PHY110Unit1Lecture 2 22648 RT

ENGINEERING PHYSICS-PHY 110
UNIT:1 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

1
LECTURE 2
Prof. Vipul Srivastava, DRD February 3, 2024

Zero Vector
C D
A zero vector is a vector when the magnitude of the vector is zero and
the starting point of the vector coincides with the terminal point. In
other words, for a vector
AB
the coordinates of the point A are the same as that of the point B then
the vector is said to be a zero vector and is denoted by 0.
This follows that the magnitude of the zero vector is zero and the
direction of such a vector is indeterminate.
February 3, 2024
Prof. Vipul Srivastava, DRD
3
The quantity which has only magnitude is called?
a) A scalar quantity
b) A vector quantity
c) A chemical quantity
d) A magnitude quantity
Answer: A

4
Force is a vector quantity. True or false?
a) True
b) False
Answer: A

5
The quantity which has magnitude and direction is called?
a) A scalar quantity
b) A vector quantity
c) A chemical quantity
d) A magnitude quantity
Answer: B

6
Magnitude of the null vector is
a) 1
b) 0
c) -1
d) 
Answer: B

7
Magnitude of the unit vector is
a) 1
b) 0
c) -1
d) 
Answer: A

8
Dot product of two identical vectors (A) is a
a) Zero
b) A2
Answer: B
February 3, 2024
9
Cross product of two identical vectors (A) is a
a) Zero
b) A2
Answer: A
February 3, 2024
10
Cross product of two vectors is a
a) Vector quantity
b) Scalar quantity
Answer: A
February 3, 2024
11
Dot product of two vectors is a
a) Vector quantity
b) Scalar quantity
Answer: B
February 3, 2024
12
If the vector is a function (r,,), which co-ordinate system is used
a) Rectangular
b) Cylindrical
c) Spherical
Answer: C

13
Which one is a scalar field
a) Electric field
b) Magnetic field
c) Gravitational field
d) Pressure field

14
Which one is a vector field
a) Electric field
b) Temperature field
c) Pressure field
d) Electric potential

VECTOR CALCULUS
15
 Introducing mathematical operations in vector

calculus for EM theory
 Study the rate of change of scalar and vector fields
Vector differential operator ()

-called Del or Nabla in
 Rectangular co-ordinate system (Cartesian )
 Cylindrical coordinate system
 Spherical polar coordinate system

1. DEL OPERATOR
16
In the Rectangular coordinate system
In the Cylindrical coordinate system
Refer T1: Mailk and Singh section

In the spherical polar coordinate system 10.3 figure 10.1 to see the definition
of (x,y,z), (s,,z) and (r,,)…Also
depicted in the next slide

r-projection = r Sin=  (r,)
x=s cos=  (s,) x=r-projection. Cos = r Sin Cos=  (r,,)
y=s sin=  (s,) y=r-projection.Sin = r Sin Sin=  (r,,)
z= z z= r Cos=  (r,)
17
 r
P(s,,z) r, ,

S,  and Z

2. GRADIENT
18
In the rectangular coordinate, the Gradient of a

Scalar function F(x,y,z)
Grad F(x,y,z)=
Cylindrical
coordinate system
Spherical coordinate
system

About Gradient of Scalar Field
19
 In a Scalar field, the maximum rate of change of

scalar function in space is known as gradient of
scalar field.
 Gradient is a vector quantity.
 Its direction is in which rate of change is maximum.
 Finally, Gradient is a differential operator by
means of which we can associate vector field with a
scalar field. Example: E=-gradV, where E (Vector
quantity) denotes intensity of Electric Field, V
(Scalar quantity) denotes Potential.
February 3, 2024
20
 If electric potential in a region of space is given by

V=5x-7x2y+8y2+16yz-5z volt, where distances
are measured in metre. what will be the intensity of
electric field intensity E. Calculate the y-component
of the field at point (2,4,-3)
February 3, 2024
Num-01
21
 We know that E=-grad V

