6.

Digital Logic Families and storage elements

Chapter Outline
•

G. Kassahun B.
Characteristics of Digital IC
• Digital to Analog Converters
• Analog to Digital Converters

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• Bipolar Transistor Characteristics
• Comparison of Different Logic Families
• Memory and Storage
• Basics of Semiconductor Theory
• RAMs and ROMs
• Programmable ROMs

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6. Digital Logic Families and storage elements

Digital IC
• Integrated circuits is a silicon semiconductor crystal,

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containing electronic component for constructing a digital
gates.
• abbreviated as IC and also called chip.

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• The various gates are interconnected inside the chip to form
the required circuit.
• The chip is mounted in a ceramic or plastic container, and
interconnections are welded to external pins to form the
integrated circuit.

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6. Digital Logic Families and storage elements

Digital IC
• Number of pins range from 14 to several thousands in

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small package to a large package respectively.
• For package identification a numerical designation is

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printed on the surface of chip.
• A vendors provide a data books, catalogs and internet
website that contain description and information about
the Ics that they manufacture.

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6. Digital Logic Families and storage elements

Integration Levels
• According to their circuit complexity as measured by the

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number of logic in a single package digital Ics can be classified
as
• Small – scale integration SSI: < 12 gates/chip

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• Medium – scale integration MSI: < 100 gates/chip
• Large – scale integration LSI: …1K gates/chip
• Very large – scale integration VLSI: …10K gates/chip
• Ultra large – scale integration ULSI: …100K gates/chip
• Gigga – scale integration GSI: …1Meg gates/chip

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6. Digital Logic Families and storage elements

Digital Logic Families

• Digital integrate circuit are classified not only by their

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complexity or logic operation, but also by the specific circuit
technology to which they belong.
• The circuit technology is referred to as a Digital logic family.

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• Each logic family has its own basic electronic circuit upon
which more complex digital circuits and components are
developed
• The basic gates in each technology are NAND, NOR and
inverter gate.

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6. Digital Logic Families and storage elements

Digital Logic Families

• Electronic component employed in the construction of basic

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logic circuitry are usually used to name the technology, the
basic logic families are:
• Diode Logic (DL)

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• Resistor-Transistor Logic (RTL)
• Diode-Transistor Logic (DTL)
• Bipolar Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL)
• Emitter-Coupled Logic (ECL)
• Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS)
• Complimentary MOS (CMOS)
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6. Digital Logic Families and storage elements

Diode Logic (DL)

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• Only Diode and Resistors are used to implement a particular
logic.
• Simple

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• Inexpensive
• Handling large current
• Only a few gates can be cascaded

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6. Digital Logic Families and storage elements

Diode Logic (DL)

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• Disadvantages
• Only permits OR and AND function
• Suffers from voltage degradation from one stage to the next

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6. Digital Logic Families and storage elements

Resistor-Transistor Logic (RTL)

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• all the logic are implemented using resistors and transistors
• Each input of logic is made from one resistor and one
transistor, the collector of transistor is tied together at output.

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• Advantage:
• Less number of Transistors
• Disadvantage:
• High Power Dissipation
• Low Fan In

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6. Digital Logic Families and storage elements

Resistor-Transistor Logic (RTL)

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• The basic logic is NOR gate
• The two voltage levels are 0.2 V for low and 1 – 3.6 V for high
state

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6. Digital Logic Families and storage elements

Diode-Transistor Logic (DTL)

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• all the logic gates are implemented with diodes and
transistors.
• The diode and resistor at input side will form AND gate and

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the transistor will serve as voltage amplifier while inverting
the digital signal.
• The two voltage levels are 0.2 V for low level and 4 – 5 V for
high level

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6. Digital Logic Families and storage elements

Diode-Transistor Logic (DTL)

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• Disadvantage:
• Propagation Delay is Larger

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6. Digital Logic Families and storage elements

Transistor – Transistor Logic (RTL)

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• logic gates are built only around transistors.
• Advantages:
• high switching speed (125 MHz),

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• less noise and
• more current (3 mA) driving capability

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6. Digital Logic Families and storage elements

Transistor – Transistor Logic (RTL)

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• There are several subfamilies of TTL technology

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6. Digital Logic Families and storage elements

Transistor – Transistor Logic (RTL)

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• TTL logic families exist in three output configurations
• Open – Collector output
• Totem – pole output

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• Three – state or tristate output

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6. Digital Logic Families and storage elements

Emitter Coupled Logic

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• Its non-saturated digital logic family
• PROS: Fastest logic family available (~1ns)
• CONS: Require Large Silicon Area, low noise margin and high

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power dissipation
• Logic levels. “0”: –1.7V. “1”: –0.8V
• Its operating in active region

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6. Digital Logic Families and storage elements

Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS)

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• Is unipolar FET operated only by flow of only one type of
carrier.
• Advantages:

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• Occupy less area
• Can be used as transistor and resistors

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6. Digital Logic Families and storage elements

Complementary MOS (CMOS)

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• Because of high noise immunity and low static power
dissipation, now CMOS logic families is most preferred in very
large scale integrated circuits.

