THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE SEBASTIANO SERLIO

(TAPP) ITALIAN MANNERIST ARCHITECT, PAINTER, AND THEORIST,

THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE WAS ORIGINALLY THE
RECOGNIZED TRANSLATION OF THE TERM RATIOCINATIO AS
USED BY VITRUVIUS.
TO DIFFERENTIATE INTELLECTUAL FROM PRACTICAL
KNOWLEDGE IN ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION, BUT IT HAS
COME TO SIGNIFY THE TOTAL BASIS FOR JUDGING THE
MERITS OF BUILDINGS OR BUILDING PROJECTS.
CLASSICAL THEORIES
THE HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF ARCHITECTURAL THEORY IS
ASSEMBLE MAINLY FROM
 MANUSCRIPTS AND PUBLISHED TREATISES
 FROM CRITICAL ESSAYS AND CEMMENTARIES
 AND FROM THE SURVIVING BUILDINGS OF EVERY EPOCH.
CLASSICAL THEORIES AND THEORIST
WHO INTRODUCED THE PRINCIPLES OF ANCIENT ROMAN
ARCHITECTURE INTO FRANCE.
PIONEERED THE USE OF HIGH QUALITY ILLUSTRATIONS INTO
AN ARCHITECTURAL HANDBOOK.
REGOLA DELLE CINQUE ORDINI D’ARCHITETTURA
CANON OF THE FIVE ORDERS OF ARCHITECTURE
IT IS CONSIDERED AS “ONE OF THE MOST SUCCESSFUL
ARCHITECTURAL TEXTBOOKS EVER WRITTEN.” IT WAS ONE
OF THE MOST PUBLISHED ARCHITECTURAL TREATISES.
THE BOOK TACKES THE FIVE ORDERS, TUSCAN, DORIC, IONIC,
CORINTHIAN, AND COMPOSITE ILLUSTRATED IN FULL PAGE
ELEVATIONAL DETAIL. EACH WERE SUBDIVIDED IN FIVE
PARTS ON THE COLONNADE, ARCADE, ARCADE WITH
PEDESTAL, INDIVIDUAL PEDESTALS, AND ENTABLATURES
AND CAPITALS.

DE ARCHITECTURA LIBRI DECEM GIACOMO BAROZZO DA VIGNOLA

ON ARCHITECTURE, PUBLISHED AS TEN BOOKS ON
ARCHITECTURE. HE WAS ONE OF THE ITALY’S GREAT ARCHITECTS OF 16 TH
CENTURY MANNERISM.
MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLLIO
ROMAN ARCHITECT, ENGINEER AND AUTHOR OF THE WRITINGS
CELBRATED TREATISE DE ARCHITECTURA (ON REGOLA DELLI CINQUE ORDINI D’ARCHITETTURA
ARCHITECTURE), A HANDBOOK FOR ROMAN ARCHITECTS. CANON OF THE FIVE ORDERS OF ARCHITECTURE
DUE REGOLE DELLA PROSPETTIVA PRACTICA
PHILOSOPHY TWO RULES OF PRACTICAL PERSPECTIVE
VITRUVIAN TRIAD
FIRMITAS (DURABILITY OR STRENGTH) HE FAVORS ONE-POINTS PERSPECTIVE RATHER THAN TWO-
VENUSTAS (PLEASANTNESS OR BEAUTY) POINT METHODS SUCH AS BIFOCAL CONSTRUCTION.
UTILITAS (PRACTICALITY OR UTILITY)
I QUATTRO LIBRI DELL’ARCHITETTURA
FOUR BOOKS OF ARCHITECTURE
DE RE AEDIFICATORIA
TEN BOOKS ON ARCHITECTURE. THE MOST SUCCESFUL ARCHITECTURAL TREATISE OF THE
 THIS IS CONSIDERED AS ONE OF THE GREATEST WORKS RENAISSANCE AND ONE OF THE MOST INFLUENTIAL BOOKS IN
OF THE THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE THE ARCHITECTURE HISTORY.
 IT DISCUSSED THAT ARCHITECTURE WAS AMONG THE
MOST NOTABLE OF ART FORMS CONTAINS PALLADIO’S OWN DESIGNS CELEBRATING THE
 ITS FOCUS WAS ON THE ART OF BUILDING, BOTH IN PURITY AND SIMPLICITY OF CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE.
TERMS OF SINGLE BUILDINGS AND ENTIRE URBAN
SPACES. ANDREA PALLADIO
THE FATHER OF MODERN PICTURE BOOKS.
LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI
WAS THE PROTOTYPE OF THE RENAISSANCE “UNIVERSAL WIDELY CONSIDERED TO BE ON OF THE MOST INFLUENTIAL
MAN”. INDIVIDUALS IN THE HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE.

FLORENTINE VITRUVIUS HIS TREATISE FOUR BOOKS OF ARCHITECTURE MADE HIM ONE
OF THE MOST INFLUENTIAL FIGURES IN WESTERN
WRITINGS ARCHITECTURE.
 DE PICTURA: DECLARES THE IMPORTANCE OF PAINTINGS
AS A BASE OF ARCHITECTURE PALLADIAN ARCHITECTURE IS BASED ON HIS WRITINGS AND
 DE RE AEDIFICATORIA: HIS THEORETICAL WORKS WITH THE INTENTION TO REVIVE AND RECREATE THE
MASTERPIECE. CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE.

TUTTE L’OPERE D’ARCHITETTURA, ET PROSPETIVA

“COMPLETE WORKS OF ARCHITECTURE AND

PERSPECTIVE”
THIS WAS THE FIRST ARCHITECTURAL HANDBOOK THAT
EMPHASIZED THE PRACTICAL RATHER THAN THE
THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF ARCHITECTURE, AND IT WAS THE
FIRST TO CATALOG THE FIVE ORDERS.

ESTRAORDINARIO LIBRO
THE LAST BOOK OF THE TREATISE TO BE PUBLISHED IN HIS
LIFETIME, CONTAINED 50 FANCIFUL DESIGNS FOR DOORWAYS.

THESE DOORWAYS ARE THE RESULT OF THE FIVE ORDERS

ELEMENTS REFERRING TO HIS PREVIOUS BOOK WITH RUSTIC
ORNAMENTATION.
 FORM, SPACE , & ORDER
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE
THE ARTS AND SCIENCE OF DESIGNING &
CONSTRUCTING BUILDINGS.
FIRMITAS, VENUSTAS, UTILITAS
PRIMARY ELEMENTS
 POINT: INDICATES A POSITION IN SPACE.
 LINE: A POINT EXTENDED WITH PROPERTIES OF
LENGTH, DIRECTION, POSITION
 PLANE: A LINE EXTENDED WITH PROPERTIES OF
LENGTH, WIDTH, SHAPE, SURFACE,
ORIENTATION, AND POSITION
 VOLUME: A PLANE EXTENDED WITH A PROPERTIES OF:
LENGTH, WIDTH, AND DEPTH, FORM, AND
SPACE, SURFACE, ORIENTATION AND
POSITION.
POINT ELEMENT

POINT
 THE TWO ENDS OF A LINE
 THE INTERSECTION OF TWO
LINES
 THE MEETING OF LINES AT THE
CORNER OF A PLANE OR
VOLUME.
 THE CENTER OF A FIELD.

TWO POINTS
 ESTABLISHED BY TWO
COLUMNAR ELEMENTS OR
CENTRALIZED FORMS CAN
DEFINE AN AXIS.
 TWO POINTS CAN
DETONATE A GATEWAY
SIGNIFYING A PASSAGE
FROM ONE PLACE TO
ANOTHER.

LINEAR ELEMENTS
LINE
 A CRITICAL ELEMENTS IN THE FORMATION OF ANY
VISUAL CONSTRUCTION
 IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH LINEARITY AND DIRECTION

PLANAR ELEMENTS
PLANE IN ARCHITECTURE DEFINE THREE DIMENSIONAL
VOLUMES OF MASS AND SPACE. THE PROPERTIES OF EACH
PLANE - SIZE, COLOR, TEXTURE.

3 GENERIC TYPES OF PLACE

OVERHEAD PLANE
CEILING PLANE AND ROOF PLANE
WALL PLANE
WALLS OR ANY VERTICAL ENCLOSURE OF THE
ARCHITECTURAL SPACE.
BASE PLANE
VISUAL BASE FOR THE BUILDING FORM OR THE
FLOOR PLANE OR THE GROUND PLANE.

VOLUMETRIC ELEMENTS
 IN ARCHITECTURE, A VOLUME CAN BE SEEN TO BE
EITHER A PORTION OF SPACE CONTAINED OR A QUALITY
OF SPACE DISPLACED BY THE MASS OF A BUILDING. (THE
VISUAL WEIGHT)
 FORM IS THE PRIMARY IDENTIFYING CHARACTERISTIC OF
A VOLUME
 BUILDING FORMS THAT STANDS AS AN OBJECT IN A
LANDSCAPE CAN BVE READ AS OCCUPYING VOLUME IN
SPACE.
PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSITION
 SCALE AND PROPORTION
 BALANCE
 RHYTHM
 CONTRAST
 UNITY AND HEIRARCHY
 CHARACTER

PROPORTION
 IS A CENTRAL PRINCIPLE OF ARCHITECTURAL THEORY
AND AN IMPORTANT CONNECTION BETWEEN
MATHEMATICS AND ART.
 AN ORDERED SET OF MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIPS
AMONG THE DIMENSIONS OF A FORM OF SPACE.

THEORIES OF PROPORTION
 GOLDEN SECTION
 CLASSICAL ORDERS
 RENAISSANCE THEORIES
 MODULOR
 KEN
 ANTHROPOMETRY
 SCALE: A FIXED PROPORTION USED IN DETERMINING
MEASUREMENTS AND DIMENSIONS.
PROPORTION - RELATIVE SIZE OF PARTS OF A WHOLE
SCALE - RELATIVE SIZE OF ONE OBJECT TO ANOTHER
 FAMOUS ARCHITECTURAL STYLES  CHARACTERIZED AS SYMMETRICAL AND BALANCE
(THE MOST INFLUENTIAL ARCHITECTURAL STYLES AND  INFLUENCED BY THE ARCHITECTURE OF ANCIENT ROME
MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE HISTORY) AND THE PRINCIPLES OF CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY.

CLASSIC : GREEK ARCHITECTURE

IT IS BEST KNOWN FOR ITS LARGE RELIGIOUS TEMPLES BUILT
IN STONE, DESIGNED FROM PRINCIPLES OF ORDER,
SYMMETRY, GEOMETRY, AND PERSPECTIVE.
A NOTABLE CHARACTERISTIC OF ITS EXPRESSIVENES ARE THE
PRINCIPLES OF THE ARCHITECTURAL ORDERS: DORIC, IONIC,
AND CORINTHIAN

ROMANESQUE
KNOWN FOR GREAT ABBEY
CHURCHES AND CASTLES
INSPIRED BY THE REPUBLIC OF
ANCIENT ROME, WERE
CHARACTERIZED BY HEAVY
AND RESISTANT WALLS AND
MINIMAL OPENINGS IN
SEMICIRCULAR ARCHES.

BEAUX-ART (MEANS FINE ARTS IN FRENCH) 1880-1930

GOTHIC
ORIGINAL NAME IS OPUS FRANCIGENUM, OR “FRENCH WORK”
 A LAVISH AND HEAVILY ORNAMENTED CLASSICAL
STYLE. IT ALSO EMPLEYED CONTEMPORARY MATERIALS
SUCH AS GLASS AND IRON.
 A REFLECT OF WEALTH
 THE STYLE WAS POPULARIZED DURING THE 1893
COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION IN CHICAGO. ADVOCATED BY
DANIEL BURNHAM, THE CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT.
 BEAUX ARTS IS CHARACTERIZED BY ORDER, SYMMETRY,
FORMAL DESIGN, GRANDIOSITY, AND ELABORATE
ORNAMENTATION.

BAROQUE
BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE VIEWED STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
AS PLATFORMS FOR DECORATION. ONE OF THE EARLY
EXEMPLARS OF THIS STYLE IS THE CHURCH OF GESU IN ROME,
WHICH BOASTS THE FIRST TRULY BAROQUE FACADE.

NEO CLASSICAL
 REVIVAL OF CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE
 THE STYLE WAS INFLUENCED BY VITRUVIAN PRINCIPLES
AND WORKS OF ANDREA PALLADIO
 THE IDEAL FORM THAT NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE
LOOKS AT WAS THE TEMPLE. WHICH WAS REPRESENTED
CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE IN ITS PUREST FORM.

