Introduction to ASA, Asset Sensing & Analytic

BY

LEE WAI MENG

ELECTRICAL PE/LEW (400KV GRADE)

1
 Type of Electrical assets

Switchgear Cable
• Air Insulated • Metallic screen, XLPE
• Gas Insulated • Metallic screen, EPR
• Solid Insulated

Transformer Rotating Machine

• Dry type • Squirrel Cage Motor
• Oil type • Slip Ring Motor
• SF6 Type • Synchronous Motor
• Generators

2
 Non-electrical Method of PD detection

• Ultrasound

• Infra-Red Thermography

• Dissolved Gas Analysis of

transformer oil
• SF6 Gas Measurement of GIS
• Video Scope Inspection

3
 Ultrasound

• Sound waves beyond the hearing range of the human ear.

• Range of human ear (20Hz to 5000Hz).

• Airborne Ultrasound Waves

 Through air, 40kHz
 Through SF6, 90kHz
 Through oil, 150kHz

4
 Block Diagram of Ultrasonic equipment

AMPLIFIER FREQUENCY SHIFT

ULTRASOUND µV mV
piezoelectric HEADPHONE
40kHz Heterodyning
transducer

• Conversion of sound to electricity via piezo electric effect

• Sound impinge onto a quartz and develops a small voltage
• Require line of sight to the source of the ultrasound

5
Acoustic Camera (See the Sound)

6
Infrared Thermography (See the Hot Spot)

• Require line of sight

for measurement and
so unable to measure
if there is a protective
panel to the electrical
assets.

7
 Dissolved Gas Analysis of Transformer Oil

• Similar to blood test of human body

• Taking an oil sample from the transformer
• Able to be done without de-energization of the transformer
• Traditional method is to send oil sample to laboratory and wait
for days for the results
• Now possible to do on-site and have results within the same day
of site measurement

8
 Physical Properties Of Gases Measured

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
GASES
Molar Mass (g/mol) Combustion
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Hydrogen (H2) 2 Flammable
44 Methane (CH4) 16 Flammable
Non-Oxygen
Flammable
(O2) 16 Non- Flammable
Acetylene (C2H2) 26 Flammable
Ethylene (C2H4) 28 Flammable
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 28 Flammable
Nitrogen (N2) 28 Non- Flammable
Ethane (C2H6) 30 Flammable
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 44 Non- Flammable

9
 SF6 Gas Measurement

• Sulphur Hexa-floride (SF6): Colourless, Odorless, Non-Toxic

Concentration
Substance
IEC-60480 (2019)
Used SF6
Purity of SF6 > 97% Volume

H2O < 200 ppm by Volume

Decomposition
12ppm by volume for Sulphur dioxide
products

On Site SF6 Gas Analyzer

10
Video Borescope Inspection

11
Electrical Method of PD Detection

12
 Electrical Method of PD detection

Online PD
• Transient Earth Voltage
• HF CT (3 to 30 MHz)
• VHF CT (30 to 300 MHz)
• UHF CT (300 to 3000 MHz)
• UHF Capacitor
• UHF Antenna
• RTD as PD sensor
• VDS as PD sensor
RTD :Resistance Temperature Detector
VDS :Voltage Detection System of Capacitive type to IEC 61243-5 (1997)

13
 Transient Earth Voltage (TEV) Sensor

• TEV = Transient Earth Voltage

• Capacitive couplers placed at external metal surface of electrical

equipment using a magnet

• Frequency = 3 to 100 MHz

TEV sensor

• Sensitivity = 110 mV per Volt

1 Volt of TEV will be 110mV output from the TEV sensor

14
 The Flow of TEV Signal

TEV sensor

Partial Discharge at
the Insulating support
HIGH VOLTAGE CONDUCTOR

TEV sensors TEV signal via skin effect

PD DETECTOR

1
• The skin depth is inversely proportional to √𝑓
(Where f is the frequency of TEV signal)
• The skin depth of mild steel at 50 MHz is 1µm

15
 High Frequency Current Transformer (HFCT) Sensor

• HFCT = High Frequency Current Transformer

• Does not respond to 50Hz current

• Frequency range of 100kHz to 30MHz

• Soft ferrite material for the core Split core type HFCT sensor

• Split core construction to allow easy connection to ground cable

16
 Connection of HFCT Sensor
PD Current pulse in metallic screen

PD current PD current
Pulse Pulse

Defect in cable insulation

Conductor

Cable Metallic Screen

HFCT HFCT
sensor sensor
PD DETECTOR PD DETECTOR

• The PD current will travel towards both ends of cable via the metallic screen of the cable.
There will be attenuation and change in frequency content of the PD current.
• The higher frequency component of PD current will attenuate more than lower frequency
component.

