ABSTRACT

The development of the construction industry depends on increasing

the safety performance. It focuses mainly on the implementation of
safety management in construction projects. It was carried out by
conducting questionnaire survey among the contractors and engineers
of various construction projects for knowing the level of safety in their
projects. The survey will include information on safety such as
procedures, training and materials for safety practices, management
reviews on applying safety practices, safety incentives and penalties,
safety approaches. The survey involves a designed questionnaire and
case study on safety management. The survey tell different control
measures and their rate of usage on building projects. The survey
depends on the types of accidents on building projects and their control
measures for prevent in accidents or for minimizing the accidents.
Questionnaire survey has been analyzed using SPSS software. The
results of the study revealed that there are many safety problems in the
construction industry, such as lack of knowledge about safety
measures and materials which protect from safety hazardous or
damages.
 INTRODUCTION

Construction industries are the most dangerous due to its working

nature which has higher rate of injury than most other industries.
Construction accidents cause many human injuries, lack of motivation
among workers, work interruption, delay in progress which affect the
cost, productivity, and reputation. Expenses, such as medical costs,
increased worker’s compensation insurance and property damage. For
these reasons, safety in the construction industry is very important.
The Major concern of Safety in construction industries is preventing
injuries and illness of worker’s .the accidents and hazards in
construction sites can be controlled and prevented by the usage of safety
programs in order to reduce accident rates. However, in developing
countries, an effort must be made to raise the level of awareness, among
both employees and employers, of the importance of safety at work
sites . Safety must be the number one priority for the construction team.
The construction team includes the owner, architect/engineer, general
contractor, construction manager, subcontractors and suppliers. It is the
construction team’s responsibility to ensure that the project is
completed safely with quality and economy .Good safety programs
would certainly help in reducing injuries at construction sites and also
to minimize construction costs, increase productivity and profitability
and more importantly it could save lives of workers and consequently
contribute positively to the construction industry and the nation as a
whole.
 BACKGROUND AND LITEATURE REVIEW

Major Accident caused at construction sites is workers falling from

high occurring primarily on new construction projects of commercial
buildings and residential projects of reasonably low construction cost.
The combination of quality and safety achieved for better resource
management and utilization. Safety is preventing or avoiding any
hazardous, loss, accidents in the site . safety rules and regulations need
to be implemented not only to overcome issues like poor quality work,
unsafe working conditions, and lack of environmental control but also
reduce cost and enhance productivity .Every construction site has
unique safety policy. safety policies can be varied depend on the
projects taken and the type of projects in construction site .Larger
construction projects are better organized whereas small to medium
firms do not have an adequate safety program to see safety criteria
needed for construction site. An organization will setup the safety
departments to communicate the safety instruction and motivates to
adopt safety practices. An organization should give proper work
environment i.e. to provide safety equipment’s / materials. For
controlling the unsafe practices ,the site manager has to understand the
importance of safety and also has follow the safety norms and also keep
informing about safety measures to the employee. The arrange safety
training to the employees.
Safety management is essential for the desired changes in
construction industries. It helps employee to get basic knowledge about
hazardous , precautions to be taken ,and use of tools and equipment’s
for safety which is to achieve quality and profit in the construction
project . Safety management has to prepare a safety manual for the
organization. There are only two safety performance measures which
are applied for the construction sector as a whole; a frequency measure
and a severity measure .The frequency measure is based on the
number of accidents. A severity measure is based on the number of lost
days. To improve safety performance, initiate and maintain an
organizational setup, safety department, committees and field
procedures.
 Safety climate refers to observations of policies, procedures and
practices relating to safety in the work place which is used to evaluate
through determination of safety climate that would enhance safety
culture and positively impact safety performance on construction sites.
Prioritizing and valuing safety is to increase safety performance and
decrease employee injuries . An individual safety behavior influences
and transfers positive safety performance termed as effective way.
Safety would improve safety culture and give positive impact on
safety performance on construction projects. A safety climate
questionnaire survey was conducted on the construction sites of a
leading construction company and its subcontractors. Based on survey,
two principal components were established management commitment,
employee involvement and inappropriate safety procedure and work
practices.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Questionnaire survey was conducted among site engineers to identify

their opinion towards safety management in construction industry.
Survey done through questionnaires. Based on the survey, various
factors were selected. The case study was conducted by developing a
questionnaire and collecting the responses from construction firms. For
the survey questionnaires was gathered to identify the critical factors.
The methodology of the study is as presented. The questionnaire was
prepared and sent to three main individuals responsible for the project
(Contractor, Client and Consultant) and the effect of each factor has
been evaluated by adopting a five-point Likert scale of 1 to 5 (1 =
Strongly Agree; 2 = Agree; 3 = Neutral; 4 = Disagree; and 5 = Strongly
Disagree;). The questionnaire survey was conducted to determine the
importance of critical success factors for safety management which was
observed by contractors, clients and consultants working within
Construction Industry. In this paper, factor analysis was used to
identify the critical success factor for safety management in
construction industry.