PALLADIAN ARCHITECTURE:
 EXTREMELY POPULAR IN 18TH CENTURY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1820 - 1870) LOUIS SULLIVAN
THE MASS PRODUCTION OF IRON AND LATER STEEL IN THE FATHER OF SKYSCRAPERS
QUANTITIES WHERE IT BECAME AN ECONOMICALLY THE FIRST MODERN ARCHITECT
PLAUSIBLE BUILDING MATERIAL (AS OPPOSED A LIMITED “FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION”
MATERIAL FOR WEAPONS AND TOOLS).
THE INTRODUCTION OF STEEL, WAS A GAME CHANGER IN
ARCHITECTURE. IT’S HARD TO OVERSTATE THAT
IMPORTANCE OF IT IN MODERN LIFE. ONLY PLASTICS AND
SILICON SINCE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION CAN BE SAID TO
RIVAL IT IN IMPORTANCE TO CONTEMPORARY CIVILIZATION.

ART NOUVEAU (MEANS NEW ART IN FRENCHH)

 THE FIRST ARCHITECTURAL STYLE INDEPENDENT OF THE
TRADITION OF ANTIQUITY AFTER THE GOTHIC STYLE.
 THE MAJOR CHARACTERISTIC OF ART NOUVEAU ARE THE
SWIRLING WHIPLASH CURVES
 MANIFESTED ITSELF IN ARCHITECTURE IN DECORATIVE
ELEMENTS: THE BUILDINGS, FULL OF CURVE AND
SINUOUS LINES, RECEIVED ORNAMENTS INSPIRED BY
ORGANIC SHAPES SUCH AS PLANTS, FLOWERS, AND
ANIMALS, BOTH IN TERMS OF DESIGN AND THE USE OF
COLOR.

FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT

ART DECO 1920s IN EUROPE AND 1930s IN US

ART DECO WAS A DIRECT RESPONSE AESTHETICALLY
AND PHILOSOPHICALLY TO THE ART NOUVEAU STYLE AND TO
THE BROADER CULTURAL PHENOMENON OF MODERNISM.
SIMPLE, CLEAN SHAPES, OFTEN WITH A
“STREAMLINED” LOOK; ORNAMENT THAT IS GEOMETRIC OR
STYLIZED FROM REPRESENTATIONAL FORMS.
STREAMLINE MODERNE BECAME THE AMERICAN
CONTINUTAION OF THE EUROPEAN ART DECO MOVEMENT.

MODERN ARCHITECTURE
 LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE

INTERNATIONAL STYLE
“THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MODERN MOVEMENT” 1910 - 1970

 BECAME THE GLOBAL SYMBOL OF MODERNITY

 THE TERM INTERNATIONAL STYLE WAS COINED BY
HENRY-RUSSELL HITCHCOCK AND PHILIP JOHNSON.
 IT IS OFTEN DESCRIVED AS MINIMALIST DUE TO THE
TENDENCY OF ITS ADHERENTS TO DESGIN BUILDINGS
THAT WERE DEVOID OF ALL ORNAMENT AND REDUCED
TO THEIR MOST BASIC STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS.
 USE OF STEEL, CONCRETE, AND GLASS.

CUBISIM OSCAR NIEMEYER

CHARACTERIZED BY THE USE OF
GEOMETRIC PLANES AND
SHAPES.

WALTER GROPIUS
MOVEMENTS AND STYLES:
BAUHAUS, THE INTERNATIONAL STYLE, FUNCTIONALISM
WALTER GROPIUS IS ONE OF
THE PIONEERS OF MODERN
ARCHITECTURE, HE WAS THE
FOUNDER OF THE BAUHAUS,
A REVOLUTIONARY ART
SCHOOL IN GERMANY.

QUOTES
“WE WANT TO CREATE THE
PURELY ORGANIC BUILDING,
BOLDLY EMANATING ITS
INNER LAWS, FREE OF
UNTRUTHS OR
ORNAMENTATION”
“ARCHITECTS BEGINS WHERE
ENGINEERING ENDS.”

LE CORBUSIER
  EVOLVED FROM THE MODERNIST MOVEMENT YET
CONTRADICTS MANY OF THE MODERNIST IDEAS.
 COMBINING NEW IDEAS WITH TRADITIONAL FORMS,
POSTMODERNIST BUILDINGS MAY STARTLE, SURPRISE,
AND EVEN AMUSE. FAMILAR SHAPES AND DETAILS ARE
USED IN UNEXPECTED WAYS. BUILDINGS MAY
INCORPORATE SYMBOLS TO MAKE A STATEMENT OR
SIMPLY TO DELIGHT THE VIEWER.

ROBERT VENTURI

HIGH-TECH ARCHITECTURE 1970s

 A TYPE OF LATE MODERN STYLE ALSO KNOWN AS

STRUCTURAL EXRPESSIONISM.
 HIGH-TECH BUILDINGS ARE OFTEN CALLED MACHINE-
LIKE. STEEL ALUMINUM, AND GLASS COMBINE WITH
BRIGHTLY COLORED BRACES, GIRDERS, AND BEAMS.
 THE SUPPORT BEAMS, DUCT WORK, AND OTHER
FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS ARE PLACED ON THE EXTERIOR
OF THE BUILDING WHERE THEY BECOME THE FOCUS OF
ATTENTION. MICHAEL GRAVES
 THE INTERIOR SPACES ARE OPEN AND ADAPTABLE FOR
MANY USES.

SIR NORMAN FOSTER

PHILIP JOHNSON

RICHARD ROGERS

POST-MODERNISM 1970s
 THE COLORFUL STYLES OF ARCHITECTURE AND THE
DECORATIVE ARTS.
 21st CENTURY ARCHITETURE
CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE

I.M. PEI (IEOH MING PEI)

RENZO PIANO

DECONSTRUCTIVISM
 THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE ARE
DISMANTLED. DECONSTRUCTIVIST BUILDINGS MAY
SEEM TO HAVE NO VISUAL LOGIC.
 DECONSTRUCTIVE IDEAS ARE BORROWED FROM THE
FRENCHR PHILOSOPHER JACQUES DERRIDA.
 DECONSTRUCTIVIST ARCHITECTS: “INTENTIONALLY
VIOLATE THE CUBES AND RIGHT ANGLES OF
MODERNISM.”

FRANK GHERY

REM KOOLHAAS

ZAHA HADID
 INTERIOR DESIGN
THE ART OR PROCESS OF DESIGNING THE INTERIOR
DECORATION OF A ROOM OR BUILDING.
THE PROCESS OF SHAPING THE EXPERIENCE OF
INTERIOR SPACE, THROUGH THE MANIPULATION OF SPATIAL
VOLUME AS WELL AS SURFACE TREATMENT.

ELEMENTS OF INTERIOR DESIGN

SPACE
 ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ELEMNTS OF INTERIOR
DESIGN.
 SPACE ACTS AS A FOUNDATION ON WHICH THE ENTIRE NATURAL LIGHTS
INTERIOR DESIGN PLAN IS BUILT

SPACE PLANNING
 THE PROCESS OF ORGANIZING FURNITURE AND OFFICE
FUNCTIONS TO WORK EFFECTIVELY TOGETHER WHILE
USING SPACE EFFICIENTLY.
 IT STARTS WITH AN IN-DEPTH ANAYLSIS OF HOW THE
SPACE IS TO BE USED.

LINE
 LINES GIVE BIRTH TO FORM AN SHAPES AND ARE
RESPONSIBLE FOR ESTABLISHIN A SENSE OF HARMONY,
CONTRAST, AND UNITY.
 LINES ARE BROADLY CATEGORIZED INTO THREE TYPES -
HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL, AND DYNAMIC.
FORMS
 THE SHAPES IN GENERAL, AN OUTLINE OF ANY THREE
DIMENSIONAL OBJECT IN THE SPACE.
 FORMS CAN BE CREATED BY COMBINING TWO OR MORE
SHAPES AND CAN BE ACCENTUATED WITH THE HELP OF
OTHER ELEMENTS LIKE TEXTURE, PATTERNS, AND
COLORS.
COLOR
COLORS ESTABLISHED AN AESTHETIC CONNECTION BETWEEN
OBJECTS AND SET THE MOOD.
COLORS MUST BE CHOSEN BASED ON THE PSYCHOLOGY AND
THE MINDSET OF THE DWELLER.
EACH COLOR HAS THREE DISTINCT CHARACTERISTICS
NAMELY HUE, VALUE, AND SATURATION, AND AN INTERIOR
DESIGNER MUST BE WELL AWARE OF THESE
CHARACTERISTICS AND COMBINATIONS.

LIGHT
 THE MOST OBVIOUS ELEMENTS OF INTERIOR DESIGN.
 EITHER NATURLA OR MAN-MADE, WITHOUT LIGHT
OTHER ELEMENTS NAMELY COLOR, TEXTURE, AND
PATTERN HAVE NO SIGNIFICANCE AT ALL.
 LIGHT SETS IN THE MOOD AND AMBIENCE INTO A LIVING
SPACE AND HIGHLIGHTS THE EVERY OTHER ELEMENT
INCLUDING SPACE, LINE, AND FORMS.

ARTIFICIAL LIGHT
 TASK LIGHT AS THE NAME IMPLIES, INCLUDES LIGHT
SOURCES LIKE TABLE AND BED LAMPS WHICH HAVE A
DEFINED PURPOSE=, DEDICATED FOR A SPECIFIC TASK.
 ACCENT LIGHTS ARE MEANT FOR HIGHLIGHTING A
PARTICULAR PIECE OR SHOW ITEM LIKE ARTWORKS,
STRUCTURES, SCULPTURES AND SO ON. TERMS TO KNOW
 MOOD OR AMBIENT LIGHTING BASICALLY SET THE  HUE: ANOTHER NAME FOR COLOR
MOOD OF THE LIVING SPACE AND ILLUMINATE THE  CHROMA : INTENSITY OR SATURATION OF CLOR
OVERALL SPACE. SATURATION/INTENSITY: DEFINES THE BRILLIANCE
AND INTENSITY OF A COLOR.
BRIGHTNESS  VALUE: LIGHTNESS OR DARKNESS OF A COLOR
LUMINAIRE (LIGHTING FIXTURE) DIRECTIONS ARE:  TINT: COLOR + WHITE
 DOWNWARD  SHADE: COLOR +BLACK
 UPWARD  KEY COLOR: DOMINANT COLOR IN A COLOR SCHEME OR
 MULTI-DIRECTIONAL MIXTURE

LUMINAIRE (LIGHTING FIXURE) DISTRIBUTIONS ARE:

 CONCENTRATED
 DIFFUSE

TROFFER LIGHTS
COLOR PSYCHOLOGY
RED: PASSION, RAGE
ORANGE: ENERGY, STIMULATING GREEN
YELLOW: DEMANDS ATTENTION, HAPPY HIGHLY SOOTHING AND RELAXING. EVEN NEON GREEN,
GREEN: REFRESHING, SEDATING HOWEVER BRIGHT, GENERALLY APPEARS CALMER THAN
BLUE: PEACEFUL, CONDUCTIVE TO THINK OTHER NEON COLORS. HOWEVER, YELLOW-GREEN, IF USED
VIOLET: SOPHISTICATION, MELANCHOLY POORLY, MAY FEEL STRANGELY CLINICAL, PARTICULARLY IN
JUXTAPOSITION WITH WHITE.

BLUE
BLUE IS COOL, SOOTHING, DIGNIFIED, AND SECURE. ON
CEILING, IT CONNOTES THE CELESTIAL, WHILE INDIVIDUAL
BLUE ELEMENTS SUCH AS COLUMNS OR FURNITURE ARE
AMONG THE MOST COMMON USES OF PRIMARY COLOR IN
ARCHITECTURE. BLUE LIGHT IN INSTALLATIONS ARE ALSO
AMONG THE MOST EFFECTIVE IN OUTDOOR SPACES.

HOW COLORS AFFECT ARCHITECTURE

RED VIOLET/ PURPLE

 RED CAN CONNOTE PASSION, EXCITEMENT, OR WARMTH  PURPLE, LIKE BLUE CAN BE SOFT AND RELAXING, BUT TO
DEPENDING ON ITS PRECISE HUE, BUT IT CAN ALSO BE AN EVEN GREATER EXTENT - PARTICULARLY PASTER
ASSOCIATED WITH FEAR OR PURPLUE IN DIFFUSED SETTING.
DANGER.  NEON PURPLE LIGHTS, ARE FUN, BRIGHT, AND EXCITING
 TOUCHES OF RED IN AND CAN MAKE A LASTING IMPRESSION DUE TO THEIR
OTHERWISE MORE UNIQUENESS.
NEUTRALLY COLORED
SPACES CAN ALSO BE
HIGHLY EFFECTIVE
METHOD OF DRAWING
PEOPLE’S ATTENTION TO
SPECIFIC OBJECTS OR
ELEMENTS.