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
 Since grad = (𝑖 +𝑗 +𝑘 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
 E=𝑖 + 𝑗 +𝑘 ……………………(1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
 V=5x-7x2y+8y2+16yz-5z
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
 Find , and
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
 Substitute values in Eq. (1)
 You will have E=-i(14xy-5)+j(7x2-16y-16z)+k(5-16y)
 Y-component of field is 7x2-16y-16z
 At point (2,4,-3), its value is given by
 Ey=12 volt/metre Prof. Vipul Srivastava February 3, 2024
Num-02
22
 If r is the position vector of a point then evaluate (a)

grad r and (b) grad (1/r)
 ??
February 3, 2024
23
 We know r=ix+jy+kz then r=(x2+y2+z2)1/2

 Find grad (r)
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
 Grad (r) = (𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘 )(x2+y2+z2)1/2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
 -
 -
 -
 grad r = r/r
 Similarly grad (1/r) = -r/r3 or –rcap/r2
February 3, 2024
2. GRADIENT; directional derivative
24
dF is variation in F for a small

change x, y and z
And is nothing but the dot

product of F with
i.e….dF=
So maximum when =0; i.e when spatial change is in the direction of the vector F
so…its gives an idea about the direction along which maximum

change in the scalar function (F) occurs- and that will be in the
direction of the vector
Gradient of Scalar Field
25

26
Which is/are correct statement(s)regarding the gradient of a

scalar function (F),
a) Maximum change in the scalar function (F) is along

b) It is a vector quantity
c) Both a and b
d) None of the above

3 DIVERGENCE
27
In the rectangular coordinate system, Divergence of the vector,
results in
𝐴 = 𝑖 𝐴𝑥 + 𝑗 𝐴𝑦 + 𝑘 𝐴𝑧
) 𝑖𝐴𝑥 + 𝑗𝐴𝑦 + 𝑘𝐴𝑧
Vectors and with an  between

them
 A

3 DIVERGENCE
28
Cylindrical
coordinate system
Spherical
coordinate system
Outward normal flux of vector field from a closed surface is
Solenoidal if the divergence of the vector is zero..
What if the Divergence is ±x? Source ? Sink? Think about

it…
3 DIVERGENCE, source, sink or
solenoidal
29
source sink
solenoidal
30
If the divergence of the vector is zero i.e . Then

that vector is called
a) Solenoidal vector
b) Rotational Vector
c) Null vector
d) Unit vector

About Divergence of Vector Field
31
 The divergence of a vector field at any point is defined as the flux

per unit volume diverging from the point.
 Example: if V represent the velocity of a fluid (liquid or gas) then
div V gives the rate of flow of the fluid at that point per unit
volume.
 Divergence is a scalar.
 Divergence can be Positive, Negative and Zero
 Positive means fluid is undergoing expansion (source is present)
 Negative means fluid is undergoing contraction (density is rising)
(Sink is present)
 Zero means fluid entering and leaving the element is the same
(there is no change in the density or fluid is incompressible)
February 3, 2024
(Solenoidal) Prof. Vipul Srivastava, DRD
Num-01
32
 Find the divergance of vector A at a point (1,-1,1)

when A= x2zi-2y3z2j+xy2zk
February 3, 2024
33
 We know that Div A =

 =
𝜕(x2z) 𝜕(−2y3z2) 𝜕(xy2)

 =( + + )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
 =2xz-6y2z2+xy2
 At point (1,-1,1)

=-3
February 3, 2024
Num -02
34
 If r is the position vector of a point then find div r
February 3, 2024
Num-03
35
 Find the value of constant ‘c’ for which the vector A

is Solenoidal. A= i(x+3y)+j(y-2z)+k(x+cz)
February 3, 2024
Curl of a vector
36
Rectangular coordinate system (x,y,z)
Curl of a vector is a vector quantity--- as it has both magnitude and

direction, and
 is a rotational vector
 Its magnitude is the maximum circulation per unit area
 Its direction is normal to the area that make circulation maximum..
Right hand rule
It is not possible to have the curl of a scalar quantity

Curl of a vector
37
Cylindrical coordinate system (s,,z)
Spherical polar coordinate system (r,,)
If , we can say that vector A is irrotational or

conservative vector field
If , then vector A is rotational vector and cross product

gives the vorticity of the vector field A.. Not a conservative vector
field
About Curl of Vector Field
38
 General meaning of curl is rotation