17
 Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) Sensor

Inductive type Capacitive type Inductive type Antenna type

UHF Sensor UHF Sensor UHF Sensor UHF Sensor

• UHF = Ultra High Frequency

• Frequency range : 300 MHz to 3,000 MHz
• To detect PD fault that are closer to the sensor location.
• UHF sensor is commonly used to detect PD at cable termination.

18
 Connection of Capacitive & Inductive UHF Sensor

PD Current pulse in metallic screen

PD current PD current
Pulse Pulse

Conductor

Cable Metallic Screen

UHF Inductive UHF Capacitive

sensor sensor

PD DETECTOR PD DETECTOR

• PD current is high frequency and will seek to flow into capacitor, which offers path of lower
resistance.
• Xc = 1/2𝜋𝑓𝑐 and when f is large, the value of Xc will be small.

19
 Connection Points of UHF Sensor

• To detect PD that are closer to the sensor location

• The UHF sensors are connected to the earth braid of the cable
termination
• The UHF sensor will detect PD at the cable termination, which are
common defects

20
 Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) as Embedded PD Sensor
• RTD = Resistance Temperature Detector

• Temperature sensor that contain resistor that change resistance value as

temperature changes

• Act as antenna type PD Sensor to detect defects in stator winding

Resistant Temperature Detector

Terminal Box

21
Connection Diagram: Existing RTD as Embedded PD Sensor

22
 Voltage Detection System (VDS) as Embedded PD Sensor

• Devices used to detect the presence or absence of operating voltage.

• Act as antenna type PD Sensor to detect defects at the cable termination

23
Connection Diagram: VDS as Embedded PD Sensor

24
Online PD Measurement Using VDS as Embedded PD Sensor

LRM

Quadripole

MPD

ABB GIS

25
 Case Study 1
DUT :22kV GIS, (6 Panels)
PD sensor :Airborne Ultrasonic sensor

TIMELINES OF ONLINE PD MEASUREMENT

03 March 2022 : PD activity was detected using airborne ultrasound sensors at back panel
between Bus Coupler and Bus section panel.

09 March 2023 : Shut down maintenance was done.

Surface discharge was found at Plug-in type busbar connectors between
bus coupler and bus riser. Replacement was carried out on 09 March
2023.

11 March 2023 : No abnormal ultrasound was detected after replacing the busbar
connectors

26
 Case Study 1

DEVICE UNDER PD TEST

27
 Case Study 1
DUT :22kV GIS (6 Panels)
PD sensor :Airborne Ultrasonic sensor
PRPD Analysis using Ultrasonic Sensor

28
 Case Study 1
DUT :22kV GIS, (6 Panels)
PD sensor :Airborne Ultrasonic sensor
PRPD Analysis using Ultrasonic Sensor

29
 Case Study 1
SURFACE DISCHARGE AT PLUG IN TYPE BUSBAR CONNECTORS

30
 Case Study 1
SURFACE DISCHARGE AT PLUG IN TYPE BUSBAR CONNECTORS

31
 Case Study 1
ULTRASOUND ANALYSIS IN PRPD MODE

03 March 2022: 11 March 2023:

Abnormal Ultrasound and PD detected in PRPD plot No abnormal ultrasound and PD detected after replacing
of Plug-in type busbar connectors

32
 Case Study 1
ULTRASOUND ANALYSIS IN PRPD MODE

03 March 2022: 11 March 2023:

Abnormal Ultrasound and PD detected in PRPD plot No abnormal ultrasound detected after replacing of
Plug-in type busbar connectors

33
 Case Study 2
DUT :22kV GIS (15 panels)
PD sensor :Infrared Thermal scanning, Airborne Ultrasonic sensor, TEV Sensor, HFCT sensor.

