regional climate patterns
6 destruction of vegetation
4 5
caused by too many
grazing animals
6
7 illegal hunting of
protected animals
7
Down
1 when habitable land
turns into desert
5 the destruction of
habitats, usually due to
human activities
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HANGING BY A THREAD
In recent years, rhino numbers have dropped dramatically due to poaching for
their horn, which was previously used in Traditional Chinese Medicine, but is now
commonly used as a status symbol of success and wealth. More than ever, field
programmes are having to invest heavily in anti-poaching activities. However, as
poachers are often armed with guns themselves, it is very dangerous for the anti-
poaching teams who put their lives on the line to protect rhinos.
Rhinos also face threats from habitat loss. Due to the expansion of the human
population, we look for more places to live and grow our food. Development of
agriculture in the grasslands are particularly attractive to humans because of the
flat space. Most of the area is level, making farming and raising livestock particularly
easy. However, planting crops and adding livestock to an area will also change the
composition of the land, and affect the natural habitat of the animals within it. The
livestock humans bring with them leads to enhanced competition on the already dry
grassland. Overgrazing will then happen, because livestock and wild animals grave
too frequently on a particular plot of land. They don’t allow new plants to take hold
before eating them, which will dry the area. In addition, development of farming
eventually strips the soil of nutrients, and together with overgrazing, can lead to the
desertification of a grassland area.
Climate change presents another threat to rhinos as the weather conditions have
considerably changed and grasslands won’t get too much water. Since rhinos graze
on the fields, they will be at risk of dying if not having enough fresh food.
Another danger comes from the increased presence of wildfires, a natural process
of removal and regrowth in the grasslands, but too many wildfires can be detrimental
to the area. Besides, when humans move to live in grassland areas, wildfires are even
more likely to happen due to their machinery.
17
Exercise 2
Read the passage Hanging by a Thread and answer the questions below.
These are designed to help you practice reading for gist.
1 What are the main causes of the declining number of rhinos?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2 Which factors lead to the destruction of the living habitat of rhinos?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
3 What contributes to the desertification of grasslands?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 3
Complete the sentences 1-8 using the words given below.
a prosperity d weapons g harmful effects

b nutrients e weather patterns h accommodation &
c farming practices f equipment farming
1 Rhinos used to be hunted illegally for their horns to produce medicine in China, but now
their horns symbolize _________________ .
2 Illegal hunters for rhinos are often equipped with _________________ , which puts the lives
of anti-poaching teams at risk in the effort of protecting rhinos.
3 The migration of the increasing human population requires more land for
_________________ purposes.
4 Dry grassland is the negative consequence of humans’ _________________ .
5 Overgrazing reduces the richness of soil because it removes _________________ from soil,
resulting in the desertification of a grassland area.
6 Rhinos are in danger of dying from hunger due to the lack of fresh grasslands, which is
the consequence/result of significant changes in _________________ .
7 Wildfires benefit plant species since they promote their growth and reproduction;
however, the increasing number of wildfires can have _________________ on the area.
8 The high frequency of wildfires is due to the arrivals of humans along with their
_________________ .
18
Exercise 4
Rewrite the following sentences using the suggested words in the bracket.
1 Land has been farmed so intensively that there has been a significant decline in
biodiversity. (contributed to)
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2 Loss of plant species has caused a decline in the insect population. (consequently)
___________________________________________________________________________________________
3 Because there are fewer insects, the small animals that feed on them have moved
elsewhere. (so)
___________________________________________________________________________________________
4 The disappearance of prey species has resulted in a noticeable reduction in the number
of predators such as wild cats and owls. (because of)
___________________________________________________________________________________________
5 Oil spills are increasingly common. This is threatening marine life. (so)
___________________________________________________________________________________________
6 Because the old forests have been heavily logged, global warming is becoming worse.
(therefore)
___________________________________________________________________________________________
7 In order to feed and accommodate the growing population, humans take lands which are
wild animals’ natural habitat. (since)
___________________________________________________________________________________________
8 The natural habitat was lost because humans needed more land. (due to)
___________________________________________________________________________________________
9 Because of the Earth’s rising temperature and polluted environment, a number of species
will become extinct every year. (consequence of)
___________________________________________________________________________________________
10 Human activities like deforestation and overgrazing are the cause of habitat loss.
(result in)
___________________________________________________________________________________________
11 In order to preserve the number of endangered species, governments must act upon
illegal poaching. (so that)
___________________________________________________________________________________________
19
Exercise 5
Read the IELTS Writing Task 2 question below.
Look at the two responses and underline the differences between them.
The animal species are becoming extinct due to human activities on land and sea.
What are the reasons and solutions?
Sample Answer 01 Sample Answer 02

As you know, in the 21st century, more In the 21st century, the increasing
people appearing on this planet, along with number of people on this planet, along with
their activities such as cutting down trees their activities such as logging and intensive
and planting crops and adding livestock farming have caused biodiversity loss. This
animals too often have caused biodiversity has led to the extinction of a vast number
loss. How immoral these actions are! This of animal species. This essay will look at
has made too many animal species become some reasons for this phenomenon, before
extinct. Next I will show you some reasons suggesting some solutions to protect wildlife.
for this event, and after that I will talk Humans are contributing to the
about some solutions to protect wildlife. disappearance of animals in two main ways.
There are 2 main ways that humans are Firstly, due to the dramatic rise in the world
making animals disappear. Firstly, I can say population, demands for land and many
that the population in the world is growing other natural resources to serve daily and
terribly fast, so people really need more production activities are rising significantly.
land and other resources for daily uses. So, Therefore, massive deforestation will happen,
humans will cut down more trees, and it’ll which destroys the habitats of animals.
destroy the habitats of animals. Secondly, because of increasing toxic
Secondly, because of more and more chemical disposal from factories, pollution on
harmful liquids from factories, pollution on land and under the sea is becoming worse.
land and under the sea is becoming really For example, in Vietnam, the discharge of
worse. For example, in Vietnam, a steel toxic waste of a steel plant called Formosa
plant called Formosa discharged toxic waste caused the death of numerous marine
into the ocean, and this caused a lot of fish creatures in Central Vietnam.
to die in Central Vietnam.
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Exercise 6
Rewrite the body paragraphs of the answer written in informal style.
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Exercise 1 - What future is there for global biodiversity?
Watch the video and complete the table below with ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER.
Since Industrial revolution

• Biodiversity started declining
By 2015
• 4.6 million square kilometers of natural area was converted,
which is the same size of 1 _________________
• natural area was replaced with crops and 2 _________________
• 3 _________________ of food is wasted
• 90% of 4 _________________ were fully or over-exploited
By 2050
• another 5 _________________ of biodiversity will be lost
Consequences
• more extreme weather conditions, such as droughts and 6 _________________
• crops are vulnerable to pests and 7 _________________
Solutions
• increase sustainability initiatives
• expand 8 _________________ areas with better management
• more 9 _________________ changes across governments and societies
e.g. improved production standard
• 10 _________________ improve crops with less land
• reduced meat and dairy 11 _________________
• reduced food waste
22
Exercise 2
You are going to hear a lecturer talking about ocean biodiversity.
As you listen, complete the notes below with NO MORE THAN ONE WORD.
OCEAN BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity hotspots
• areas containing many different species
• important for locating targets for 1 _________________
• at first only identified on land
Borris Worm, 2005
• identified hotspots for large ocean predators, e.g. sharks
• found that ocean hotspots:
‫ ݕ‬were not always rich in 2 _________________
‫ ݕ‬had higher temperatures at the 3 _________________
‫ ݕ‬had sufficient 4 _________________ in the water
Lisa Ballance, 2007
• looked for hotspots for marine 5 _________________
• found these were all located where ocean currents meet
Census of Marine Life
• Census of Marine Life
• found new ocean species living:
‫ ݕ‬under the 6 _________________
‫ ݕ‬near volcanoes on the ocean floor
Global Marine Species Assessment
• want to list endangered ocean species, considering:
‫ ݕ‬population size
‫ ݕ‬geographical distribution
‫ ݕ‬rate of 7 _________________
• Aim to assess 20,000 species and make a distribution 8 _________________ for each one
Recommendations to retain ocean biodiversity
• increase the number of ocean reserves
• establish 9 _________________ corridors (e.g. for turtles)
• reduce fishing quotas
• catch fish only for the purpose of 10 _________________
23
Switch -
Energy Alliance
What would we use if there was no fossil fuel?

Work with your partners and name some alternative energy forms.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of each source?
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 1
Complete the passage below with the words given in the box.
There is one more answer than needed.
24
renewable nuclear solar power
fossil fuel run out geothermal
long-term harnessing hydrogen
THE FUTURE OF ENERGY

The future of energy is changing. Scientists claim that 1 _________________ needs
to be replaced by alternative forms of energy, such as 2 _________________ ,
3 _________________ , nuclear and solar energy.
These older fuels, such as oil and gas, are in short supply and may 4
_________________ in the near future. So what the alternative forms of energy could
be used? 5 _________________ is quite a popular choice for many. 6 _________________
the sun for its energy has been recommended by the government’s Department for
Energy as a cost-effective and 7 _________________ solution for both businesses and
individuals. However, although cost-effective in the long run, the setup costs can be
high.
Others have argued that 8 _________________ energy would be a better solution.
This, however, is very questionable. The issue of radioactive waste is always raised by
its opponents because of the fear of contamination if something goes wrong.
Exercise 2
You are going to hear three dialogue of college students discussing their school projects.
As you listen, take note of what the speakers say and answer the questions below.
1 Dialogue 1
Does the second speaker agree that they should visit the nuclear power station?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2 Dialogue 2
Do both speakers think that the government should invest in geothermal energy?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
3 Dialogue 3
Do both speakers agree that hydrogen is environmentally friendly?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
25
Do you agree...?
Read the phrases 1-10 and decide if the speaker is agreeing, disagreeing or expressing
uncertainty. Write A for agreement, D for disagreement and U for uncertainty in the
blank.
1 I couldn’t agree more. 6 There’s no doubt about it.
2 Absolutely! 7 I wouldn’t like to say.
3 That’s a difficult one. 8 I’m not convinced.
4 I’m afraid I don’t share your opinion. 9 I’m with you on that.
5 This is where we differ. 10 It’s hard to say.
Exercise 3
You are going to hear three students discussing their environmental science presentation.
Listen and answer the question.
What 2 pieces of information do the students agree to remove from the presentation?
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
1 ___________________________________________________________________________________________
2 ___________________________________________________________________________________________
Did you spot any expressions used by the speakers to say agree/disagree?
Exercise 4
Read the list of safety instructions 1–6 for working in a laboratory below.
Which of them are main ideas and which are supporting points?
In the blanks, write M for main point and S for supporting point.
1 Any food or drink containers found by staff should be disposed of.
2 Wear safety glasses and gloves at all times.
3 Do not eat or drink in the laboratory.
4 If you see an open door or window, please report it to security staff before working in
the laboratory.
5 All doors and windows must be locked when leaving the laboratory.
6 If someone is not wearing safety glasses or gloves, ask them to put them on before
continuing their work.
26
Exercise 5
You are going to hear a tutor and a student discussing the process of doing a research project
on an alternative energy.
Listen and complete the flowchart below.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RESEARCH PROJECT - PROCESS
Focus the question on one particular area
Make a reading list that is 1 _________________ and 2 _________________
Start reading as soon as possible Remember to 3_________________ while reading
Organize notes into some 4 _________________
Analyze notes and reading for 5 _________________ to the question
Exercise 1 - Are Electric Cars Really Green?

Watch the video and answer the following questions.
1 Why did Vinod Khosla claim that “electric cars are coal-powered cars”?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2 Why does coal-fired power actually pollute a lot more than gasoline?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
3 Why may renewables not make future electric cars much cleaner?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
27
Exercise 2 - Imagining a world without fossil fuels
Questions 1-8
Do the following statements describe a world with or without fossil fuel?
Write W for with and W/O for without.
1 Electricity is available for everyone.
2 We smell car, bus, and truck fumes.
3 Energy is abundant for billions of years.
4 Smog and greenhouse gases affect public health.
5 Public health improves.
6 There is a lot of traffic noise.
7 Fossil fuels are no longer used.
8 Governments spend a lot of money on protecting underground fuel sources and pipes.
Questions 9-16
Complete the sentences using the given words in the box.
wind power challenges subsidize energy system

fossil fuels emissions global transformation danger
9 Governments will save money if they no longer _________________ fossil-fuel production.

10 Our _________________ is undergoing an unstoppable transformation.
11 The coal-fired power industry is being rapidly replaced by sun and _________________ .
12 Our collective mission is to bend the curve of _________________ .
13 _________________ have made an extraordinary contribution to humanity.
14 Now that we understand the _________________ of fossil fuels, we should no longer use
them.
15 The journey to a fossil-fuel-free future is the most exciting _________________ we have ever
seen.
16 Renewable energy is the answer to so many _________________ in the world.
28
Assignment I
Present a plan to tackle environmental problems in Vietnam

This includes but not limited to air pollution, water pollution, biodiversity loss, etc.
In your presentation, there should be

a direct response to the assignment questions;
the standard presentation structure introduced in Unit 01;
main ideas and supporting ideas that are logically organized as in Unit 04;
the vocabulary learned from previous lessons;
languages to present data and findings as in Unit 02;
conjunctions & conjunctive adverbs of causation in Unit 03;
slides, visual, audio, models, statistics, etc. that support your ideas.
During the presentation, remember to

use signaling language from Unit 01;
demonstrate appropriate presentation skills;
participate in the discussion, debate or Q&A session.
Recommendation
How to prepare for this assignment

1 You must do this assignment in groups and should work together for at least three hours
outside of the classroom to come up with a 15-minute speech.
2 It is not required that you deliver a full-fledged presentation with high level of English
command and/or a firm grasp of the research topic. However, you are required to show
personal research in your presentation and use the targeted languages.
3 You should go through the materials provided in previous lessons to prepare the project.
29
Synopsis
The world is changing at an ever-quickening rate, which means that a lot of
knowledge becomes obsolete and inaccurate more quickly. The emphasis is
therefore shifting to teaching the skills of learning - to picking up new knowledge
quickly and in as agile a way as possible. Choices are plenty, and making the
right choice has never been more difficult.
30
An Education
Exercise 1
Below are 10 college majors. Match the majors a-j the the correct picture 1-10.
1 a Accounting and Finance f Psychology

b Business Administration g Teacher Education
c Communications h Computer Science
d Arts and Design i Law
e Mechanical Engineering j Medicine
2 3 4
5 6 7
8 9 10
31
Exercise 2
Each of the adjectives below commonly collocates with a noun provided.
Create the correct match. Then, complete the sentences 1-8 with the collocations.
Adjective Noun Collocation
academic dishonesty
academic education
critical education
educational experience
hands-on knowledge
higer standards
specialized thinking
vocational training
1 Cheating in examinations is one form of _____________________________ .

2 _____________________________ is training for a specific industry through a combination of
teaching and practical experience.
3 Access to _____________________________ is often determined by performance in university
entrance examinations.
4 Many employers consider _____________________________ to be as useful as academic
qualifications.
5 Some people worry that without examinations, _____________________________ will decline.
6 ‘Expertise’ means _____________________________ .
7 _____________________________ refers to learning in a university to obtain a bachelor’s,
master’s, or other types of degrees.
Exercise 3
The following passage points out the advantages and disadvantages of pursuing academic
education and vocational training. As you read, underline the main points and then put them
into the correct place in the following table.
32
ACADEMIC OR VOCATIONAL TRAINING?
Vocational Training
One of the most significant advantages of vocational education is that you get
practical experience. Vocational courses are designed to engage you with industry
leaders and you learn employment skills on the job. In addition, most vocational
courses are shorter than degree courses. The shorter time to graduate with a
diploma also means that vocational learning is cheaper. What is more, graduating
with a vocational diploma means that you already have the experience employers are
looking for. There is less risk of being turned down at an interview because you don’t
have enough experience.
However, one of the disadvantages is that your area of expertise may be restricted.
Vocational courses tend to be focused on one type of career. If you decide to change
career paths, you may need additional education.
Academic Education
An academic education usually includes a broad range of related subjects. This
type of learning can be useful in choosing between many different careers, as well
as training students to develop critical thinking and communication skills. Moreover,
for some types of jobs, the only way to get employment is if you have a university
degree. This is true of many careers in medicine, law, and science. There is also a fact
that many employers still give preference to job applicants with a university degree,
despite the development of high-quality vocational colleges.
Nevertheless, because university education is focused on learning, graduates often
lack the technical or practical skills needed in the current job market. So, you can leave
with a lot of theory but very few employment skills. Another significant drawback for
many people is the high cost of university education. Many graduates leave university
with debts that may take many years to clear. This is why many students have to work
to support themselves during their studies. Added to that, most university degree
courses are four years long, in which lectures, seminars, and personal research is very
intense. To study for a master’s degree or doctoral degree will take even more time.
33
Academic Education Vocational Training
Pros
Cons
In IELTS Speaking
You are expected to share your opinion on a particular issue, whether you agree or
disagree with it. Note down some ways you can express your perspective:
• Expressing your opinion:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
• Agreeing with another opinion:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
• Disagreeing with another opinion:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
34
Exercise 4
Express your opinion about the following statements, using the expressions above.
1 It is better to go to university for academic study right after high school to get well-
paid jobs later.
2 In every job, practical experience is more important than academic knowledge.
3 Encouraging people to pursue vocational training would help governments to tackle
the problem of unemployment because of workforce imbalance.
Exercise 1 - What are Universities for?

Watch the video and answer the questions 1-15.
Questions 1-8
Choose the synonyms of the underlined words.
1 The main consolation for me was that I wouldn’t have to leave Boston.
A. annoyance B. comfort C. disturbance D. indifference
2 Before I went off to university my father gave me a few words of wisdom.
A. stupidity B. intelligence C. foolishness D. ignorance
3 How can you reconcile your fur coat with your love of animals?
A. conflict B. contradict C. disagree D. harmonize
4 He was the only person who understood all the arcane details of the agreement.
A. common B. hidden C. known D. outward
5 My top priority is to find somewhere to live.
A. first concern B. last concern C. mission D. unimportance
6 Small retailers do not live up to the promise that they will provide customers with quality
products.
A. break B. exceed C. fall short of D. fullfill
7 The program would generate a lot of new jobs
A. copy B. create C. use D. lose
35
Questions 8-15
8 What is the main purpose of university education?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
9 What else can universities educate students?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
10 What is all the knowledge that people could people find in churches before any
universities were founded?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
11 What led to the construction of many first universities, museums, and libraries in the 19th
century?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
12 What are the practical, urgent matters that students in universities have?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
13 Are the names of university departments like history, literature or philosophy really
picking up on issues that actually trouble people in their lives? Why?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
14 What departments in an ideal university help students in their lives? What are they?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
15 Why does the speaker state that “complaining about how many universities are isn’t a
way to give up on them”?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
36
Exercise 2 - Vocational education and training
Watch the given video and fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the words in the box
individualize apply equip embark advance

qualify full-fledged prospect occupation pursue
1 Neela and her friends will _________________ on the job market.

2 The theoretical knowledge Neela gains in school can be directly _________________ in
practice at the company.
3 Since the dual education and training system is very flexible, _________________
arrangements can be made for everyone.
4 A word of caution is that not all companies offer _________________ training.
5 One criterion that a business operation has to meet to be _________________ to train young
people is that they must be carefully checked by the IHK.
6 Neela must be able to put her acquired knowledge to practical use because as a
_________________ employee, she will later have to manage her own projects within the
company.
7 Following her dual system training, Neela has a variety of _________________ , she could
_________________ within the company or _________________ further education to gain a

higher certificate.
8 With adequate training and education, Neela is ideally _________________ for the labor
market and for her own career.
37
Against
The Stream
Exercise 1
Complete sentences 1-5 using the correct form of the verbs in the brackets.
1 It _________________ (announce) that the university entrance exam will be delayed till
late summer due to the pandemic.
2 Many people support _________________ (abolish) single-sex schools to increase social
mixing and decrease social division.
3 There are evidences showing that the current school system _________________
(perpetuate) social and economic inequality.
4 Steve Jobs _________________ (drop out) of college after just one month because he
could not pay for the high tuition fee.
5 Mendel’s work in genetic inheritance used to _________________ (mock) by other
scientists.
6 After Bart failed the math test again, his mom _________________ (rage) for days.
Exercise 2
What are the antonyms of the underlined words in the following sentences?
1 Hermione is proud of her runaway success in the latest exam.
A. accomplishment B. achievement C. failure D. fruition
2 Draco used to think that he was superior to his peers.
A. above B. better than C. exceptional D. inferior to
3 Sheldon showed no special ability except for his proficiency in physics.
A. capability B. competence C. inability D. skill
4 The new policy from the Minister of Education receives many backlashes.
A. comments B. compliments C. negative reactions D. suggestions
5 A holistic development refers to the whole person, including their physical, mental,
and emotional health.
A. broad B. complete C. incomprehensive D. rounded
6 Written tests are inadequate to show a student’s true ability.
A. capable B. enough C. incompetent D. poor
38
THE POLICY THAT BOXED STUDENTS
In Mar 2019, Education Minister One Ye Kung announced that streaming in schools
would be discontinued in Singapore from 2024. The streaming system has proven
controversial based on their academic achievements. However, streaming was not
always the society-dividing tool it ended up becoming.
Before gaining independence, language schools were the main instruments

of education in S’pore. In 1960, change came and the Primary School Leaving
Examination (PSLE) was introduced, streaming children into academic, technical
and vocational schools after primary education. In 1981, schools started categorising
students into Special, Express & Normal streams based on their PSLE scores. The
Normal stream would be further divided into Academic and Technical. Streaming
was later brought down to primary school, where students were banded into EM1, 2
or 3 based on their Primary 4 exam results.
Since 1979, however, the debate over streaming has raged on till today. Streaming
supporters pointed out that by allowing students to advance to secondary school
at a more suitable level, it helped to reduce the dropout rate. From 30 to 40% when
the system was introduced to 5.3 per cent in 1997, the number fell to 3.7 per cent
in 2002 and now stands at less than 1 per cent. With that being said, the streaming
system had been getting backlashes. An iconic commentary on the effects of
streaming is perhaps Jack Neo’s 2002 movie “I Not Stupid”, which portrayed the
struggles of EM3 students, who were mocked for being in a lower stream by those
in “superior” streams. The runaway success of the film sparked discussions over the
effects of streaming on students, and the feeling of being boxed into an “inferior”
stream.
39
Complaints over the effects of streaming in perpetuating class differences has led
to numerous changes in the education system, as it gradually became inadequate
in educating a wide variety of students. Primary school streaming was abolished
in 2008 and in Mar 2019, the Ministry of Education announced a similar move for
secondary schools in 2024 in the form of subject-based banding. Under this new
system, students get to take individual subjects at different levels depending on
their own proficiency. Experts added that overall, subject-based banding will be
beneficial in the sense that it will bring about more social mixing and encourage
students to help one another. As a result, students would be encouraged to be less
competitive and focus on holistic self-development.
As times change, so too must the education system, in order to prepare students for
the future, and to ensure that Singapore does not fall behind.
Exercise 3
Fill in the blanks with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage.
How Streaming came to schools
• Pre self-governance: Only 1 _____________________________ was available
• From 1960: Students were streamed into Academic,
2 _____________________________ & Vocational
• From 1981: Students were streamed into 3 _____________________________ ,
Express & Normal (Academic & Technical)
• From 2008: Streaming was abolished in primary schools
• From 2024: Streaming will be 4 _____________________________
Exercise 4
1 Streaming completely eradicated the dropout crisis in Singapore.
2 EM3 students often received ill-treatment from by their peers.
3 The 2002 movie “I Not Stupid” features 2 students who ran away from home.
4 Some people think that streaming widens the gap of class division.
5 Subject-based banding will be inefficient for students.
6 Students who have holistic self-development will be more successful than those who are
competitive.
40
In IELTS Writing
It is important that you avoid ______________________________________________ , which is
when a general rule is applied to a case with specific features.
There is a range of modifiers and “softer” vocabulary that you can use to achieve this:
• Quantifier: ___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
• Verbs: ________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
• Modal verbs: _________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
• Frequency adverbs: _________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
• Probability adverbs: _________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
• Expressions: _________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 4
Rewrite the following statements so that they are more academically appropriate.
1 Student streaming eradicates the dropout crisis.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2 Subject-based banding is inefficient.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
3 Girls are better at languages than boys.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
4 All parents want their children to get accepted to a prestigious school.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
5 Educated people do not commit crime.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
6 Students with poor financial condition have great academic performance.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
41
Exercise 5
Read the Task 2 question below and complete the table. You can use your own ideas or the
information provided in the reading passage. Then write complete sentences based on the
outlines. Remember to avoid the fallacy introduced in this lesson.
Some people think that schools should choose students according to their
academic abilities.
To what extent do you agree with the statement above?
‘Evaluate an idea’ essay question
What are the ideas? What is the evidence for? What is the evidence against?
Idea in the question:

