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SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY

A PROJECT REPORT ON

“Design and Development of Atmospheric


Water Generator”

By

Mr.Sanket Bhoite Mr .Rohit Jadhav


[B190600814] [B190600829]

Guide

Prof. Anantharama

Department of Mechanical Engineering


Dhole Patil College of Engineering, Wagholi,
Pune- 412207
2022-2023
Dhole Patil College of Engineering,
Wagholi, Pune- 412207

This is to certify that


Mr.Rohit Jadhav [B190600829]
Mr. Sanket Bhoite [B190600814]
have successfully completed the Project Stage II entitled “Design And Development
of Atmospheric Water Generator.” under my supervision, in the partial fulfillment of
Bachelor of engineering – Mechanical engineering of Savitribai Phule Pune
University.

Date:
Place:

Prof.
Guide External Examiner

Prof.
HOD Principal

Seal
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude and deep regards to our
guide Prof. Anantharama who gave us the golden opportunity to pursue this
dissertation entitled “Atmospheric Water Generator”. We have tried our best in this
dissertation; however he provided an exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant
encouragement throughout the course. Our deepest sense of gratitude to God, who guided
and gave us the strength and abilities to complete this project work successfully.
We would also like to thank Prof. Vikram.V.Avhad B.E. Project Coordinator, for
allowing us to undertake this project and provide necessary help.
We are also extremely grateful to Prof. Dr. B. M. Shinde, HoD Mechanical
Engineering Department for the technical guidance. I also thank Principal Prof. Dr.
Nihar Walimbe for motivation to do this work.
We would like to take this opportunity to express our gratitude and sincere
appreciation to all those who gave us the possibility to complete this report. This work is
also the outcome of the blessing guidance and support of our parents, friends and all
family members

1. Mr.Sanket Dnyaneshwar Bhoite


2. Mr. Rohit Pravin Jadhav
ABSTRACT

Affordable access to potable water is a global issue, as approximately 844 million


people around the world lack access to clean water. Atmospheric water generation can
address this issue by generating potable water from the water vapor present in air.
One technology to be utilized for atmospheric water generation is the vapor
compression cycle (VCC), which generates water from ambient air by cycling a
refrigerant to create a cold surface on which water vapor will condense.
The parameters for condensation are dependent upon environmental constraints,
including temperature and humidity of the ambient air. The scope of this project is to
design and build a prototype VCC capable of delivering 500cc of liquid water from
ambient air per hour. To do this, the system was first simulated using the relevant
thermodynamic and heat transfer phenomena in the VCC to determine the design
parameters.

The simulation results dictated the purchasing of various components and


assembling of hardware to achieve the aforementioned goal of 500cc/hour as a proof
of concept for further future research into adaptation for large scale ecological
applications, such as hydroponic greenhouses. With successful water generation in
low humidity ambient Worcester conditions, the VCC will be extremely efficacious in
supplying potable water to a community when integrated in a constantly humid
hydroponic greenhouse.

Keywords :
 Clean water
 Dehumidification
 Condensation
 VCC (vapor compression cycle)
 Heat transfer
Design And Development Of Atmospheric Water Generator

INDEX

NO. Name Of Content Page no.

1. Title Sheet I
2. Certificate (Institution) II
3. Acknowledgement III
4. Abstract of the Project IV
5. List of figures 2
6. Nomenclature 3
7. Introduction 4
8. Problem Statement 9
9. Objective 9
10. Scope 10
11. Literature Survey / Theory 11
12. Methodology 14
13. Design and modelling 17
14. Calculations 19
15. Design constraints 21
16. Parts figures 23
17. Advantages and disadvantages 28
18. Result 30
19. Summary 32
20 References 34

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Design And Development Of Atmospheric Water Generator

List of Figures

NO Figure Name Page No

1 Vapor Compression Cycle 8

2 Atmospheric Water Generator 16

3 Rough/Proposed model 18

4 Whether Data 19

5 Condenser 23

6 Capillary tube 23

7 Compressor 24

8 Evaporator 24

9 Fan and motor 25

10 Temperature control module 25

11 Fan 26

12 12V Adapter 26

13 Whole Model 27

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Design And Development Of Atmospheric Water Generator