TIMELINES OF ONLINE PD MEASUREMENT

29 November : PD activity was detected at 22kV cable termination of T4 Feeder at GIS

2022 (0900 Hrs) switchgear using multiple PD sensor and Infra-Red thermal scanning.

29 November : The circuit was shut down on the same day after PD detection. PD was
2022 (2000 Hrs) found at 22kV cable termination of T4 Feeder . Replacement of cable
termination was done.

30 November : Online PD re-measurement was done after replacement of cable

2022 termination. No PD activity found.

34
 Case Study 2

DEVICE UNDER PD TEST

PD detected

35
 Case Study 2
DEVICE UNDER PD TEST

36
 Case Study 2
Infra-Red Thermal Analysis

Thermal Abnormalities detected at phase L2 of Feeder T4

37
 Case Study 2
PRPD Analysis using Ultrasonic Sensor

38
 Case Study 2
PRPD Analysis using HFCT sensor

PD Detected and amplitude maxed out at Feeder T4.

39
 Case Study 2
PRPD analysis using TEV Sensor

PD detected and amplitude maxed out at Feeder T4.

40
 Case Study 2

PD Defects at the cable termination of Feeder T4

41
 Case Study 2

PD Defects at the cable termination of Feeder T4

42
 Case Study 2

PD Defects at the cable termination of Feeder T4

43
 Case Study 2
COMPARISON OF ULTRASOUND
(BEFORE AND AFTER CABLE TERMINATION REPLACEMENT)

29 November 2022: 30 November 2022

Abnormal Ultrasound and PD detected in No abnormal ultrasound and PD detected after replacement
PRPD plot of able termination

21 dBµV -5 dBµV

44
 Case Study 2
COMPARISON OF TEV
(BEFORE AND AFTER CABLE TERMINATION REPLACEMENT)
29 November 2022: 30 November 2022:
PD detected No PD detected after replacement of cable termination

3dBmV, 0ppc
60dBmV, 4.39ppc

45
 Case Study 2
COMPARISON OF HFCT
(BEFORE AND AFTER CABLE TERMINATION REPLACEMENT)

30 November 2022:
29 November 2022: PD detected No PD detected after replacement of cable termination

46
 Case Study 2
COMPARISON OF INFRA-RED THERMAL
(BEFORE AND AFTER CABLE TERMINATION REPLACEMENT)

29 November 2022: 30 November 2022:

Thermal Abnormality detected Thermal Abnormality detected after replacement of cable
termination

47
 Case Study 3
DUT: 22kV GIS (8 Panels)
PD sensor: Airborne Ultrasonic sensor, TEV Sensor, Infra-red Thermal Scan

TIMELINES OF ONLINE PD MEASUREMENT

24 May 2022: PD activity was detected using airborne ultrasound sensors, Infra-red
Thermal scanning and TEV sensor at back panel of PG Incoming 1.

15 June 2022: Shut down maintenance was done. Visible Surface discharge was found.
Cable Terminations were Replaced.

15 June 2022: No abnormalities were detected after replacement of the cable

terminations.

48
 Case Study 3

DEVICE UNDER PD TEST

49
 Case Study 3
Infra-Red Thermal Analysis

50
 Case Study 3
PRPD Analysis using Ultrasonic Sensor

51
 Case Study 3
PRPD Analysis using Ultrasonic Sensor

52
 Case Study 3
PRPD Analysis using TEV sensor

53
 Case Study 3
VISIBLE SURFACE DISCHARGE AT THE CABLE TERMINATION

54
 Case Study 3
VISIBLE SURFACE DISCHARGE AT THE CABLE TERMINATION

55
 Case Study 3
COMPARISON OF ULTRASOUND
(BEFORE AND AFTER CABLE TERMINATION REPLACEMENT)

24 May 2022: 15 June 2022:

Abnormal Ultrasound and PD detected in No abnormal ultrasound and PD detected after replacement
PRPD plot of cable terminations

56
 Case Study 3
COMPARISON OF ULTRASOUND
(BEFORE AND AFTER CABLE TERMINATION REPLACEMENT)

24 May 2022: 15 June 2022:

Abnormal Ultrasound and PD detected in No abnormal ultrasound and PD detected after replacement
PRPD plot of cable terminations