School should choose
students according to their
academic abilities
Other possible idea:

Mixed schooling should
replace streaming system
Other possible idea:
42
Exercise 1
Choose the most suitable to complete the blanks.
1 This medicine has some _____ side effects like headache, fever, nausea.
A. positive B. unexpected C. undesirable D. poisonous
2 Being a celebrity has a lot of benefits but you have to _____ things like privacy, time for
family, etc.
A. accept B. enjoy C. offer D. sacrifice
3 Many women today still have to encounter many social _____ such as being housewives,
not being able to follow higher education.
A. prejudices B. perspectives C. issues D. equality
4 Medical students must work _____ in order to receive their medical license.
A. effortlessly B. diligently C. carelessly D. irresponsibly
5 Positive COVID cases without having any symptoms within a 21-day period still _____
doctors.
A. interest B. aid C. baffle D. infect
6 In developing countries, the _____ is so great that the working class cannot get access to
education.
A. social division B. state budget C. national economy D. welfare system
7 Do not judge a book by its cover since appearance can be _____ .
A. appealing B. unattractive C. strange D. deceptive
Exercise 2
Read the following text and answer questions 1-13.
PRIVATE SCHOOLS
Most countries’ education systems have had what you might call educational
disasters, but, sadly, in many areas of certain countries, these “disasters” are still
evident today. The English education system is unique due to the fact that there
are still dozens of schools that are known as private schools and they perpetuate
privilege and social division. Most countries have some private schools for the
children of the wealthy; England is able to more than triple the average number
globally. England has around 3,000 private schools and just under half a million
children are educated at them whilst some nine million children are educated at
state schools. The overwhelming majority of students at private schools also come
from middle-class families.
43
The result of this system is evident and it has much English history embedded
within it. The facts seem to speak for themselves. In the private system almost half
the students go on to University, whilst in the state system, only about eight percent
make it to further education. However, statistics such as these can be deceptive due
to the fact that middle-class children do better at examinations than working-class
ones, and most of them stay on at school after 16. Private schools, therefore, have
the advantage over state schools as they are entirely “middle-class” and this creates
an environment of success where students work harder and apply themselves more
diligently to their school work.
Private schools are extortionately expensive, being as much as £18,000 a year at
somewhere such as Harrow or Eton, where Princes William and Harry attended, and
at least £8,000 a year almost everywhere else. There are many parents who are not
wealthy or even comfortably off but are willing to sacrifice a great deal for the cause
of their students’ schooling. It baffles many people as to why they need to spend
such vast amounts when there are perfectly acceptable state schools that do not
cost a penny. One father gave his reasoning for sending his son to a private school,
“If my son gets a five-percent-better chance of going to university, that may be the
difference between success and failure.”. It would seem to the average person that
a £50,000 minimum total cost of second-level education is a lot to pay for a five-
percent better chance. Most children, given the choice, would take the money and
spend it on more enjoyable things rather than shelling it out on a school that is too
posh for its own good.
However, some say that the real reason that parents fork out the cash is prejudice:
they do not want their little kids mixing with the “workers” or picking up an
undesirable accent. In addition to this, it would not do if at the next dinner party all
the guests were boasting about sending their kids to the same place where the son
44
of the third cousin of Prince Charles is going, and you say your kid is going to the
state school down the road, even if you could pocket the money for yourself instead,
and, as a result, be able to serve the best Champagne with the smoked salmon and
duck.
It is a fact, however, that at many of the best private schools, your money buys
you something. One school, with 500 pupils, has 11 science laboratories; another
school with 800 pupils, has 30 music practice rooms; another has 16 squash courts,
and yet another has its own beach. Private schools spend £300 per pupil a year on
investment in buildings and facilities; the state system spends less than £50. On
books, the ratio is 3 to 1.
One of the things that your money buys which is difficult to quantify is the
appearance of the school, the way it looks. Most private schools that you will find
are set in beautiful, well-kept country houses, with extensive grounds and gardens.
In comparison with the state schools, they tend to look like castles, with the worst
of the state schools looking like public lavatories, perhaps even tiled or covered in
graffiti. Many may even have an architectural design that is just about on the level
of an industrial shed.
Questions 1-8
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
1 The English educational system differs from the other ones because
A. it tries to make state and private equal.
B. more students are educated at private schools than state schools.
C. it contributes to creating a class system within society.
D. it is more expensive to run.
2 There are more private school children who go to university because
A. the lessons and teachers at the private schools are much better.
B. their parents often send their children to private schools.
C. they have more teaching hours.
D. the schools create a successful environment.
3 A lot of parents often send their children to private schools
A. because they are not well-informed.
B. to show how much money they have to their friends.
C. to increase their chances of succeeding in the university exams.
D. because of the better sports facilities.
45
4 It is suggested that some parents of children at private schools are
A. prejudiced and superficial.
B. more intelligent that those with children at state schools.
C. well-brought-up and cultivated.
D. overly protective.
5 Private school
A. always have their own beaches.
B. teach sports that state schools do not.
C. spend more money per student than state schools.
D. spend more money on hiring good teachers.
6 The writer thinks that private-school buildings
A. are very attractive and luxurious.
B. generally do not look very nice.
C. are too big for the number of students who attend the school.
D. are not built to suit students’ needs.
7 In general, what do you think the writers’ opinion of private schools is?
A. It is not fair that those without money cannot attend them.
B. They divide social classes but they offer better facilities and creative environments.
C. There is little difference between private and state schools.
D. They have the best teachers.
Questions 8-13
Complete the sentences below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
The fact that there are so many private schools in England, in comparison to other
countries, makes the English educational system 8 _________________ . Most students
in these schools are from 9 _________________ families. These students seem to do
better at exams although statistics can be 10 _________________ . One of the advantages
of private schools is that they seem to provide students with a better, more positive
environment that encourages them to 11 _________________ themselves to their school
work with more enthusiasm. A lot of not very well-off parents make huge sacrifices
for their children’s 12 _________________ to help them go to respectable universities.
Unfortunately, many state school buildings sometimes have the appearance of an
industrial 13 _________________ .
46
Should I Stay or
Should I Go?
Exercise 1
The following sentences 1-7 are taken from the reading passage Six Unexpected Benefits to
Studying Abroad as a Graduate Student.
Match the underlined words to their synonyms in the table below.
Word Synonym Word Synonym
to change flexible
completely to learn
determination to improve
to develop thought
1 By studying abroad, you will have the opportunity to enhance your language skills.
2 Applying a language to the real world is an entirely different experience.
3 [When studying abroad], you will also be able to pick up conversational language you
would not study in class, enabling you to speak like a local.
4 It gives you the opportunity to show future and current employers that you have the [...]
drive needed to adapt to a different environment.
5 Adapting to different styles of teaching can also help you adjust to different management
styles, making you more versatile in the workplace.
6 By studying abroad, you can learn about new perspectives and develop cross-cultural
awareness.
7 You will find out that you can often thrive in new, unexpected circumstances, [...].
47
SIX UNEXPECTED BENEFITS TO STUDYING ABROAD
AS A GRADUATE STUDENT
Improve your language skills
By studying abroad, you will have the opportunity to enhance your language skills.
While studying a language in class is rewarding, applying it to the real world is an
entirely different experience. It is likely you will learn the language faster because
you are practicing it regularly. You will also be able to pick up conversational
language you would not study in class, enabling you to speak like a local.
Developing your language skills can have a positive impact on your career, as
well. Fluency in a second language is often helpful (if not required) when working
at organizations with a multinational or global presence. If you are interested in
breaking into the world of international business or global health, for instance,
having strong foreign language skills and experience that demonstrates those skills
can help your resumé stand out to employers.
Experience a different style of teaching
Each country has its own unique style of teaching. Studying abroad can help
you expand your academic horizon and develop the capacity to adapt to various
educational settings.
Adapting to different styles of teaching can also help you adjust to different
management styles, making you more versatile in the workplace. Teaching styles
you may encounter abroad include:
• Authority Style: A teacher-centered style where a professor is the authority
figure and frequently gives long lectures or one-way presentations. There is a
focus on set rules and expectations, and students typically take notes to retain
information.
• Facilitator Style: Professors promote self-learning by emphasizing the teacher-
student relationship. They help students develop critical
thinking skills by teaching them how to ask questions and
find solutions through exploration.
• Delegator Style: Professors assign lab activities and give
students in-class projects to help them stay engaged. This is
a guided learning style that places the teacher in an observer
role while helping students remain active participants in
their learning.
48
Impress employers
Studying abroad can help launch your career and make you more competitive in
the workforce. It gives you the opportunity to show future and current employers
that you have the open mind, resourcefulness, and drive needed to adapt to a
different environment.
Many employers are looking for graduates who have international experience.
According to a recent survey, 64 percent of employers consider study abroad
experience to be important, and a majority of employers look for transferable skills
that are typically gained from the experience, such as flexibility to new challenges.
Learn about new cultures and perspectives
Your experience with a different culture allows you to
expand your worldview. By studying abroad, you can
learn about new perspective and develop cross-cultural
awareness. For example, you may work with people from
other countries in your next job. By studying abroad,
you will be more comfortable with people from different
backgrounds, value their unique experiences, and establish
a stronger relationship with them.
Our cultural background often has a huge impact on how
we react to different situations. Gaining a variety of perspectives can help you look
at experiences in an entirely new way. By studying abroad, you will meet people
with different upbringings, helping you widen your horizons and broaden your
mind. In addition, the best way to experience another culture is to immerse yourself
in it, and the ideal way to do that is by living in another country.
Develop your confidence
By immersing yourself in another culture, you develop valuable life skills needed for
personal growth, including independence and adaptability. These skills can give you
an added boost of confidence in your personal and professional life.
Studying abroad can be overwhelming, but the challenges you overcome can help
you become a more mature person. You will find out that you can often thrive in
new, unexpected circumstances, and you will boost your communication skills by
speaking a new language helping you further improve your self-confidence.
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See the world
Studying abroad allows you to see the world and
travel to new places you would otherwise not have
visited. During your time away from your studies, you
can go sightseeing in your new city. You will also get
to know your region more intimately than if you were
just visiting for a shorter period of time.
When studying abroad, you can also visit neighboring regions and countries, as
you are not limited to one place. For example, if you are studying in Milan, you
can visit Florence or explore the Tuscan countryside by train. With international
budget airlines and travel deals, exploring the world is becoming increasingly more
affordable. Your newfound connections can also show you areas that a tourist
otherwise would not experience.
Exercise 2
1 The experience of using languages in real conversation is completely different from that
in classes.
2 Authority style of teaching promotes self-learning where the relationship between
teachers and students are focused.
3 Studying in an foreign country helps you improve the employability thanks to valuable
personalities gained from the adaptation process in a new environment.
4 Learning in another country provides students opportunities to be exposed to different
perspectives, which is then of some help in their promotion possibility.
5 Integrating into new cultures facilitates a growth of precious life skills like independence.
6 Studying abroad enables students to visit new destinations more easily and in a more
affordable way than a short time of travelling.
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Exercise 3
You are going to hear a recording about why it is a good idea to study in your home country.
As you listen, fill in the blanks with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS.
ADVANTAGES OF STUDYING IN YOUR HOME COUNTRY

‒ Enhance your foreign language proficiency
• English-delivered courses have been offered 1 _________________ .
‒ Widen your intercultural perspectives
• International courses in your home country or student exchange programs enable you
to study with overseas students in a 2 _________________ learning environment.
‒ Many occupations require 3 _________________ knowledge, rather than studying abroad
experience
• Degrees in domestic careers such as laws, medicine or education can be earned from
a university in your home country
Fully focus on your study instead of 4 _________________ new vocabulary
• No need to make a 5 _________________ staying abroad plan and 6 _________________ a
new language
‒ Avoid culture shock
• Familiar with the way of life or the 7 _________________ in your own country
‒ No more homesickness and long-distance relationships
• communicating with your loved ones at home can be very difficult due to the
time 8 _________________ or a poor local technical 9 _________________
‒ Minimize the 10 _________________ of education, accommodation and traveling
• Higher costs including: 11 _________________ , the cost of living, extra cost of traveling to
visit your loved ones
‒ Chance to experience places in your home country that you have not 12 _________________
• there are vast 13 _________________ between the various regions within one country.
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Exercise 1 - Culture Shock and The Cultural Adaptation Cycle
Questions 1-13
Watch the video and fill in the blanks with ONE WORD ONLY.
Stage 1: Honeymoon
• Feeling of excitement, optimism when being intrigued by new 1 _________________ ,
smells and sounds.
• Tend to focus on the positive aspects of the new environment.
Stage 2: Slump phase / Cultural shock
• Differences become hurdles or 2 _________________ .
• Small challenges become devastations.
• Resent our cultures + attribute negative feelings towards our overseas experience.
• Symptoms:
‫ ݕ‬recurrent 3 _________________
‫ ݕ‬changes in eating habits
‫ ݕ‬homesickness
‫ ݕ‬persistent negativity towards the first culture
‫ ݕ‬bouts of frustration, irritability
‫ ݕ‬feelings of sadness, 4 _________________ , self-doubt
‫ ݕ‬withdrawing from friends and other people and activities.
• Tips on how to overcome this phase:
‫ ݕ‬Immerse ourselves into the host culture, and explore your new 5 _________________
by taking part in social activities organized.
‫ ݕ‬Take time to 6 _________________ and put your feelings and observations down and
talk to someone about your experiences.
‫ ݕ‬Do not be afraid to love your 7 _________________ .
‫ ݕ‬Having a routine that includes eating well, exercising and getting enough sleep is
healthy.
‫ ݕ‬If you’re in a second language environment, work on those language skills.
• It takes time and patience to begin to realize the positive 8 _________________ of cultural
adaptations.
Stage 3: Realization
• Begin to recover from culture shock and acclimatize to the host culture, we develop an
9 _________________ for not only how things are done, but why.
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Stage 4: Adaptation
• Accept differences more willingly
• Navigate the world around more easily
• Have more 10 _________________ that eventually your heart will no longer be new and
instead feels a sense of belonging.
• Regain emotional stability and be able to live and study to our full 11 _________________ .
• Build meaningful connections with the indigenous environment for the second time
• Recognize that we’ve changed as a result of our experiences and begin to melt this
without 12 _________________ .
Possibility
• may encounter relapses of culture shock and enter into feelings of frustration or
sadness once again.
• once you cope with culture shock, you can continue to achieve successes and
milestones + develop a deeper understanding of the native environment.
• change our 13 _________________ of the world and our home.
Exercise 2
Read the text below and answer questions 1-15.
YOUR ADVENTURE STARTS WHERE?

An increasing number of students are thinking of going overseas to study for a
degree. This week we focus on five English-speaking countries, examining what
each has to offer and why you might choose to study there.
With thousands of institutions and courses to choose from, how do you decide
where to study as an international student? Do you dream of heading for the land of
Uncle Sam or would you feel more at home in Shakespeare’s country? Perhaps the
Australian outback will give you the space you need to work out the problems of the
world. Whichever you choose, the adventure begins right here!
Study in Australia
Free-spirited Australia has been open to migration for many years and is today one
of the world’s top three destinations for international students. Australia’s renowned
cultural diversity, its high level of public safety, and the vibrant atmosphere of its
cities all help to make it easy for overseas visitors to feel at home. Academically
speaking, most of the national, publicly-funded universities are of a similarly high
standard. Moreover, Australian institutions have a particularly strong reputation for
research into the environment and sport science.
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Study in the UK
Many students are attracted to Britain by its long history of literature, from Chaucer
and Shakespeare to Bridget Jones and Harry Potter. Look beyond this, and you’ll
find a university system with one of the best reputations in the world. Universities
in the UK have a record of achievement in business, law, the sciences, philosophy,
linguistics and many other fields. Some UK institutions offer a foundation course
(usually three months or one year in length) to prepare international students
before they go on to do a full undergraduate or postgraduate degree; applying for
one of these courses normally involves taking the IELTS exam.
Study in New Zealand
With its vast and beautiful open spaces and friendly city centres, New Zealand
is a country where you can enjoy both the great outdoors and the conveniences
and dynamism of modern city life. Low living costs and a high standard of living
also makes life here very appealing. New Zealand’s highly respected educational
programmes are based on the British system. A large part of a degree programme
is practical; this gives graduates both the knowledge and the skills they need when
entering the workplace.
Study in the USA
The population of the USA is made up of people from every continent, joined
together by a shared language and a core set of values. Of these values, liberty and
freedom are probably the most important, combined with individual responsibility.
American students are therefore expected to think independently and have
responsibility for their own studies; classes are often informal and students are
encouraged to express their opinion. With 50 states all offer a huge range of
different types of institutions – from two-year community college courses to four-
year undergraduate programmes – deciding where to study in the USA may appear
confusing, so it is important to do some research first.
Study in Canada
Surveys conducted by the United Nations have repeatedly found Canada to be
among the top ten places in the world to live in. In addition, Canada’s largest cities,
Vancouver, Toronto and Montreal, have been recognised as world-class cities
in which to live and work, for their cleanliness and safety and for their cultural
activities and attractive lifestyles. A Canadian degree, diploma or certificate is well
regarded in business, government and academic circles around the globe. Canada
has two official languages – English and French. Studying and living in Canada
could be your opportunity to learn both!
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Questions 1-5
Answer the following questions. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
1 What type of university preparation course is available in the UK?
2 On which education system are New Zealand programmes founded?
3 Which two values are extremely important to Americans?
4 Which USA educational programmes are two years in length?
5 Who concluded that Canada is one of the best countries in the world to live in?
Questions 6-10
Which countries do the following statements refer to? Choose your answers from the box and
write the correct letters next to questions 6–10.
AU Australia
CA Canada
NZ New Zealand
UK United Kingdom
US United States
6 There is an enormous choice of colleges and universities to choose from.

7 Some universities are famous for courses in environmental studies.
8 It is well-known for producing many famous authors.
9 Students should be able to think for themselves.
10 It is not a very expensive place to live in.
Questions 11-15
11 Australia is a dangerous country.
12 Most state universities in Australia are of comparable quality.
13 A degree from a UK university is highly regarded.
14 The British education system has a large practical element.
15 Canada has the top three universities in the world.
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One Size Fits All
The Golden Ratio

Work with your partner to discuss the following questions.
1 How many people are there in your class?
2 Do you think different classes should have different number of students? Why?
3 In your opinion, what is the ideal students per teacher ratio? Why?
Exercise 1
Match the words in column A to their correct antonyms in column B.
Do you know what other words that have similar meanings with the given vocabulary?
A B Synonyms
1 availability a benefit
2 drawback b efficiently
3 majority c high-income
4 poor d minority
5 poorly e shortage
6 rural f urban
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Exercise 2
Match the following terms 1-12 to their definition a-l.
1 analysis a a discovery, revelation
2 anectodal b a line of reasoning designed to prove a point
3 argument c a theory that is related to the topic of the reseach
4 evidence d an evaluation or examination
5 finding e conclusion
6 implication f informal, based on hearsay
7 inconclusive g research project
8 initiative h official way to do something
9 procedure i proof
10 reliable j the numerical facts or data themselves
11 statistics k trustworthy
12 theoretical basis l unclear, vague
In IELTS Academic Test

You will read about scientific researches or listen to lectures. Therefore, it is important
that you are familiar with the terminology and project procedure.
Additionally, in IELTS Listening Test, you should be able to idenfity key points and
understand which direction the speech is taking. Signposting words can help you do
this.
Exercise 3
What is the function of the signposting words in italics? Is it to introduce a topic, show contrast,
give further information, indicate order, give example, or indicate finding?
1 The second project was much larger and took place in California.
2 Analysts have found that the results are very similar to the Tennessee project.
3 Let’s have a look at three research projects.
4 Students have to be in smaller classes to get a benefit, for example.
5 On the other hand, the eventual economic benefits could be huge.
6 In addition, statistics have shown some implications.
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Exercise 4
You are going to listen to a talk about the educational system.
As you listen, answer questions 1-10.
Questions 1-2
Which two of the following problems are causing concern to The United States’s educational
authorities?
A differences between rich and poor students
B high numbers dropping out of education
C falling standards of students
D poor results compared with other nationalities
E low scores of overseas students
F differences between rural and urban students
Questions 3-4
What are two advantages of reducing class size?
A more employment for teachers
B improvement in general health of the population
C reduction in number of days taken off sick by teachers
D better use of existing buildings and resources
E better level of education of workforce
F availability of better qualified teachers
Questions 5-10
The following table summarises three research projects which investigated how smaller classes
affects the overall educational standards of the USA.
As you listen, fill in the blanks with ONE WORD OR A NUMBER for each answer.
State Number Number of Key findings from Problems of

of schools students the projects the researches
involved participating
Tennessee about 70 1 ____________ in significant benefit, lack of agreement

total especially for on implications of
2 ________________ data
pupils
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California 3 ____________ 1.8 million very little benefit • shortage of
schools 4 _______________
especially poorer
areas;
• no proper method
for 5 ______________
of project
Wisconsin 14 schools similar results to

(with pupils Tennessee project
from families
that are
6 ___________ )
Exercise 1 - Creating a Study Group