NOMENCLATURE

RH = Relative humidity

T = DBT(Dry Bulb Temperature)

Tdp = Dew point temperature

Pw = partial pressure of water vapour

Pa = Atmospheric pressure

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Design And Development Of Atmospheric Water Generator

Chapter 1
Introduction

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Design And Development Of Atmospheric Water Generator

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
A growing number of the world’s population lack access to clean water. About
844 million people lack access to safe water, a large proportion coming from
underdeveloped African countries (“Water Crisis,” n.d.). Those with access to water
in these countries often have to walk several hours each day to collect clean water.
Even developed nations struggle with access to safe water. For example, about 75
percent of Mexico’s population drinks packaged water, and in the United States and
China, over 10 billion gallons of bottled water are consumed every year as a result
of increasing population coupled with climate change and pollution issues (Illsley,
2016). Consequently, the world demand for water treatment products is increasing
about seven percent annually (“World Water Treatment,” n.d.).

A common process used to generate clean water is desalination, although


desalination processes for water treatment are energy intensive and are not
economically suitable for areas of the world in need of clean water. Two widespread
methods for desalination include membrane filtration and distillation. Reverse
osmosis and nanofiltration desalination require pressures up to 1,000 psig as driving
forces for the membrane filtration system, while distillation requires an abundant
amount of heat to evapourate and condense the water for mineral separation
(Cordova, Furukawa, O’Keeffe and Yaghi, 2013).

Along with being extremely costly, these processes pose a threat to the
environment and result in a waste solution that requires disposal. These water
purification methods also require access to a local body of water, which may not be
available. Atmospheric water generation using dehumidification technology is an
alternative to high energy desalination systems. These systems could be used to
generate potable water in any location with an external power source or renewable
energy resources.

Dehumidification systems would also be extremely effective when used in


greenhouses due to their high humidity levels. In fact, the long term scope of the
work done in this project, incorporated with the work done at collaborating
universities (Texas A&M and University of Illinois), will culminate into a
greenhouse hydroponic system, where the water source is our scaled VCC.

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Design And Development Of Atmospheric Water Generator

As shown in Figure 1 below, the vapour compression cycle will feed potable water from
the greenhouse air to consumers in a community. From there, the wastewater will be
treated and sent back to provide nutrients to a hydroponic greenhouse, which will also
provide food for the community. The project goal isn’t solely about atmospheric water
generation, but a holistic and fully integrated approach to delivering food, water, and energy in an
environmentally conscious and clean way.

I. Need Of Invention: Atmospheric water generation (AWG) uses technology to


produce potable water from surrounding air. This provides the potential to
expand water availability during shortages, contamination events, and other
issues that can interrupt drinking water services. Natural disasters, such as
hurricanes, and public water infrastructure failures, such as pipe corrosion
resulting in contamination issues, have increased the interest in AWG
technology as both emergency and long-term supply solutions.

II. Dehumidification Basic: The process in which the moisture or water vapour or
the humidity is removed from the air keeping its dry bulb (DB) temperature
constant is called as the dehumidification process. This process is represented
by a straight vertical line onthe psychrometric chart starting from the initial
value of relative humidity, extendingdownwards and ending at the final value
of the relative humidity. Like the pure humidification process, in actual practice
the pure dehumidification process is not possible, since the dehumidification is
always accompanied by cooling or heating of the air. Dehumidification process
along with cooling or heating is used in number of air conditioning applications.
Let us see how these processes are obtained and how they are represented on the
psychrometric chart.

III. Vapour Compression Cycle: The Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle


involves four components: compressor, condenser, expansion valve/throttle
valve and evaporator. It is a compression process, whose aim is to raise the
refrigerant pressure, as it flows from an evaporator. The high-pressure
refrigerant flows through a condenser/heat exchanger before attaining the initial
low pressure and going back to the evaporator. A more detailed explanation of
the steps is as explained below.