57
 Case Study 3
COMPARISON OF TEV
(BEFORE AND AFTER CABLE TERMINATION REPLACEMENT)
24 May 2022: 15 June 2022:
PD detected using TEV sensor No PD detected using TEV sensor
after replacement of cable terminations

58
 Case Study 3
COMPARISON OF INFRA-RED THERMAL
(BEFORE AND AFTER CABLE TERMINATION REPLACEMENT)

15 June 2022:
24 May 2022:
No Thermal Abnormalities detected by Infra-red Thermal scan
Thermal Abnormalities detected by Infra-red Thermal
after replacement of cable terminations
scan

59
 Case Study 4
DUT: 2MVA, 22kV/433V Dry type transformer
PD sensor: Airborne Ultrasonic sensor, TEV Sensor, RF Antenna

TIMELINES OF ONLINE PD MEASUREMENT

27 August 2021: PD activity was detected at LHS of 22kV GIS switchgear during routine
annual PD measurement and comprehensive PD investigation was done.
Detected PD comes from Transformer End.

04 September 2021: The transformer was de-energized to inspect. Earth wire touching to
transformer winding and electrical treeing at the surface of HV coil.
Rectified the PD activity and energized the transformer.

04 September 2021: Online PD re-measurement was done after rectification of problem.

No PD activity found.

60
 Case Study 4
DUT: 2MVA, 22kV/433V Dry type transformer
PD sensor: Airborne Ultrasonic sensor, TEV Sensor, RF Antenna

DEVICE UNDER PD TEST

PD detected

61
 Case Study 4
PRPD Analysis using Ultrasonic Sensor

62
 Case Study 4
PRPD Analysis using TEV Sensor

63
 Case Study 4
PRPD Analysis using RFI Antenna

64
Case Study 4

65
Case Study 4

66
 Case Study 4
COMPARISON OF ULTRASOUND
(BEFORE AND AFTER RECTIFICATION)

27 August 2021 04 September 2021

Abnormal Ultrasound and PD detected in No abnormal ultrasound detected after rectification
PRPD plot

67
 Case Study 4
COMPARISON OF TEV
(BEFORE AND AFTER RECTIFICATION)

27 August 2021 04 September 2021

PD detected No PD detected after rectification.

68
 Case Study 4
COMPARISON OF RF ANTENNA
(BEFORE AND AFTER RECTIFICATION)

27 August 2021 04 September 2021

PD detected No PD detected after rectification.

69
 Case Study 5
DUT: 22kV GIS (HVSB-R2)
PD sensor: TEV Sensor, HFCT Sensor, Infra-red Thermal Scan

TIMELINES OF ONLINE PD MEASUREMENT

09 January 2024: PD activity was detected at TX6 Feeder of 22kV GIS switchgear during
routine annual PD measurement and comprehensive PD investigation was
done. Detected PD comes from HT cable Termination of Phase L2 of TX6
Feeder

06 February 2024: TX6 feeder was de-energized. The cable termination of Phase L2 was
observed with oxidation. kits was replace and the cable lug was
cleaned.

06 February 2024: Online PD re-measurement was done after rectification of problem.

No PD activity found.

70
 Case Study 5
DUT: 22kV GIS (HVSB-R2)
PD sensor: TEV Sensor, HFCT Sensor, Infra-red Thermal Scan

DEVICE UNDER PD TEST

PD detected

71
 Case Study 5
PRPD Analysis using TEV Sensor

72
 Case Study 5
PRPD Analysis using HFCT Sensor

73
 Case Study 5
Infra-Red Thermal Analysis

74
Case Study 5

75
 Case Study 5
COMPARISON OF TEV
(BEFORE AND AFTER RECTIFICATION)

09 January 2024 06 February 2024

PD detected No PD detected after rectification.

76
 Case Study 5
COMPARISON OF HFCT
(BEFORE AND AFTER RECTIFICATION)

09 January 2024 06 February 2024

PD detected No PD detected after rectification.

77
 Case Study 5
COMPARISON OF INFRA-RED THERMAL
(BEFORE AND AFTER RECTIFICATION)

09 January 2024 06 February 2024

Thermal Abnormalities detected by Infra-red No Thermal Abnormalities detected by Infra-red Thermal
Thermal scan scan after replacement of cable terminations

78
THANK YOU

79