You are going to hear a conversation about creating a study group.
As you listen, answer questions 1-6. Then complete questions 7-11.
Questions 1-6
Choose the correct answer.
1 There are _____ who can do the first meeting of the study group.
A. four students
B. three students
B. five students
2 They don’t want to meet in their current place because...
A. they aren’t allowed to be there.
B. they don’t want to talk to other people.
C. they might disturb other people.
3 They decide to meet...
A. next to the cafeteria.
B. in the library.
C. next to the study hall.
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4 They have another seminar...
A. at the same time as study group.
B. every week on a Thursday.
C. every two weeks on a Thursday.
5 How long will their study group be?
A. one hour
B. one hour and a half
C. two hours
6 Their final exam...
A. is very soon.
B. has passed.
C. isn’t for some time.
Questions 7-11
Match the expressions with way with their meanings.
7 it’s impossible a there’s no way
8 make something possible b go away
9 leave c way off
10 very much d in a big way
11 a long time from now e find a way
Exercise 2
Read the passage below and answer questions 1-9.
TUTORIAL METHOD OF TEACHING
A The tutorial method of teaching, where students are taught individually or in
very small groups of two or three, developed as the collegiate system in Oxford
and Cambridge Universities established itself. Teaching has existed in Oxford
since the 11th century, and the role of tutors was documented in the 15th century,
when Oxford tutors were described as ‘having responsibility for the conduct and
instruction of their younger colleagues’ (Moore, 1968). Thus, the early role of the
tutor was both pastoral as well as academic.
B One of the foundations of Oxford’s academic excellence is the dialectic of the
individual, discussion-based tutorial which has gained a unique status in the middle
of the 19th century. Professor Benjamin Jowett, classicist and Master of Balliol
College, Oxford, is traditionally credited with having been the guiding influence
behind the establishment of the tutorial system based on the Socratic method.
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His students said of Jowett, ‘his great skill consisted, like Socrates, in helping us to
learn and think for ourselves’ (Markham, 1967). When Jowett took up the mantle
of Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University in 1882, his teaching method of Socratic
dialogue became established as a ‘pattern for the whole university’ (Markham, 1967).
C In the last decade, multiple studies have been conducted exploring the unique
learning benefits of the tutorial method. 130 years after it was formally established
as the cornerstone of Oxford education, the tutorial method retains its prestige
and effectiveness. As the present university website states, it is through the
tutorial system that ‘students develop powers of independent and critical thought,
analytical and problem-solving abilities, and skills in both written and oral
communication and argument’.
Questions 1-4
The reading passage about the tutorial method of teaching has three paragraphs A, B and C.
Which paragraph contains the information in the statements below?
1 The tutorial method of teaching is still a key part of the Oxford education system.
2 The tutorial method encourages students to learn independently.
3 The tutorial method features Oxford University marketing.
4 Traditionally, Oxford tutors had more than just an academic role.
Questions 5-9
Choose the correct meaning of the words in bold.
5 Oxford tutors were described as ‘having responsibility for the conduct and instruction of
their younger colleagues’.
A. manner B. lecture C. guidance
6 The early role of the tutor was both pastoral as well as academic.
A. supervisory B. advisory C. analytical
7 Professor Benjamin Jowett [...] is traditionally credited with having been the guiding
influence behind the establishment of the tutorial system.
A. recognized B. disregarded C. influenced
8 130 years after it was formally established as the cornerstone of Oxford education, the
tutorial method retains its prestige and effectiveness.
A. committee B. style C. foundation
9 The tutorial method retains its prestige and effectiveness.
A. reputation B. consistency C. tradition
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Assignment II
Evaluate an idea on the topic of education

This includes but not limited to general education, higher education, etc.

a demonstration of the “evaluate an idea” essay structure as in Unit 07;
usage of languages to avoid sweeping statement generalisation as in Unit 07;
slides, visual, audio, models, statistics, etc. that support ideas.
During the presentation, students should

use signaling language from Unit 01 and Unit 09;
use phrases to express opinion from Unit 06;
Recommendation

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Synopsis
Criticisms of social media range from disparity of information available, issues
with trustworthiness and reliability of information presented, the impact
of social media use on an individual’s concentration, ownership of media
content, and the meaning of interactions created by social media. Despite
the aforementioned inherent problems, social media can help to improve an
individual’s sense of connectedness with real or online communities and can be
an effective communication tool for people.
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Printing on
borrowed time
Print or Digital?
Look at the different types of media below. Write P for those that are print media, D for digital
and B for both.
1 blog 3 newspaper 5 news app
2 magazine 4 e-book 6 website
Do you read any of the above? Which ones? When? How often?
Exercise 1
Circle the odd one out.
1 magazine newsstand tabloid title
2 to issue to publish to release to subscribe
3 computerized digital electronic physical
4 conventional innovative long-standing traditional
5 dwindle shrink squeeze surge
Exercise 2
Choose the correct words.
1 There are several types of media / press, namely newspaper, TV, and the internet.
2 Our nonprofit industry / sector need more funding.
3 Chief Executive Officer / Chief Operating Officer sets the company’s visions and goals.
4 Chief Executive Officer / Chief Operating Officer provides leadership and strategy.
5 Brands should try to stay relatable / relevant on social media to boost engagement.
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ARE THE 2020S WHEN PRINT MEDIA WILL END?
If you look through enough comments by several media executives in recent years,
most suspect a time when the period of printed media comes to an end.
A Although print products, subscriptions and even ever-
dwindling newsstand sales typically make more money
for publishers than digital, they also cost a lot more to
produce. While publishers are still set on squeezing what
money they can out of the shrinking number of people
who prefer a print product over an electronic device,
usually by increasing their price, more than ever before
publishing executives are willing to acknowledge that
print may not be a part of the business forever.
B “At least 10 years is what we can see in the U.S. for our print products,” said Mark
Thompson, chief executive officer of The New York Times. “There may come a point
when the economics of [the print paper] no longer make sense for us.” Marty Baron,
executive editor of The Washington Post, also thinks printed news has an expiration
date. He claimed print will continue “for a while, yes” but pointedly adding, “It will not
last.”
C So, America’s two largest and most successful newspapers seem to firmly accept the
end of an era. What about the tech guys, like Google? The company makes heavy
use of newspaper and magazine content for its core search engine and has lately
been investing in news-related projects. Richard Gingras, vice president of news at
Google, dismissed any notion that print is sticking around too much longer. “Clearly,
it’s going to peter out,” he shared a year ago. “Five years, 10 years, I don’t know. If you
simply look at younger generations, it’s completely irrelevant — our heads are in [our
smartphones] all day. So what’s the value of a print vehicle?”
D That makes two huge sectors of media agreeing on the “end of print”. One relative
holdout, unsurprisingly, is magazines. Executives from both Condé Nast and Hearst
Magazines see their titles, at least some of them, continuing on. Although Hearst is
struggling to digitize, chief content officer Kate Lewis is planning for magazines to
exist 20 years from now, claiming subscribers are still “strong.” “Magazines can fill
that [role] of a gift that you’re giving yourself,” Lewis insisted. Roger Lynch, just a few
months into his role as CEO of Condé, still sees a future for print, too, although it is likely
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to be on an even smaller scale than it is now. Lynch admitted that other of Condé’s 10
remaining print magazines may computerize at some point. He characterized Self —
out of print since 2017 after almost 40 years — as a success story in this regard, saying
the business has turned around. He didn’t have the same praise for Glamour, which
closed regular print in 2018. Lynch did doubt if Vogue, Vanity Fair, The New Yorker,
Wired, GQ and Architectural Digest would stop releasing print issues.
E Nevertheless, a handful of magazines are not seeing a robust profit from print media.
The new Twenties is likely the decade that conventional magazines and newspapers
take their place firmly in the past.
Exercise 3
The reading passage has five sections, A-E. Which section contains the following information?
1 a list of print products that will last
2 a mention of a group of subscribers who do not prefer print media
3 a speculation on when print media will be longer relevant
4 a belief in the importance of print media
5 information on how media companies make a profit
Exercise 4
Look at the list of media executives.
Match the executives to the statements A, B, or C. You can use any option more than once.
A Print media remains relevant and valuable.

B Some physical titles will definitely continue.
C Print media will not hold out much longer.
1 Kate Lewis
2 Mark Thompson
3 Marty Baron
4 Richard Gingras
5 Roger Lynch
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In IELTS Writing
You are expected to express more than one view, using reporting verbs.
Exercise 5
Put the verbs in the box below into the correct columns.
accept agree doubt share

acknowledge claim insist suspect
admit dismiss say think
To express belief To express agreement To express disagreement
Exercise 6
Read the sentences below and choose the stronger of the two reporting verbs.
1 Many people suspect / insist that daily newspapers will go fully digital in the future.
2 Others acknowledged / agreed the idea of a mixed form of media.
3 There are doubts on / dismissal of online newspapers’ trustworthiness.
Exercise 7
Read the question below. Use the reporting verbs to write at least three sentences to agree
with the given statement, to disagree with it, and to express your personal opinion.
Although more and more people read the news on the Internet, newspaper will
remain the most important source of news for the majority of people.
Do you agree or disagree with this statement?
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Exercise 1 - Kindle, why #ReadingShouldNeverStop
Watch the video and complete the note with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS.
Reading on the Kindle is really easy, but the great thing about it is that you can take
your reading places - not just by the pool, staircase, or garden, but on your
1 _______________________ , or even further, without any fear of battery draining out.
What makes this possible as a fantastic 2 _______________________ of the Kindle? A
single charge lasts up to 8 weeks. If you like to read a lot, the Kindle can help. It
stores up to 1,100 books and many more in the cloud, all 3 _______________________ .
Just connect to Amazon’s huge collection and take your pick.
And, to ensure that nothing 4 _______________________ your reading, the Kindle has
a built-in dictionary - just 5 _______________________ on the word for its meaning.
But if you want to know a bit more about places, characters, or events, try the X-ray
feature.
If you’re the type who likes to read when the lights go down, don’t worry. The
brightness level can be 6 _______________________ without causing any strain on the
eye. But if you’re the one who reads when the sun’s up, every word on the Kindle
still stays perfectly clear. Reading no longer means 7 _______________________ into the
text - just choose a font and size on the Kindle that you’re all comfortable with and
get going.
The Kindle also has a 8 _______________________ . No, it won’t find you a pizza place,
but if you’re looking for that quote from that book, it’s now possible.
9 _______________________ with features, the Kindle ensures nothing comes between
you and 10 _______________________ , because reading, like all good things in life,
should never stop.
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Exercise 2
Read the passage below and answer questions 1-8.
THE GUARDIAN NEWSPAPER’S TRAVEL

The photo competition is back, giving you another chance to win an incredible trip
to Swedish Lapland.
Do you have a camera and love travelling? If so,our annual photography

competition run by the Travel section of The Guardian is for you. It’s an opportunity
for you to capture the essence of the journeys you make, whether far afield or close
to home, and for us to showcase your work online. The winner of each month’s
competition will also see their shot mounted and displayed in the end-of-year
exhibition for the public at The Guardian’s offices in London. Once the exhibition is
finished, each monthly winner will receive a framed copy of their shot to place with
pride on their own wall.
There will be a different theme for each month. Members of The Guardian travel
writing team, and photographer Michael Ryan of Fotovue.com will judge the
monthly entries and the overall winner.
To enter you must be living in the UK from the time you submit your entry into the
competition to the time you are selected as a winner. The competition is open to all
photographers (both amateur and professional).
The overall winner (chosen from the 12 monthly winners) will go on an amazing
four-night trip to Swedish Lapland. The host for this specialist holiday is Fredrik
Broman, who has been a nature photographer for 21 years. Fredrik will assist
the winner and other participants in photographing a wide variety of winter
subjects. Each day has a specific focus. The trip Includes winter light photography
workshops, an image editing workshop, a night photography course, and an action
photography workshop.
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Included in the prize: return flights from the UK, four nights’ accommodation with
full board, cold weather clothing for the duration of the trip - thermal overalls,
winter boots, gloves, hats and woollen socks - fully qualified wilderness guides, and
instructors.
The overall winner will be required to write a report of the trip, and take
accompanying photographs, which will be printed in the Travel section of The
Guardian at a later date. The Guardian reserves the right, however, to modify your
report and photos as necessary. Your name will of course appear with the article
and photos.
Questions 1-8
1 This is the first year that The Guardian has run a travel photography competition.
2 Any photograph for the competition must have been taken on an overseas trip.
3 The end-of-year exhibition in London is free for the public to attend.
4 The judging panel is made up of a group of journalists and a professional photographer.
5 The trip to Swedish Lapland will only be offered to one winner.
6 Every activity on the trip is focused on improving photography techniques.
7 Anyone going on the trip may take some of the cold weather clothing home at the end of
the trip.
8 Articles written about the trip may be changed before being published.
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Modern Talking
Exercise 1
You are going to watch a video of a speaker talking about the effects that social media have on
our life. Before you listen, think of the reasons to explain the title.
Then, listen and fill in the blanks with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS.
HOW SOCIAL MEDIA MAKES US UNSOCIAL

There’s a study by Mary Meeker that says: We touch our phones or check our
phones 150 times a day. And we upload 1.8 billion pictures to Facebook. That’s a little
over 1 _________________ of the population a day for pictures.
We have this 2 _________________ vocabulary now. It’s all about the texting. Even
my mom! She says, “Just text me!” And she’s a little bit older, I won’t say her age
because she’ll see this later.
So... OMG – Oh my goodness, LOL – Laugh out loud, WTF – Why the face.
So when we 3 _________________ our vocabulary, what we risk is losing the
nuances, subtleties and intimate parts of our personalities that make up our
very rich American vocabulary. And with that shortening, we lose and run the 4
_________________ of not being able to fully express ourselves and communicate, as

we move forward. And that losing our vocabulary 5 _________________ a potential loss
of being able to express ourselves.
We are constantly at work. Constantly connected and constantly 6 _________________.
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Every one of us thinks of some sort of extreme vacation we need to go on, where
we may say to our bosses, “You know, I’m going to go on a very extreme vacation.
There’s just absolutely no way I can return anything during the day.” But you’re still
expected to go back to the hotel and return your work emails. So if we as adults are
this distracted, our kids are seeing this, we’re always at work and where are they?
Always on their 7 _________________ .
And how many times have you guys heard, “What do you mean you don’t know.
I posted it on Facebook.” So for some reason now we’re all 8 _________________ to
know about each other’s lives, because they posted it on Facebook. And I don’t
know that you climbed Mount Kilimanjaro, you didn’t tell me last week, when we
were at brunch.
And what do we present really when we are on Facebook? We present an
9 _________________ life. Perfect parenting. Great relationships. We hardly ever give
any bad news or copy about ourselves, because that doesn’t make for a lot of likes.
Different high school groups I was speaking to and they raised their hand and 10
_________________ me on something I didn’t know. They said, “You know, we wait

until 5 o’clock before we post our Instagram pictures. Because that’s when we know
all of our friends are out and we’ll get the most 11 _________________ .”
I thought that was pretty interesting and then they started talking a little bit more
about how they get jealous. So if one person gets more likes on Instagram than the
other, then they just take it down. So there’s all this emotional turmoil and strife
going on with our number of likes, somehow equaling our 12 _________________ .
Exercise 2
The three pairs of statements below compare sentences that have similar structure. However,
one of them is more appropriate for academic context.
Point out the reason why. Then modify the remaining sentences to make them suitable.
1 A. We hardly ever give any bad news or copy about ourselves.
B. We never give any bad news or copy about ourselves.
2 A. We will say to our bosses, “You know, I’m going to go on a very extreme vacation.”
B. We may say to our bosses, “You know, I’m going to go on a very extreme vacation.”
3 A. But your boss still expects you to go back to the hotel and return your work emails
B. But you’re still expected to go back to the hotel and return your work emails.
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Exercise 3
Modify the statements 1–6 so that they are more academically appropriate.
1 People over the age of fifty cannot understand new technology.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2 Everyone wants to be popular on social networking sites.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
3 Children are spoilt by the Internet.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
4 Browsing social media too much makes people lazy.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
5 Noone wants to have real-life conversations because they can communicate via social
media apps.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 4
The example below is an IELTS Writing Task 2 question.
Work in groups to study the essay plan. What are the strengths and weaknesses of this plan?
To what extent does social media affect relationships among people?
Introduction: Social media very important in modern life; two sides to this debate.
Body 1: Social media can increase social isolation
a. Shy teens always surfing social networks – losing social skills and real friends
b. Parents addicted to social media – neglect children
c. At work spend all morning checking newsfeeds on Facebook or Instagram, no
time for meeting – bad for teamwork
Body 2: However, social media can also bring people closer together
d. Stuck at home with injury or sickness, use social media to keep in touch with
friends
e. Use social media to stay in touch with family when studying abroad – phone
calls too expensive
f. Make new friends who have the same interests on social media
g. Instant messaging and work meeting on social media apps are cheaper and
more time-saving than organizing face-to-face meetings
Conclusion: Social media can create more togetherness if used in right way
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Exercise 5
Look at an alternative essay plan below. Decide where you would place the supporting points
a-g from the outline in Exercise 4 in the blanks. What are the advantages of this new plan?
Introduction: Internet can affect how relate to family, friends, and colleagues
Body 1: Social media has the potential to diminish family life but also to enhance it
• Supporting points: b, _________________
Body 2: Similarly, social media can keep people distant from their friends;
However, it can also connect them in many other ways.
• Supporting points: a, _________________ , _________________
Body 3: Social networks may distract people from work, but there are other benefits
• Supporting points: _________________ , _________________
Conclusion: Social media can create more togetherness if used appropriately
Exercise 6
Complete the essay using the outline above.
Remember to write full sentences with signposting expressions and avoid generalisation.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 1 - Social Media Revolution
How has the social media revolution changed the way a popular series is made? Wendy meets
Samuel Benta, writer, director and star of his own show, and there’s not a television in sight.
Questions 1-6
Match the words or phrases with the definitions.
1 word of mouth a the group of people involved in producing a film
2 audience feedback b to introduce a new product or service
3 the main protagonist c loyal and supportive fans
4 to launch d the main character
5 a dedicated following e comments from viewers
6 the film crew f informal advertising when one person tells another
person about a product or service
Questions 7-14
Choose the correct option to complete the sentences.
7 Devices like mobile phones have created...
A. a tempting distraction.
B. an easy way to get directions.
C. a media revolution.
8 All About the McKenzies’ is a...
A. documentary.
B. comedy series.
C. game show.
9 ‘All About the McKenzies’ is...
A. cheaper to make than normal TV.
B. expensive to film but cheap to distribute.
C. filmed on mobile phones.
10 They are currently filming series...
A. one.
B. two.
C. three.
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11 Samuell’s programme started as...
A. an idea on Facebook.
B. a video he made with his friends.
C. an advert for his website.
12 Al from Vice magazine thinks that using online media...
A. is no different to being a classic publisher.
B. allows you to be closer to your audience.
C. is the future of film and television.
13 The cast and crew of ‘All About the McKenzies’ say that social media helps them...
A. find work.
B. advertise the programme.
C. find new staff.
14 Wendy says that the thousands of new programmes available online mean you have to...
A. choose the best ones for you.
B. spend a lot of time watching them.
C. have a powerful internet connection.
Exercise 2
You are going to read a blog post about FOMO - Fear of missing out.
Before you read, answer questions 1-6. Then, answer questions 7-17 based on the reading
passage.
Questions 1-6
Choose the correct option to complete the sentences.
1 I remember when the _____ of sending text messages started.
A. phenomenon B. phenomena C. phenomenal
2 This year’s trend for big colourful handbags _____ to young and old alike.
A. attracts B. intrigues C. appeals
3 It is a _____ business but I’m sure it will all be OK.
A. nervous B. irritated C. worrying
4 The film is fine for teenagers and adults but _____ for small children.
A. adequate B. inappropriate C. insufficient
5 Too much sun can have an adverse _____ on your skin!
A. effect B. affect C. affection
6 He is _____ with an environmental project in the community.
A. engaging B. joined C. involved
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FOMO - FEAR OF MISSING OUT
Everybody knows how important it is for students to get a good night’s sleep every
night. You aren’t able to do your best and keep up with all of your responsibilities
unless you sleep well. I’m sure you already know that you should go to bed at a
reasonable hour. Most experts agree that the optimum number of hours is eight,
and this has been accepted as common sense for as long as I can remember.
However, I was young once and I know that most of you get much less sleep than
that – and in some cases it will be affecting your schoolwork.
I read an interesting article in a teachers’ magazine recently. They did a study of
848 students in Wales. Worryingly, the results showed that teenagers are facing a
new problem. They may go to bed and get up at appropriate times but a growing
number are waking up in the middle of the night, not to use the bathroom or have a
snack but because of a new phenomenon: FOMO – fear of missing out!
According to the article, schoolchildren are suffering because of a growing trend
to wake up during the night to check social media. Afraid of missing a comment
or opportunity to take part in a chat, teenagers are waking at all times of the night,
going online and getting involved. All this when they should be sound asleep.
Experts are worried about this growing trend and the report reveals some worrying
statistics that I’d like to share with you:
• 23% of 12 to 15-year-olds wake up nearly every night to use social media. Another 15%
wake up at night once a week for the same reason.
• One in three students are constantly tired and unable to function to their full capacity.
• Students who use social media during the night are more likely to suffer from
depression and anxiety.
So, I’d like to ask you to be responsible when it comes to social media. Be brave!
Switch off your devices at night. The world won’t end and your social media will be
waiting to greet you in the morning! I give you my word that you won’t have missed
anything important.
Questions 7-12
Choose the correct option based on the reading passage.
7 Students won’t be able to perform well at school...
A. if they have phones in class.
B. unless they use common sense.
C. if they don’t sleep well.
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8 The writer is worried by...
A. what he has read in the press.
B. what other teachers have told him.
C. what he is seeing with his pupils.
9 Research shows that schoolchildren are tired because they...
A. are going to bed very late.
B. are waking up in the middle of the night.
C. are getting up too early in the morning.
10 Fear Of Missing Out is...
A. anxiety about not having the latest technology.
B. an irrational need to go out all the time.
C. a fear of missing opportunities for interaction on social media.
11 Nearly a quarter of 12 to 15-year-olds wake up to use social media.
A. once a night, on average.
B. almost every night.
C. once a week.
12 Students who use social media during the night...
A. have weaker immune systems.
B. do worse in exams.
C. have a higher incidence of depression and anxiety.
Questions 13-17
Fill in the blanks with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text
FOMO means fear of missing out.
A recent study in a 13 _______________________ observed a large group of students in
Wales. The results of the survey were worrying.
Although students go to bed and get up at a reasonable time, they are not getting
enough sleep. Many students woke up in the middle of the night to check their
14 _______________________. They are afraid of missing a comment or taking part in a
chat, while at that time they should be 15 _______________________ . These students
are not only unable to work to their 16 _______________________ , but also more likely
to suffer from depression or anxiety.
It is a good idea to 17 _______________________ your mobile at night because, of
course, the world won’t end!
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What’s the catch?
Common Online Scams

The pictures below are examples of some social media scams that you should look out for.
Have you encountered them before? Why do you think people fall victim to these scams?
1 2
3
4
5
6
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Exercise 1
Rearrange the given letters to create meaningful words using the given definitions.
The first one has been done for you as an example.
1 ABCLLOOR robocall an automated phone call with a recorded message
2 ABIS _______________ the tendency to prefer one person or thing to another
3 AFORV _______________ a kind and helpful act for someone else
4 ADFRU _______________ a scam, a trick
5 ACCITT _______________ an action or strategy carefully planned
6 AIRTT _______________ a characteristic
Exercise 2
Complete the sentences using the given words in the box.
cognitive devious gullible naive

consistent fuzzy legit susceptible
1 Scully isn’t _________________ or _________________ enough to believe something that bogus.