ORANGE TEXTURE
 ARCHITECTURAL USES OF THE COLOR ORANGE CAN  TEXTURE MAINLY DEALS WITH SURFACES AND
CREATE SOOTHING, LUMINOUS, FRIENDLY SPACES. EDETERMINES HOW A TYPICAL SURFACE LOOKS AND
 LESS OSTENATTIOUS FEELS.
THAN RED, ORANGE  TEXTURE ADDS DEPTH AND INTEREST INTO A LIVING
SPACES ARE CALMER SPACE AND DEFINES THE FEEL/APPEARANCE AND
BUT STILL BRIGHT CONSISTENCY OF A SURFACE
AND JOVIAL.  TEXTURE IS BROADLY CLASSIFIED INTO TWO TYPES
BECAUSE IT IS LESS VISUAL TEXTURE WHERE THE TEXTURE IS ONLY
AGGRESSIVE, IT IS VISIBLE
ALSO LESS RISKY ACTUAL TEXTURE WHERE THE TEXTURE IS BOTH
FOR USE IN SEEN AND FELT
ABUNDANCE.
PATTERN
YELLOW  PATTERNS ADD INTEREST AND LIFE TO INTERIOR DESIGN
 YELLOW IS CCONSISTENTLY AND WORK ALONG WITH COLORS
RADIANT AND CHEERFUL,  PATTERS TELL A STORY OF THEIR OWN AND ADD THE
AND CAN BE USED BOTH ELEMENTS OF CONTINUITY AND SMOOTH TRANSITION IN
ALL OVER A SPACE AND TO A LIVING SPACE. PATTERNS COULD BE OF ANY SHAPE
HIGHLIGHT SPECIFIC AND MOSTLY COMPROMISE OF ATTRACTIVE AND
ELEMENTS IN A WAY THAT REPETITIVE DESIGNS.
DOES NOT OVERWHELM AS
MUCH AS RED.
 DUE TO ITS FRIENDLY AND
QUIRKY ASSOCIATIONS, IT
IS USED COMMONLY IN
CHILDREN’S SPACES SUCH
AS DAYCARES AND
KINDERGARTENS, AND DUE
TO ITS RADIANCE IS
CONDUCIVE TO MAKING ANY
GREY OR SOMBER SPACE
SEEM INSTANTLY LIVELIER.
 PALER OR MORE ORANGE
HUES OF YELLOS MAY
APPEAR CALMER.
PRINCIPLES OF INTERIOR DESIGN PHYSICAL SPACE
UNITY AND HARMONY THE VOLUME OF AIR BOUNDED BY THE WALLS, FLOOR, AND
 THE PRINCIPLE OF UNITY, AS THE NAME IMPLIES CEILING OF A ROOM.
STRESSES ON THE FACT THAT THERE SHOULD BE A SENSE
OF UNIFORMITY OR HARMONY AMONG ALL THE 7 ANTRHOPOMETRIC
ELEMENTS USED. THE STUDY OF MEASUREMENTS OF THE HUMAN BODY
 ALL THE ELEMENTS USED SHOULD COMPLEMENT ON
ANOTHER AND A SMOOTH TRANSITION SHOULD EXIST KINESTHETIC
FROM ONE TO ANOTHER. A GOOD UNDERSTANDING OF THE SENSORY EXPERIENCE OF BODILY POSITION, PRESENCE
ALIGNMENT OF OBJECTS, SIMILARITY OF OR MOVEMENT
COLOR/PATTERN/TEXTURE, PROXIMITY (SPACING) OF
OBJECTS, REPETITION (GROUPING) OF ELEMENTS BASED ERGONOMICS
ON SIMILARITY, CONTINUATION AND OVERLAPPING OF (HUMAN FACTOR ENGINEERING)
INTERIOR DESIGN ELEMENTS ARE A FEW WAYS TO THE APPLIED SCIENCE THAT IS CONCEREND ABOUT SYSTEMS
ACHIEVE ‘UNITY’ IN AN INTERIOR DESIGN IN ORDER THAT PEOPLE AND THINGS WILL INTERACT
ARRANGEMENT. EFFECTIVELY AND SAFELY.

BALANCE
 REFERST TOT THE ORDERED DISTRIBUTION OF ELEMENTS
OF EQUAL VISUAL WEIGHT TO ACHIEVE A VISUAL
EQUILIBRIUM
 BALANCE IS ONLY ACHIEVED WHEN THE VISUAL WEIGHT
OF THE ELEEMNTS ARE EVENLY DISTRIBUTED ALONG A
CENTRAL AXIS OR POINT THAT CAN BE BOTH REAL AND
IMAGINARY
 BALANCE CAN BE ACHIEVED BY THREE POPULAR WAYS
NAMELY SYMMETRICAL, ASYMMETRICAL, AND
RADIAL.

RHYTHM
 RHYTHM ESSENTIALL SUGGESTS A CONNECTED
MOVEMENT BETWEEN DIFFERENT ELEMENTS OF
INTERIOR DESIGN
 ELEMENTS REPEATED IN AN ORDERLY FASHION AND THE
SPACES BETWEEN THEM CREATE A SENSE OF RHYTHM.
RHYTHM CAN BE ACHIEVED IN ANY LIVING SPACE BY
FOLLOWING THESE THREE METHODS - REPETITION,
ALTERNATION, AND PROGRESSION.

EMPHASIS
 IS A PRINCIPLE OF INTERIOR DESIGN THAT SAYS THAT A
CENTRAL PIECE OF ART OR FURNITURE MUST PLAY THE
ROLE OF A FOCAL POINT OR ATTENTION GRABBER OF A
PARTICULAR LIVING SPACE.
 ELEMENTS LIKE COLOR, PATTERN, AND TEXTURE MUST
BE USED TO EMPHASIZEE A PARTICULAR FOCAL POINT.

CONTRAST
 CONTRAST REFERS TO THE DIFFERENCE IN THE
LUMINANCE OR COLOR OF OBJECTS TAHT
DIFFERNTIATES THEM FROM ONE ANOTHER. IN INTERIOR
DESIGN, CONTRAST CAN BE ACHIEVED BY THREE
ELEMENTS NAMELY COLOR, FORM, AND SPACE

SCALE AND PROPORTION

 IT ENSURES THAT OBJECTS PLACED IN A SPACE LOOK
LIKE THEY BELONG TO EACH OTHER. BE IT THE SIZE,
DIMENSION, SHAPE, OR COLOR OF THE OBJECTS, A
HARMONY SHOULD BE ESTABLISHED BETWEEN THEM
AND A PROPORTION HAS TO BE MAINTAINED.
 THE BEST WAY TO DESCRIBE A PROPORTION IS SIZE.
COLOR ALSO AFFECTS A ROOM VISUAL PROPORTION. A
GENERAL GUIDE LINE IS WHITE OR PALE COLORS MAKE
OBJECTS RECED, WHILE DARK OR BRIGHT COLORS DRAW
THINGS CLOSER WHICH CAUSES THEM TO APPEAR
LARGER.

DETAIL
 EVERY DETAIL ADDS A LITTLE BIT OF LIFE TO THE
OVERALL INTERIOR DESIGN, ADDING THEIOR OWN
DISTINCTIVE FEATURE TO THE OVERALL COMPOSITION.
SPECIFIC FOR FILIPINOS

DIMENSIONS AND CLEARANCES FOR AVERAGE ADULTS

 BASIC LANDSCAPE AND DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF OBJECTS WITH VARYING TEXTURES, FORMS, OR SIZES IN A
LOGICAL SEQUENTIAL ORDER.
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
 IS THE DESIGN OF OUTDOOR AREAS, LANDMARKS, AND
STRUCTURES TO ACHIEVE ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL- FOCALIZATION
BEHAVIOURAL, OR AESTHETIC OUTCOMES. THE LEADING OF VISUAL OBSERVATION TOWARD A FEATURE
 IS A MULTI-DISPLINARY FIELD, INCORPORATING ASPECTS BY PLACEMENT OF THIS FEATURE AT THE VANISHING POINT
OF BOTANY, HORTICULTURE, THE FINE ARTS, BETWEEN RADIAL OR APPROACHING LINES.
ARCHITECTURE, INDUSTRIAL DESIGN, SOIL SCIENCES,
ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY, GEOGRAPHY, ECOLOGY,
AND CIVIL ENGINEERING.

PROPORTION
THE SIZE OF PARTS
OF THE DESIGN IN
RELATION TO EACH
OTHER AND TO THE
DESIGN AS A WHOLE.

RHYTHM
IS A PATTERNED
REPETITION OF A DESIGN
PRINCIPLE AT REGULAR OR
IRREGULAR INTERVALS.
RHYTHM OF FORM, COLOR,
OR TEXTURE INTENSIFIES
BASIC PRINCIPLES THE PLAN COMPOSITION.

UNITY
THE EFFECTIVE USE OF COMPONENTS IN SIMPLICITY
A DESIGN TO EXPRESS A MAIN IDEA  IT GOES HAND-IN-HAND WITH
THROUGH CONSISTENT STYLE REPETITION AND CAN BE
ACHIEVED BY ELIMINATING OF
UNNECESSARY DETAILS.
 THE ADAGE: LESS IS MORE

BALANCE
REFERCE TO THE
EQUILIBRIUM OF VISUAL
ATTRACTION

TRANSITION
CAN BE OBTAINED BY
THE ARRANGEMENT
REPITITION
IS THE PLACEM ENT OF THE SAME OR SIMILAR FORM,
TEXTURE, OR COLOR OVER AND OVER AGAIN.

LANDSCAPE COMPONENTS

SOFTSCAPE RANGES OF TREE SIZES

COMPRISES THE ANIMATE (LIVING), HORTICULTURAL
ELEMENTS OF LANDSCAPE DESIGN. MORE SIMPLY PUT, IT
REFERS TO THE PLANTS.

ELEMENTS
TREES

SHRUBS
(ARBORICULTURAL TERM) LOW WOODY PLANT, USUALLY
WITH MULTIPLE SHOOTS OR STEMS FROM A BASE.

 A PLANTING OF SHRUBS IS CALLED SHRUBBERY

 ALSO KNOWN AS: BUSH (ESPECIALLY A SHRUB WITH
BRANCHES RISING FROM OR NEAR THE ROOT; BUT
“BUSH” CAN ALSO REFER TO A CLUSTER OF SHRUBS, AS
IN A “THICKET”
 GROWS UP TO A HEIGHT OF 50cm TO LESS THAN 4m.

TYPES OF SHRUBS AVAILABLE FOR LANDSCAPING:

DECIDUOUS BUSHES
BROADLEAF EVERGREENS
NEEDLED EVERGREENS

EVERGREENS: HAVING FOLIAGE THAT PERSIST AND REMAINS

GREEN THROUGHOUT THE YEAR.

USING TREES IN LANDSCAPE

THE PHILIPINES BOASTS OF ABOUT 3,600 IDENTIFIED NATIVE
TREES OF THESE, 67% ARE ENDEMIC, AND FOUND ONLY IN
OUR ARCHIPELAGO.

ADVANTAGE:
 THEY POSSESS THE NATURAL ABILITY TO RECOVER
FROM DAMAGE CAUSED BY PESTS AND DISEASES AND
EVEN TURBULENT WEATHER.
 MANY PEOPLE ARE FAMILIAR WITH THEIR LOCAL USES.
 COST EFFECTIVE
 LOW MAINTENANCE.
HARDSCAPE
THE TERM HARD LANDSCAPE IS USED BY PRACTITIONERS OF
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND GARDEN DESIGN TO
DESCRIBE THE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS WHICH ARE USED
TO IMPROVE A LANDSCAPE BY DESIGN. CONSIST OF THE
INANIMATE ELEMENTS OF LANDSCAPING, ESPECIALLY ANY
MASONRY WORK OR WOODWORK.