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Design And Development Of Atmospheric Water Generator

Step 1: Compression
The refrigerant (for example R-717) enters the compressor at low
temperature and low pressure. It is in a gaseous state. Here, compression
takes place to raise the temperature and refrigerant pressure. The
refrigerant leaves the compressor and enters to the condenser. Since this
process requires work, an electric motor may be used. Compressors
themselves can be scroll, screw, centrifugal or reciprocating types.

Step 2: Condensation
The condenser is essentially a heat exchanger. Heat is transferred from
the refrigerant to a flow of water. This water goes to a cooling tower for
cooling in the case of water-cooled condensation. Note that seawater and
air-cooling methods may also play this role. As the refrigerant flows through
the condenser, it is in a constant pressure. One cannot afford to ignore
condenser safety and performance. Specifically, pressure control is
paramount for safety and efficiency reasons.

Step 3: Throttling and Expansion


When the refrigerant enters the throttling valve, it expands and
releases pressure. Consequently, the temperature drops at this stage.
Because of these changes, the refrigerant leaves the throttle valve as a liquid
vapour mixture, typically in proportions of around 75 % and 25 %
respectively. Throttling valves play two crucial roles in the vapour
compression cycle. First, they maintain a pressure differential between low-
and high-pressure sides. Second, they control the amount of liquid
refrigerant entering the evaporator

Step 4: Evapouration
At this stage of the Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle, the refrigerant
is at a lower temperature than its surroundings. Therefore, it evapourates
and absorbs latent heat of vapourization. Heat extraction from the
refrigerant happens at low pressure and temperature.

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Design And Development Of Atmospheric Water Generator

Compressor suction effect helps maintain the low pressure. There are different
evaporator versions in the market, but the major classifications are liquid cooling
and air cooling, depending whether they cool liquid or air respectively,

Fig.1 Vapour Compression Cycle

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Design And Development Of Atmospheric Water Generator

1.1 Problem Statement:

 Design and develop a prototype system for removing clean (portable) drinking
water from airusing a wind turbine.Use a wind turbine to generate electricity;
use electricity to cool air (orincrease pressure) resulting in condensation of
water; capture water vapour from air thatcondenses into water. Self-contained
system (no external connections required). Basic humanneed (especially
valuable for remote areas).”

 Atmospheric water generators already exist as products on the market; thus


there is a need for this design to differentiate itself, through some innovationor
better utility in order to justify the expenditure of time and money on this
project.

 To design and prototype asystem for obtaining clean drinking water from air,
focusing onimprovements in the energy requirement with the end goal of
powering the device withrenewable energy

1.2 Objectives:

 The major objective of our project is to provide safe and clean Drinking water to
those areas which are facing water shortage problems or where water
transportation through regular means is expensive (especially rural areas).

 The major aim or objective of our project is to provide safe and clean drinking
water to those areas which are facing water shortage problems or where water
transportation through regular means is expensive (especially rural areas).

 Dehumidification in a cost effective machine which can be used as a household


device

 More energy efficient process of extraction of water from atmosphere using


dehumidification and also purifying the water to a more consumable quality.

 Creating a miniature design of a dehumidifier from an air conditioning unit.

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Design And Development Of Atmospheric Water Generator

1.3 Scope:

 Finally, a major reason to implement an atmospheric water generator is for


emergency and medical purposes. Having one of these units handy during
recovery efforts can help source drinkable water for families, store supplies,
medicine and blood, alongside other necessities.

 Whether you are living in a remote area, or your job is taking you to a place
where living conditions are less than favourable, we’ve got you covered when
it comes to clean drinking water!

 Industries which require travel, such as the military, can use an atmospheric
water generator to create water when resources run low. Setting up camp in a
desert, or a region where there is little safe drinking water is much simpler
when you have a device like ours to continuously supply hydration.