2 Loki’s _________________ nature was shown in half-lies and small dishonesties.
3 Older people are more _________________ to message scam.
4 He’s a cheater! What he does is not _________________ with what he says.
5 The detective checked her statement, it was _________________ .
6 The _________________ processes include thinking, knowing, remembering, judging, etc.
7 Thelma is so short-sighted that everything seems _________________ without her glasses.
Exercise 3
You are going to watch a video about robocalls and e-mail scams.
As you listen, fill in the blanks with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the video.
It’s easy to poke fun at robocalls and e-mail scams.
Partly because we get so many of them, and partly because they can seem so
1 _______________________ that they’re almost funny. Like, a Nigerian prince is asking
me, some guy from Montana, to help him launder some 2 _______________________ ?
Yeah, that’s gotta be legit.
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But these scams are 3 _______________________ . If research on them has taught us
anything, it’s that anyone can fall for them and every year, people lose billions of
dollars to fake IRS calls, bogus 4 _______________________ , and dozens of other frauds.
It’s not necessarily because people are gullible, naive, or unaware that scammers
exist, either. Instead, it’s because scammers do something pretty devious:
They take our brain’s 5 _______________________ and our personality traits (many of
which we use to survive in this world) and they turn them against us.
Exercise 4
Now you will watch the explanation of how some common online scams work.
As you listen, complete the notes below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS.
Scammer tactic 1: Offer motivating prize
• How it works:
• free trip to 1 _______________________
• foreign royal offer money for a favor
• Why it works:
• People do not consider advantages, disadvantages and 2 ______________________ results.
• Motivating prize such as 3 _______________________ or mortgage are emotional triggers.
• Emotions has an important role in 4 _______________________ process.
E.g. prefrontal cortex is involved in logic and emotion.
• Emotion can interrupt 5 _______________________ and cognitive control.
Scammer tactic 2: Use Foot-In-The-Door Method
• How it works:
• In 6 _______________________ scams, fraudsters ask for a small sum of money for an
emergency.
• Scammers keep asking for more money until the victim finally 7 _____________________ .
• Why it works:
• PFC - preference for consistency: a personality trait that varies
• People with 8 _______________________ PFC value being personally consistent.
E.g. they keep the 9 _______________________ they made with their friends.
A Guide to Avoid Online Scams

James Barnes has never used social media before. He has just created some account to make
friends after his best friend got married. What advices do you have for James?
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Exercise 1 - Five Ways to Spot Fake News
These days it can be hard to tell what news is legit, what’s opinion, and what’s full-on fake.
Questions 1-9
Before you watch, match the words with the definitions.
1 a red flag a distrustful, inclined to believe something is wrong
2 URL b legal or acceptable
3 to dissect c to analyse part by part
4 credible d a warning sign
5 to dig deeper e able to be believed or trusted
6 to cross-check f to investigate more thoroughly
7 suspicious g the web address that identifies a particular page on the
8 legitimate internet (the letters stand for Uniform Resource Locator)
9 layout h the way something is displayed, for example the design of
text and pictures on a page
i to check information from various different sources to see if
it is true
Questions 10-15
10 An unusual URL can be a warning sign.
11 You should be suspicious of grammar mistakes.
12 You should ignore the choice of images.
13 You should register to find out who writes and supports the site.
14 You should see if news outlets you trust are reporting the same story.
15 If the same picture appears in a different context on other websites, it’s a good sign.
Exercise 2
Can you always find what you want to find on the internet? These eight easy-to-remember tips
will help you to become a safe and smart searcher!
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Questions 1-5
Before you read, match the words with the definitions.
1 to narrow a to make a mistake when writing something on a keyboard
2 inverted commas b to make more limited
3 to mistype c software for sorting and blocking unwanted online content
4 a search engine d punctuation marks that look like this: “”
5 a filter e a computer program that is used to look for information on
the internet
HOW TO BE A SAFE AND SMART SEARCHER
Several keywords will help to find better results. Use more than one keyword when you are
doing a search. If you want to find out about seagulls, for example, search for and not just
‘seagull’ – because seagull might also be the name of just about anything else, from a
hotel to a documentary film.
Exact references can help you find what you’re looking for. If you are looking for an exact
phrase or sentence, e.g. “seagulls are very clever”, type it between quotation marks (“”)
and only exact matches will be shown. This is useful when you want to find something
you’ve already seen but lost.
Avoid common words like ‘a’ or ‘the’ in a search. These aren’t always helpful and are usually
unnecessary.
Remove unwanted results by adding a minus symbol (-). For example, “seagull - hotel -
film” would leave out all references to hotels and films.
Check your spelling. Make sure that you spell every word in the search box correctly. The
smallest typing mistakes can bring unwanted results - especially when the mistyped
word exists.
Have a filter. It’s a good idea to filter your searches, especially when you are searching
for pictures. Ask an adult to help you add a filtering system. There are lots of filtering
software options available.
Experiment with different search engines until you find the one that’s best for you. Some
search engines personalise the results. So check out the option of using a search engine
that doesn’t do this and you will get different results.
Reliability is very important when you are searching on the Internet. Always ask yourself,
“Is this reliable?” Don’t make the mistake of believing everything you see. Some websites
are unreliable and some information is false. Check your information on other websites
before accepting it.
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Questions 6-13
Do the following statements agree with the information in the reading passaget?
6 You should only use one keyword in a single search.
7 Inverted commas are useful to find something you’ve already seen.
8 Words like ‘an’ are unhelpful in a search.
9 If your keyword could refer to a lot of different things, you can’t avoid getting a long list of
results.
10 Small spelling mistakes aren’t important.
11 Filter software is especially important for image searches.
12 Some search engines give different results to different people.
13 Some websites contain false information.
Questions 14-21
Should we do the following actions?
Should we do this? Do Don't
14 use a filter for a picture search
15 always use a single keyword
16 use a minus symbol to avoid unwanted references
17 believe all the information you see on the internet
18 always use the same search engine

without considering alternatives
19 use words like ‘a’ or ‘the’ in a search
20 use inverted commas in a search
21 check the spelling of every word
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Breaking Ad
Breaking Ad
Below are some common types of adverts and advertising.
Which are traditional medium marketing and which are electronic-based?
Write T for traditional and E for electronic.
1 banner ad 4 commercial 7 product placement
2 billboard 5 infomercial 8 sponsorship
3 brochure 6 poster 9 telemarketing
Exercise 1
Match the terms 1-5 to the meanings a-e.
1 advent a a general plan
2 campaign b a series of actions that are meant to achieve something
3 demographic c a specific group of people
4 mechanism d a website or where people interact
5 objective e an activity intended to advertise something
6 platform f arrival of something important
7 promotion g how something works
8 strategy h how many people visit a website
9 traffic i target, goal
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THE MEDIUM IS THE MESSAGE
Marketing and promotion can take place on a variety of mediums or platforms.
There are benefits and costs to each type of marketing so it is critical to understand
the objectives of each marketing campaign and utilize the medium that best
assissts them.
Newspapers, magazines, printed telephone directories and billboards all fall within
the printed category. Although many of these media outlets have dwindled
but retain key importance with certain demographic groups. Many groups of
consumers including older, more tradition bound consumers continue to receive
their daily news in a printed, hard copy format, but there is no doubt that the trend
is for conventional papers to reach fewer consumers.
Television is one of the most expensive marketing platforms and requires
considerable preparation in researching the peak times for reaching the target
consumer as well as in production of the commercial, infomercial or product
placement. It remains the most powerful form of marketing despite the advent of
the internet, with most Americans spending more than four hours a day viewing
programs. Purchasing ad time is a huge investment for many small and mid-size
companies, so a good strategy and marketing campaign is essential.
Telemarketing remains a robust form of marketing due to its push nature and
the introduction of new technologies, like automation and cross channel lead
generation, which has enhanced conversion effectiveness. There has been a
number of consumer protections implemented which have limited telemarketing,
but it still remains a highly effective way to connect with consumers and induce
sales.
Social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter have huge followings that present
enormous marketing possibilities for businesses. The ability to gauge consumer
interest in products, brands and social trends offers a huge amount of valuable
information that marketers can utilize to create effective and narrowly targeted
marketing campaigns. There are considerable costs and challenges associated
with the use of these platforms, but a highly successful social media marketing
campaign can produce enormous consumer interest.
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Pay per click marketing is often associated with banner ads, pop up ads and
sponsored links. This form of marketing is commonly priced upon the number
of clicks upon the ad or link. The method remains important for its ease of use,
highly measurable effectiveness, but the model has diminished in importance as
consumers have become immune to ever-present use of ads and links.
Exercise 3
Complete the table below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the
reading passage.
Social Advantages Drawbacks
Print • key importance with older • limited 2 _____________

customers who like 1 _____________
Television • most powerful form • expensive

• average customer spends 3 • need research in 4 _____________
_____________ daily here for target consumers
Telemarketing • efficient in persuade people • recent limitation due to

• new tech improved conversation 5 _____________
effectiveness
• high costs
Social media • campaigns can be 6 _____________
• high consumer interest
Pay per click • easy to use • not productive since consumers

• possible to calculate are 8 _____________
7 _____________
Breaking Ad
Work in group and talk about the following topic.
Remember to use the vocabulary from this lesson.
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Describe an advertisement you like.
You should say:
• what type of advertisement it is
• what product or service it advertises
• where and when you first saw it
and explain why you like it and think that this advertisement is effective.
Exercise 1 - How Advertising Rewires Kids’ Brains

You are going to watch a video about how ads affect a child’s development.
Fill in the blanks with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS.
Brett: Hi, I’m Brett. Kids spend a lot of time on screens these days, and where there are
screens, there are ads, and lots of them. In this video, you’re going to learn how
advertising rewires kids’ brains.
Carl Sagan once said that the visions we offer our children shape the future. But these
days we’re not treating kids like 1 _______________________ of the future, we’re treating
them like shoppers of the future. How? By serving up ads everywhere; on TV, with
2 _______________________ in the shows they watch, in apps, and even in video games.
But kids don’t always understand that advertising isn’t designed to shape them into
healthy, happy adults. It’s designed to sell them more stuff. Some marketers even
intentionally 3 _______________________ of young people’s insecurities and their desire to
fit in.
And that’s all because advertisers care about what’s best for their
4 _______________________, not what’s best for kids. So, what do children learn from
this constant stream of advertising? Kids learn that buying more stuff leads to more
happiness. 5 _______________________ , the more ads kids see, the more materialistic they
become. That means that they’re more likely to say they want to be rich and famous
when they grow up and having lots of money is important. To learn more, I talk to this
guy, Josh, from Campaign for a Commercial-free Childhood, who explains some of the
consequences of these 6 _______________________ values.
Josh: Research shows that kids who are more materialistic report lower levels of happiness
and that’s not surprising, given that materialism teaches us that stuff is what’s
important. In fact, it’s actually our relationships and our life satisfaction that makes us
happy.
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Brett: These materialistic kids also have lower 7 _______________________ , and it may be
because they’re more concerned with appearing successful than actually learning new
skills and ideas. And when it comes to sharing and caring? They don’t care about that
either. When I asked what they would do with the money if they
8 _______________________ , kids who are more materialistic are less likely to say they
would use that money to help others. They’re less likely to care about the environment,
too. The research shows that materialistic kids are less likely to recycle or turn off the
lights when they leave a room. But advertising doesn’t just affect kids’ brains, it’s
harming their bodies, too. About 98% of 9 _______________________ food ads that kids see
are for unhealthy foods, like soda, candy, and fast food.
Josh: Studies have shown the more ads for unhealthy food that kids see, the more of this
unhealthy food that they eat, raising their risk for obesity, diabetes, and other health
10 _______________________ . Black and Hispanic kids and teens are exposed to twice as
much junk food marketing as their white peers.
Brett: So, yeah, advertising is really bad for children, and for society at large, but here’s the
good news.
Josh: People know that advertising to children is a problem. In one poll in 2014, 57% of
respondents supported banning all advertising to children.
Brett: You can be part of the solution, too. Let’s help kids understand what commercials and
marketing are all about, and teach them that more stuff doesn’t bring more happiness.
Just as kids learn negative lessons from advertising, they can 11 _______________________
it, too. And that starts by asking questions
Josh: If you watch media with your children, that gives you the opportunity to have
conversations when the advertisements come on. You can ask your children, what is
the ad trying to do? Who made it? But it’s also important to reduce children’s
12 _______________________ . Not only will that improve their academic performance, help
with their relationships, and make them more 13 _______________________ , but it will also
reduce their 14 _______________________ to advertising, which is trying to convince them
of the big lie, that stuff will make them happy.
Brett: Groups like the Campaign for Commercial-free Childhood can help.
Josh: So the Campaign for a Commercial-free Childhood has all sorts of resources to
help parents and caregivers reduce the amount of time that children spend with
ad supported screens. And finally, we 15 _______________________ policies that would
protect children from marketing. Because if we want less materialistic kids, it’s
important that we change the rules of society, so that all kids have a chance to grow
up, and be citizens first and consumers later.
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Exercise 2
Before you read the passage about the Buy Nothing movement, answer the questions 1-8.
Then complete questions 9-22.
Questions 1-8
Match the terms 1-8 to the meanings a-h.
1 disposable a to hit someone with a lot of something, without pausing
2 an influencer b designed to be thrown away after use
3 to bombard c a place where rubbish is buried under the ground
4 a landfill site d to appear
5 overconsumption e the practice of buying and owning lots of products
6 overspending f the act of spending more money than you should
7 consumerism g using too much of something
8 to spring up h someone who uses social media to advertise products to
their followers
THE BUY NOTHING MOVEMENT

Social media, magazines and shop windows bombard people daily with things
to buy, and British consumers are buying more clothes and shoes than ever before.
Online shopping means it is easy for customers to buy without thinking, while
major brands offer such cheap clothes that they can be treated like disposable
items – worn two or three times and then thrown away.
In Britain, the average person spends more than £1,000 on new clothes a year,
which is around four per cent of their income. That might not sound like much, but
that figure hides two far more worrying trends for society and for the environment.
First, a lot of that consumer spending is via credit cards. British people currently
owe approximately £670 per adult to credit card companies. That’s 66 per cent of
the average wardrobe budget. Also, not only are people spending money they don’t
have, they’re using it to buy things they don’t need. Britain throws away 300,000
tons of clothing a year, most of which goes into landfill sites.
People might not realise they are part of the disposable clothing problem
because they donate their unwanted clothes to charities. But charity shops can’t sell
all those unwanted clothes. ‘Fast fashion’ goes out of fashion as quickly as it came
in and is often too poor quality to recycle; people don’t want to buy it second-hand.
Huge quantities end up being thrown away, and a lot of clothes that charities can’t
sell are sent abroad, causing even more economic and environmental problems.
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However, a different trend is springing up in opposition to consumerism –
the ‘buy nothing’ trend. The idea originated in Canada in the early 1990s and
then moved to the US, where it became a rejection of the overspending and
overconsumption of Black Friday and Cyber Monday during Thanksgiving weekend.
On Buy Nothing Day people organise various types of protests and cut up their
credit cards. Throughout the year, Buy Nothing groups organise the exchange and
repair of items they already own.
The trend has now reached influencers on social media who usually share posts
of clothing and make-up that they recommend for people to buy. Some YouTube
stars now encourage their viewers not to buy anything at all for periods as long as a
year. Two friends in Canada spent a year working towards buying only food. For the
first three months they learned how to live without buying electrical goods, clothes
or things for the house. For the next stage, they gave up services, for example
haircuts, eating out at restaurants or buying petrol for their cars. In one year, they’d
saved $55,000.
The changes they made meant two fewer cars on the roads, a reduction in
plastic and paper packaging and a positive impact on the environment from all the
energy saved. If everyone followed a similar plan, the results would be impressive.
But even if you can’t manage a full year without going shopping, you can
participate in the anti-consumerist movement by refusing to buy things you don’t
need. Buy Nothing groups send a clear message to companies that people are no
longer willing to accept the environmental and human cost of overconsumption.
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Questions 9-16
9 People buy clothes because they want to throw them away.
10 The writer thinks it is worrying that people spend money on things they do not need.
11 The amount the average Briton owes on credit cards is one third of the amount they
spend on clothes each year.
12 Only a very small proportion of unwanted clothes are thrown away.
13 Charities can find ways to use clothes even if they are not very good quality.
14 Buy Nothing Day is a protest against credit cards.
15 The two friends who did the ‘buy nothing’ experiment only bought food for 12 months.
16 If everyone followed the Buy Nothing idea, the environment would benefit.
Questions 15-22
Complete the sentences with words from the text. Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS.
17 Some clothing is so cheap that people can afford to wear it a couple of times and it is
soon _______________________ .
18 There is a worrying trend for more consumer spending on _______________________ .
19 Giving clothes to _______________________ does not completely solve the problem.
20 _______________________ is made quickly and cheaply.
21 Make sure you only donate clothes that people will want to buy _______________________ .
22 A lot of clothes donated to charity cannot be reused and end up in _______________________.
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Assignment III
Evaluate an idea on the topic of media

This includes but not limited to general education, higher education, etc.

usage of reporting verbs from Unit 11;
usage of languages to avoid sweeping statement generalisation as in Unit 07 & 12;

use phrases to give advises as in Unit 13;
Recommendation

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Synopsis
Urbanization is relevant to a range of disciplines, including urban planning,
geography, sociology, architecture, economics, and public health. Urbanization
is not merely a modern phenomenon, but a rapid and historic transformation
of human social roots on a global scale, whereby predominantly rural culture is
being rapidly replaced by predominantly urban culture.
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House Hunting
China’s 3D City
You are going to see a video about a city in China that with fascinating infrastructure.
As you watch the video, take note of the city name and what you find impressive about it.
Do you know any other city that has interesting infrastructure?
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 1
Complete the words below. The pictures 1-5 give you some clues.
1 D __ T A C H __ __
1 2
2 C O S M __ P __ L __ T A N
3 S K __ S C R __ P __ R
4 V __ R T __ C __ __
5 S __ U N N __ __ __
3 4 5
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Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with a suitable word from Exercise 1.
You may need to change the form of certain words.
1 In the city centre, there are a lot of _________________ instead of _________________ houses.
2 Ho Chi Minh city is very _________________ . You can meet people from all over the world.
3 In a _________________ city, people work and live in high buildings.
4 We have a _________________ view of the whole valley from our penthouse.
VERTICAL CITIES ARE THE FUTURE OF URBAN LIVING

In the early 1950s, Shenzhen in south-eastern China was a fishing village with only a
few thousand inhabitants. Last year, its residents numbered around 11 million. While
this may be a particularly extreme example of urban growth, the United Nations
predicts that by 2030, two-thirds of the global population will live in cities. In many
urban centers there is already a shortage of space and expanding outwards with
more detached houses isn’t always an option.
As a result, like never before, cities are going vertical.
The concept of the ‘vertical city’ received wide attention with the construction of
the Burj Khalifa in Dubai – the tallest building in the world, which is a mixed-use
skyscraper with hotel accommodation, residential apartments and offices. Not
surprisingly, China has followed Dubai’s example as almost 500 million people moving
from rural areas into cities in the last 35 years. Five of the ten tallest buildings in the
world nowadays can be found in cosmopolitan cities such as Shanghai, Guangzhou
and Hong Kong.
In short, vertical cities are expected to hold the key to solving the complications
of overpopulation. Since sky-high constructions provide more available living and
working space, the impact of overcrowding is greatly reduced. Rather than destroying
forests to build houses, shopping centers, and factories, they can be placed in a vertical
tower. In other words, vertical buildings can serve to preserving natural resources.
Also, as the population increases, it will become increasingly difficult for farmers to
grow enough food to feed everyone. There simply won’t be enough land to farm on.
But vertical towers can be used for farming and agriculture. The possibilities offered
by vertical cities are absolutely stunning and breathtaking. Some people believe
vertical cities are impossible, but until a better answer is discovered, vertical cities are
likely to be the future of urban living.
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Exercise 3
Answer questions 1-6 based on the information from the reading passage.
Questions 1-2
Fill in the blanks with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the reading passage.
1 It is predicted that urban areas will be home to _______________________ of the world
population.
2 Since Burj Khalifa was built, the idea of _______________________ has drawn much interest
from the public.
Questions 3-5
3 China possesses some of the highest buildings in the world.
4 Natural resources will be conserved because forest can be planted in skyscrapers.
5 It is believed that vertical cities can’t help with the problem of food shortage.
Questions 6
Which of the options below is NOT the potential benefit of building vertical cities?
A. Stop overpopulation
B. Protect the environment
C. Provide space for agriculture
D. Control housing problem
Exercise 6
The text below is about potential dangers of vertical cities and the solutions to said problems.
Listen and fill in the blanks with ONE WORD ONLY.
Not everyone is excited about the idea of vertical cities, though. Some feel these
buildings would create more problems than they would 1 _________________ .
One argument is that they would make cities less 2 _________________ because
people would have little reason to leave the towers, reducing the amount of time
people spend on the streets of the city. Some worry people might also begin to feel
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claustrophobic in these towers because they would spend too little time outdoors,
which is 3 _________________ .
One potential remedy to this is integrating outdoor spaces into the towers, such as
gardens, pools and other areas on balconies and rooftops. Their design could also
let in large amounts of natural light. Additionally, residents could leave anytime and
spend time in the natural areas building the towers helped preserve.
Another concern has to do with the 4 _________________ aspects of these mega-
structures. Their architects would have to design these buildings to bear 5
_________________ , as a collapse would be disastrous. Fighting 6 _________________

that might break out in the buildings would also be a challenge, and they would
have to include enough fire escape 7 _________________ .
Safety would need to be an integral part of every stage of planning and
constructing a vertical city. Even things like the temperature outside while pouring
concrete would need to come under scrutiny, since pouring it in hot weather
can cause cracks and areas of weakness. As a building increases in height, safety
concerns magnify, making every little detail that much more important.
Building vertical cities would take extensive amounts of research and planning, but
they could help solve some of humankind’s biggest challenges, so the effort may be
worthwhile.
Exercise 1 - News Report about Eco-homes

Listen and choose the correct answer.
1 What is the best headline for this story?
A. Eco-home residents see energy bills soar
B. Government pledges to construct more eco homes
C. Eco-home construction delayed by financial problems
2 Which of the following is NOT true of the Pavilion Gardens complex?
A. It was finished two years ago.
B. It comprises 45 homes.
C. It cost 6.5 million pounds to build.
3 James Farmer’s energy bill was…
A. £900 for 3 months
B. £1600 for 3 months
C. 1500 for 6 months
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4 The company Lovell says that…
A. these boilers have the cheapest running costs in Europe.
B. the energy bills are not their responsibility.
C. they were aware of problems with the equipment.
5 Bradford Council will…
A. demand that the energy company reduces the bills.
B. find out why the bills are so high and try to lower them.
C. find alternative accommodation for the people of Pavilion Gardens.
6 Bradford Council has promised to…
A. pay the residents’ bills in full.
B. give the residents some money back.
C. pay to replace the faulty boilers.
7 The editor of Build-It is critical about government accreditation schemes which…
A. calculate a home’s energy savings.
B. measure residents’ satisfaction.
C. value low construction costs above energy savings.
8 The critic disagrees with the government’s pledge to build more eco-homes because…
A. the homes are poorly designed.
B. the homes are too expensive to build.
C. the homes do not significantly cut energy use.
Exercise 2 - The Men who Risked Their Lives to Build Skyscrapers