The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS v.21) was utilized to
conduct factor analysis. The direct personal interview method and online
filling using Google forms are used for filling the questionnaire and
collecting the data. The survey has been conducted at all the levels and
types of construction projects. The various levels of projects are huge
level, medium level and low level which are considered based on total
construction cost and size of the project. The questionnaires are
distributed to the construction firms and the data are collected by means
of direct interview method .Then the collected data are analyzed by
means of manual method as well as using software method. The l
analysis has been done by 4 approaches. They are Reliability Test,
Friedman Test, One way ANOVA Test, Correlation Test.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Reliability Analysis
Cronbach’s alpha measures a set of value or items into a single or as
a group of individuals. In such cases, we ask a series of questions and
combine the answers into a single numerical value.
It is used to measure reliability. The value doesn’t indicate that as a
single dimension , if a Cronbach’s alpha value is high Additional
analyses to be performed to identify the dimensionality. Exploratory
factor analysis is one method of checking dimensionality. Cronbach’s
alpha can be written as a function of the number of test items and the
average inter-correlation among the items.
Table 1 Reliability Analysis

Cronbach's Alpha N of Items

5.922 52

Friedman Test
The Friedman test is the non-parametric test for identifying the
differences between groups when the variable should be ordinal.
Nonparametric means the test doesn’t assume your data comes from a
particular distribution. It’s used in place of the ANOVA test when you
don’t know the distribution of your data.

Discussion
Based on various researchers, it is observed that safety managers have
the opportunity to influence and enhance the sense of safety and the
quality of the work environment. It is also been observed that a set of
recommendations and strategies is to be provide to contractors for
improving their safety performance. The most safety factors Proper
arrangement for regular collection and disposal of waste materials
Workers wearing full body safety equipment while working at heights
Scaffolds designed as per the load requirement. Flame cutting and
welding taking place with proper fire precautions. Proper flooring done
with adequate load bearing capacity.

Model for Effective Saftey Management

On the job site of every project, the project manager shall establish a
safety system to avoid any working accident. This work has four
aspects of job.

Establishment of Safety Organization

Each project needs a safety organization under the direct leadership of
project manager. The typical construction organization is described in
the figure below.

Safety Inputs Storage

The costs of ensuring safety are regarded as indirect cost. Some
contractors normalize that safety cost be divided into two parts: the
first part is withdrawn by the headquarter and used as accident
treatment fare, when there are more accidents happening, this part will
increase consistently. The second part is engaged by the project team
and used as accident treatment fare on the job site. In such case, the
project manager is obligated to take measures to avoid working
accidents to decrease the cost of the project.

Establishment of Safety Regulations

Worker must abide by the safety operation regulation of his work
species. So the management staff involved in an international project
must study laws and regulations that relate to safety construction and
labor protection and carry it out rigidly to avoid working accidents
happening. Every work aspect has its own safety regulation and special
requirements. Training to all labors in the job site is necessary. Through
training, workers on the site can get a complete knowledge of safety
requirements and safety technique of their work aspect and enhance
their ability of self-protection.
Establishment of Reward and Punishment Rules
During the construction of an international project, the working
accident will result in great economic loss. If all the employee are
concerned about the safety construction, a lot of money will be
economized. So it is helpful to develop the safety of construction that
reward the job team with excellent safety performance and records, at
the same time, the one with bad safety performance will be punished.
 CONCLUSIONS

Generally, the work environments in construction activities are more

hazardous, than other industries due to the use of heavy equipment,
dangerous tools, and hazardous materials, all of which increase the
potential for serious accidents and injuries. From the case studies and
also from the surveys taken from the engineers and contractors , the
result of various tests would analysis the level of safety .the basic levels
of safety is most important for all construction industries and the
factors which are associated with safety namely access roads suitable
for the movement of plants and vehicles ,first aid center at site, proper
arrangement for regular collection and disposal of waste material,
stacks protected from collapse , material protected from weather and
rain, proper arrangement for regular collection and disposal of waste
material, adequate water supply for sanitation workers, wearing
suitable hand gloves while handling rough object ,chemicals
etc...,employees given specialized training where needed first aid
center at site safety ,material displayed on the site everyone aware of
the content of safety policy competent safety professional available at
site. From that I conclude, the basic safety measures are needed for all
types of construction. From the case study, the result gives few safety
suggestions for any types of construction are awareness of workers,
commitment of top management and the allocation of safety materials.
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