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Design And Development Of Atmospheric Water Generator

Chapter 2
Literature Survey

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Design And Development Of Atmospheric Water Generator

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW:
Shweta,P.Nerlekar (January 2017) "Have considered that refrigeration strategy
having higher profitability when relative moistness is high and drying up
technique can improve the efficiency of model when relative dampness is low.
In the underlying stage we have effectively gotten one to two liters of water in 1
hour with relative mugginess of 70%.Within this period, it expended 1 kilowatt-
long stretches of vitality per liter of water produced utilizing refrigeration
process. Our point would extricate moistness from the air and after that cleaning
it into the most noteworthy quality drinking water by sending the gathered
buildup through a progression of ultra-amazing channels that slaughters all
germs, microscopic organisms and infections that could be available in the
water. The final product is the cleanest, most flawless water. The water is totally
unadulterated, sheltered and clean, just as extraordinary tasting.

Kabeela et.al. (2014) In his paper "Sun powered based climatic water generator
use of a new water recuperation: A numerical report" has done thermodynamic
investigation for a Peltier gadget which is utilized to build up a gadget that
utilizes the standard of dormant warmth to change over atoms of water vapour
into water beads called the Atmospheric Water Generator. It has been presented
a bit previously, however it isn't normal in India and some different nations. It
has an incredible application remaining on such period of innovation where we
as a whole are running behind sustainable sources. Here, the objective is to get
that particular temperature, called the dew point temperature, for all intents and
purposes or tentatively to consolidate water from barometrical muggy air with
the assistance of thermoelectric Peltier (TEC) couple.

Niewenhuis et.al., (2012), They have said that it is conceivable to pack sticky
air so much that it will begin consolidating at the surrounding temperature itself.
As weight expands the dew point rises; in this way, enough pressure will
constrain the dew point over the encompassing temperature bringing about
unconstrained buildup we saw that despite the fact that dehumidification by fluid
desiccant technique is new and have a ton of potential hypothetically however
when the analysts made a model and tried it the outcomes were not acceptable.
The gadget could deliver just 72.1 mL of water per kWhr

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Design And Development Of Atmospheric Water Generator

Anbarasu and Pavithra (2011), we construe that despite the fact that dehumidifying unit
utilizing vapour pressure refrigeration framework is more powerful than the Peltier
framework yet it needs as in it isn't convenient and it creates a great deal of sound. And
furthermore this framework is all the more expensive. Along these lines, this kind of
Atmospheric Water Generator is the gadget which can be actualized in extraordinary
circumstances like amid floods or in desert and rustic territories. It has incredible points of
interest as it works like a sustainable wellspring of air water and needn't bother with a
substantial power source. Applying this framework in a profoundly muggy district right
around 1 Liter of consolidated water can be created every hour amid the light, which is a very
promising

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Design And Development Of Atmospheric Water Generator

Chapter 3
Methodology

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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY:

After study numbers of paper on the basis of cop and ecofriendly and easy to
operate we are going to try to make atmospheric water generator by using vapour
compression refrigeration system Vapour-compression refrigeration is the most
widely used method for air-conditioning in today’s world. The vapour-compression
consists of a circulating liquid refrigerant as the medium which absorbs and removes
heat from the space to be cooled and subsequently rejects that heat to the atmosphere.
Figure depicts a single-stage vapour-compression system. Basically the system has
four components: a compressor, a condenser, a thermal expansion valve and an
evaporator. Circulating refrigerant enters the compressor as saturated vapour and is
compressed This results in high pressure which in turn is responsible for higher
temperature. The compressed vapour then comes out as superheated vapour and
attains a temperature and pressure at which condensation can take place with the help
of cooling water or cooling air.

That hot vapour is passed through a condenser where it is cooled and condensed.
This is liquid refrigerant known as saturated liquid is next passed through an
expansion valve where there is a sudden drop in pressure. This results in the adiabatic
flash evapouration of the liquid refrigerant. As it is called lowers the temperature of
the liquid and vapour refrigerant mixture which makes it colder than the temperature
to be achieved (temperature of the enclosed space). The cold mixture is passed
through the coils in the vapour. A fan circulates the warm air in the enclosed space
where the circulating refrigerant rejects heat from the system.

The condensed across the coils carrying the cold refrigerant liquid and vapour
mixture. That warm air evapourates the liquid part of the cold refrigerant and at the
same time, the circulating air is cooled and as a result it lowers the temperature of the
enclosed space to the temperature to be achieved. The circulating refrigerant absorbs
and removes heat from the vapour (cover by a cylindrical plate) which is then rejected
in the condenser and transferred by the water or air used in the condenser. For the
completion of the refrigeration cycle, the refrigerant vapour coming out of the vapour
which is again a saturated vapour is returned back into the compressor.