Questions 1-10
Fill in the blanks with NO MORE THAN FOUR WORDS AND/OR NUMBERS.
A In Manhattan a series of ambitious skyscrapers 1 _______________________ , each

competing to claim the title of 2 _______________________ . The Chrysler Building
becomes the first man-made structure to breach 3 _______________________ . It’s a
leading example of Art Deco architecture that remains iconic to this day.
B This is rare footage of its famous eagles being installed on 4 _______________________ .
Like the Statue of Liberty, they’re thinner than they seem.
C The working men who 5 _______________________ , known as roughnecks, are a
special breed. They work without harnesses, safety ropes or hard hats, spending 6
_______________________ shifts in the clouds with no bathroom breaks. Workers fling
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red-hot rivets by hand through the air. These jobs are so dangerous that
7 _______________________ fall to their deaths or end up 8 _______________________ .
D Across town on 34th Street construction begins on an enormous 102 floor office
building intended to become a symbol of New York’s 9 _______________________ .
Former New York governor Al Smith 10 _______________________ the construction. “As
fast as human ingenuity brings an ability to bring it about, there will tower on this
corner the Empire State Incorporated, the largest office building in the world”.
Questions 11-14
11 The synonym of a skyscraper is
A. a new-build B. a multistorey C. a high-rise D. an edifice
12 What does footage (paragraph B) mean?
A. the sounds, especially the music, of a film (soundtrack)
B. a piece of film or videotape that shows an event or a place
C. a book or film that is very successful (a blockbuster)
D. a related series of events (a sequence)
13 Who are the roughnecks (paragraph 3)?
A. stubborn and rude workers C. entry-level workers
B. office workers D. hard manual workers
14 What does rivet mean in this sentence:
“It was an amazing film - I was absolutely riveted.”
A. surprised B. jealous C. attracted D. worried
Questions 15-19
15 The Chrysler Building is exactly 1,000 feet tall.
16 The building is so tall that eagles make their nests there.
17 The rivets used in construction were red.
18 Serious injuries and deaths were common on construction sites.
19 The Empire State building is a symbol of New York’s prosperity.
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Urban Burdens
Exercise 1
Put the words in the box below into the correct column.
automobile hypertension degraded

city dweller sedentary lifestyle metropolis
diabetes sanitation housing
City Facilities Pollution Disease
Exercise 2
The text below is the introduction of a reading passage.
Fill in the blanks with the words from Exercise 1. You may have to change the form of the word.
The promise of jobs and prosperity, among other factors, pulls people to
1 _______________________ . Half of the global population already lives in cities, and by
2050 this figure is expected to rise to two-thirds of the world’s people. But in cities,
two of the most pressing problems facing the world today also come together:
poverty and environmental 2 _______________________ .
Degraded air and water quality, lack of 3 _______________________ , and poor
4 _______________________ problems are worsened by the increasing number of 5
_______________________ and demands of urban environments. Strong city planning

will be essential in managing these and other difficulties as the world’s urban areas
continue to expand.
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Degraded environmental quality
This is one of the most common effects of urbanization. The concentration of people
in limited spaces and areas reduces the quality of air and contaminates water.
The more the urban population, the more pollution is caused by automobiles.
Although public transit is a relatively better practice, not everyone has come to
terms with it. Most people prefer using personal vehicles. The majority of these
vehicles run on fossil fuels and, as a result, cause an immense amount of emissions
and degrade the quality of the air considerably.
What is more, the rapid increase in city population sometimes overwhelms
sanitation systems. This means the existing capacity may be inadequate to treat
and manage domestic waste. So instead, waste is drained into the water sources –
polluting them and endangering the health of urban dwellers who may contract
harmful water-borne diseases.
Housing problems
Housing problems tend to develop when people move to cities and overcrowd
them. If the cities were not well prepared for the numbers, the houses become
more scarce. Nowadays many people cannot afford to build their own homes or
even pay rent. This leads to the growth of slums, in which houses are often poorly
constructed and most of the time lack basic facilities like clean water and proper
sanitation.
A poor diet and sedentary lifestyle
It is undoubted that urbanization adversely affects public health as people’s diet
has changed noticeably. For instance, urban citizens tend to have lots of accessible
fast food, which is highly likely to be of low quality and contain a large amount of
sodium and sugar. Frequently eating low-quality food is very detrimental to one’s
health.
Additionally, in metropolises, people have less access to open areas for practicing
outdoor physical activities. Meanwhile, people are driving to places instead of
walking or cycling, and most jobs like office workers tend to not require much
movement. The lack of exercise combined with the high consumption of cheap
foods can then lead to diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, obesity, or many other
health conditions.
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Exercise 3
Answer the following questions based on the reading text.
1 What is the most suitable title for the text?
A. The urban population is rocketing
B. City life – Opportunities & Challenges
C. Global urbanization is posing a threat to humanity
D. The costs of living in metropolitan areas
2 Why is air pollution getting worse in urban areas?
A. The mass transit system is of low quality.
B. People prefer using private vehicles to public transport.
C. Fossil energy is becoming more affordable.
D. Some factories are located near residential areas.
3 What does the word contract in paragraph 3 mean?
A. sign B. catch C. agree D. cure
4 What does the word scarce in paragraph 4 mean?
A. lacking B. sufficient C. ineffective D. prosperous
5 Which statement is true about slums?
A. There are not many slums in urban areas nowadays.
B. Only unemployed people live in slums.
C. Slums are home to people who are unable to own a house or pay rent.
D. People living in slums have decent living conditions.
6 People living in cities are consuming fast food on a regular basis because
A. junk foods are tasty though contain a high level of sodium and sugar.
B. fast food advertisements are alluring.
C. there is a limited supply of organic and healthy food
D. convenience food is readily and inexpensively available.
7 Urban citizens now are less physically active because
A. cars are widely enjoyed as the main transport vehicle.
B. urban planning doesn’t allow much space for exercising.
C. a large number of people are working behind their desks.
D. All of the answers above.
8 Which was not mentioned as a problem of unhealthy living habits?
A. diabetes C. autism
B. heart-related diseases D. hypertension
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Exercise 4
You are going to hear a recording about solutions to the problems of urbanisation.
As you listen, fill in the blanks with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS.
So, how will cities need to change to 1 _______________________ this growth? The key is
good urban planning.
First, instead of single-family homes, more residences will be built
2 _______________________ . We may see buildings that contain everything that people
need for their daily life, as well as smaller, self-sufficient cities, focused on local and
3 _______________________ production.
Second, growth will need to happen in a way that does not damage the land that
provides us with the goods and services that support the human population. Food
production might move to vertical farms and 4 _______________________ , rooftop
gardens, or 5 _______________________ in city centers.
Third, modern cities should be transformed into 6 _______________________ and
pedestrian-friendly cities with power mainly coming from multiple sources of
7 _______________________ and more green spaces being built.
The future of cities is diverse, flexible, and creative. It is no longer built around a
single industry but reflects an increasingly connected and global world.
Better City - Better Life

Work in group and talk about the following topic.
Remember to use the vocabulary from this lesson.
Imagine that you are in an international conference about city dwellers’ health quality
improvement named Better City - Better Life!
You will have to present a detailed plan to make the Hanoian health quality better.
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Exercise 1
You are going to read about a government scheme to keep people healthy.
CAN FREE LEISURE SERVICES GET PEOPLE FIT?

Local governments have had to take on a new responsibility; that of ensuring
that people stay fit and healthy. Birmingham council is already hot on the case. For
the past few years they have been encouraging local residents to enrol on the Be
active scheme, which allows them to use local leisure services completely free of
charge.
Participants must register to obtain a membership card. They can then use the
facilities in leisure centres across the city at certain times of the day.
29 leisure centres are signed up to the scheme. Each leisure centre must offer
a minimum of one hour of swimming time and an hour of gym time to Be Active
members. In reality, in some establishments in the more deprived areas, 70% of
opening hours are reserved for Be Active members. Exercise classes and badminton
courts are also made available on top of the standard facilities. Be Active classes are
also being provided in schools and community centres. There are guided bike rides,
and even proposals to roll out activities in public spaces such as rounders games in
parks, and buggy pushes for new mothers.
Since it was launched in 2008, a third of the local population, a total of 360,000
people, has signed up for the scheme. 60% of these are from minority groups, and
the average age is 49, as opposed to 29, the figure for private gyms. The majority
were not previously members of a sports club of any kind, half were overweight or
obese, and a fifth considered themselves to be in poor health, indicating that the
scheme is reaching the people who need it most. Research also shows that since
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the scheme was set up, there has been a rise in demand for information about
reducing alcohol intake and quitting smoking.
Statistics show that for every £1 spent on the Be Active scheme, £23 is saved
in the health service. Sadly, the scheme has suffered from budget cuts, and lately
it has had to reduce the hours available to members. Nonetheless, other councils
are interested in the great strides made by Birmingham council, and officials
from Birmingham have been holding workshops with representatives from other
councils to spread the word about what can be achieved.
1 The Be Active scheme started up earlier this year.
2 Everyone in Birmingham is eligible for Be Active.
3 Participants must pay a one-off fee to register.
4 Participants can use the leisure facilities at any time of day.
5 Participants can use their Be Active membership cards at any sports centre in
Birmingham.
6 Participants can only use the leisure facilities for two hours per week.
7 Some sports centres dedicate over half their opening hours to Be Active members.
8 Some Be Active activities take place outside leisure centres.
9 The Be Active scheme was not as popular as the council hoped.
10 The Be Active scheme attracts both slim and overweight people.
11 The majority of participants are White British.
12 The scheme is saving the government money in health costs.
13 Less money is available for Be Active now than in the past.
14 The Be Active Scheme is currently only available in Birmingham.
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Exercise 2 - New City Developments
You will hear a representative of a city council giving information about two new facilities
which are opening soon in the city.
Questions 1-4
Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.
1 The idea for the two new developments in the city came from
A. local people.
B. the City Council.
C. the SWRDC.
2 What is unusual about Brackenside pool?
A. its architectural style
B. its heating system
C. its method of water treatment
3 Local newspapers have raised worries about
A. the late opening date.
B. the post of the project.
C. the size of the facilities.
4 What decision has not yet been made about the pool?
A. whose statue will be at the door
B. the exact opening times
C. who will open it
Questions 5-10
Which feature is related to each of the following areas of the world represented in the
playground?
Choose SIX answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-l, next to questions 5-10.
Features
5 Asia
A ancient forts F mountains
6 Antarctica
B waterways G music and film
7 South America
C ice and snow H space travel
8 North America
D jewels I volcanoes
9 Europe
E local animals
10 Africa
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The Beaten Track
Exercise 1
Complete the sentences 1-8 using the given words in the box.
Then, match the statements to the pictures that they describe.
a b c d
e f g h
commute fare road pricing tailback

congestion charges mass transit rush hour traffic congestion
dedicated metropolitan pedestrians tolls
1 Generally, I like driving, but in the _______________________ , when there is a lot of traffic, it
can be very frustrating. The roads are really busy here so there is _______________________
all the time.
2 Yesterday there was a four-mile _______________________ on the main road into the city
after a crash.
3 In developing countries, most people in the city _______________________ to work by the
underground. It’s really quick and easy, but it can also be extremely crowded!
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4 _______________________ is a system that directly charges motorists or drivers for using a
road or network of roads. It includes _______________________ and _______________________ .
Despite its positive impact on reducing congestion, it still remains a controversial policy.
5 Many teenagers take the bus to school because the _______________________ is affordable
and there are discounts for students. Also, the service is fast and reliable.
6 Although using _______________________ still pollutes the environment, it is much more
eco-friendly than driving.
7 It is necessary to design _______________________ cycle paths, especially on busy roads.
Conflicts between cars, cycles, and _______________________ can be reduced to a minimum.
8 _______________________ area is an urbanized region of an economically developed country
and region.
Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks of the text below using the words from Exercise 1.
Rising 1 _______________________ is an inescapable condition in large and growing
2 _______________________ areas across the world.
It is said that the huge number of vehicles, and poor transport infrastructure
are main reasons for increasing traffic jams. To solve this problem, governments
should provide much better 3 _______________________ and charge cheaper
prices for some people such as the elderly or students. In addition, cycling
infrastructure should be improved. For example, 4 _______________________
lanes for cyclists and 5 _______________________ will encourage people of all ages to
reduce their use of cars. It is also possible to apply 6 _______________________ for every
car that will go into a city centre in the 7 _______________________ .
Exercise 3
Work in a group to come up with at least 2 ideas for each part of the following question.
Many cities suffer from traffic-related problems.

What are the problems and what are the possible solutions?
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 4
You are going to hear a recording about the problems concerning traffic in cities and some
solutions to them. As you listen, fill in the blank with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS.
Around the world, as many as 25 countries have high-speed 1 _______________________
connecting major cities. But the US has been lagging behind in modern methods of
public transportation. Recent reports suggest that American cities rank among the
worst for transit systems. So, why is US transit so bad?
In major cities, like Los Angeles, car traffic constantly clogs the freeways. Even the
New York city transit system, which can serve up to 6 million 2 _______________________
on a busy day, is known to many as being dirty, 3 _______________________ , and
underfunded. On the other hand, London, England has the oldest subway in
the world and is significantly more 4 _______________________ . The Tube was
constructed in the mid-1800s, and serves a billion people per year, covering an area of
5 _______________________ . London also has a great rail infrastructure, with high-speed
trains reaching out to Scotland and France.
Another success story is Seoul in South Korea. Its subway system is the longest in
the world, with 315 miles of track. The transit stations are high-tech and modern. Free
WIFI, 6 _______________________ , and TVs are available for riders. In many Asian and
European countries, trains are almost always on time, whereas New York’s subway,
for example, 7 _______________________ to the schedule about 75% of the time. Part of
the reason for America’s transportation 8 _______________________ is the difficulty in
passing spending legislation.
Republicans in particular have been reticent to 9 _______________________ to federally
fund transit programs. And a high-speed rail could potentially cost $150 billion. But
soon, legislators may have no other choice but to invest heavily in newer, better forms
of public transit.
In 2014 the White House reported that up to 65% of America’s major roads were
rated in “less than good condition.” Also, nearly half of American citizens lack access
to public transit. If the US wants to 10 _______________________ other nations, public
transportation needs to be a higher priority.
Check point
1 What are the problems with public transportation in the US?
2 Why does public transportation in London and Korea succeed?
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Exercise 5
Below are ideas for the essay question in Exercise 3.
Match problems 1-4 to solution a-d. There can be more than one possible solution.
Problem Solution
1 Public transport is of low a Existing public transportation should be improved with
quality and inconvenient. better facilities and services.
2 Traffic jams are worsening b The government could help reduce train and bus fares,
because there are too especially for old people and students.
many cars and lorries on c The government should increase road pricing so that
the road. the number of vehicles allowed into city centres will be
3 Air pollution caused by limited.
traffic has increased d Main streets should have more bike lanes and wider
health problems. sidewal ks, which means more people can travel in the
4 Some means of public same amount of road space.
transport are expensive. e Environmentally friendly cars should be cheaper, while
cities should become more cyclist and pedestrian-
friendly.
Problem - Solution Essay Structure

To deliver a problem–solution essay, you should follow the structure below.
Introduction
Structure 1 Structure 2
Body
Conclusion
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Exercise 6
Write a body paragraph for the following essay topic, using ideas in Exercise 5 and Structure 1.
Many cities suffer from traffic-related problems.

What are the problems and what are the possible solutions?
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 7
Write a problem-solution paragraph for the following topic, using Structure 2.
Public transport is essential but problematic.

Describe some of the problems connected with public transport and suggest some
solutions.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 1 - Hyundai Air Taxi
Watch the video and answer the questions below.
1 How many passengers will it transport?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2 Is this the first time that Uber has teamed up with another company?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
3 What is the maximum distance you can fly in the air-taxi?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
4 Can you jump out of the air-taxi with a parachute if the engines fail?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
5 Where do you have to go to get on an air-taxi?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
6 Does the reporter think that the pods will become iconic features of San Francisco?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7 Does the reporter say that Hyundai has the ability to build this air-taxi in the future?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 2
You are going to read a civil engineering article about why bridges fall.
Questions 1-9
Before you read, match the words and phrases 1-9 with their definitions a-i.
1 scrutiny a a large area of water
2 to be susceptible to something b extremely important
3 to be subject to c a deep valley with high sides
4 crucial d careful examination of something
5 a gorge e causing great sadness
6 to bring about f easily affected by something
7 tragic g to experience something unpleasant
8 a defect h a fault in something
9 a body of water i to make something happen
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WHY BRIDGES COLLAPSE
Some of the biggest and most expensive transportation projects in the world have
involved building bridges. Bridges are crucial links that carry cars, trucks and trains
across bodies of water, mountain gorges or other roads. As a result, they are one of
the most important aspects of civil engineering and are subject to intense scrutiny,
especially when they collapse.
Bridge collapses can be tragic events, leading to loss of life and serious property
damage. That’s why bridge engineers, designers and builders must always take
their jobs very seriously. The best way for them to prevent these accidents is to
understand why bridges collapse in the first place. Understanding bridge collapses
can lead to major changes in the design, construction and safety of future building
projects. The following are main reasons why bridges fall.
Fire
Historically, more bridges were made of wood and were much more susceptible
to fire. This was particularly true of old-fashioned train bridges, where the spark
created by the steel wheels and steel tracks could sometimes cause a bridge to
catch fire and burn to the ground.
During construction
A large number of bridge accidents occur during the construction of the bridge
itself. These accidents are often due to an error made by the engineers, such as a
miscalculation. The bridge collapses under its own weight, and this can be deadly
for the workers on it at the time.
Earthquakes
Earthquakes damage all structures, including bridges. Luckily, this kind of collapse
is relatively infrequent, especially with modern bridges. Engineers have learned
to design bridges in earthquake zones on areas that are much more resistant to
movement.
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By defect
Some bridge collapses are mysteries, and engineers only realise why after they
conduct a complete investigation. In some cases, this could happen because
inferior-quality material was used in the construction, or because of a defect in a
key piece of the bridge. In other cases, the bridge was designed only to support a
certain amount of weight and no more.
Boat or train crash
Both of these kinds of accidents are extremely rare, but boats and trains can cause
a bridge to collapse for different reasons. With trains, it’s the velocity of the impact
that can bring a bridge down. With boats, it’s the very large mass they have that can
bring about the collapse, even if they are moving very slowly when it occurs.
The best way to avoid bridge failures is to plan for them. Modern technologies that
can detect structural weakness, safer working environments and better designs can
all help to reduce these terrible accidents.
Questions 10-17
Choose the correct answer, A, B, or C.
10 Why are bridges considered so important according to the article?
A. They are important parts of a transportation network.
B. They cost a lot of money.
C. When they collapse, it is a serious problem.
11 How can the people who make bridges stop collapses?
A. by studying for longer at university
B. by asking engineering experts to check their work
C. by studying the reasons for a collapse
12 Which of the following reasons is given as the cause of a bridge catching fire?
A. a lightning strike
B. the contact between train tracks and train wheels
C. the extreme heat of a train
13 Which is an example of an error during construction?
A. The bridge catches fire.
B. A mistake is made in the calculations.
C. There is a natural disaster.
14 How common is it for an earthquake to destroy a bridge?
A. very common in earthquake zones
B. relatively common C. relatively uncommon
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15 Which of the following is not mentioned as a defect in bridge construction?
A. a badly made part
B. inexperienced designers or engineers
C. poor-quality materials
16 How does a train cause a bridge to collapse?
A. by being too heavy for a bridge to support
B. by being very big
C. by hitting a bridge very fast
17 What role can modern technology have in reducing bridge accidents?
A. It can detect weak spots in the construction.
B. It can stop human error.
C. It can select higher-quality materials.
Exercise 3 - Transport Survey

You will hear a man interviewing a woman in the street about her use of transport.
As you listen, fill in the blanks with ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER.
TRANSPORT SURVEY
Example:
Travelled to town today: by bus
Name: Luisa 1 _______________________

Address: 2 _______________________ White Stone Rd
Area: Bradfield
Postcode: 3 _______________________
Occupation: 4 _______________________
Reason for visit to town: to go to the 5 _______________________
Suggestions for improvement:
• better 6 _______________________
• have more footpaths
• more frequent 7 _______________________
Things that would encourage cycling to work:
• having 8 _______________________ parking places for bicycles
• being able to use a 9 _______________________ at work
• the opportunity to have cycling 10 _______________________ on busy roads
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A Tale of
Two Places
Exercise 1
Below are some features of rural and urban areas. Write down correct words/phrases based on
the pronunciation. Then, guess the Vietnamese meanings of those words.
Rural 1 6
1 /θætʃt ˈkɒt.ɪdʒ/
_______________________
2 /ˌpɪk.tʃərˈesk/
_______________________
3 /ˈlaɪv.stɒk/
2 7
_______________________
4 /ˈkʌl.tʃər.əl ˈpræk.tɪs/
_______________________
5 /ˈbreθˌteɪ.kɪŋ/
_______________________
3 8
Urban
6 /ˈhaɪ.raɪz/
_______________________
7 /ˈpɒp.jə.leɪ.tɪd/
_______________________ 4 9
8 /ˈɔː.tə.mə.biːl/
_______________________
9 /ˈsɛmi dɪˈtæʧt haʊs/
_______________________
10 /ˈnɒ.vəl.ti/ 5 10
_______________________
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Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with words from Exercise 1. You may have to change the word form.
A Tokyo’s more than 38 million residents make it the world’s most 1 _________________
metropolitan area, known for such a fast-paced life that 2 _________________ can happen
everyday.
In addition to 3 _________________ , the residential area of Tokyo comprises a large number
of 4 _________________ . An extensive public transit system and cycle network have helped
to reduce 5 _________________ traffic and support movement throughout the region.
B The 6 _________________ Shirakawa-go village lies in the shadow of Mount Hakusan, and in
1995 it was recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. Shirakawa-go is famous for
its 7 _________________ and 8 _________________ panorama views from the mountain range.
Because land for growing rice has been scarce, houses are built large enough for not
only extended families but also 9 _________________ . In the era of globalisation, strict local
policies have helped the village maintain its unique lifestyle and 10 _________________ .
Exercise 3
You are going to watch a video of two mice talking to each other about their life.
As you listen, fill in the blanks with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER.
Activity In the city In the countryside
Shopping Large markets provides Consumers have to order

1 _________________ products. products online.
Long lines. No 2 _________________ .
Transportation The average 3 _________________ In Montana, it only takes

time for a New York resident is 4 _________________ .
40 minutes.
Average Income 5 _________________ go up by People earn much less.

about 5% as metropolitan area
density doubles.
Housing 6 _________________ rent. Affordable rent.
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Entertainment There are the best museums, Not many places for
shows, and restaurants. entertainment.
7 _________________ share the
costs of supporting these
places.
Security Now safer, with lower Generally safe.