 Curl A is Zero means that no rotation is attached with vector A
and if curl A is non-zero, it means that rotation is attached with
vector
 Let frictionless paddle be placed in the path of liquid flow. If
we assume that all the liquid layers are moving with the same
velocity(hypothetical case), the paddle will not rotate(curl
V=0). If we assume that all the liquid layers are moving with
the different velocities (actual case) then paddle will rotate. So
rotation is due to non-zero value of the curl of velocity vector.
Prof. Vipul Srivastava-DRD February 3, 2024

Num -01
39
 If A=2xi-2yj+3zk then find curl A

40
 A=2xi-2yj+3zk
 Ax=2x; Ay=-2y; Az=3z
 OR use determinant form

 A=0

41

42
Which is the correct statement for the ‘Curl of a vector’ ?
a) Curl of a vector is a vector quantity.

b) Curl of a vector is a rotational vector
c) Curl of a vector is normal to the area that make circulation
maximum.
d) It is not possible to have the curl of a scalar quantity.
e) All of the above
f) None of the above

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ENGINEERING PHYSICS-PHY 110

UNIT:1 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

Prof. Vipul Srivastava, DRD February 3, 2024

The quantity which has only magnitude is called?

Prof. Vipul Srivastava, DRD February 3, 2024

Force is a vector quantity. True or false?

Prof. Vipul Srivastava, DRD February 3, 2024

The quantity which has magnitude and direction is called?

Prof. Vipul Srivastava, DRD February 3, 2024

Magnitude of the null vector is

Prof. Vipul Srivastava, DRD February 3, 2024

Magnitude of the unit vector is

Prof. Vipul Srivastava, DRD February 3, 2024

Dot product of two identical vectors (A) is a

Cross product of two identical vectors (A) is a

Cross product of two vectors is a

Dot product of two vectors is a

If the vector is a function (r,,), which co-ordinate system is used

Prof. Vipul Srivastava, DRD February 3, 2024

Which one is a scalar field

Prof. Vipul Srivastava, DRD February 3, 2024

Which one is a vector field

Prof. Vipul Srivastava, DRD February 3, 2024

 Introducing mathematical operations in vector

Vector differential operator ()

Prof. Vipul Srivastava, DRD February 3, 2024

In the Rectangular coordinate system

In the Cylindrical coordinate system

Refer T1: Mailk and Singh section

Prof. Vipul Srivastava, DRD February 3, 2024

Prof. Vipul Srivastava, DRD February 3, 2024

In the rectangular coordinate, the Gradient of a

Prof. Vipul Srivastava, DRD February 3, 2024

 In a Scalar field, the maximum rate of change of

 If electric potential in a region of space is given by

 We know that E=-grad V

 If r is the position vector of a point then evaluate (a)

 We know r=ix+jy+kz then r=(x2+y2+z2)1/2

dF is variation in F for a small

And is nothing but the dot

so…its gives an idea about the direction along which maximum

Prof. Vipul Srivastava, DRD February 3, 2024

Which is/are correct statement(s)regarding the gradient of a

a) Maximum change in the scalar function (F) is along

Prof. Vipul Srivastava, DRD February 3, 2024

In the rectangular coordinate system, Divergence of the vector,

) 𝑖𝐴𝑥 + 𝑗𝐴𝑦 + 𝑘𝐴𝑧

Vectors and with an  between

Prof. Vipul Srivastava, DRD February 3, 2024

What if the Divergence is ±x? Source ? Sink? Think about

If the divergence of the vector is zero i.e . Then

Prof. Vipul Srivastava, DRD February 3, 2024

 The divergence of a vector field at any point is defined as the flux

 Find the divergance of vector A at a point (1,-1,1)

 We know that Div A =

𝜕(x2z) 𝜕(−2y3z2) 𝜕(xy2)

 If r is the position vector of a point then find div r

 Find the value of constant ‘c’ for which the vector A

Rectangular coordinate system (x,y,z)

Curl of a vector is a vector quantity--- as it has both magnitude and

Prof. Vipul Srivastava, DRD February 3, 2024

Cylindrical coordinate system (s,,z)

Spherical polar coordinate system (r,,)

If , we can say that vector A is irrotational or