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Design And Development Of Atmospheric Water Generator

Fig .2 Atmospheric Water Gnerator

The components which make up a refrigeration system are as follows:


1) Compressor
2) Condenser
3) Receiver tank
4) Expansion / throttle valve
5) Evaporator
6) Refrigerant
7) Auxiliary components
8) Fan

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Design And Development Of Atmospheric Water Generator

Chapter 4
Design And Modelling

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Design And Development Of Atmospheric Water Generator

CHAPTER 4

DESIGN AND MODELLING:

Proposed Rough drawing:

Proposed design model :

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Design And Development Of Atmospheric Water Generator

A. Calculation :

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Design And Development Of Atmospheric Water Generator

According to this whether data (collected from https://www.imdpune.gov.in/):

Calculation 1 :
Average temperature (T) = 28°C
Average relative humidity (RH) = 65%
Average Dew point temperature (Td) = T – ((100 – RH)/5)
= 28 – ((100 – 65)/5)
= 21°C
Calculation 2 :
1. Maximum temperature : 35°C
2. relative humidity : 75%
3. Dew point temperature (Td) = T – ((100 – RH)/5)
= 35 – ((100 – 75)/5)
= 30°C
Calculation 2 :
1. Minimum temperature : 20°C
2. relative humidity : 30%
3. Dew point temperature (Td) = T – ((100 – RH)/5)
= 20 – ((100 – 30)/5)
= 6°C
Design Constrains :
Compressor :
Power : 1/2+HP
Weight : 6-8kg
Maximum cooling temperature : -16°C
Capacity : 405W
Power consumption(Q) = W*Time
Q =(405*1)/1000 ……(1 hr assumed)
Q = 0.4 KwHr

Running cost = 7rs*0.4 = 2.8 Rs/hr

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Design And Development Of Atmospheric Water Generator

First we have calculate dew point temperature (at which vapour start condense) at
different DBT (dry bulb temperature) and different relative humidity.
Y(T,RH)=In(RH/100)+bT/c+T………(1)

Tdp = cγ(T, RH)/ b - γ(T, RH) ………(2)

(Where, b = 17.67 & c = 243.50C and T is in 0)


RH= Relative humidity
T= DBT(Dry Bulb Temperature)
Tdp=Dew point temperature
Amount of Water present in one m3 of atmospheric air
RH = Pw/Ps*100……….(3)
Humidity ratio = 0.622 Pw/ Pa-Pw
Pw =partial pressure of water vapour
Pa =Atmospheric pressure 1.01325 bar
From aquation 3 & 4 humidity ratio can find

Humidity ratio gives the amount of water (in m3) present in 1m3 of air. Also we
know that 1m3 is equal to 1000 litres. Thusmultiplying humidity ratio by 1000 gives
the maximum amount of water (in litres) that is present in 1m3 of air.

Sample Calculation
For atmospheric temperature 25 0C and relative humidity 35%
Humidity ratio=0.006879661
Amount of water =0.006879661*1000=6.87L

B. DESIGN CONSTRAINS
Table represent design constrain of model

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Design And Development Of Atmospheric Water Generator

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Design And Development Of Atmospheric Water Generator

Parts

Fig.3 Condenser
The purpose of the condenser is to receive the high pressure gas from
thecompressor and covert this gas to a liquid.

Fig.4 Capillary tube

The capillary tube removes pressure from the liquid refrigerant to allow expansionor
change of state from a liquid to a vapour in the evaporator

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Design And Development Of Atmospheric Water Generator

Fig.5 Compressor

A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing


its volume. An air compressor is a specific type of gas compressor.

Fig.6 Evaporator

The evaporator works the opposite of the condenser, here refrigerant


liquid is converted to gas, absorbing heat from the air in the compartment.
When the liquidrefrigerant reaches the evaporator its pressure has been reduced,
dissipating its heat content and making it much cooler than the fan air flowing
around it.