8 _________________ .
Other Endless 9 _________________ . The same peaceful

10 _________________ everyday.
Exercise 4
Work in pairs to find out more differences between urban and rural life.
Put the suggested comments 1-16 into the correct column of the following table.
1 Communities are closer to nature and get greater health benefits.
2 People belong to different classes, religions, and cultures, and therefore do not enjoy the
same social statuss.
3 Sparsely populated
4 Villages and hamlet
5 The primary occupation of people is farming and raising livestock.
6 Fashion remains one of the top priorities of many people.
7 Densely populated
8 People are not much concerned with fashion.
9 People are engaged in non-agricultural work, such as trade, commerce, or provision of
services.
10 Family gatherings tend to give way to social gatherings.
11 Communities are more isolated from nature, but they have better facilities thanks to
technological advancements.
12 Fast-paced and complicated
13 Cities and towns
14 People tend to enjoy the same social status.
15 The family played a very significant and predominant role.
16 Simple and relaxed
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8 MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RURAL AND URBAN SOCIETIES
Basis for comparison Urban Area Rural Area
Areas
Lifestyle
Living environment
Employment
Population size
Household
Social status
Fashion
Exercise 5
Write 5 sentences showing the contrast between the rural and urban societies using the
conjunctions above. The first one has been done for you as an example.
0 Life in urban areas is fast and complicated, whereas rural life is simple and relaxed.
1 __________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2 __________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
3 __________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
4 __________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
5 __________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
120
Exercise 1 - UK Buildings Melt Cars
London is not famous for its hot weather. But a new
building has turned a London street into one of the hottest
places on the planet!
Questions 1-8
Before you watch, match the vocabulary 1-8 to the
definitions a-h.
1 a storey a extremely big
2 curved b to walk quickly
3 vast c the height of something
4 to singe d very strange and unusual
5 searingly e with a rounded shape, not with angles
6 elevation f a level in a building (also known as ‘a floor’)
7 bizarre g to burn a little; to touch something with fire
8 to march h extremely, especially when describing a feeling or temperature
Questions 9-16
9 The building is in the centre of London.
10 The building has 47 floors.
11 The face of the building is a little round.
12 The problem is caused by just one small part of the building.
13 The temperature on the street is almost 93 degrees Celsius.
14 The presenter isn’t serious when she says that you can fry an egg.
15 The problem will continue for all the summer months.
16 The temperature on the street is hottest in the evening.
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Exercise 2 - The Countryside is Great
Britain’s countryside is great, rich with lakes, mountains and monuments. Richard goes to the
Lake District first, before crossing the border to Wales. Watch the video and complete the note
with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR NUMBERS.
British countryside in general

• Landscape:
• sweeping 1 _______________________
• rolling hills
• wajestic mountains
• Climate:
• 2 _______________________
• plenty of rain
The Lake District
• The second largest national park:
• famous for 3 _______________________ mountains and 4 _______________________ lakes
• Lake Windermere - the largest natural lake in England
• length: more than 5 _______________________
• depth: about 66m
• various types of goods used to be transported across this lake:
slate, 6 _______________________ and wool, while fishing was also a crucial activity
• Windermere Lake Cruises:
• average number of annual passengers: 1.35 million
• tourist activities:
enjoy stunning scenery, the peace and the 7 _______________________ of nature
• one of the top tourist attractions in the 8 _______________________ of England
Wales
• Snowdonia national park:
• 6 million visitors every year
• Landscape:
• incredible mountains
• the countryside closer to 9 _______________________
• E.g. the fishing village on the north coast:
• 3km of sweeping bay
• has a 10 _______________________ harbour
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Exercise 3
THE WORLD’S FRIENDLIEST CITY
A team of social psychologists from California has spent six years studying
the reactions of people in cities around the world to different situations. The
results show that cities where people have less money generally have friendlier
populations. Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, which is often known for its crime, comes out
top, and the capital of Malawi, Lilongwe, comes third.
But what makes one city friendlier than another? The psychologists from California
State University say it has got more to do with environment than culture or
nationality.
They carried out a study into the way locals treated strangers in 23 cities around
the world. The team conducted their research through a series of tests, where they
dropped pens or pretended they were blind and needed help crossing the street.
The study concludes that people are more helpful in cities with a more relaxed way
of life such as Rio. While they were there, researchers received help in 93 percent
of cases, and the percentage in Lilong was only a little lower. However, richer cities
such as Amsterdam and New York are considered the least friendly. Inhabitants of
Amsterdam helped the researchers in 53 percent of cases and in New York just 44
percent. The psychologists found that, in these cities, people tend to be short of
time, so they hurry and often ignore strangers.
Complete the table below.

Choose ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.
City Positive aspects Negative aspects % of help received
Rio de Janeiro • friendly inhabitants • People don’t have so • 93%

• more 1 ______________ much 2 ______________
lifestyle • City reputation for
3 ______________
Amsterdam • richer • People have little • Amsterdam: 53%

and New York 4 ______________ • New York: 44%
• People don’t pay
attention to
5 ______________
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Assignment IV
Evaluate an idea on the topic of urbanisation

This includes but not limited to housing, urban planning

usage of reporting verbs from Unit 11;
usage of languages to avoid sweeping statement generalisation as in Unit 07 & 12;

use phrases to give advises as in Unit 13;

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125
Unit 01
Exercise 1
Choose the correct option.
1 Potential _____ effects, on the environment and human health, from the rising amount of
CO2 are of considerable concern among governments, non-governmental organizations.
A. beneficial B. exhaust C. adverse
2 Oil, natural gas, and coal are called _____ , which were formed over millions of years, from
the remains of dead organisms.
A. fossil fuels B. conservation C. non-renewable
3 _____ are pollutants released into the air.
A. Hazardous wastes B. Exhaust fumes C. Respiratory problems
4 Smog hanging over urban areas that causes reduced _____ .
A. health problems B. visibility C. greenhouse gases
5 Air pollution exposure can worsen a previously-existing _____ illness.
A. visible B. respiratory C. exhaust
6 There is a causative relationship between air pollution and the increased incidence of
some _____ disorders.
A. allergic B. polluted C. environmental
7 A _____ substance is a substance that can be poisonous or cause health effects.
A. respiratory B. man-made C. toxic
Exercise 2
1 Which phrase would be suitable to express the purpose of your presentation?
A. Firstly, I'd like to look at...
B. I'm here today to…
C. Let's now move on to...
126
2 When speakers want to add another idea in their presentation, they should say:
A. This leads me to my next point, which is...
B. So far, I've presented...
C. I'd like to finish by emphasizing...
3 To give examples in a presentation, a speaker can say:
A. What I'm trying to say is...
B. I now want to go on to...
C. For instance...
4 Which sentence should be used to introduce the outline of a presentation?
A. My talk will last about 15 minutes.
B. This talk is divided into four main parts.
C. I'll be happy to answer any questions you have at the end of my presentation.
5 Which phrases should NOT be used to indicate the transition of ideas in a talk?
A. This slide shows...
B. Let's now turn to...
C. So far, we have looked at... Now I'd like to…
Exercise 3
Listen and fill in the blank with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER.
Canadian Clean Air Day’ will be held on 1 _______________________ .
Air pollution may be responsible for 2 _______________________ deaths every year in Canada.
The sector most responsible for smog-producing pollutants is 3 _______________________ .
Scientist now know that even 4 _______________________ of pollution can be harmful.
Reducing Air Pollution
Individual action
• Respond to the 5 _______________________ challenge;
• Walk, cycle or car-pool to work;
• Use public transit;
• 6 _______________________ ;
• 7 _______________________ your domestic equipment.
Government action
• Emission reduction in the 8 _______________________ region of US and Canada;
• Move towards 9 _______________________ (e.g. less Sulphur in gasoline & diesel);
• Reduction of pollution from 10 _______________________ and power plants.
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Exercise 4
1 The _____ protects people from the effects of too much ultraviolet radiation.
A. ozone layer
B. smog layer
C. cloud cover
2 People are wasting too much paper, which means that they are indirectly destroying
_____ .
A. land pollution
B. conservation
C. natural resources
3 When a building has bad air quality, it has something called _____ .
A. sick building syndrome
B. carbon monoxide
C. smog
4 Short-term effects of air pollution on human health include all of the following except
_____ .
A. headaches and dizziness.
B. coughing and difficulty breathing.
C. sore muscles.
5 What causes acid rain?
A. high concentrations of sulfuric or nitric acid from pollution
B. fertilizer use
C. pesticide use
6 Acid rain can damage
A. aquatic life.
B. architecture/buildings.
C. Both options are correct
7 Which part of the body is the most vulnerable to radon gas?
A. lungs
B. heart
C. kidneys
128
Unit 02
Exercise 1
Complete the sentences below using the correct form of the verbs in the box.
chemical contaminants debris nutrients runoff
1 Marine _________________ is litter that ends up in oceans, seas, or other large bodies of
water.
2 It is evident that all _________________ substances can be considered to have potential for
toxic effects on surface water communities.
3 As agricultural _________________ enters bodies of water it can have negative impacts on
the environment.
4 Storm water carries a lot of _________________ from sewage, animal waste, and fertilizers
into nearby streams.
5 Some _________________ such as nitrogen and phosphorus added to bodies of water can
act like fertilizer, causing excessive growth of algae and bacteria.
Exercise 2
Complete the sentences below using the correct forms of the given words in the brackets.
1 Industries and industrial sites across the world are a major contributor to water
_________________ . (contaminate)
2 Small releases of petroleum-based solvents may pollute significant quantities of water.
(pollute)
3 Organic and inorganic pollutants are mainly discharged from industrial effluents and
sewage into the water bodies. (pollute)
4 Nutrients can run off of land in urban areas where lawn and garden fertilizers are used.
(fertile)
5 Agricultural pollution is the contamination we release into the environment as a by-
product of growing and raising livestock, food crops. (agriculture)
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The water pollution occurs when different particles, chemicals, and other
substances cause the water to become unsafe. Sometimes the pollutants flow
directly into the water from a factory. It can also flow indirectly from rainwater
mixed with farm chemicals, construction sites, or other places that release unsafe
chemicals. All rainwater eventually seeps into the ground and then flows into rivers,
lakes, or streams that may be the source for drinking water. Sometimes water
pollution can occur naturally, such as by volcanic activity, excessive algae, animal
waste, and silt from storms and floods. Human causes include sewage, pesticides
and fertilizers from farms, chemicals, and trash from people littering. Water
pollution can be sorted into several different types.
Nutrient pollution takes place due to excessive algae and plant growth when too
many nutrients are released into the water. Wastewater, fertilizer, and sewage are
the sources of the excessive nutrients. Surface water pollution occurs when unsafe
substances reach the surfaces of the different bodies of water, and either dissolve in
the water or remain on top of the surface of the water. It may include litter or other
discharges in the water.
When decaying matter is released into the water, microorganisms grow and just
like algae, they use up oxygen. Oxygen depletion is another type of water pollution.
Groundwater pollution occurs when farmers, gardeners and others use chemicals to
help their crops or plants grow, including grass. The excessive chemicals seep into
the ground, causing the water underground to become polluted.
Other types of water pollution include microbiological, when people drink water
directly from untreated rivers or streams, and the natural pollution causes illness
to humans and to fish living in the water. Suspended matter are pollutants that do
not dissolve in water, such as substances, particles, and chemicals that sink to the
bottom and kill organisms living at the bottom of a body of water. Finally, oil pills
may cause problems in the spill area and spread for many miles. Many fish die, and
seabirds lose their ability to fly.
Regardless of the type of pollution, much of the human causes of pollution can be
prevented. There are 14 billion pounds of mostly plastic garbage dumped into water
every year, and in the U.S., 1.2 trillion gallons of sewage is dumped into water each
year, and nearly 90% of wastewater flows untreated into lakes, rivers, and coastal
areas. All can be reduced or prevented.
130
Some of the ways people can do their part in preventing water pollution is to
reduce the amount of water used, such as taking shorter showers and using less
water when brushing teeth or washing dishes. Disposing and recycling paints, oils,
medicines, or chemicals properly, and not littering on the streets or in bodies of
water. Planting more trees and flowers can lead to more rainwater being soaked up
instead of mixing with chemicals from the area.
Exercise 3
Choose the correct answer based on the information in the reading passage.
1 Which of the following may be a source for drinking water?
A. rivers
B. lakes
C. streams
D. all of the above
2 Which of the following type of pollution take place when algae and plants can grow
excessively?
A. nutrient pollution
B. groundwater pollution
C. suspended matter
D. oil spills
3 Which of the following type of pollution includes untreated rivers and streams?
A. oil spills
B. microbiological
C. suspended matter
D. surface water pollution
4 All the following may be human causes of pollution EXCEPT:
A. sewage
B. pesticides
C. silt
D. fertilizers
5 The pollutants that do not dissolve in water include particles and substances called which
of the following?
A. suspended matter
B. nutrient pollution
C. surface water pollution
D. all the above
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Exercise 4
1 Chemicals in the fertilizers can be absorbed into _____ , contribute to algae blooms and
effect animals' ability to find food and reproduce.
A. aquatic plants B. contaminants C. products
2 Some water pollutants are often invisible, so sometimes small amounts of water and
aquatic organisms are tested to determine _____ .
A. industrial waste B. water quality C. aquatic ecosystem
3 Run-off contains fertilizers and _____ from farming into surface water.
A. plants B. pesticides C. ground water
4 A number of different regulatory controls are applied to prevent water sources from
being _____ .
A. depleted B. absorbed C. dissolved
5 Some business activities are currently posing an imminent _____ to the environment.
A. worry B. concern C. threat
6 Advanced wastewater treatment programs that remove unwanted nutrients and harmful
bacteria can help prevent the _____ of water quality.
A. degradation B. risk C. control
7 Water is one of the very important _____ of our life and the environment.
A. treatments B. elements C. activities
8 Companies, factories have to dispose of _____ chemicals and containers properly as per
the product instructions.
A. substance B. product C. leftover
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Unit 03
Exercise 1
Find the word suitable with the definition given.
1 p_______
the illegal hunting or capturing of wild animals
2 c___________
the protection of wildlife especially from the damaging effects of human activity
3 h______
the natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism
4 w______
a large, destructive fire that spreads quickly over woodland or brush
5 c______
the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period
Exercise 2
Complete the sentences below using the words in the box.
as due to so so that therefore
1 Many governments are making laws to stop forests from being cut down
_________________ animals can live in their natural habitats.

2 _________________ global warming, ice on polar caps is likely to melt in larger quantities.
3 These days, logging companies are cutting many more trees in the forest for trading
purposes. Global warming, _________________ , is becoming worse.
4 Coastal communities will continue to face billion-dollar disaster recovery bills
_________________ flooding becomes more frequent and storms become more intense.
5 The demands for energy keep growing in recent years, _________________ companies tend
to exploit natural resources to make profits.
133
HEALTH IN THE WILD
Many animals seem able to treat their illnesses themselves. Humans may have a
thing or two to learn from them.
A For the past decade Dr Engel, a lecturer in environmental sciences at Britain’s
Open University, has been collating examples of self-medicating behaviour in wild
animals. She recently published a book on the subject. In a talk at the Edinburgh
Science Festival earlier this month, she explained that the idea that animals can
treat themselves has been regarded with some scepticism by her colleagues in the
past. But a growing number of animal behaviourists now think that wild animals
can and do deal with their own medical needs.
B One example of self-medication was discovered in 1987. Michael Huffman and
Mohamedi Seifu, working in the Mahale Mountains National Park in Tanzania,
noticed that local chimpanzees suffering from intestinal worms would dose
themselves with the pith of a plant called Veronia. This plant produces poisonous
chemicals called terpenes. Its pith contains a strong enough concentration to kill
gut parasites, but not so strong as to kill chimps (nor people, for that matter; locals
use the pith for the same purpose). Given that the plant is known locally as “goat-
killer”, however, it seems that not all animals are as smart as chimps and humans.
Some consume it indiscriminately and succumb.
C Since the Veronia-eating chimps were discovered, more evidence has emerged
suggesting that animals often eat things for medical rather than nutritional
reasons. Many species, for example, consume dirt, a behaviour known as geophagy.
Historically, the preferred explanation was that soil supplies minerals such as salt.
But geophagy occurs in areas where the earth is not a useful source of minerals,
and also in places where minerals can be more easily obtained from certain plants
that are known to be rich in them. Clearly, the animals must be getting something
else out of eating earth.
D The current belief is that soil—and particularly the clay in it—helps to detoxify the
defensive poisons that some plants produce in an attempt to prevent themselves
from being eaten. Evidence for the detoxifying nature of clay came in 1999, from
an experiment carried out on macaws by James Gilardi and his colleagues at the
University of California, Davis. Macaws eat seeds containing alkaloids, a group of
chemicals that has some notoriously toxic members, such as strychnine. In the wild,
the birds are frequently seen perched on eroding riverbanks eating clay. Dr Gilardi
134
fed one group of macaws a mixture of harmless alkaloid and clay, and a second
group just the alkaloid. Several hours later, the macaws that had eaten the clay had
60% less alkaloid in their bloodstreams than those that had not, suggesting that the
hypothesis is correct.
E Other observations also support the idea that clay is detoxifying. Towards the
tropics, the amount of toxic compounds in plants increases-and so does the amount
of earth eaten by herbivores. Elephants lick clay from mud holes all year round,
except in September when they are bingeing on fruit which, because it has evolved
to be eaten, is not toxic. And the addition of clay to the diets of domestic cattle
increases the amount of nutrients that they can absorb from their food by 10-20%.
F A third instance of animal self-medication is the use of mechanical scours to
get rid of gut parasites, in 1972 Richard Wrangham, a researcher at the Gombe
Stream Reserve in Tanzania, noticed that chimpanzees were eating the leaves of a
tree called Aspilia. The chimps chose the leaves carefully by testing them in their
mouths. Having chosen a leaf, a chimp would fold it into a fan and swallow it. Some
of the chimps were noticed wrinkling their noses as they swallowed these leaves,
suggesting the experience was unpleasant. Later, undigested leaves were found on
the forest floor.
Exercise 3
Questions 1-4
1 It is for 10 years that Dr Engel has been working on animal self-medication.
2 In order to find plants for medication, animals usually need to walk a long distance.
3 Birds such as Macaw, are seen eating clay because it is a part of their natural diet.
4 According to Dr Engel, it is exciting that research into animal self-medication can be
helpful in the invention of new painkillers.
135
Questions 5-10
Complete the spaces with up to ONE WORD ONLY from the text.
Date Researchers Animal Food Mechanism
1987 Michael Huffman Chimpanzee 5 ________________ Contained chemicals named

and Mohamedi of Veronia 6 ________________ which can
Seifu kill parasites
1999 James Gilardi and Macaw Seeds (contain Clay can 8 ________________
colleagues 7 ______________ ) the poisonous contents in
and clay food
1972 Richard Chimpanzee Leaves with tiny Such leaves can catch and
Wrangham 9 ________________ expel worms from intestines
on surface
Exercise 4
Match each phrase with its suitable meaning.
1 the lion’s share a a member of a family or group who is regarded as a
disgrace to them
2 as busy as a beaver b to go bad, deteriorate, or become poor-quality
3 to get one’s goat c the largest or best plan of something when it is divided
4 pig-headed d stupid and stubborn
5 to go to the dogs e there are plenty of other potential partners out there,
so don't be upset about one getting away
6 like a fish out of water f extremely busy
7 black sheep g to annoy someone
8 plenty of fish in the sea h very uncomfortable in a particular situation or

environment
136
Unit 04
Exercise 1
1 The clean energy source from the Sun is referred to as _____ .
A. solar energy B. magnetic energy C. wind power
2 The energy from moving water is called _____ .
A. solar power B. hydroelectric power C. fossil fuels
3 Geothermal energy uses _____ to produce electricity.
A. steam wells B. the sun C. the wind
4 Which natural resource is a renewable energy resource?
A. sun B. oil (petroleum) C. natural gas
5 What can be the main reason for using fossil fuels?
A. expensive B. cheap C. clean
6 What are fossil fuels made from?
A. prehistoric plants B. prehistoric animals C. both of these
7 Which of the following is a major cause of air pollution?
A. dumping waste in landfills
B. using wind and solar energy
C. burning fossil fuel
8 What are two examples of non-renewable resources?
A. coal and oil
B. biomass and wind turbines
C. tidal and geothermal
Exercise 2
Complete the dialogue with the words/phrases given.
convinced get me wrong I disagree right

definitely got a point not so sure what you mean
137
Amy: Here’s my design for the new advertising campaign. What do you think?
Barry: I’m not 1 _________________ that this is what the client wants.
Amy: But they asked for bright colours.
Barry: I think 2 _________________ . They said they wanted the design to be fresh and fun.
Amy: But this design is fresh and fun.
Barry: I’m 3 _________________ .
Amy: Really?
Barry: Don’t 4 _________________ , I like your design but it doesn’t fit the brief.
Amy: I see 5_________________ . I guess it’s a bit too flashy.
Barry: What about changing the red and the stars?
Amy: Maybe you’ve 6 _________________ there.
I think you’re 7 _________________ . Is that better?
Barry: Yes, 8 _________________ .
Exercise 3
Complete the notes below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
Wind Power
Historical uses
• Ancient China Windmills were used to 1 _______________________ .
• Ancient Persia Farmers used wind power to 2 _______________________ .
• The Netherlands People used windmills to 3 _______________________ .
Advantages
• Unlike oil and coal, wind power does not cause 4 _______________________ .
• There are limited supplies of oil and coal, but wind is a 5 _______________________ .
• It costs 6 _______________________ to generate electricity with the wind.
• Wind turbines do not take up much land.
Disadvantages
• The cost of the initial investment is high.
• The 7 _______________________ of the wind is not constant.
• Wind turbines are usually located far from 8 _______________________ .
• Wind turbines may spoil the local 9 _______________________ .
• Wind turbines produce as 10 _______________________ as a high-speed car.
138
Exercise 4
1 Energy production from non-renewable sources like coal and petrol will be less viable in
the near future because of the reduction in their _____ .
A. reserve B. electricity C. technology
2 An advantage of solar energy is that it can be _____ without having to build expensive
power plants.
A. reduced B. harnessed C. raised
3 In the coming years as the technology develops and solar panels become more _____ , its
popularity will only increase.
A. expensive B. affordable C. perfect
4 There has been a growing recognition of the role of energy in achieving the goals of _____
development.
A. sustainable B. reliable C. affordable
5 Nuclear facilities also require the least amount of land to _____ electricity, compared to
other energy sources.
A. develop B. decrease C. generate
139
Unit 06
Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the word given in the box below.
academy educate honest special vocation
1 Secondary school students can undertake _________________ education and training while
still in school to help put them on their career pathway.
2 Students should develop _________________ knowledge in an area of study that they are
passionate about.
3 Academic _________________ among students can be defined as academic behavior that
does not comply with stated assessment requirements and other institutional policies.
4 A higher _________________ offers progress to a more efficient economy, improvement in
people's lives, and contributions to a more stable society.
5 _________________ courses are more likely to demand essays and logical reasoning,
whereas vocational courses are about practical hands-on training.
SIXTEEN - WHAT NOW?