ELEMENTS
STONE WALLS, RETAINING WALLS

WOODEN DECKS

GAZEBO

PERGOLA, TRELLIS, ARBOR

BOLLARDS AND SCULPTURES

THE GARDEN OF CLARK’S
INSTITUTE CAMPUS
 TROPICAL DESIGN MINIMUM OF 18 - 24 DEG IS A SAFE AND WELL BALANCED
THIS ARCHITECTURE INVOLVES INCORPORATING INDOOR TEMPERATURE TO PROTECT THE HEALTH OF
PLANNING AND DESIGN SOLUTIONS INTO THE DEVELOPMENT GENERAL POPULATION. HOWEVER, THE STRONG
TO KEEP THE INTERIOR TEMPERATURE COOL DESPITE THE RECOMMENDATION REGARDING THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO
HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE. HIGH INDOOR TEMPERATURE IS ONLY CONDITIONAL SINCE IT
PRINCIPLES IN DESIGNING FOR TROPICAL CLIMATES MAY ALSO DEPENDS ON THE REGION AND THE END USERS,
INTERGRATE THE WHOLE CONTEXT OF THE SITE FOR A SPECIALLY TO THE ELDERS
HOLISTIC DESIGN.
IT ADAPTS TO THE SITE’S SIZE, SHAPE, HUMIDITY
NEIGHBORHOOD, ACCESS, TOPOGRAPHY, LIMITATIONS,  REFERS TO THE MOISTURE CONTENT OF THE
LOCATIONS, MICROCLIMATE, AND OVERALL VISUAL IMPACT. ATMOSPHERE
 DUE TO HIGH TEMPERATURE AND THE SURROUNDING
CLIMATE BODIES OF WATER, THE PHILIPPINES HAS A HIGH
 IS DEFINED A REGION WITH CERTAIN TEMPERATURE, RELATIVE HUMIDITY.
DRYNESS, WIND, LIGHT, ETC .  THE AVERAGE MONTHLY RELATIVE HUMIDITY VARIES
 CLIMATE CAN ALSO BE DEFINED AS AN INTEGRATION IN BETWEEN 71% IN MARCH AND 85% IN SEPTEMBER.
TIME OF THE ATMOSPHERE ENVIRONMENT OF A CERTAIN MAKING US FEEL UNCOMFORTABLE AND SWEATY AT THE
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS. SAME TIME
 GLOBAL CLIMATES HAS GENERAL FOUR TYPES
HOT HUMID (TROPICAL) RAINFALL
HOT ARID  IS THE MOST IMPORTANT CLIMATIC ELEMENTS IN THE
TEMPRATE PHILIPPINES
COLD  RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY
VARIES FROM ONE REGION TO ANOTHER, DEPENDING
UPON THE DIRECTION OF THE MOISTURE-BEARING WINDS
AND THE LOCATION OF THE MOUNTAIN SYSTEMS.
 THE MEAN ANNUAL RAINFALL OF THE PHILIPPINES
VARIES FROM 965 TO 4,064 MILLIMETERS ANNUALY
 BAGUIO CITY, EASTERN SAMAR, AND EASTERN SURIGAO
RECEIVE THE GREATEST AMOUINT OF RAINFALL WHILE
 THE SOUTHERN PORTION OF COTOBATO RECEIVES THE
LEAST AMOUNT OF RAIN. AT GENERAL SANTOS CITY, THE
AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL IS ONLY 978 MILLIMETERS.

THE SEASONS (TWO MAJOR SEASONS)

PASSIVE SYSTEMS FOR VARIOUS CLIMATES  RAINY SEASON, FROM JUNE TO NOVEMBER
 COOL CLIMATE  DRY SEASON, FROM DECEMBER TO MAY
MAXIMIZE THERMAL RETENTION
MAXIMIZE RADIANT HEAT GAIN DRY SEASON MAY BE SUBDIVIDED FURTHER INTO:
MINIMIZE WIND RESISTAWNCE  THE COOL DRY SEASON, FROM DECEMBER TO FEBRUARY
 TEMPERATE CLIMATE  HOT DRY SEASON, FROM MARCH TO MAY
MODERATE THERMAL RETENTION
MODERATE RADIANT HEAT GAIN
SLIGHT WIND EXPOSURE(FOR HUMIDITY CONTOL)
MODERATE INTERNAL AIRFLOW
 HOT-HUMID CLIMATE
MAXIMIZE WIND EXPOSURE
MAXIMIZE INTERNAL AIRFLOR
MINIMIZE RADIANT HEAT GAIN
 HOT-DRY CLIMATE
MINIMIZE RADIANT HEAT GAIN
MODERATE WIND RESISTANCE
MODERATE INTERNAL AIRFLOW

CLIMATIC ELEMENTS TO BE CONSIDERED IN DESIGN

 SUNLIGHT (SOLAR RADIATION)
 AIR TEMPERATURE
ANNUAL, MONTHLY AND DIURNAL (DAYTIME)
MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURE
 ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY
 RAINFALL PREVAILING WINDS IN THE PHILIPPINES
 WIND  NORTHEAST MONSOON (WINTER MONSOON) (AMIHAN)
IT AFFECTS THE EASTERN PORTIONS OF THE COUNTRY
CLIMTE IN THE PHILIPPINES FROM OCTOBER UP TO THE LATE MARCH. IT IS
 THE CLIMATE OF THE PHILIPPINES IS A TROPICAL AND CHARACTERIZED BY WIDESPREAD CLOUDINESS WITH
MARITIME RAINS AND SHOWERS.
IT IS CHARACTERIZED BY RELATIVELY HIGH  SOUTHWEST MONSOON (SUMMER MONSOON) (HABAGAT)
TEMPERATURE, HIGH HUMIDITY AND ABUNDANT AFFECTS THE COUNTRY FROM JULY TO SEPTEMBER, IS
RAINFALL VERY WARM AND HUMID, OCCURS WHEN WARM MOIST
 TEMPERATURE AIR FLOWS OVER THE COUNTRY FROM SOUTWEST
THE COOLEST MONTHS FALL IN JANUARY WITH A MEAN DIRECTION IS CHARACTERIZED BY HEAVY RAINFALL
TEMPERATURE OF 25.5 DEG THAT MAY LAST FOR A WEEK.
THE WARMEST MONTHS OCCURS IN MAY WITH A MEAN IT BRINGS THE RAINY SEASON TO THE WESTER PORTION
TEMPERATURE OF 29.3 DEG OF THE COUNTRY.
THE IDEAL INDOOR TEMPERATURE
ACCORDING TO WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION 2018 TYPHOONS
GUIDELINES  TYPHOONS HAVE A GREAT INFLUENCE ON THE CLIMATE
AND WEATHER CONDITIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES.
 A GREAT PORTIONS OF THE RAINFALL, HUMIDITY AND
CLOUDINESS ARE DUE TO THE INFLUENCE OF THE
TYPHOONS.
 THEIR MOVEMENTS FOLLOW A NORTHWESTERLY
DIRECTION, SPARING MINDANAO FROM BEING DIRECTLY
HIT BY MAJORITY OF THE TYPHOONS THAT CROSS THE
COUNTRY. THIS MAKES THE SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES
VERY DESIRABLE FOR AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL
DEVELOPMENT.
PROBLEMS IN AREAS WITH TROPICAL CLIMATES
 HIGH TEMPEARATURE LEVEL (HEAT)
HEAT DUE TO DIRECT SOLAR RADIATION
HEAT GAIN DUE TO REFLECTED SOLAR RADIATION
HEAT GEAIN DUE TO LONG WAVE RADIATION
HEAT TRANSFER (CONVECTION)
 HIGH HUMIDITY LEVELS
WATER CONTENT IN THE AIR ON THE BODY DOESN’T
EVAPORATE AS FAST RESULTING IN VERY LOW COMFORT
LEVELS
 SLOW WIN VELOCITIES
 HIGH PRECIPITATION LEVELS DURING RAINY DAYS
 HIGH INCIDENCE OF TYPHOONS
 ABUNDANCE OF INSECTS AND RODENTS DUE TO DAMP
GROUND CONDITIONS.
DESIGN OBJECTIVES IN TROPICAL CLIMATES
 MINIMIZE HEAT GAIN
 MAXIMIZE VENTILATION (BUT PROTECT FROM TYPHOON
WIND)
 PREVENT UNNECESSARY INCREASE IN HUMIDITY LEVELS
 HAVE A GOOD DRAINAGE SYSTEMS TO ACCOMMODATE
HIGH ANNUAL PRECIPITATION
 PROTECT SPACES FROM INSECTS AND RODENTS
PASSIVE DESIGN
 PASSIVE DESIGN IS LOW-ENERGY DESIGN THAT USES A
BUILDING’S MORPHOLOGY AND CONSTRUCTION TO
MAINTAIN A COMFORTABLE TEMPERATURE WITHIN THE
BUILDING
 SIX PLANNING CONCEPTS THAT AFFECT THE ENERGY
PERFORMANCE OF A BUILDING IN PASSIVE DESIGN:
SITE SELECTION
SITE LAYOUT
BUILDING CONFIGURATION
BUILDING SHAPE
BUILDING ORIENTATION
SPACING AND SPATIAL RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER
BUILDINGS
THIS BIOCLIMATIC CHART DEFINES FOUR PASSIVE COOLING
STRATEGIES BASED ON TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE
HUMIDITY.
FIRST, FIND THE FOLLOWING LOCAL WEATHER INFORMATION
FOR EACH OF THE MONTHS OF THE YEAR:
AVERAGE MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE
AVERAGE MINIMUM TEMPERATURE
AVERAGE MAXIMUM RELATIVE HUMIDITY
AVERAGE MINIMUM RELATIVE HUMIDITY
BASIC SUN CONTROL IN TROPICAL CLIMATES
 THE EAST AND WEST FACING SIDES OF THE BUILDING
RECEIVE THE MOST AMOUNT OF HEAT
 THE AFTERNOON SUN, WHICH IS PARTICULARLY HOT,
WILL LARGELY HIT THE WEST FACING SIDE OF A
BUILDING
 IN THE PHILIPPINES, THE SUN WILL RISE IN THE EAST,
FLANK SLIGHTLY TO THE SOUTH THE SET IN THE WEST.
 FULL HEIGHT GLAZING IS BEST APPLIED TO THE NORTH
FACING SIDE BECAUSE THIS SIDE RECEIVES THE LEAST
AMOUNT OF DIRECT SOLAR RADIATION.
 HORIZONTAL SUNSHADES ARE BEST APPLIED TO THE
NORTH AND SOUTH FACING SIDES OF A BUILDING
BECAUSE THE SUN WILL HIT THESE SIDES FROM A HIGH
ALTITUDE.
PASSIVE COOLING WIND AND NATURAL VENTILATION
 WIND IS A POWERFUL FORCE OF NATURE BROUGHT
ABOUT BY THE INTERACTIONS OF SOLAR RADIATION
WITH EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE .
 WIND AND NATURAL VENTILATION HAS A GREAT
IMPACT ON COOLING OF BUILDING
 WIND OF COURSE IS AMONG THE TOP SOURCES OF
ENERGY SAVINGS FOR OUR BUILDT STRUCTURES. THE
IDEAL SOLUTION WILL BE TO MAKE BUILDINGS
NATURALLY VENTILATED. HOWEVER, PRESENT
STANDARDS OF COMFORT, ACOUSTICAL REQUIREMENTS,
DUST PROTECTION AND OTHER SUCH REQUIREMENTS
MAY NOT PERMIT BUILDING TO FULLY VENTILATED
NATURALLY.
WINDWARD SIDE
 THE SIDE WHERE THE WIND “STRIKES”
 THE AIR MOLECULES ARE COMPRESSED THUS CREATING
A HIGH PRESSURE IN THE AREA.
LEEWARD SIDE
 THE MOLECULES ARE DISPERSED THUS CREATING A
NEGATIVE OR LOW PRESSURE IN THE AREA.
 THUS, THESE PRESSURE DIFFERENCES CREATED WHEN
WIND STRIKES A BUILDING IS THE FOUNDATION OF
NATURAL VENTILATION.
INLETS PLACES NEAR HIGH
PRESSURE AREAS ALLOW
WIND TO MOVE INTO THE
BUILDINGS. OUTLETS PLACED
IN LOW PRESSURE AREAS
WILL ALLOW THE WIND TO
ESCAPE.
STACK EFFECT
 HOT AIR GAS TENDS TO RISE
WITHIN A VERTICAL SPACE.
 THIS DRAWS IN COOLER AIR IN LOWER LEVELS OF THE
SPACE
 AIR MOVEMENT IN A STACK EFFECT IS VERY WEAK AND
IS ONLY EFFECTIVE AND EXHAUSTING AIR WITHIN A
SPACE.