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Design And Development Of Atmospheric Water Generator

Fig.7 Propeller Fan And Motor


It used to exact heat from the condenser and keep it cool.

Fig.8 Temperature control module

Its used to maintain the dewpoint temperature of the evaporator

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Design And Development Of Atmospheric Water Generator

Fig.9 Fan

It used to maintain the temperature inside evaporator by getting surrounding air.

Fig.10 12V Adapter

It used to give power to temperature controller and fan

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Design And Development Of Atmospheric Water Generator

Fig.11 Whole Setup

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Design And Development Of Atmospheric Water Generator

Chapter 5
Advantages And Disadvantages

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Design And Development Of Atmospheric Water Generator

ADVANTAGES

 Water Shortage : Whether natural or artificial, water scarcity can reduce or


completely resolve water supply problems.

 Highly Purified water : Atmospheric water generators remove water from the
surrounding air and purify it to remove particles and bacteria. As a result,
clean water that does not contain chemicals or other toxic substances can be
obtained.
 Water supply issue: Atmospheric water generation systems allow people
facing natural or artificial water shortages to reduce or completely resolve
water supply problems. This technology is particularly promising regarding
low construction costs and easy parts availability.
 Inexpensive and easy to maintain : The most significant advantage of
atmospheric water generation is its cost-effectiveness.

DISADVANTAGES
 It totally depend upon the relative humidity , If the relative humidity lesss then
water will generate in low amount.

 Frequently need to change the temperature inside evaporator box, As dew


point temperature changes .

 Refrigerant pressure need to control regularly.

 Limited water production capability

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Design And Development Of Atmospheric Water Generator

Chapter 6
Result and observations

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Design And Development Of Atmospheric Water Generator

CHAPTER 6

RESULT

Outside Temperature Relative Dew point Time Water


Temperature set near the humidity temperature collected
evaporator

28°C 19°C 75% 23°C 3hr 500ml

34°C 21°C 35% 21°C 2hr 100ml

26°C 17°C 80% 22°C 2hr 450ml

39°C 20°C 20% 23°C 5hr 300ml

 Average electricity cost per 100ml is 3rs

OBSERVATION

 At night when temperature is low the humidity is high so the water collection
rate is also high.

 At afternoon when temperature is high and humidity is low then the water
collection rate is low

 So according to average dew point temperature best operating temperature for


evaporator is 17°C to 22°C

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Design And Development Of Atmospheric Water Generator

Chapter 7
Summary

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Design And Development Of Atmospheric Water Generator

CHAPTER 7

SUMMARY

First we research about Atmospheric Water Generator and we downloaded some


research paper about Atmospheric Water Generator and Vapour Compression Cycle.
Then searched out concept of how we can reduce electricity consumption and human
effort for collecting water from various resources .
With help of literature review we are find out which part is useful for the
prototype.after that we did calculation of parts and design of prototype. With help of
calculation we finded out actual specified parts required for prototype.

This project will reduce the cost involved in the concern.This concept will not only
save the effort of a person but will also save one’s precious time and water under
critical circumstances and will eliminate the need of water grid.

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Design And Development Of Atmospheric Water Generator

Chapter 8
References

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Design And Development Of Atmospheric Water Generator

CHAPTER 8

REFERENCE

[1.] Rao Y.V.C. “An Introduction to Thermodynamics” (2nd ed.).


Universities Press, 2003.

[2.] Siegfried Haaf, Helmut Henrici. \"Refrigeration Technology\" in


Ullmann\'s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, 2002 .

[3.] Dixon S.L. “Fluid Mechanics, Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery”


(Third ed.). Pergamon Press, 1978 .

[4.] Anbarasu T., Pavithra S. “Vapour Compression Refrigeration System


Generating Fresh Water from Humidity in the Air”, 2011

[5.] Niewenhuis B., Shepperly C., Beek R.V., Kooten E.V. “Water generator
water from air using liquid desiccant method”, 2012

[6.] Arora C.P, Refrigeration and air conditioning. Tata McGraw-Hill


Education, 1 July 2001

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