You’re 16 and finally you can leave school! By now, you’re probably sick of teachers,
desks, tests and exams. But don’t just run for the exit. You need to think carefully
about what to do next.
If you want a professional career, you will need to go to university and get a degree.
To do that, you need to stay at high school for another two years. But you needn’t
stay at the same place. There are several options in the district of Northacre.
St. Leopold’s School has the best pass rate of all the high schools in the district. It
offers a wide range of subjects in the humanities and sciences. St Leopold’s is, of
course, a private school, so may be too expensive for you. But don’t worry, there are
several other options if you want to follow the academic route. Knowle Grammar
School is a state school, so there are no fees, and it has excellent tuition and
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facilities. It is a boys’ school from the ages of 11-16, but from 16-18 it is co-educational.
But it is selective, so you’ll have to pass an exam to get in. If you’re interested in
going into Business, check out Wyle River Academy. This school specialises in
subjects like Business Studies, Management and Economics. If you prefer the arts,
look at the courses on offer at Northacre College. Here you can study woodwork,
art, textiles and much more.
Northacre College also offers a wide range of vocational qualifications. You can do a
1-year certificate or a 2-year diploma in subjects like electrics, plumbing, roofing and
hairdressing. If you’d prefer to work outdoors, look at Milldown College, where there
are courses in Farm Mechanics, Land Management, Animal Management and much
more.
A final option is to get an apprenticeship with a local or national company. You
will get on-the-job training, gain certificates or diplomas and start earning straight
away. But be warned - places are limited! Find out more at the Jobs Fair on 26th
May at Northacre College.
Exercise 3
Choose the correct option based on the information from the reading passage.
1 The aim of the article is to
A. advise young people about how to get to university.
B. tell young people about the options available.
C. advise young people to stay in education.
2 The article advises readers who want a professional career to
A. go to university immediately.
B. stay at the same school for two more years.
C. go to high school for two more years, then get a degree.
3 St Leopold’s is the best school for
A. good exam results.
B. humanities & sciences.
C. facilities.
4 You can only attend St Leopold’s school if you
A. pay tuition fees.
B. pass an exam.
C. study humanities & sciences.
5 You can only attend Knowle Grammar School if you
A. pass an exam. B. are a boy. C. can afford the tuition fees.
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6 Anna wants to work with horses. Where is the best place for her to study?
A. Wyle River Academy B. Northacre College C. Milldown College
7 Harry wants to be a builder. Where is the best place for him to study?
8 Kevin wants to be a fashion designer. Where is the best place for him to study?
9 Caroline wants to run her own company. Where is the best place for her to study?
10 What is the problem with apprenticeships?
A. There are few available.
B. They are expensive.
C. They don’t give you any qualifications.
Exercise 3
1 _____ is a type of course that prepares you for a job.
A. seminar B. lecture C. vocational
2 A lesson about the theory of your subject is called a _____ .
A. lecture B. tutorial C. seminar
3 Which of the following can be a way to deliver education?
A. distance education B. scholarship C. bursary
4 A small class discussing the lecture is called _____ .
A. face-to-face B. module C. tutorial
5 The money you pay for your course _____ .
A. bursary B. tuition fees C. scholarship
6 Something that stands out from the others is _____ .
A. general B. distinctive C. simple
7 _____ education refers to all formal post-secondary education, including public and
private universities, colleges, technical training institutes, and vocational schools.
A. Tertiary B. Academic C. High school
8 An activity students do at school outside of class is referred to as _____ .
A. seminar B. tutorial C. extra-curricular
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Unit 07
5 3 2
Exercise 1
Complete the crossword using the given clues 1-5.
1 not superior or inferior
2 enough
1
3 skilled
4 hardworking
4
5 have opinion that is not
based on reasons or actual
experience.
Exercise 2
Make adjustments to the following sentences in order to avoid generalisation fallacy.
1 Tests are a fair measure of ability.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2 All classes are only 30 minutes long.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
3 Future changes in the curriculum will improve the situation.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
4 On average, the cost of tuition at a private school in the UK is £12,500 per child, per year.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
5 No subjects can be comprehensively learned without discussing and debating the facts.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
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AN UNFAIR EDUCATION
According to recent studies by the UK educational charity The Sutton Trust, over
30% of leading professionals in the United Kingdom, including almost 80% of
lawyers, 47% of highflyers in financial services and 41% of top journalists attended
Oxford or Cambridge. Every university-educated Prime Minister since 1937 except
one, Gordon Brown, is an alumnus of one or the other, as are approximately two-
thirds of the current government cabinet.
This disproportion was brought to public attention in 2000, when politician Gordon
Brown launched an attack on the selection processes at Oxford University. He
publicised the story of Laura Spence, a gifted students who had the “best A-level
qualifications you can have”, but nevertheless was turned down by Magdalen
College, Oxford. Later, Member of Parliament David Lammy used the freedom of
information act to examine admissions data at Oxford and Cambridge Universities,
and found that almost 90% of the student body at both universities was drawn from
the upper and middle classes, that in 2009 Oxford accepted only one British black
Caribbean undergraduate, and it focused its attentions on admissions events at
private schools such as Kate Middleton’s school, Marlborough College, and Prince
William’s alma mater, Eton.
Since then, universities have been forced to up their game welcoming the less
privileged among their students. Quotas have been put into place to ensure that
the colleges admit a larger proportion of less privileged students. These targets
are not often met, however, and they have brought about a new practice in which
parents privately educate their children up to the age of 16, giving them a sound
academic background, then put them in state education for their two final years, to
better improve their chances of being accepted at a top university as part of their
‘less privileged’ quota.
Even so, Oxford now spends $4 million a year on student outreach, a $1.6 million
increase since 2006–07. Much of this is spent on school visits and teacher-training
programmes aimed at supporting poor and minority students who wish to apply
to the university. The university has also launched a summer school, which allows
around 500 academically talented, state-school students a chance to experience
studying at Oxford for a week.
And yet these strategies depend on state schools being able to educate students
to the same level as private schools; where stringent selection processes, partnered
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with high budgets, parental support and top-class facilities allow schools to spew
out students of an impressively high academic calibre. State schools have much
less opportunity to do this.
Or have they? One commentator argues that the success of private schools is not in
their money, but in their organisation. State schools fail their pupils because, under
government control, they lack options. But if head teachers at state schools were
given the same freedom as those at private schools, namely to sack poor teachers
and pay more to good ones, parents would not need to send their children to
private schools any more.
Exercise 3
Questions 1-4
1 All students at private schools in Britain come from rich families.
2 Most leading politicians and judges in the UK were educated at Oxford or Cambridge
University.
3 Former prime minister Gordon Brown was educated at to Oxford University.
4 Both Kate Middleton and Prince William applied to Oxford University.
Questions 5-10
Complete the spaces with up to NO MORE THAN FOUR WORDS from the text.
5 One study found that nearly nine tenths of students entering Oxford and Cambridge
universities came from the _______________________ .
6 Universities must now adhere to _______________________ to ensure that they admit a socio-
economic mix of students.
7 This has led to parents choosing to educate their children in _______________________ to
increase their chances of getting into an elite university.
8 Oxford’s _______________________ programme has been expanded to attract the less
privileged.
9 Private schools can educate students to a higher standard because they have more
money and they employ strict _______________________ .
10 One commentator believes that state schools would do better if their head teachers were
allowed more _______________________ .
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Exercise 4
1 _____ specialize in certain areas such as technology, science or the arts.
A. Boarding schools B. Church schools C. Charter schools D. Magnet schools
2 _____ receives government funding but operates independently
3 _____ offer food and lodging to its students.
4 _____ schools are focused on a play-based approach for children.
A. Harkness B. Montessori C. Reggio Emilia D. Steiner/Waldorf
5 In _____ schools, lessons are based on the interest of students.
6 In _____ schools challenges students to sit at the center of education, making meaning of
new information together.
7 In _____ schools, the learning process is threefold, engaging head, heart, and hands - or
thinking, feeling, and doing.
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Unit 08
Exercise 1
Complete the sentences below using the correct form of the verbs in the box.
adapt apply immerse pick up

allow enhance launch thrive
1 You should _________________ yourself to the new learning environment.

2 They don't _________________ people to smoke on school ground.
3 In Vietnam universities, students usually do not need to _________________ for scholarships.
4 Because a foreign education can _________________ our lives, we should invest in it.
5 He _________________ himself in the culture of the island.
6 His time spent abroad help _________________ his career as an English teacher.
7 Though they have only lived here for two weeks, they already _________________ the accent.
8 Lily's extroverted self really _________________ once she relocated to the south.
Exercise 2
Questions 1-4
Complete the notes below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
Study Abroad Application
Example:
Name: Leela Kimh
• Wants to study abroad during: the entire 1 _______________________ year of university
• Previous experience living abroad: a summer 2 _______________________ in Buenos Aires,
Argentina
• Needs financial aid for: plane 3 _______________________ to South America
• Intended degree: Bachelor of Arts in Spanish and Latin American 4 _______________________
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Questions 5-7
Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.
5 Leela’s friend who studied in China said
A. the food was very different.
B. the people were friendly.
C. there was difficulty communicating.
6 One problem people studying abroad have is
A. with having enough money.
B. feeling homesick and missing friends.
C. eating different kinds of food.
7 Corben says that when applying for a study abroad program
A. Leela needs to get parental permission.
B. Leela needs to keep things organized.
C. Leela has to raise money.
Questions 8-10
Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
8 Leela must make sure her classes abroad will _________________ towards her degree.
9 The minimum grade point _________________ to study abroad is 3.2.
10 After filling out the application, Leela must _________________ them to the Office of Study
Abroad.
Exercise 3
1 Thanks to the exchange program, I have a _____ knowledge of Russian.
A. common B. detailed C. limited D. prior
2 Visiting the country did so much to _____ my knowledge of the language and people.
A. broaden B. deepen C. lengthen D. shorten
3 This undergraduate _____ lasts four years.
A. credit B. curriculum C. field D. program
4 Student accommodation is called _____ .
A. campus B. hall of residence C. lecture hall D. seminars
5 After three years, you will with a bachelor's degree.
A. credit B. graduate C. research D. teach
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Unit 09
Exercise 1
Find 10 words in the word search below using the given clues.
1 an evaluation 6 conclusion
2 a story regarded as unreliable or hearsay 7 a decision, a research project
3 a line of reasoning 8 way to do something
4 proof 9 data
5 a discovery 10 foundation, theory
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Exercise 2
Put the signaling words and phrases below in the correct category according to their function.
1 a case in point is 9 in other words
2 also 10 lastly
3 the reason for this is 11 next
4 as a result 12 on the other hand
5 due to 13 the crucial factor is
6 for instance 14 what I am essentially arguing is
7 furthermore 15 the main point is
8 however 16 in addition
ORDER REASON RESULT CLARIFICATION
CONTRAST ADDITION EXAMPLE EMPHASIS
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THE STUDENTS’ PROBLEM
The college and university accommodation crisis in Ireland has become ‘so chronic’
that students are being forced to sleep rough, share a bed with strangers – or give
up on studying altogether.
The deputy president of the Union of Students in Ireland, Kevin Donoghue, said the
problem has become particularly acute in Dublin. He told the Irish Mirror: “Students
are so desperate, they’re not just paying through the nose to share rooms – they’re
paying to share a bed with complete strangers. It reached crisis point last year and
it’s only getting worse. “We’ve heard of students sleeping rough; on sofas, floors
and in their cars and I have to stress there’s no student in the country that hasn’t
been touched by this crisis. “Commutes – which would once have been considered
ridiculous – are now normal, whether that’s by bus, train or car and those who drive
often end up sleeping in their car if they’ve an early start the next morning.”
Worry is increasing over the problems facing Ireland's 200,000 students as the
number increases over the next 15 years. With 165,000 full-time students in Ireland
– and that figure expected to increase to around 200,000 within the next 15 years –
fears remain that there aren’t enough properties to accommodate current numbers.
Mr. Donoghue added: “The lack of places to live is actually forcing school-leavers out
of college altogether. Either they don’t go in the first place or end up having to drop
out because they can’t get a room and commuting is just too expensive, stressful
and difficult.”
Claims have emerged from the country that some students have been forced to
sleep in cars, or out on the streets, because of the enormous increases to rent in the
capital. Those who have been lucky enough to find a place to live have had to do so
‘blind’ by paying for accommodation, months in advance, they haven’t even seen
just so they will have a roof over their head over the coming year.
According to the Irish Independent, it’s the ‘Google effect’ which is to blame.
As Google and other blue-chip companies open offices in and around Dublin’s
docklands area, which are ‘on the doorstep of the city’, international professionals
have been flocking to the area which will boast 2,600 more apartments, on 50 acres
of undeveloped land, over the next three to 10 years.
Rent in the area soared by 15 per cent last year and a two-bedroom apartment
overlooking the Grand Canal costs €2,100 (£1,500) per month to rent. Another two-
bedroom apartment at Hanover Dock costs €2,350 (almost £1,700) with a three-
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bedroom penthouse – measuring some 136 square metres – sits at €4,500 (£3,200)
per month in rent.
Ireland’s Higher Education Authority admitted this was the first time they had seen
circumstances ‘so extreme’ and the Fianna Fáil party leader, Michael Martin, urged
on the Government to intervene. He said: “It is very worrying that all of the progress
in opening up access to higher education in the last decade – particularly for the
working poor – is being derailed because of an entirely foreseeable accommodation
crisis.
Exercise 3
1 The accommodation problem in Ireland is especially bad in Dublin.
2 Commutes are considered ridiculous.
3 The number of students in Ireland is not likely to increase in the future.
4 Due to the opening of the new offices around Dublin, the number of local restaurants will
go up significantly over the next 3 to 10 years.
5 The rent price went up by 15% last year.
6 Michael Martin stated that crisis could have been omitted if the government reacted
properly.
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Exercise 4
Fill in the blanks with one of the words given in the box.
admission daycare higher public sixth-form

comprehensive grammar nursery primary
Amy first went to her local 1 _________________ school at the age of five. The year before that she
attended a 2 _________________ school but her parents didn't send her to a 3 _________________
when she was very small.
When Amy was ready to go on to secondary school, she passed a special exam and so gained
4 _________________ to her local 5 _________________ school. Her friends didn't do that exam. Like
most children, they went to a 6 _________________ school. Only a few children from very rich
families go to 7 _________________ schools and Amy only knew one girl from her class at primary
school who did.
At the age of 16, Amy went on to 8 _________________ college, where she is currently studying
English, History and Maths. Her ambition is to go on to 9 _________________ education and
become a teacher.
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Unit 11
Exercise 1
Choose the correct answer to complete the sentences below.
1 If you believe everything you read in the _____ then you would think Mark Zuckerberg is a
lizard!
A. magazines B. newsstands C. tabloids D. titles
2 My grandpa is a man of tradition, he prefers _____ newspaper.
A. computerized B. digital C. electronic D. physical
3 The CEO is stressing over this month's sale which has been _____ .
A. dwindling B. relating C. releasing D. surging
4 The New York Times needed to go digital in order to keep their _____ .
A. issues B. publishers C. release D. subscribers
5 The printing industry might not be going to stay _____ in the future.
A. conventional B. relevant C. long-standing D. traditional
THE PRINTING PROCESS

The world entered its first information revolution when the first printing press was
built in 1450. Before this, typical ways of recording information were to carve words
onto clay tiles and bamboo, or to write on parchment or papyrus. Fast forward to the
digital age, the second information revolution, and it has now become possible to
self-publish, have books printed in paperback or as an e-book, and some books are
even free!
Digital warehouse
Long gone are the days when every book was printed before there was a buyer.
Why print thousands of books only to find out that very few people want to buy
them? Now it is possible to work with a printer in a process called Print On Demand
(POD) and only print a paperback when you have an order.
To do this a printer has a digital warehouse with every book stored electronically.
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Once an order is placed, the printer has all of the electronic data necessary to print
and deliver the book to its intended destination. Every month money is sent to all of
the authors that have sold books that month.
Giving your book to the printer

Once written, an author can send his book electronically to the printer in the form of
a PDF file or as a hardcopy that can be scanned and digitized by the printer.
Processing fees for all services from a printer are minimal but allow you to have
access to large distribution networks of not only online bookstores but also the
bricks and mortar retailers. These people may not buy your book but your book will
be in their catalogues and they will order from the printer if someone asks for it.
Two Concerns
Speed is not the only priority for the printer, they are also concerned with quality
and have 10 quality control checks on each book before it is shipped.
Sharp graphics and crisp text make it virtually impossible to distinguish a POD book
from the more traditional offset copies. As technology continues to improve this can
only get better.
As an author, it is possible to choose the type of book you want; paperback,
hardback, or e-book (now the most popular form of book), the size of your book,
type of paper, and type of cover (laminated, cloth or jacketed for hardbacks).
Exercise 2
Complete the sentences below.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
1 We experienced our first information revolution with the development of the
_______________________ .
2 It is no longer necessary to print books in their _______________________ .
3 Print On Demand works by making sure that the printer has been given all of the relevant
_______________________ .
4 If necessary the printer will scan and digitize your _______________________ .
5 The latest technology makes the difference between offset printing and Print On
Demand almost _______________________ to tell.
6 Apart from the traditional hardback and paperback books, authors can now publish in
_______________________ form.
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Exercise 3
Complete the sentences 1-9 with the given words in the box.
booklet flyer journal newsletter press release

brochure leaflet manual pamphlet
1 Betty writes the monthly _________________ for her club.

2 Do you have any _________________ about the Maldives holiday?
3 His research was published in an international medical _________________ .
4 I picked up a _________________ about the museum while I was in town.
5 I was given a _________________ about our school prom.
6 My mom cannot read the _________________ of her new air frier.
7 The Conservative Party published a _________________ on the future of private education.
8 The movie star is going to have a _________________ about his new relationship.
9 The tourist office has a free _________________ of local walks.
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Unit 12
Exercise 1
1 1/5 is pronounced _____ .
A. one on five B. one fifth C. May the first D. January the fifth
2 Smartphone, tablet, computer are examples of personal _____ .
A. devices B. digital C. items D. technology
3 We can _____ the phrase Oh my God to OMG.
A. abbreviate B. capitalize C. replace D. say
4 subtle means _____ .
A. acquaint B. hard to notice C. disturbed D. same
5 turmoil is a _____ .
A. anger B. annoyance C. confusion D. disagreement
6 intimate means _____ .
A. close B. similar C. uncertain D. weird
7 nuance is a _____ .
A. expression B. shade C. slang D. small difference
8 strife means _____ .
A. familiarity B. inner conflict C. state D. sound
Exercise 2
Listen to a conversation.
Answer the following questions in NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS.
1 Which word describes a situation where you’re talking to someone and they suddenly
look down at their phone or answer it?
2 What is the word used to describe the rules of polite behavior in society?
3 What are the rules of behavior considered acceptable in a group or society?
4 Which phrase is used to describe that you are doing something deliberately in order to
annoy someone?
157
5 What word defines that you are engaged with someone emotionally?
6 What is the engagement with each other called?
7 The synonym of closeness, is?
8 What is the act of deliberately ignoring someone you know called?
9 What is the synonym of portmanteau?
10 Which word is used to describe the word that are made by joining two existing words?
Exercise 3
What are the abbreviations or blended forms of the following phrases?
1 for example
A. e.g. B. e.x. C. i.e. D. f.e.
2 that is, in other words
A. e.g. B. e.x. C. i.e. D. f.e.
3 and others (as in books with many authors)
A. cf. B. ed. C. et al. D. fig.
4 a picture of drawing, often with numbers
A. cf. B. ed. C. et al. D. fig.
5 funny TV program
A. chick flick B. scifi C. sitcom D. soap opera
6 a flat with a bedroom and a living room
A. bedsit B. condo C. studio D. villa
7 what you say when you are going to the event
A. ASAP B. BRB C. OMG D. OMW
8 immediately
A. ASAP B. BRB C. OMG D. OMW
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Unit 13
Exercise 1
1 The newspaper has a clear _____ towards the Conservative Party.
A. favor B. bias C. approval D. support
2 After the _____ scandal he had to make great efforts to salvage his reputation.
A. mistake B. thief C. fraud D. robber
3 Email is considered one of the best digital marketing _____ out there.
A. tricky B. policies C. series D. tactics
4 Plastic replicas of the Greek pottery are sold to _____ tourists.
A. skeptical B. gullible C. undoubted D. reliable
5 The border between science fact and science fiction gets a bit _____ .
A. obvious B. evident C. fuzzy D. worried
6 Young people are the most _____ to advertisements.
A. susceptible B. naive C. suspicious D. distrust
7 He was extremely _____ in his efforts to achieve his heart's desire.
A. devious B. dangerous C. determining D. decisive
Exercise 2
Do the following statements agree with the information in the recording?
1 Her boyfriend can’t stand doing romantic things.
2 It’s easy for the girl to find a present for her sweetheart.
3 The boy offers the girl to choose the present according to her taste.
4 She isn’t aware of her boyfriend’s favorite team.
5 She has to surf the Net to check the timetable of games.
6 He discourages the girl to choose the convenient day.
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Exercise 3
Listen and fill in the blanks with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS.
FILM INFORMATION ONLINE
One of the best websites I have ever visited on the Internet is called IMDb.
The website 1 _______________________ to see the latest news about TV and films. There are
lots of pages with interesting posts and many categories to choose from on this site.
2 _______________________ , there are many advertisements, and some of these can be
annoying. However, I love this site, as it creates your 3 _______________________ . It has very
detailed information about famous actors. Also, you can see when 4 _______________________ will
be released.
To sum up, I would recommend this site to all film lovers, as you will find lots of interesting
things. Plus, it is attractive to look at and very easy to find things. I would suggest that you
5 _______________________ the pop-up ads.
Exercise 4
Complete the sentences below with the given words in the box.
hack piracy cyberstalking cyber attack identity theft
1 In cases of _________________ and illegal credit card use, it's especially important to report
it and get a police report.
2 Last year there was a _________________ on the Estonian government.
3 He managed to _________________ into the government's computer system and steal
sensitive information.
4 _________________ is the use of the Internet to repeatedly harass (upset or threaten)
someone.
5 Recording companies continue their efforts to combat internet _________________ .
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Unit 14
Exercise 1
Complete the sentences below with the given words in the box.
advent platforms traffic immune infomercial
1 With the _________________ of cloud computing and wireless networks, the number of
cyberattacks has rapidly increased.
2 Football is not _________________ to the economic crisis.
3 Social media marketing is the use of social media _________________ to connect with your
audience to build your brand, increase sales, and drive website traffic.
4 Obama's 2008 _________________ , worth millions of dollars, is very essential for his
afterward winning.
5 Blog content will drive organic _________________ if it answers the real needs of users,
instead of focusing on advertising products.
Exercise 2
You are going to hear a part of a radio interview with Gary Phillips, the head of the advertising
agency. Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD for each answer.
1 Early advertising provided only _________________ .
2 In the late 19th century manufacturers advertise too because they needed to increase the
_________________ for their goods.