CROSS VENTILATION
 CROSS VENTILATION IS THE
MOVEMENT OF AIR FROM A
POSTIVE PRESSURE AREA
(WINDWARD) TOWARDS A BAHAY NA BATO
NEGATIVE PRESSURE AREA  THE PHILIPPINES ANCESTRAL HOUSE
(LEEWARD)  THE BAHAY NA BATO’S LIVING PLATFORM WAS
 ALTHOUGH CROSS VENTILATION ELEVATED FROM THE DAMP GROUND BY A STONE
IS HIGHLY EFFECTIVE IN BASE ON THE GROUND FLOOR.
NATURALLY VENTILATING  THE ROOF HAS A HIGH PITCH JUST LIKE THE BAHAY
BUILDING, ITS EFFECT CAN BE KUBO SO THAT RAIN WATER CAN BE DRAINED QUICKLY.
HIGH DIMINISHED IN DENSE  THE BAHAY NA BATO HAS WIDE EAVES (ALERO) THAT
URBAN AREAS WHERE AIR MOVEMENT AT LOW LEVELS PROVIDES THE NECESSARY SUN SHADING FOR ITS
IS HIGHLY RESTRICTED. WINDOW OPENINGS.
 DUST, UNPLEASANT ODORS AND SMOG WITHIN HIGHLY  THE BAHAY NA BATO HAS LARGE WINDOWS AND
URBANIZED AREAS CAN LIMIT AND IN CASE ELIMINATE VENTANILLAS BEOW THE WINDOWS TO TAKE FULL
THE USE OF CROSS VENTILATION. ADVANTAGE OF CROSS VENTILATION

EFFECT OF LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS VENTANILLAS: A SMALL

 HEDGES/SHRUBS SHOULD NOT BE MORE THAN 3 METERS WINDOW LOCATED RIGHT
FROM BUILDING UNDER THE BARANDILLA
 TREE FOLIAGE ABOVE OPENINGS PROMOTE AIR MOTION (WINDOWSILL) THAT ALLOWS
INTO OPENINGS AIR TO COME INTO THE
 COMBINE TREE, HEDGE AND UBUILDING TO ACHIEVE AIR HOUSE THROUGH ELABORATE
FLOW CONTROL GRILLWORK OR WOODED
 LATERAL AIR CHANNELS TO DIRECT AIR FLOW BALUSTRADES. BLANK
 ARRANGE TREES TO DETERMINE WIND SHADOW BOARDS WERE SLID IN AND
 USING GRASS AND GROUND COVERS AROUND THE OUT TO REGULATE THE
HOUSE RATHER THAN CONCRETE AND SEALED SURFACES AMOUNT OF AIR AND COVER
THAT WILL ABSORB HEAT AND RE-RADIATE IT INTO THE THE VENTANILLAS
HOUSE. COMPLETELY.

 THE UNDERSIDE OF THE

WIDE EAVES WAS FITTED
WITH LATTICED VENTS THAT ALLOW BREEZE TO ENTER
ROOF CAVITY PREVENTING HOT AIR FOR ACCUMILATION
WITHIN THE CAVITY.
 TO FURTHER PROTECT THE SPACE FROM HEAT GAIN, A
DOUBLE WALL SYSTEM WAS BUILT INTO THE BAHAY NA
BATO.
VERNACULAR DESIGN (FOLK ARCHITECTURE) DOUBLE WALL SYSTEM
 MAY NOT SO MUCH BE DEFINED IN TERMS OF STYLE, BUT  THIS FEATURE IS KNOWN AS A
RATHER IN TERMS OF PROCESS, HOW IT IS DESIGN AND DOUBLE LAYERED FACADE
BUILT. SYSTEM USED IN MANY OF
 THE PROCESS OF VERNACULAR DESIGN IS ADJUSTING IN OUR MODERN BUILDINGS
EXISTING MODEL TO PARTICULAR NEEDS AND RESULTS  WHILE THE VENTING OF ITS
TO VARIATIONS OF THE ORIGINAL. CAVITY BETWEEN THE
DOUBLE LAYERED FACADE
BAHAY KUBO (VOLADA) IS NOW KNOWN AS
 IS A TYPE OF STILT HOUSE INDIGENOUS TO THE VENTILATED DOUBLE FACADE
CULTURES OF THE PHILIPPINES (VDF)
 THE LIVING PLATFORM IS ELEVATED ON STILTS  IN CERTAIN CASES, THE
 THE FLEXIBLE FRAMING SYSTEM AND MATERIALS VOLADA HAD OPERABLE
ALLOW THE BAHAY KUBO’S FRAME TO SWAY DURING LOUVERS OR JALOUSIES ON
EARTHQUAKES ITS EXTERIOR.
 THE BAMBOO FLOORING MATERIAL CREATS GAPS
BETWEEN THE SLATS WHICH ALLOWS AIR TO BREEZE.
UPWARD INTO THE LIVING SPACE
 LARGE WINDOWS FACILITATE CROSS VENTILATION
 OPERABLE WINDOW AWNINGS PROVIDE SHADE FROM
SUN AND RAIN
 ROOF PROVIDE WIDE OVERHANGS FOR THE WINDOWS TO
PROTECT THEM FOR SOLAR RADIATION AND RAIN.
 THE WALLS AND ROOF ARE CONSTRUCTED OF THATCH
(NIPA) WITH LOW VALUES.
VOLADA: HIS REFERS TO A CANTILEVERED WALKWAY THAT
RUNS ALONG THE WINDOW SIDE AROUND THE HOUSE. IN THE
PAST, THE GALLERIA VOLADA WAS USED BY SERVANTS TO GO
FROM ROOM TO ROOM, SINCE THE MAIN FLOORS OF THE
HOUSE WERE RESERVED FOR THE MASTERS.
CONCHA: LATTICEWORK PANELS
THAT FRAMED THE
TRANSLUCENT CAPIZ SHELLS
USED TO COMPLETELY SHUT
WINDOWS AT NIGHT OR DURING
A STORM
CAPIZ SHELL: ARE DURABLE
ENOUGH TO WITHSTAND THE
TYPHOON RAINS AND WINDS.
COLADO: PIERCED WOODEN PANELS ABOVE DOORS OR
WALLS OF EACH ROOM THAT ALLOW LIGHT AND AIR TO
CIRCULATE IN THE HOUSE.
SITE PLANNING
 IS THE ART OF ARRANGING STRUCTURES ON THE LAND
AND SHAPING THE PLACES BETWEEN, AN ART LINKED TO
ARCHITECTURE, ENGINEERING, LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECTURE, AND CITY PLANNING.
 IT IS MORE THAN A PRACTICAL ART, HOWEVER COMPLEX
ITS TECHNICAL APPARATUS.
STAGES IN THE TYPICAL SITE PLANNING CYCLES
 DEFINING THE PROBLEM
 PROGRAMMING AND ANALYSIS OF THE SITE USER
 SCHEMATIC DESIGN AND PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATE
 CONTRACT DOCUMENTS
 BIDDING AND CONTRACTING
 OCCUPATION AND MANAGEMENT
70% OF YOUR DESIGN OUTPUT IS BASED ON THE EXISTING
CONTEXT OF YOUR SITE.
SITE IDENTITY
 GEOLOGY
IS THE NATURAL SCIENCE THAT STUDIES THE EARTH - ITS
COMPOSITION; THE PROCESS THAT SHAPED ITS SURFACE;
ITS HISTORY.
 EARTH IS MADE UP OF ROCKS (INCLUDING SOIL, SAND,
SILTS, AND DUST)
TYPES OF ROCKS
IGNEOUS ROCKS
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
GEOMORPHOLOGY
IS THE BRANCH OF GEOLOGY THAT DEALS WITH THE ORIGIN,
NATURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF LANDFORMS.
 PHYSIOGRAPHY - REFERS TO THE DESCRIPTION OF
LANDFORMS
 LANDFORMS - ARE IRREGULARITIES ON THE EARTH’S
SURFACE. IT IS SIMPLY ANY NATURAL GEOGRAPHIC
FEATURE THAT CAN BE FOUN ON THE EARTH’S SURFACE,
SUCH AS VALLEYS, HILLS, MOUNTAINS, AND PLATEAU.
 TOPOGRAPHY: THE STUDY AND DESCRIPTION OF THE
PHYSICAL FEATURES OF AN AREA. A DETAILED
DESCRIPTION OR REPRESENTATION ON A MAP OF THE
NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL FEATURES OF AN AREA.
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP: IS A TYPE OF MAP
CHARACTERIZED BY LARGE-SCALE DETAIL AND
QUNATITATIVE REPRESENTATION OF RELIEF,
USUALLY USING CONTOUR LINES, BUT HISTORICALLY
USING A VARIETY OF METHODS. TRADITIONAL
DEFINITIONS REQUIRE A TOPOGRAPHIC MAP TO SHOW
BOTH NATURAL AND MAN-MADE FEATURES.

HYDROLOGY: THE NATURAL SCIENCE THAT STUDIES THE
WATERS OF THE EARTH, THEIR OCCURRENCE, CIRCULATION,
AND DISTRIBUTION, THEIR CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES, AND THEIR REACTION TO THE LIVING
ENVIRONMENT INCLUDING THEIR RELATION TO ALL LIVING
THINGS.
 WATER TABLE
IS THE UPPER BOUNDARY OF THE ZONE OF
GROUNDWATER; THE TOP OF UNCONFINED AQUIFER.
 AQUIFER
A PERMEABLE GEOLOGICAL STRATUM OR FORMATION
THAT CAN BOTH STORE AND TRANSIT GROUNDWATER IN
SIGNIFICANT QUANTITIES.
 WATERSHED
A GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF LAND BOUNDED BY
TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES AND HEIGHT OF LAND THAT
CAPTURES PRECIPITATION, FILTERS AND STORES WATER
AND DRAINS WATER TO A SHARED DISGNATION.
THE KNOWLEDGE OF WATERSHED BOUDARIES IS CRITICAL TO
WATER QUALITY AND STORM WATER MANAGEMENT
VEGETATION
THE RELEVANCE OF PLANT MATERIALS IN SITE PLANNING IS
IN THEIR ROLE IN:
 CLIMATIC CONTROL
 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
 ARCHITECTURAL AND AESTHETIC USES
WILDLIFE
TRADITIONALLY REFERS TO UNDOMESTICATED ANIMAL
SPECIES, BUT HAS COME TO INCLUDE ALL ORGANISMS THAT
GROW OR LIVE WILD IN AN AREA WITHOUT BEING
INTRODUCED BY HUMANS.
THREE GROUPS OF HABITAT ELEMENTS ESSENTIAL TO THE
DIFFERENT SPECIES OF WILDLIFE ARE:
 OPENLAND WILDLIFE: INCLUDES BIRDS AND MAMMALS
ASSOCIATIED WITH CROPS FIELDS, MEADOWS, PASTURES
AND NON-FORESTED LANDS
 WOODLAND WILDLIFE: SPECIES IN FORESTED LANDS
 WETLAND WILDLIFE
CLIMATE
CONDITIONS OF THE ATMOSPHERE ATA PARTICULAR
LOCATION OVER A LONG PERIOD OF TIME; IT IS THE LONG-
TERM SUMMATION OF THE ATMOSPHERIC ELEMENTS (AND
THEIR VARIATIONS) THAT, OVER SHORT TIME PERIODS,
CONSTITUTE WEATHER. THESE ELEMENTS ARE SOLAR,
RADIATION, TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY, PRECIPITATION (TYPE,
FREQUENCY, AND AMOUNT) ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, AND
WIND (SPEED AND DIRECTION).
SITE PROGRAM
EXISTING LAND USE
OWNERSHIP OF ADJACENT PROPERTY, OFF-SIDE NUISANCES.
LAND USE PLANS ARE AVAILABLE IN EACH CITY AND
MUNICIPALITY TO DETERMINE THE AREAS FOR COMMERCIAL,
INDUSTRIAL, INSTITUTIONAL, RESIDENTIAL AND OPEN SPACE
USES.
TRAFFIC AND TRANSIT SYSTEM
TRAFFIC - THE VEHICLES, PEDESTRIANS, SHIPS, OR PLANES
MOVING ALONG A ROUTE. CONGESTION OF VEHICLES.
TRANSIT - LOCAL TRANSPORTATION ESPECIALLY OF PEOPLE
BY PUBLIC CONVEYANCE.
 EFFICIENT TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
WILL RESULT IN SUCCESSFUL INTEGRATION OF
THEDIFFERENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE VICINITY.
 DIRECTION OF DOMINANT TRAFFIC FLOW, BOTH
VEHICULAR AND PEDESTRIAN WILL ALSO HELP
ESTABLISH POINTS OF HIGHEST VISUAL IMPACT FOR THE
SITE.
 TRANSPORTATION MAP - INDICATES DATA ON
CIRCULATION SYSTEM WITHIN THE AREA. THESE
INCLUDES BRIDGES, ROADS, AIRPORTS, AND NAVIGABLE
RAILWAYS , PORTS, HARBORS, WATER BODIES.
POPULATION DENSITY
DENSITY - REFERS TO THE POPULATION PER UNIT LAND AREA.
DENSITY INFLUENCES THE PRIVACY, SOCIAL CONTACT
AMONG PEOPLE, AND FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT OF AN
INDIVIDUAL OR GROUP OF PEOPLE.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS
THE STUDY OF THE COMMUNITY AND ITS SOCIAL AND
ECONOMIC STRUCTURES ARE DONE TO DETERMINE WHETHER
THERE IS A NEED, AN INTEREST, OR ANY OBJECTIONS ON THE
PROJECT.
ANY PROPOSED MUST BE COMPATIBLE WITH THE
ECONOMY OF THE PARTICULAR COMMUNITY. FOR
EXAMPLE, A HIGH-END BOUTIQUE IS HARDLY
SUITABLE IN A LOW-INCOME COMMUNITY.
UTILITES AND FACILITES
IT IS IMPORTANT TO DETERMINE THE EXISTING AVAILABILITY
ON SITE IN TERMS OF ADEQUACY AND EFFICIENCY
THIS INCLUDES:
 POWER SUPPLY
 WATER WORKS
 TELECOMMUNICATIONS
 DRAINAGE SEWERAGE JERICHO 7000 - 9000 BC
 SCHOOL / PUBLIC LIBRARIES  EARLY SETTLEMENT IN ISRAEL
 HOSPITALS / CLINICS / CENTERS  IT IS BELIEVED TO BE ONE OF THE OLDEST INHABITED
 FIRE / POLICE STATIONS CITIES IN THE WORLD WHICH IS ONLY AROUND 3
 RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS. HECTARES.
 THE CITY WITH THE OLDEST KNOWN PROTECTIVE WALL
SITE PROGRAM IN THE WORLD.
HISTORIC VALUES:  A WELL-ORGANIZED COMMUNITY OF ABOUT 3,000
 HISTORIC BUILDINGS PEOPLE
 HISTORIC LANDMARKS  BUILT AROUND A RELIABLE SOURCE OF FRESHWATER.
 ARCHEOLOGY  IT IS DESCRIBED AS “THE CITY OF PALM TREES”