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• has complementary and symmetrical NMOS and PMOS
transistors.
• CMOS power scales as  f  C  V2

frequency supply volt.

eff. capacitance
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6. Digital Logic Families and storage elements
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT LOGIC FAMILIES

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6. Digital Logic Families and storage elements

Characteristics of Logic Families

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• Speed: is determined by the time between the application of
input and change in the output of the circuit.
• Propagation Delay: time required for the output of a digital

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circuit to change states after a change at one or more of its
inputs.
• Fan-in: is the number of input signals that can be connected
to a gate without causing it to operate outside its intended
operating range. expressed in terms of standard inputs or
units loads (ULs).

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6. Digital Logic Families and storage elements

Characteristics of Logic Families

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• Fan-out: the maximum number of inputs that can be driven by
a logic gate.
• Noise Immunity: Maximum noise that a circuit can withstand

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without affecting the output.
• Power Dissipation: the minimum amount power needed by
the logic to operate in milliwatts

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6. Digital Logic Families and storage elements

Logic Families voltage level

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• VOH(min) – The minimum voltage level at an output in the
logical “1” state under defined load conditions
• VOL(max) – The maximum voltage level at an output in the

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logical “0” state under defined load conditions
• VIH(min) – The minimum voltage required at an input to be
recognized as “1” logical state
• VIL(max) – The maximum voltage required at an input that still
will be recognized as “0” logical state

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6. Digital Logic Families and storage elements

Logic Families current requirements

• IOH – Current flowing into an output in the logical “1” state

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under specified load conditions
• IOL – Current flowing into an output in the logical “0” state

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under specified load conditions
• IIH – Current flowing into an input when a specified HI level is
applied to that input
• IIL – Current flowing into an input when a specified LO level is
applied to that input

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6. Digital Logic Families and storage elements

A/D and D/A Convertor

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• The process of conversion of analog signal to digital signal is
referred as analog-to-digital conversion.
• The system that realizes the conversion is referred to as an

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analog-to-digital converter or A/D Converter or ADC.
• The process of converting the digital signal to analog form is
called digital-to-analog conversion
• The system used for this purpose is referred to as a digital to
analog converter or D/A converter or DAC.

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6. Digital Logic Families and storage elements

Memory and Storages

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• Memory is a device to which a binary information is
transferred for storage and from which information is available
when needed for processing.

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• A memory unit is a collection of cells capable of storing a large
quantity of information.
• During processing the information stored in memory is
transferred to a registers and after processing the final result
is back stored in memory.
• There are two types of memory element.
• Random Access Memory RAM and
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• Read Only Memory – ROM
6. Digital Logic Families and storage elements

Random Access Memory

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• RAM accepts a new information for storage to be available
later for use.
• The process of storing new information to RAM is called

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Memory Write operation.
• The process of acquiring information from memory is called
memory Read operation.

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6. Digital Logic Families and storage elements

Read Only Memory

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• ROM performs only a read operation.
• The read only memory is Programmable logic device.
• The binary information that is stored within a programmable

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logic device is specified in some fashion and then embedded
within the hardware.
• This process is referred to as Programming the device

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6. Digital Logic Families and storage elements

Programmable Logic Device

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• The advantages of using programmable logic devices are:
✓ Reduced space requirements.
✓ Reduced power requirements.

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✓ Design security.
✓ Compact circuitry.
✓ Short design cycle.
✓ Low development cost.
✓ Higher switching speed.
✓ Low production cost for large-quantity production.

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6. Digital Logic Families and storage elements

Programmable Logic Device

G. Kassahun B.
• Programmable logic devices are broadly classified as three
types of device
➢ Read Only Memory or ROM,

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➢ Programmable Logic Array or PLA, or Programmable Array Logic
or PAL. and
➢ Field programmable gate array or FPGA

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Work Sheet for Final Exam

1. What are the basic memory elements and state their main
Difference?

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2. Construct the state Table, State Diagram, State equation and
Draw the logic circuit diagram for the basic Latches?

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3. Construct the state Table, State Diagram, State equation and
Draw the logic circuit diagram for the basic Flip Flops?
4. Perform the following conversions
a) SR Flip-flop to a J-K Flip-flop
b) JK Flip-flop to a D Flip-flop
c) D Flip-flop to a T Flip-flop

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Work Sheet for Final Exam

4. Briefly discuss the types of shift Register based on their input

output construction?

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5. Briefly discuss the types of shift Register based on their shift
operation?

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6. Draw the logic diagram of universal shift register and state
its principle of operation?
7. Design a four bit universal shift using D, SR, JK and T flip
flops?

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Work Sheet for Final Exam

8. Construct the following counter from D, JK, SR and T flip –

flops

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a) BCD asynchronous up counter
b) BCD synchronous down counter

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c) Mode – 3 ripple up counter
d) Mode – 3 synchronous down counter
9. How to construct a multiple digit counter that counts from 0
to 999?
10. Discuss the Johnson counter?

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Work Sheet for Final Exam

11. Construct a Ring counter and discuss its working principle by

showing its timing diagram?

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12. State and discuss the types logic families and their
characteristics?

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13. What are types of memory elements and discus the types of
programmable logic devices?
14. Compare the different types of logic families?

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