3 Companies were able to make a large _________________ by selling luxury goods.
4 Increased _________________ meant companies risk going out of business if they didn't
advertise.
5 Persuasive advertising tries to involve people's _________________.
6 Persuasive advertising stresses the _________________ of buying particular products.
Exercise 3
Listen and fill in the blanks with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS.
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ADVERTISING EFFECT
The important factor to consider
• The 1 _______________________ customers must travel affects the probability that they
will buy the product.
Methods of communication
• Advertising slogans are easier to remember if there is a 2 _______________________
played with them.
• Mandy's Candy Store appeals to people's sense of 3 _______________________ to draw in
customers.
• To an ad campaign for digital products, it is 4 _______________________ that is extremely
important.
Effect on your product sales
• The customer's 5 _______________________ after he or she experiences the ad is most
important.
Marketing strategies
• On international flights, it is wise for the advertisement to be displayed in the common
6 _______________________ of most passengers.
• Very few young people buy 7 _______________________ .
• The UNESCO website would be a good place to advertise for companies aiming to
improve the 8 _______________________.
• One good location to place ads for sunscreen is the 9 _______________________ .
• A good scene for a water purification commercial would be 10 _______________________ .
Exercise 4
Complete the sentences 1-9 with the given words in the box.
celebrity endorsement target audience premium

market share market leader brand image
1 Every brand needs a _________________ .

2 We can improve our _________________ if we are best on price, quality and service.
3 Mercedes is a _________________ brand.
4 Our current _________________ is 15%. If we can double sales, we will be the market leader.
5 _________________ is a form of marketing strategy by which an organisation uses celebrities
to build brand awareness.
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Unit 16
Exercise 1
1 A _____ house is a house that stands alone.
A. detached B. semi-detached C. terraced D. cottage
2 In Dubai, 83% of its population is foreign-born, making it the most _____ city in the world.
A. metropolitan B. urban C. cosmopolitan D. populated
3 The Empire State Building was built in just a little over a year and completed in 1931. It is
known as one of the World’s tallest _____ .
A. apartments B. penthouses C. hotels D. skyscrapers
4 With urban populations increasing and available land more or less finite, _____ cities will
continue their rise.
A. vertical B. horizontal C. parallel D. curve
5 The new _____ to the housing shortage in the Netherlands has been shared living, which
means moving people to already constructed buildings instead of building more houses.
A. factor B. culprit C. remedy D. impact
Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with the correct predictions.
a is going to begin to decline
b might drive wages
c is expected to top out at
d is likely to have at least two very beneficial economic effects.
e will possibly make the price of land drops
According to U.N.'s population data, the world's population 1 _____ something hopefully a
bit less than 10 billion late this century, and after that, most likely it 2 _____ .
Although economists would look at the declining population and expect to see
stagnation, maybe economic recession, this trend 3 _____ . Fewer people on a fixed
amount of land 4 _____ , and this begins to lift a heavy burden off the world's poor. In
addition, a declining population means scarce labor, which 5 _____ . As wages increase that
also lifts the burden on the poor and the working class.
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Exercise 3
Read the text and choose the best answer.
John Fisher, a builder, and his wife Elizabeth wanted more living space, so they left
their small flat for an old 40-metre-high castle tower. They have spent five years
turning it into a beautiful home with six floors, winning three architectural prizes.
'I love the space, and being private,' Elizabeth says. 'You feel separated from the
world. If I'm in the kitchen, which is 25 metres above the ground floor, and the
doorbell rings, I don't have to answer it because visitors can't see I'm in!'
'There are 142 steps to the top, so if I go upstairs and downstairs five or six times a
day, it's very good exercise! But having to carry heavy things to the top is terrible, so
I never buy more than two bags of shopping from the supermarket at a time. Apart
from that, it's a brilliant place to live.'
'When we first saw the place, I asked my father's advice about buying it, because
we couldn't make up our mind. After paying for it, we were a bit worried because it
looked awful. But we really loved it, and knew how we wanted it to look, so we soon
got down to reform it.'
'Living here can be difficult- yesterday I climbed a four-metre ladder to clean the
windows. But when you stand on the roof you can see all the way out to sea on a
clear day, and that's a wonderful experience. I'm really glad we moved.'
1 What is the writer trying to do in the text?
A. describe how to turn an old tower into a house
B. recommend a particular builder
C. describe what it is like to live in a tower
D. explain how to win prizes for building work
2 From this text, a reader can find out
A. why visitors are not welcome at John and Elizabeth's house.
B. why Elizabeth exercises every day.
C. why Elizabeth asked her father to buy the tower.
D. why John and Elizabeth left their flat.
3 Which of the following best describes Elizabeth's feelings about the tower?
A. She wanted it as soon as she saw it.
B. She likes most things about it.
C. She has been worried since they paid for it.
D. She finds it unsuitable to live in.
164
4 What problem does Elizabeth have with living in such a tall building?
A. Her visitors find it difficult to see if she is at home.
B. She feels separated from other people.
C. She cannot bring home lots of shopping at once.
D. It is impossible to clean any of the windows.
5 What does the make up our mind from paragraph 4 mean?
A. afford B. decide C. convince D. decorate
6 How will John and Elizabeth advertise their tower if they sell it?
A. FOR SALE Tall building, formerly a castle. High windows give a good view. Needs some
improvement.
B. FOR SALE A house with a difference- a castle tower, turned into a lovely home.
Wonderful view.
C. FOR SALE Prize-winning home, five years old. Six rooms, all with sea views.
D. FOR SALE Castle tower, turned into six small flats, close to supermarket.
Exercise 4
Match the words 1-5 to their correct meanings a-e.
1 bungalow a a boat which people use as their home
2 cottage b a small house, usually in the countryside
3 terrace house c a row of often small houses joined together
4 semi-detached house d a single floor house
5 houseboat e a house that is attached to another house on one side
i ii iii
iv v
165
Unit 17
Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with the given words. There is one word you may not need.
automobile housing sedentary

city dweller metropolis sanitation
1 Gina: _________________ are always so busy, aren't they?

Kylie: Yes, everybody's rushing about all the time.
2 Many illnesses in these temporary refugee camps result from the lack of ________________ .
3 The aim of the scheme was to provide good low-cost _________________ for workers.
4 The serious _________________ accident emphasizes the need for careful driving.
5 People with _________________ jobs generally need to eat less than those working in very
active ones.
Exercise 2
People are talking about where they live. What do people dislike about each place? listen and
circle the correct answer.
1 A. location B. condition C. rent
2 A. neighbors B. noise C. size
3 A. location B. condition C. noise
4 A. size B. location C. rent
5 A. size B. condition C. noise
6 A. neighbors B. condition C. rent
166
Exercise 3
What issues are these people talking about? Listen and circle the correct answer.
1 A. air pollution B. water pollution C. overpopulation
2 A. global warming B. water pollution C. unemployment
3 A. poverty B. overpopulation C. war
4 A. crime B. traffic C. air pollution
5 A. air pollution B. garbage C. unemployment
6 A. housing B. poverty C. crime
Exercise 4
1 I'd like a bigger apartment. There is not enough room to swing a _____ in mine.
A. dog B. mouse C. cat D. penguin
2 He prefers the countryside but he is now living in a concrete _____ .
A. forest B. jungle C. mountain D. desert
3 There is an enormous _____ on the outskirts of the town where all of the poorest citizens
live in homes they have made from waste material.
A. shantytown B. downtown C. eco town D. ghost town
4 John is happier living in Manchester. He prefers the hustle and _____ of city life.
A. rustle B. castle C. muscle D. bustle
5 The elder of the area often take a _____ in the park after dinner.
A. stroll B. roll C. doll D. poll
167
Unit 18
Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with the given words and phrases.
commute dedicated tailback

congestion charge pedestrians tolls
1 Cutting out the daily _________________ is the most obvious attraction of working from
home.
2 _________________ bus lanes are expected to significantly improve the performance of bus
services while encouraging mode switch from private cars to public transport.
3 It took a couple of hours for the two-mile _________________ to clear.
4 The issues of pollution can be tackled without the introduction of a _________________ .
5 The _________________ are likely to be applied to congested areas, and busy times such as
rush hour.
6 The zebra crossings are faded to near invisibility and _________________ look frightened to
cross by them.
Exercise 2
Match the problems with suitable solutions.
1 Most people should recycle paper a in order to prevent the risk of an accident.
2 According to many people, burglaries b so that children do not watch them.

have increased recently
3 If we used cars which run on lead-free c due to the fact that more and more
petrol, people cannot find a job.
4 TV programmes with violent scenes d it is certain that there would be less
should be shown late at night pollution.
5 Nuclear power plants should be closed e The result of this would be that fewer
down trees would have to be cut down.
168
Exercise 3
THE CAR OF THE FUTURE
Imagine a world where air pollution is no longer a problem. Clean air is all around
us. People don't have to worry about polluting the air every time they drive their
cars. Fuel shortages are no longer a problem either.
Although scientists have been trying for decades to develop a new kind of car
that does not need gasoline, they have been unsuccessful. Recently, however,
automobile engineers have succeeded in creating a new kind of car that runs on
gasoline and electricity. This is the famous "hybrid car". This car gets its name from
the fact that it has a gasoline engine and an electric motor inside. Hybrid cars do
less harm to the environment and cost drivers less money because they require less
fuel than ordinary cars.
Hybrid cars are becoming widely popular in the United States. They are soon
expected to become widely used around the world. If scientists and engineers
continue to work on car development, perhaps the world with clean air that we
imagined earlier just might become a reality someday.
1 The main idea of this passage is that
A. we must stop air pollution.
B. people like electric cars.
C. hybrid cars will become more popular in the future.
2 The best title for this passage would be
A. The Meaning of Hybrid.
B. The Car of the Future.
C. How to Solve Air Pollution.
3 Hybrid cars
A. run only on electricity.
B. do much harm to the environment.
C. require less fuel than ordinary cars.
4 Hybrid cars are becoming popular because
A. people like electricity.
B. they cause less air pollution.
C. they have a nice name.
169
Exercise 4
1 If you drive down on a road and the road stops suddenly, it is a _____ .
A. death note C. dead-end
B. deadly D. death penalty
2 Last year was a bit difficult, but I think the company has _____ now.
A. turned the corner C. went round in circles
B. stepped on it D. made a U-turn
3 This new computer is _____ me mad!
A. riding C. walking
B. cycling D. driving
4 Come on! _____ ! We're going to be late.
A. step on it C. Turn the corner
B. Go around in circles D. Pass by
5 I think my career is _____ . I feel like a change of direction.
A. at the square C. on a highway
B. at a crossroads D. underground
170
Unit 19
Exercise 1
1 The marked paths lead to spectacular view points and _____ mountain villages.
A. stunned B. miniature C. picturesque D. splendour
2 At the county fair last year, prizes were given for the best farm produce and _____ .
A. cattle B. livestock C. poultry D. calf
3 The government makes the _____ suggestion that telecommunication companies should
care for their users’ privacy.
A. novel B. breakthrough C. invention D. poem
4 The city was overlooked by a ring of _____ buildings.
A. ruin B. antiquated C high-rise D. newly
5 The southeastern part of Britain is the most _____ .
A. scarce B. sparse C. populace D. populated
Exercise 2
DUBAI: THEN AND NOW
Dubai is like no other place on Earth. It is the world capital of living large – a city
of big business, luxury hotels, skyscrapers and huge shopping malls. In the early
20th century, Dubai was a successful trading port. People from all over the world
stopped in Dubai to do business. But it was still a small city, and most people live
as fishermen, merchants, or by raising animals. Then in 1966, oil was discovered. In
time, this brought a lot of money into the region, and soon, Dubai began to change.
Today Dubai is one of the world’s most influential business centers. In fact, each
year most of the city’s annual earnings come from business, not oil. The city is also a
global trading port.
Recently Dubai has become a popular spot for tourists. People from abroad come to
171
relax on its beaches, and every year, millions visit just to go shopping.
Dubai is also one of the world's fastest growing cities. Construction is everywhere.
Buildings (some of the tallest on Earth) we built in months. The city also has a
number of man-made islands. One of these, the Palm Jumeirah, is shaped like a
palm tree and is particularly beautiful.
The city is still an amazing mix of people from different backgrounds. Individuals
from 150 countries live and work in Dubai, and foreigners now outnumber Dubai
natives eight to one!
Many people welcome the city's growth. But an increasing number of Dubai
natives have concerns about the speed of change. As Mohammad Al Abbar, a Dubai
businessman, says, “We must always remember where we came from. Our kids
must know we worked very, very hard to get where we are now, and there's a lot
more work to do.”
1 What is the main idea of this reading?
A. Dubai is becoming an increasingly difficult place to live.
B. Dubai is growing fast.
C. Dubai is now very similar to other cities in the world.
D. Dubai was a great city in the past, but this has changed.
2 Before the mid - 1960s, many people lived
A. in skyscrapers.
B. on small Islands.
C. as fishermen and famers.
D. as oil worker.
3 Which sentence about Dubai is NOT true?
A. Dubai now makes most of Its money from selling oil.
B. There are a lot of foreigners working in Dubai.
C. Dubai gets many international visitors every year.
D. Dubai has created several man-made islands.
4 In paragraph 3, what does the word spot mean?
A. a small colorful circle
B. a place, or destination
C. a mark on the skin
D. to see something
172
5 In the last paragraph, Mohammad Al Abbar says “We must always remember where we
came from. Our kids must know we worked very, very hard to get where we are now, and
there's a lot more work to do”. What does this mean?
A. We should always remember we are from Dubai.
B. We should only think about the future - what to do next.
C. We must always remember our past.
D. We should always visit Dubai, even if we no longer live there.
Exercise 3
1 I tried to read about the US elections, but it’s all _____ to me.
A. German B. Greek C. Georgia D. Ghana
2 Tommy wanted to take me out for dinner, but he lost his wallet and only had HK$100, so
we decided to _____ .
A. go Dutch B. go Chinese C. go Vietnamese D. go American
3 Whether you learn better through exams or projects is not important. Just as all roads
lead to _____ , as long as you benefit from the course, it doesn’t matter which method you
use.
A. London B. Paris C. New York D. Rome
4 The film is about a woman who joins a terrorist group, but she is a _____ horse, and
actually works for the government. Her job is to tell her boss what the group is planning.
A. Troy B. Trojan C. Turkey D. Tuscany
5 Perry has always been the best musician at school, but he met his _____ when Diana
arrived. She plays 12 instruments, and won a scholarship to Juilliard!
A. Empire State C. Berlin Wall
B. The Great Wall of China D. Waterloo
173
174
Unit 01
Exercise 1
1 C 3 B 5 B 7 C
2 A 4 B 6 A
Exercise 2
1 B 3 C 5 A
2 A 4 B
Exercise 3
1 June 6th 4 low levels 7 upgrade 9 clean(er) fuels
2 5000 5 commuter 8 border 10 factories
3 transportation 6 plant trees
Exercise 4
1 A 3 A 5 A 7 A
2 C 4 C 6 C
Unit 02
Exercise 1
1 debris 3 runoff 5 nutrients
2 chemical 4 contaminants
Exercise 2
1 contamination 3 pollutants 5 agricultural
2 pollute 4 fertilizers
Exercise 3
1 D 3 B 5 A
2 A 4 C
Exercise 4
1 A 3 B 5 C 7 B
2 B 4 A 6 A 8 C
Unit 03
Exercise 1
1 poaching 3 habitat 5 climate
2 conservation 4 wildfire
175
Exercise 2
1 so / so that 3 therefore 5 as
2 Due to 4 so / so that
Exercise 3
1 TRUE 4 FALSE 6 terpenes 8 detoxify
2 NOT GIVEN 5 pith 7 alkaloids 9 hooks
3 FALSE
Exercise 4
1 c 3 g 5 b 7 a
2 f 4 d 6 h 8 e
Unit 04
Exercise 1
1 A 3 A 5 B 7 C
2 B 4 A 6 C 8 A
Exercise 2
1 convinced 3 not so sure 5 what you mean 7 right
2 I disagree 4 get me wrong 6 got a point 8 definitely
Exercise 3
1 pump water 5 renewable 7 strength 9 scenery
2 grind resource 8 cities 10 much noise
3 lakes 6 less
4 pollution
Exercise 4
1 A 3 B 5 C
2 B 4 A
Unit 06
Exercise 1
1 vocational 3 dishonesty 5 Academic
2 specialized 4 education
176
Exercise 2
1 B 4 A 7 B 9 A
2 C 5 A 8 B 10 A
3 A 6 C
Exercise 3
1 C 3 A 5 B 7 A
2 A 4 C 6 B 8 C
Unit 07
Exercise 1
1 equal 3 proficient 5 prejudiced
2 adequate 4 diligent
Exercise 2
1 are → can be 3 will → may 5 no → some
2 all → most 4 ø
Exercise 3
1 FALSE 4 NOT GIVEN 6 quotas 9 selection
2 TRUE 5 upper and middle 7 state education processes
3 FALSE classes 8 outreach 10 options
Exercise 4
1 D 3 A 5 C 7 D
2 C 4 B 6 A
Unit 08
Exercise 1
1 adapt 4 enhance 6 launch 8 thrives
2 allow 5 immerse / 7 have picked up
3 apply immerses
Exercise 2
1 third 3 tickets 6 B 9 average
2 language 4 history 7 B 10 submit
program 5 C 8 count
177
Exercise 3
1 C 3 D 5 B 7 C
2 A 4 B 6 C
Unit 09
Exercise 1
1 analysis 4 evidence 7 initiative 9 statistics
2 anecdote 5 finding 8 procedure 10 basis
3 arugment 6 implication
Exercise 2
1 example 5 reason 9 clarification 13 emphasis
2 addition 6 example 10 order 14 clarification
3 reason 7 addition 11 order 15 emphasis
4 result 8 contrast 12 contrast 16 addition
Exercise 3
1 TRUE 3 FALSE 5 TRUE
2 FALSE 4 NOT GIVEN 6 NOT GIVEN
Exercise 4
1 primary 4 admission 6 comprehensive 8 sixth-form
2 nursery 5 grammar 7 public 9 higher
3 daycare
Unit 11
Exercise 1
1 C 3 A 5 B
2 D 4 D
Exercise 2
1 printing press 3 electronic data 5 impossible
2 thousands 4 hard copy 6 e-book
Exercise 3
1 newsletter 4 leaflet 6 manual 8 press release
2 brochure 5 flyer 7 pamphlet 9 booklet
3 journal
178
Unit 12
Exercise 1
1 B 3 A 5 C 7 D
2 A 4 B 6 A 8 B
Exercise 2
1 phubbing 4 wind someone up 7 intimacy 10 blends or
2 etiquette 5 connection 8 snub portmanteau
3 social norms 6 interaction 9 blends
Exercise 3
1 A 3 C 5 C 7 D
2 C 4 D 6 A 8 A
Unit 13
Exercise 1
1 B 3 D 5 C 7 A
2 C 4 B 6 A
Exercise 2
1 FALSE 3 FALSE 5 TRUE
2 FALSE 4 TRUE 6 FALSE
Exercise 3
1 makes it easy 3 watch lists 5 turn off
2 Unfortunately 4 the latest films
Exercise 4
1 identity theft 3 hack 5 privacy
2 cyber attack 4 Cyberstalking
Unit 14
Exercise 1
1 advent 3 platforms 5 traffic
2 immune 4 infomercial
Exercise 2
1 information 3 profit 5 emotions
2 demand 4 competition 6 benefits
179
Exercise 3
1 distance 4 flexibility 7 newspaper 9 swimming pool
2 sound 5 reaction 8 environment 10 national park
3 smell 6 languages
Exercise 4
1 target audience 3 premium 5 celebrity
2 brand image 4 market share endorsement
Unit 16
Exercise 1
1 A 3 D 5 C
2 C 4 A
Exercise 2
1 c 3 d 5 b
2 a 4 e
Exercise 3
1 C 3 B 5 B
2 D 4 C 6 B
Exercise 4
1 d - ii 3 c - iii 5 a-v
2 b-i 4 e - iv
Unit 17
Exercise 1
1 City dwellers 3 housing 5 sedentary
2 sanitation 4 automobile
Exercise 2
1 B 3 A 5 B
2 C 4 C 6 A
Exercise 3
1 B 3 C 5 B
2 A 4 B 6 A
180
Exercise 4
1 C 3 A 5 A
2 B 4 D
Unit 18
Exercise 1
1 commute 4 congestion 5 tolls
2 dedicated charge 6 pedestrians
3 tailback
Exercise 2
1 e 3 d 5 a
2 c 4 b
Exercise 3
1 C 3 C
2 B 4 B
Exercise 4
1 C 3 D 5 B
2 A 4 A
Unit 19
Exercise 1
1 C 3 A 5 D
2 B 4 C
Exercise 2
1 B 3 A 5 C
2 C 4 B
Exercise 3
1 B 3 D 5 D
2 A 4 B
181

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Sách được đăng ký theo giấy chứng nhận đăng ký quyền tác giả số: 1902/2020/QTG

Unit 01: The Invisible Killer 2

Unit 06: An Education 31

Unit 11: Printing On Borrowed Time 64

Unit 16: House Hunting 95

Companion Exercises 125

adverse man-made toxic

1 Hurricanes and tornadoes are examples of an _________________ weather condition.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF HUMAN-MADE POLLUTION

Exercise 1 - How does the emission trading scheme work?

Emission trading scheme

Carbon unit exchange

How each country reduces its carbon emissions

warming proposals leaders break

7 The conference is about the issue of climate _________________ .

Verb POLLUTE C__________

What Is Water Pollution?

_____________________________ for having clean water to drink.

_____________________________ from groundwater sources.

What Can You Do to Prevent Water Pollution?

barriers currents marine life snake

7 The tube looks like a giant _________________ .

a prosperity d weapons g harmful effects

Sample Answer 01 Sample Answer 02

Since Industrial revolution

What would we use if there was no fossil fuel?

THE FUTURE OF ENERGY

Focus the question on one particular area

Make a reading list that is 1 _________________ and 2 _________________

Start reading as soon as possible Remember to 3_________________ while reading

Organize notes into some 4 _________________

Analyze notes and reading for 5 _________________ to the question

Exercise 1 - Are Electric Cars Really Green?

wind power challenges subsidize energy system

9 Governments will save money if they no longer _________________ fossil-fuel production.

Present a plan to tackle environmental problems in Vietnam

In your presentation, there should be

During the presentation, remember to

How to prepare for this assignment

1 a Accounting and Finance f Psychology

Adjective Noun Collocation

1 Cheating in examinations is one form of _____________________________ .

Exercise 1 - What are Universities for?

individualize apply equip embark advance

1 Neela and her friends will _________________ on the job market.

_________________ within the company or _________________ further education to gain a

Before gaining independence, language schools were the main instruments

‘Evaluate an idea’ essay question

Idea in the question:

Other possible idea:

Other possible idea:

Word Synonym Word Synonym

ADVANTAGES OF STUDYING IN YOUR HOME COUNTRY

YOUR ADVENTURE STARTS WHERE?

6 There is an enormous choice of colleges and universities to choose from.

The Golden Ratio

In IELTS Academic Test

State Number Number of Key findings from Problems of

Make a reading list that is 1 _ and 2 _

_ within the company or _ further education to gain a

1 Scully isn’t _ or _ enough to believe something that bogus.

_ , as a collapse would be disastrous. Fighting 6 _