AESTHTIC CONSIDERATION
NATURAL FEATURE : WHEN SITES ARE CHARACTERIZED BY
OUTSTANDING NATURAL FEATURES OF EARTH ROCK, WATER
OR PLANT MATERIAL, THESE MAY BE INCORPORATED IN THE
SITE DEVELOPMENT AS NATURAL ASSETS OF THE LAND.

SPACIAL PATTERN: IS DEFINED AS THE WAY AN OPEN SPACE

OF A GIVEN SITE IS CONFIGURED TO AN ARRANGEMENT OF
ELEMENTS THAT EVOKE ACTIVITY OR FLOR, BOTH
PHYSICALLY OR VISUALLY.

VIEW RESOURCES
 VIEW: ASCENE OBSERVED FROM A VANTAGE POINT
 VISTA: IS A CONFINED VIEW USUALLY DIRECTED
TOWARD A TERMINAL OR A DOMINANT FEATURE. IT HAS KHIROKITIA / CHOIROCOITIA 7000-9000 BC
A THREE COMPONENTS: A VIEW STATION, A VIEW AND A
FOREGROUND.
 EARLY SETTLEMENT IN CYPRUS
 ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT AND
BEST PRESERVED PREHISTORIC
SITES OF THE EASTERN
MEDITERRANEAN.
 BASIC ARCHITECTURAL UNIT WAS A
CIRCULAR STRUCTURE WITH A FLAT
ROOF.
 IT IS AN ORGANIZED FUNCTIONAL
SOCIETY IN THE FORM OF A
COLLECTIVE SETTLEMENT, WITH
SURROUNDING FORTIFICATION FOR
COMMUNAL PROTECTION.
 FIRST DOCUMENTED SETTLEMENT
WITH STREETS.
 GREW BECAUSE OF MIGRATION

CATALHOYUK 7000-9000 BC
 WAS A VERY LARGE SETTLEMENT IN
SOUTHER ANATOLIA, (LOCATED
NEAR THE MODERN CITY OF KONYA
IN SOUTH CENTRAL TURKEY)
 IT IS A SITE AT WHICH BOTH
PAINTING AND SCULPTURE, APPEAR
TO PLAY A NEWLY IMPORTANT ROLE
IN THE LIVES OF SETTLED PEOPLE
 HAD NO STREETS OR FOOT PATHS;
THE HOUSES WERE BUILT UP RIGHT
AGAINTS EACH OTHER AND THE
PEOPLE WHO LIVED IN THEM
TRAVELED OVER THE TOWNS
ROOFTOPS AND ENTERED THEIR
HOMES THROUGH HOLES IN THE
ROOFS, CLIMBING DOWN A LADDER.

HUMAN SETTLEMENT
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY
WORLD’S THREE EARLIEST CIVILIZATIONS
MESOPOTAMIA, EGYPT, AND INDUS VALLEY

MESOPOTAMIA
 NOT A COUNTRY
 MESOPOTAMIA IS A TERM USED TO REFER TO THE AREA
WHERE THE EARLIEST CIVILIZATIONS STARTED.
 MESOS (MIDDLE)
 POTAMOS (RIVER)
 LAND BETWEEN THE RIVERS

FERTILE CRESCENT (2000-4000 BC)

 IT IS CONSIDERED AS THE “CRADLE OF CIVILIZATION” EGYPT
 LIKE A QUARTER-MOON SHAPE, FROM THE PERSIAN THE CITIES OF ANCIENT EGYPT DEVELOPED ALONG THE NILE
GULF, THROUGH MODERN-DAY SOUTHERN IRAQ, SYRIA, RIVER.
LEBANON, JORDAN, ISRAEL AND NORTHERN EGYPT. THE REASON FOR ITS POPULARITY IS ITS EMPHASIS O N THE
 THE BIRTHPLACE OF A NUMBER OF TECHNOLOGICAL GRANDEUR OF HUMAN EXPERIENCE.
INNOVATIONS, INCLUDING WRITING, THE WHEEL, EGYPT’S ANCIENT CITIES ARE
AGRICULTURE, THE USE OF IRRIGATION AND  MEMPHIS - WAS ONE OF THE OLDEST AND MOST
URBANIZATION. IMPORTANT CITIES IN THE ANCIENT EGYPT
 FED BY THE WATERWAYS OF THE EURPHRATES, TIGRIS  THEBES - BECAME AN IMPORTANT CENTER OF WORSHIP
AND NILE RIVERS. OF THE GOD AMUN “AMON”
 ALEXANDRIA
ERIDU  AMARNA
 WAS LONG CONSIDERED THE EARLIEST CITY IN
SOUTHERN MESOPOTAMIA AND IS STILL TODAY ARGUED
TO BE THE OLDEST CITY IN THE WORLD SINCE,
ACCORDING TO THE SUMERIAN KING LIST, ERIDU WAS
THE FIRST CITY IN THE
WORLD.
 IT IS SURROUNDED BY
A DRAINAGE CANAL
AND A RELICT
WATERCOURSE.
 THE PRIMARY
FOUNDATIOJN OF THE
EARLIEST
SETTLEMENT AT
ERIDU IS FISHING.

BABYLON
 THE MOST FAMOUS AND GRANDEST CITY OF ANCIENCT
MESOPOTAMIA
 OUTSIDE OF THE
UNFAVORABLE
REPUTATION IN THE BIBLE,
THE CITY IS KNOWN FOR ITS
IMPRESSIVE WALLS AND
BUILDINGS
 IT WAS A GREAT SEAT OF
LEARNING AND CULTURE.
 A LARGE CITY CONTAINING
200,000 INHABITANTS.
DAMASCUS
 IT WAS CONSIDERED TO BE AMONG THE OLDEST
CONTINUALLY INHABITED
CITIES IN THE WORLD
 BY THE VIRTUE OF ITS
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
AT THE CROSSROADS OF
THE ORIENT AND THE
OCCIDENT, BETWEEN
AFRICA AND ASIA.
 IT WAS THE CENTER OF A
FLOURISHING CRAFT
INDUSTRY, SPECIALIZING
IN SWORDS AND LACE.
ALEXANDRIA
 THE PORT CITY
 IT IS MOST FAMOUS IN ANTIQUITY AS THE SITE OF THE
PHAROS, THE GREAT LIGHTHOUSE, CONSIDERED ONE OF
THE SEVEN WONDERS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD, FOR THE
TEMPLE OF SERAPIS, THE
SERAPION, WHICH WAS
PART OF THE LEGENDARY
LIBRARY AT ALEXANDRIA
 IT WAS A SEAT OF
LEARNING AND, ONCE,
THE LARGEST AND MOST
PROSPEROUS CITY IN THE
WORLD.
 THE CITY GREW FROM A
SMALL PORT TOWN TO
BECOME THE GRANDEST
AND MOST IMPORTANT
METROPOLIS IN ANCIENT
EGYPT.
INDUS VALLEY ROMAN FORUM
 INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION WAS AN ANCIENT  IS A RECTANGULAR FORUM SURROUNDED BY THE RUINS
CIVILIZATION LOCATED ON THE FERTILE FLOOD PLAIN OF SEVERAL IMPORTANT ANCIENT GOVERMENT
OF INDUS RIVER. BUILDINGS AT THE CENTER OF THE CITY OF ROME
 TWO CITIES HAVE BEEN EXCAVATED AT THE SITES OF  CITIZENS OF THE ANCIENT CITY REFERRED TO THIS
MOHENJO-DARO AND HARAPPA. SPACE, ORGINALLY A MARKETPLACE
 IT WAS FOUND THAT  FORUM FOMANUM
THEY HAD A HIGHLY
DEVELOPED CITY LIFE, ROMAN CITIES
MANY HOUSES HAD ADOPTED GREEK FORMS BUT WITH DIFFERENT SCALE-
WELLS AND MONUMENTAL, HAD A SOCIAL HEIRARCHY.
BATHROOMS AS WELL ROMAN AS ENGINEER
AS AN ELABORATE BUILTS AQUEDUCTS, PUBLIC BATHS, UTILITY SYSTEMS AND
UNDERGROUND FOUNTAIN.
DRAINAGE SYSTEM.
 THESE CITIES DISPLAY DEVELOPED HOUSING VARIATION AND OTHER SPACES:
A WELL-PLANNED BASILICA - COVERED MARKETS; LATER, LAW COURTS.
URBANIZATION CURIA - THE LOCAL MEETING HALL; LATER, THE CAPITOL .
SYSTEM, HAVING DOMUS - TRADITIONAL ROMAN HOUSE; WITH A CENTRA
COMMERCIAL, ATRIUM.
RELIGIOUS AND INSULAE - 3 TO 6 STOREY APARTMENTS WITH STOREFRONTS.
ARTISTIC EVIDENCES.
HOWEVER, THE GREEKS VS ROMANS
WRITING SYSTEM STILL
REMAINS A MYSTERY.

ANCIENT GREECE “HELLAS OR ELLADA”

 KNOWN FOR ITS ART, ARCHITECTURE AND PHILOSOPHY
 IT WAS ALSO KNOWN AS THE AGE IN WHICH THE POLIS,
OR CITY-STATE, WAS INVENTED . THE POLIS (CITY)
BECAME THE DEFINING FEATURE OF GREEK POLITICAL
LIFE FOR HUNDREDS OF YEARS.
 THE GEOGRAPHY OF GREECE GREATYL INFLUENCED THE
CULTURE IN THAT, WITH FEW NATURAL RESOURCES AND
SURROUNDED BY WATER, THE PEOPLE EVENTUALLY
TOOK TO THE SEA FOR THEIR LIVELIHOOD.
GREEK CITIES
COMPOSED OF:
AGORA
ACROPOLIS
TOWN
TOWNS
 MADE UP OF ONLY RESIDENTIAL HOUSES
 HAD AN IRREGULAR STREET PATTERN.
AGORA
 WAS A CENTRAL PUBLIC SPACE IN ANCIENT GREEK CITY-
STATES
 GATHERING PLACE OR ASSEMBLY
 WAS THE CENTER OF THE ATHLEITC, ARTISTIC,
SPIRITUAL, AND POLITICAL LIFE OF THE CITY.
ACROPOLIS
 DEFENSIVELY ORIENTED DISTRICT IN ANCIENT GREEK
CITIES, LOCATED ON THE HIGHEST GROUND AND
CONTAINING THE CHIEF MUNICIPAL AND RELIGIOUS
BUILDINGS
 CITY AT THE TOP
 ATHENS HAS THE BEST KNOWN ACROPOLIS.
HIPPODAMUS
 THE FIRST NOTED PLANNER. INTRODUCED THE GRID
SYSTEM AND AGORA.
 HE IS CONSIDERED TO BE THE FATHER OF URBAN
PLANNING, THE NAMESAKE OF HIPPODAMIAN PLAN OF
CITY LAYOUTS. MILETUS’ GRIDLIKE LAYOUT BECAME
THE BASIC LAYOUT FOR ROMAN CITIES.
NEOPOLIS
WHEN A TOWN REACHES ITS MAXIMUM SIZE, A “NEW TOWN”,
IS BUILT.
PALEOPOLIS
 OLD TOWN
 OTHER EXAMPLES: MILETUS, PRIENE, AND ALEXANDRIA.
PIAZZA (PLAZA)
“PLAZA IS THE BEGINNING OF URBAN LIFE. IS THE PLACE
WHERE PEOPLE MEET. AND THE MIX EXPERIENCE, AGES… IN
SOME WAY, YOU CREATE THE ESSENCE OF THE CITY.”
-RENZO PIANO
MEDIEVAL ERA “DARK AGES”
MEDIEVAL CITIES
 EMERGED AS A BY-PRODUCT OF THE FEUDAL SYSTEM.
BUILT ALONG RIVERBANKS OR NEAR MONASTERIES AND
CASTLES, THEY RANGED FROM SPARSELY POPULATED TO
DENSELY POPULATED.
 WERE PROTECTED BY HIGH WALLS. INSIDE THE WALLS,
THE STREET WERE NARROW AND UNPAVED.
 WALLS NOT ONLY PROTECTED TOWNS AND CITIES FROM
INVADERS BUT THEY ALSO DIVIDED THE RURAL FROM
THE URBAN AREAS.
 LACKS GEOMETRY
 THERE WAS USUALLY A SQUARE IN THE CENTER OF THE
CITY. THIS SQUARE HAD THE MOST IMPORTANT PUBLIC
BUILDINGS: THE CATHEDRAL, THE TOWN, AND THE
MARKETPLACE.
 GROWTH AND POPULATION CREATED THE NEED FOR
MARKETPLACES.
 AROUND THE CITY CENTER WERE HOUSES. THERE WERE
ALSO HOSPITALS, SCHOOLS AND INNS.
URBAN SETTINGS
COMPOSED OF MILITARY STRONGHOLDS, CASTLES,
MONASTERIES, TOWNS

ANCIENT ROMANS
MILITARY STRONGHOLDS
ACROPOLIS AND CAPITOLINE HILL
CASTLES
BUILT ATOP HILLS, ENCLOSED BY CIRCULAR WALLS,
RADIOCENTRIC GROWTH
MONASTERIES
CITADELS OF LEARNING, LAID OUT IN RECTILINEAR
PATTERN
MAIN PROBLEM IN MEDIEVAL CITIES
 MEDIEVAL TOWNS WERE CROWDED, NOISY, AND DIRTY.
DISEASES SPREAD RAPIDLY, AND MANY PEOPLE COULD
NOT BE CURED WITH THE MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE
TIME
 THE WATER IN A MEDIEVAL CITY WAS OFTEN DIRTY AND
PEOPLE PREFERRED TO DRINK BEER AND WINE.
 CRIME WAS A PROBLEM IN MEDIEVAL TOWNS, AND IT
WAS PUNISHED HARSHLY. PRISONS WERE FILTHY, DARK
PLACES, AND MANY PRISONERS HAD TO BUY THEIR OWN
FOOD.
RENAISSANCE ERA - ITALY
IDEAL CITIES
 1440 (BEGINNING OF RENAISSANCE)
 LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI - FOREMOST THEORETICIAN
 ALBERTI’S DE ARCHITECTURA - TREATS ARCHITECTURE
AND TOWN DESIGN AS A SINGLE THEME (JUST LIKE
VITRUVIUS)
ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF EARLY RENAISSANCE
 PUBLIC WORKS
 CIVIC IMPORVEMENT PROJECTS
REBUILDING OF FERRARA
PALAZZO DIAMANTI (DIAMOND PALACE)
MOST FAMOUS STRUCTURE
BIAGGO ROSSETTI
ARCHITECT AND TOWN PLANNER REGARDED AS ONE
OF THE WORLD’S EARLIEST MODERN URBAN DESIGNERS. `
ROSSETTI’S PLAN
 STREET WIDENING, NEW BUILDINGS, WALL
IMPROVEMENT
 ENLARGE THE TOWN
 CARRY ON WITH THE PLAN
LESSONS FROM ROSSETTI’S EFFORT
 REPAIR AN EXISTING CITY
 PLAN FOR ENLARGEMENT
 DECIDE WHICH TO CONCENTRATE EFFORT
 LAY DOWN A PLAN THAT IS LOGICAL AND REALIZABLE
 PROVIDE FRAMWORK FOR OTHERS TO BUILD UPON
LEONARDO’S IDEAL CITY
LEONARDO DA VINCI
SKETCHED A CITY STRADDLING A RIVER. “THE IDEAL
CITY”
THE IDEAL CITY
 A CITY THAT WOULD BE MORE UNITED, WITH GREATER
COMMUNICATIONS, SERVICES AND SANITATION TO
PREVENT THE FUTURE SPREAD OF SUCH DISEASES .
 INTEGRATED A SERIES OF CONNECTED CANALS, WHICH
WOULD BE USED FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES AND AS A
SEWAGE SYSTEM.
RIVER STREAMS
SUPPLY WATER AND CARY AWAY WASTE
MULTILEVELS (LOWER AND UPPER AREAS)
THE LOWER BEING CANALS FOR TRADESMEN AND
TRAVELERS AND THE UPPER BEING ROADS FOR “GENTLEMAN”
CAMPIDOGLIO, ROME “CAPITONLINE HILL”
 ONE OF MICHELANGELO’S FINEST WORKS SEEN AT A
DISTANCE AS A WHOLE COMPOSITION. THE PIAZZA DEL
CAMPIDOGLIO IS ONE OF THE MOST BEAUTIFUL SQUARES
IN ROME.
 BRONZE EQUESTRIAN STATUE OF MARCUS AURELIUS
ERECTED AT THE CENTER OF THE SQUARE SERVES AS
CENTERPIECE OR GUIDEPOST
 ENTRANCE RAMPS - WIDEN TOWARD THE TOP
 PERSPECTIVE EFFECT AND STAIRS APPEAR SHORTER
 SIMILARLY, SIDE BUILDINGS ARE NOT PARALLEL
RENAISSANCE ERA - FRANCE
ROND POINTS
 HIGH GROUND INTERSECTIONS
RICHELIEU
 APPLICATION OF “ROND POINTS” IDEA
 1630, LANDSCAPE DESIGN OF PLACE STARTED
 JACQUES LEMERCIER - ARCHITECT
ANDRE LENOTRE
 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT OF RICHELIEU
 WESTERN WORLD’S MASTER OF LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECTURE
 MOST NOTABLY, HE WAS THE LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT
WHO DESIGNED THE PARK OF THE PALACE OF
VERSAILLES, AND HIS WORK REPRESENTS THE HEIGHT OF
THE FRENCH FORMAL GARDEN STYLE, OR JARDIN A LA
FRANCAISE.
RENAISANCE ERA - LONDON
GREATE PLAGUE - 1665
GREAT FIRE OF LONDON - 1666
SEVERAL DESIGNERS PROPOSED PLANS
CHRISTOPHER WREN -- ROBERT HOOKE -- JOHN EVELYN --
VALENTINE KNIGHT
1667 - LAWS BANNING USE OF COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS, LED
TO EXTENSIVE USE OF BRICKS. THE 1667 ACT STATED: “NO
MAN WHATSOEVER SHALL PRESUME TO ERECT ANY HOUSE
OR BUILDING, WHETHER GREAT OR SMALL, BUT OF BRICK OR
STONE.”
REBUILDING LONDON
JOHN GWYNN
 PRODUCED PLAN FOR LONDON 1766
 “LONDON & WESTMINSTER IMRPOVED” HERALDED THE
“GOLDEN AGE” OF BUILDING
GOLDEN AGE
 ENCOMPASSES A 30-YEAR PERIOD
ADELPHI TERRACE
 WORK OF THE ADAM’S BROTHER
 BUILT ALONG THE RIVER THAMES
 WAS LONDON’S FIRST NEOCLASSICAL BUILDING. EVEN
LARGE HOUSES FRONTED A VAULTED TERRACE, WITH
WHARVES BENEATH.
END OF LONDON PLAZA ERA
 COMING OF INDUSTRIAL ERA
HUMAN SETTLEMENT
AN ORGANIZED GROUPING OF HUMAN HABITATION IT
CAN BE A SINGLE HOME OR A BUSTLING METROPOLIS
EKISTIC
 WAS COINED BY CONSTANTINOS APOSTOLOS DOXIADIS
IN 1942.
 THE SCIENCE OF HUMANT SETTLEMENTS, INCLUDING
REGIONAL, CITY, COMMUNITY PLANNING AND
DWELLING DESIGN.
 THE STUDY INVOLVES EVERY KIND OF HUMAN
SETTLEMENT, IN PARTICULAR ATTENTION TO
GEOGRAPHY, ECOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURE
POLITICS, AND OCCASIONALLY AESTHETICS.
HUMAN SETTLEMENT PATTERN
NUCLEATED
ONES WHERE THE HOUSES ARE GROUPED COLOSELY
TOGETHER, OFTEN AROUND A CENTRAL FEATURE LIKE A
CHURCH, PUB, OR VILLAGE GREEN.
DISPERSED
ARE ONES WHERE THE HOUSES ARE SPREAD OUT OVER A
WIDE AREA
LINEAR
A (NORMALLY SMALL TO MEDIUM-SIZED) SETTLEMENT OR
GROUP OF BUILDINGS THAT IS FORMED IN A LONG LINE.
MANY FOLLOW A TRANSPORT ROUTE, SUCH AS A ROAD,
RIVER, OR CANAL THOUGH SOME FORM DUE TO PHYSICAL
RESTRICTIONS, SUCH AS COASTLINES, MOUNTAINS, HILLS OR
VALLEYS.
HISTORY OF SETTLEMENT PLANNING IN THE PHILIPPINES
PRE-COLONIAL ERA
BARANGAY
 BASIC SOCIO-POLITICAL UNIT OF 30-100 FAMILIES
COMPOSING A TRIBE RULED BY KINSHIP; ARABLE LAND
WAS HELD IN COMMON; DECENTRALIZED; LOCATED
ALONG COASTLINES AND RIVERBANKS, STRATIFIED
CLASS SYSTEM
MUSLIM COASTAL SETTLEMENT IN JOLO
 SEAT OF SULTAN OF SULU REMAINED AS LARGE
VILLAGES BUT UNTOUCHED BY COLONIALISTS, STRONG
POLITICAL AN CULTURAL STRUCTURES.
SPANISH COLONIAL EAR
 MANILA BECAME CAPITAL AND DESIGNATED AS CIUDAD
WITH A POPULATION OF 2000 AND BECAME DOMINANT
DUE TO THE GALLEON TRADE
 A FEW LATER BECAME THE WALLED CITY OF MANILA
OR INTRAMUROS DUE TO INSURRECTIONS AND CHINESE
ATTACKS
THE LAWS OF THE INDIES
 JULY 3,1573
 LAWS OF THE INDICE PRONOUNCED BY KING PHILIP II -
SPANISH TOWN PLANNING INFLUENCED BY THE ROMANS
AND THE PIAZZA PLANNING OF ITALIAN RENAISSANCE.
 THE LAW OF THE INDIES DECREED, AMONG OTHER
THINGS, THAT ALL NEW TOWNS MUST HAVE A CENTRAL
PLAZA SURROUNDED BY IMPORTANT BUILDINGS WITH
PORTALES OR ARCADES, AND FORM WHICH THE
PRINCIPAL STREETS, LAID OUT IN A GRID PATTERN,
SHALL BEGIN. SMALLER SECONDARY PLAZAS WERE
ALSO CALLED FOR AS WELL AS NARROW STREETS, IN
HOT CLIMATES, IN ORDER TO PROVIDE SHADE.
THE PLAZA COMPLEX
 A RESULT OF SEVERAL ORDINANCES OF THE LAWS OF
THE INDIES.
 THE PLAZA IS SURROUNDED BY IMPORTANT BUILDINGS
SUCH AS THE
CATHOLIC CHURCH : AT THE CENTER
MUNICIPAL HALL
MARKETPLACE AND MERCHANTS STORE
SCHOOL
THE HOMES OF THE “PRINCIPALIA”
OTHER GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS.
SPANISH COLONIAL ERA 1596
 SOCIAL STRATIFICATION (SOCIAL RANKS CATEGORIES OF
PEOPLE IN A HIERARCHY)
 SPANISH FRIARS BECAME BIGGEST LANDHOLDERS,
NATIVE PRINCIPALIA WHO WERE COOPTED BY
COLONIALISTS INTO CIVIL ADMINISTRATION DUE TO
SHORTAGE OF SPANIARDS, CHINESE, LANDLESS
MASSES AND OTHER FOREIGNERS.
 SPATIAL SEGRAGATION ALONG RACIAL AND SOCIAL
LINES
 SEPARATE DISTRICTS OUTSIDE THE CIUDAD FOR
INDIOS AND CHINESE DEVELOPED IN THE ENVIRONS
OF MANILA AND OTHER CITIES
 EX BINONDO - LAST PARIAN SITE FOR URBAN
CHINESE.
 PARIAN OR MARKET - SPATIAL CONCENTRATION OF
MERCHANTS AND ARTISANS TO REGULARIZE THE
EXCHANGE OF GOODS.
SPANISH COLONIAL ERA 1600 - 1700
 THESE REGIONAL CENTERS (CIUDADES AND VILLAS)
REMAINED IN CONTROL THROUGHOUT THE PERIOD WITH
THE NATIVES LIVING ON THE UNPLANNED OUTER
FRINGES OF THE CITY.
 PROCESS OF HISPANIZATION (CONTROL, CONVERSION
AND LABOR POOL) THROUGH THE FOUNDING OF
CABECERAS (POBLACIONES) AND VISITAS (BARRIOS) -
HUNDREDS OF CONCENTRATED MISSION SETTLEMENTS
ORGANIZED BY THE RELIGIOUS IN THE LOWLANDS;
AMERICAN PERIOD
 PUT MORE EMPHASIS ON THE OTHER VALUES SUCH AS
EDUCATION, HEALTH AND SANITATION, PUBLIC
WORKS, HOUSING, TRANSPORTATION AND
COMMUNICATION AND AESTHETIC IMPROVEMENTS.
 SEEN IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PROVINICAL CAPITOLS,
[PST OFFICES, CIVIC BUILDINGS, AS WELL AS UNIVERSITY
CAMPUSES.
 1890s - PORT CITIES BECAME REGIONAL URBAN CENTERS;
BRIDGES WERE BUILT ALONG POSTAL ROUTES
FACILITATING TRANSPORT IN LUZON.
 THE MOST SIGNIFICANT PROJECTS WERE THE REMAKING
OF THE EXISTING CAPITAL CITY OF MANILA AND THE
CREATION OF AN ENTIRELY NEW SUMMER CAPITAL
AT BAGUIO
 DANIEL BURNHAM WAS COMMISSIONED TO PREPARE
PLANS FOR THE TWO CITIES.
AMERICAN PERIOD: GROWTH OF MANILA
THE ARRABALES
 QUIAPO - THE ILLUSTRADO TERRITORY
 TONDO - COASTAL TOWN ADJACENT TO THE MAIN CITY
 BINONDO - TRADING PORT DEVELOPED BY THE CHINESE
AND ARABS
 SAN NICOLAS - COMMERCIAL TOWN BUILT BY THE
SPANISH WITH STREETS OF SPECIALIZED CATEGORIES.
(I.E. CERAMICE, SOAPS, ETC.)
 STA. CRUZ - MAIN COMMERCIAL DISTRICT WITH SWIRLS
OF SHOPS, RESTAURANTS, ETC. ALSO KNOWN AS THE
FIRST UNIVERSITY TOWN.
 SAMPALOC - CENTERED 2 CHURCHES OUR LADY OF
LORENTO AND ST ANTHONY OF PADUA
LATER SUBURBS
 SAN MIGUEL (MALACANANG) - WHERE REST-HOUSE
WERE BUILT FOR THE SPANISH GOVERNMENT
 MALATE - THE EARLY “SUMMER RESORT” OF WEALTHY
AND CULTURED FILIPINOS. THEY BECAME THE FIRST
FISHING AND SALT-MAKING TOWN.
 ERMITA - EARLY TOURSIT BELT (RED-LIGHT DISTRICT)
 PACO - FIRST TOWN BUILT AROUND A TRAIN STATION.
 PANDACAN - TOWN BUILT BY THE AMERICANS FOR OIL
DEPOTS.
NEW CAPITAL: QUEZON CITY
 IN 1939, COMMONWEALTH ACT. NO. 457, AUTHORIZED
THE TRANSFER OF THE CAPITOL TO AN AREA 1572
HECTARES.
 A MASTER PLAN OF QUEZON CITY WAS COMPLETED IN
1941 BY ARCHITECT JUAN ARELLANO, HARRY T. FROST,
LOUIS CROFT, AND ENG. A.D. WILLIAMS.
 “CITY BEAUTIFUL” PLAN REFLECTED THE ASPIRATIONS
OF AN EMERGING NATION AND THE VISIONS OF A
PASSIONATE LEADER.
 THE MASTER PLAN MADE THE PROVISION THAT STREET
NAMES REPRESENT A HISTORICAL EVENT, PATRIOT, OR
PROVINCE IN THE PHILIPPINES.
CONSTITUTION HILL
 AFTER THE INTERFERENCE OF WW II, A SEARCH
COMMITTEE WAS FORMED IN 1946 TO FIND A NEW SITE.
 A 158 HECTARE LAND IN THE NOVALICHES WATERSHED
WAS SELECTED AND CALLED CONSTITUTION HILL AND
NATIONAL GOVERNMENT CENTER.
 THE THREE SEATS OF GOVERNMENT WERE TO FORM A
TRIANGLE AT THE CENTER OF THE COMPLEX.
 IT INCLUDE A 20-HECTARE CIVIL SPACE REFERRED TO AS
A “PLAZA OF REPUBLIC”
 THE THREE BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT WOULD BE
HOUSED HERE- THE PALACE OF THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE,
THE HOUSE OF CONGRESSM AND THE SUPREME
COURT.
SUBURBANIZATION: SETTLEMENT PLANNING IN THE
PHILIPPINES
MANILA CBD
THIS TRADITIONAL CBD IS A CENTER OF BUSINESS AND
COMMERCE, HAS POPULATION NUCLEUS, AND SEATS THE
NATIONAL GOVERNEMENT.
MAKATI CBD
A BUSINESS, FINANCIAL COMMERCIAL, CONVENTION, AND
RECREATIONAL CENTER OF THE METROPOLITAN REGION
COVERING AN AREA OF 979 HECTARES. BEGUN BY THE AYALA
CONGLOMERATE IN 1948.
PASIG CBD
ANOTHER BUSINESS, FINANCIAL, CONVENTION, SHOPPING
AND RECREATION NODE DEVELOPMENT BY THE ORTIGAS
CONGLOMERATE IN THE 1650s IT’S PRESENT CONFIGURATION
FULLY DEVELOPED IN THE LATE 80s. THIS AREA COVERS 600
HECTARES
CUBAO CBD
DEVELOPED IN THE 1960s BY THE ARANETA FAMILY, IT WAS
INTENDED AS AN ALTERNATIVE BUSINESS CENTER IN THE
EASTERN SIDE OF THE METROPOLIS.
FORT BONIFACIO GLOBAL CITY
500 HECTARES OF PRIME LAND INTENDED TO BE THE FIRST
INTELLIGENT AND ECOLOGICAL CITY IN THE COUNTRY.
BAY CITY: ASEANA CITY
THE BAY CITY HAS SEEN RAPID DEVELOPMENTS OVER THE
YEARS, AS MAJOR DEVELOPERS HAVE SEEN THE POTENTIAL
OF THE AREA FOR RESIDENTIAL, RETAIL AND COMMERCIAL
OPPORTUNITIES. ONE OF THEM IS ASEANA CITY, A MASTER-
PLANNED COMUNITY IN METRO MANILA.
FILINVEST CORPORATE CITY
A JOINT VENTURE OF THE GOVENEMENT AND PRIVATE
SECTOR. ACCESSIBLE TO INDUSTRIAL ESTATE AND
TECHNOLOGICAL PARKS.
PLANNING AGENCIES
 NATIONAL HOUSING AUTHORITY (NHA)
IT IS THE NATIONAL HOUSING AGENCY MANDATED TO
ENGAGE IN HOUSING PRODUCTION FOR LOW INCOME
FAMILIES
 HOUSING AND LAND USE REGULATORY BOARD
(HLURB)
IS TASK AS THE PLANNING REGULATORY BOARD FOR
THE LAND USE DEVELOPMENT FOR REAL ESTATE AND
HOUSING REGULATIONS
 HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT COORDINATION
COUNCIL (HUDCC)
IS THE OVERALL COORDINATOR FOR HOUSING AND
URBAN DEVELOPMENT POLICIES PLANS AND PROGRAMS
 NATIONAL ECONOMIC AND DEVELOPMENT
AUTHORITY (NEDA)
RESPONSIBLE FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND
PLANNING
 NATIONAL HOME MORTAGE FINANCING
CORPORATION
 DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS
 PHILIPPINE ESTATE AUTHORITY
 URBAN PLANNING PRINCIPLES
THEORIES AND PRACTICES
CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL

THE GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT

BY E.W. BURGESS, A UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO SOCIOLOGIST,

IN 1925. THE CITY GROWS IN A RADIAL EXPANSION FROM THE
CENTER TO FORM A SERIES OF CONCENTRIC ZONES OR
CIRCLES SUCH AS IN CHICAGO.

HOYT MODEL OR SECTOR MODEL

 BY HOMER HOYT, AN ECONOMIST IN 1939.

 IT IS A MODIFICATION OF THE CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL
OF CITY DEVELOPMENT. THE BENEFITS OF THE
APPLICATION OF THIS MODEL INCLUDE THE FACT IT
ALLOWS FOR AN OUTWARD PROGRESSION OF GROWTH

MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL

CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT

 THE GOLDEN AGE IF URBAN DESIGN IN THE US.

 ACCORDING TO BURNHAM, CITY WAS A TOTALLY
DESIGNED SYSTEM OF MAIN CIRCULATION ARTERIES, A
NETWORK OF PARKS BUILDING BLOCKS OF CIVIC
CENTERS INCLUDING CITY HALL, A COUNTRY COURT
HOUSE, A LIBRARY, AN OPERA HOUSE, A MUSEUM AND A
PLAZA.
 DEVELOPED BY TWO GEOGRAPHERS CHAUNCY HARRIS  THE MOVEMENT GAVE WAY TO THE CITY FUNCTIONAL
AND EDUARD ULLMAN IN 1945. CITIES TEND TO GROW CONCEPTS INCLUDING ZONING.
AROUND NOT ONE BUT SEVERAL DISTRICTS NUCLEI.
 A CITY MIGHT START WITH A SINGLE CBD, BUT OVER THE
TIME THE ACTIVITIES SCATTER AND GETS MODIFIED. THE
SCATTERED ACTIVITIES ATTRACT PEOPLE FROM
SURROUNDING AREAS AND ACT AS SMALLER NUCLEI IN
ITSELF. THIS SMALL NUCLEI GAIN IMPORTANCE AND
GROW IN SIZE AND START INFLUENCING THE GROWTH OF
ACTIVITIES AROUND THEM.

THE CONSERVATIONIST AND THE PARK MOVEMENT

NEW COMMUNITY MOVEMENT

IAN BENTLEY’ S RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENT

FIVE ELEMENTS OF IMAGE OF THE CITY

 PATH
 EDGE
 DISTRICT
 NODE
 LANDMARKS
URBAN FORM AND FUNCTION

CONCERNS
LANDFORMS
SHAPE

ARCHITECTURE
SCALE CHARACTER TEXTURE

SIZE AND DENSITY

AMOUNT OF BUILDING FOOR AREA PER SECTION

ROUTES

IHABITANTS
 ETHNIC BACKGROUND, SOCIAL CLASS, SEX, ETC.
 ACTIVITIES

HEIRARCHY OF URBAN ROADS MOVEMENT

VEHICULAR AND PEDESTRIAN CONSIDERATION (NODES)

CITY FUNCTIONS

URBAN SPACE
WELL-DEFINED PUBLIC STREETS, PLAZAS, PARKS,
PLAYGROUNDS, QUADRANGLES ETC .
URBANIZATION

MEGACITIES

URBANIZATION PROBLEM
URBAN SPRAWL

MIGRATION CONSUQUENCES

TOP 5 BEST CITIES IN THE WORLD

1. NEW YORK, US
2. MELBOURNE, AUS
3. CHICAGO, US
4. LONDON, UK
5. LOS ANGELES, US

MEGACITIES TOP 5
7 PRINCIPLES FOR BUILDING BETTER CITIES