o ‘ ACIDS, BASES & SALTS A guide for GCSE students f KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING 20104 o ACIDS, BASES & SALTS INTRODUCTION This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected GCSE Chemistry topics. It is based on the requi of the AQA specification but is suitable for other examination boards. ments: Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes and it can also prove useful for classroom teaching with an interactive white board. Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 Chemistry topics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY WEBSITE at... www. knockhardy.org.ukACIDS, BASES & SALTS CONTENTS Acidity and alkalinity Indicators pH Acids General methods for making salts Making salts from metal oxides Making salts from metal carbonates Making salts from metals Making salts from alkalis — by titration Making insoluble salts — by precipitation QuestionsACIDITY AND ALKALINITY * water is a neutral substance + when substances dissolve in water, the solution may become... ACIDIC or ALKALINE or stay NEUTRAL& o ACIDITY AND ALKALINITY * water is a neutral substance + when substances dissolve in water, the solution may become... ACIDIC or ALKALINE or stay NEUTRAL * hydrogen ions H*(aq) make solutions acidic * hydroxide ions OH (aq) make solutions alkaline + solutions with equal numbers of H*(aq) and OH (aq) are neutralINDICATORS * show by a colour change if a solution is acidic, alkaline or neutral * some can even show how acidic or how alkaline a solution isINDICATORS * show by a colour change if a solution is acidic, alkaline or neutral * some can even show how acidic or how alkaline a solution is + well known indicators include...INDICATORS * show by a colour change if a solution is acidic, alkaline or neutral * some can even show how acidic or how alkaline a solution is * well known indicators include... LITMUS acidic alkaline neutral |a INDICATORS « show by a colour change if a solution is acidic, alkaline or neutral * some can even show how acidic or how alkaline a solution is + well known indicators include... LITMUS acidic RED alkaline BLUE neutral PURPLEo INDICATORS * show by a colour change if a solution is acidic, alkaline or neutral * some can even show how acidic or how alkaline a solution is * well known indicators include... LITMUS acidic RED alkaline BLUE neutral PURPLE UNIVERSAL acidic alkaline neutralo INDICATORS * show by a colour change if a solution is acidic, alkaline or neutral * some can even show how acidic or how alkaline a solution is * well known indicators include... LITMUS acidic RED alkaline BLUE neutral PURPLE UNIVERSAL acidic RED alkaline VIOLET neutral GREENpH SCALEpH SCALE Used to compare the relative acidity (and alkalinity) of solutions. The value is related to the concentration of H*ions, in solution.o pH SCALE Used to compare the relative acidity (and alkalinity) of solutions. The value is related to the concentration of H*ions, in solution. “The greater the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution, the lower the pH”a pH SCALE Used to-compare the relative acidity (and alkalinity) of solutions The value is related to the concentration of H*ions, in solution. “The greater the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution, the lower the pH” —0123456 7 8 91011 1213 14 —> strongly weakly neutral weakly strongly acidic acidic alkaline alkalineo pH SCALE s—0' 4. 2°33 3 6 7 8 91011121314 —> strongly weakly neutral weakly strongly acidic acidic alkaline alkaline HCI CH,COOH H,0 NH, NaOH HYDROCHLORIC} ETHANOIC AMMONIA sopium ACID ACID HYDROXIDEa o pH SCALE —0123456 7 8 91011 1213 14 —> strongly weakly neutral weakly strongly acidic acidic alkaline alkaline HCI CH,COOH H,0 NH, NaOH HYDROCHLORIC ETHANOIC AMMONIA sopiuM ‘ACID AciD HYDROXIDE Acidic solutions pH <7 Alkaline solutions pH >7 Neutral solutions pH =7pH SCALE Despite what some people think, the pH scale is not restricted to between 0 and 14. It extends beyond those values, but is not as relevant; e.g. the pH of the dilute HC/ and H,SO, found on the laboratory shelves is -0.3 and -0.6 respectively.o pH SCALE Despite what some people think, the pH scale is not restricted to between 0 and 14. It extends beyond those values, but is not as relevant; e.g. the pH of the dilute HC/ and H,SO, found on the laboratory shelves is -0.3 and -0.6 respectively. Weak acids have higher pH values than stronger ones of the same concentration. Ethanoic acid CH,COOH has a larger pH than hydrochloric acid HC/ of the same concentration.Indicator MEASURING pH Add a few drops of universal (full-range) indicator to the solution and compare the colour against a chart. The colour you “see” depends not only on how many drops of indicator you add but also on your perception of colour.PH meters MEASURING pH Electrical/electronic devices which measure the conductivity of the solution. Having calibrated the apparatus against a solution of known pH, you place the probe in any solution and read off the pH value on a scale or digital read-out.ACIDS&, o ACIDS Definition ACIDS ARE PROTON (H* ion) DONORS Categories Acids can be arranged into groups according to how many H* ions they produce from each molecule&, o ACIDS Definition ACIDS ARE PROTON (H* ion) DONORS Categories Acids can be arranged into groups according to how many H* ions they produce from each molecule ACID SALTS 1ON EXAMPLE hydrochloric HC/ chloride Gis NaCi nitric HNO, nitrate NO, NaNO, ethanoic CH,COOH ethanoate CH,COO- CH,COONa THE ABOVE ARE MONOPROTIC (MONOBASIC) ACIDSACIDS Definition ACIDS ARE PROTON (H* ion) DONORS Categories Acids can be arranged into groups according to how many H* ions they produce from each molecule sulphuric H,SO, hydrogensulphate HSO, NaHSO, sulphate so,* Na,SO, “carbonic” H,CO, hydrogencarbonate HCO, ~ NaHCO, carbonate co,? Na,Co,&, o ACIDS Definition ACIDS ARE PROTON (H* ion) DONORS Categories Acids can also arranged into groups according to the extent they split into ions when put in water.ACIDS Definition ACIDS ARE PROTON (H* ion) DONORS Categories Acids can also arranged into groups according to the extent they split into ions when put in water. STRONG ACIDS COMPLETELY dissociate (split up) into ions e.g. sulphuric, hydrochloric, nitricACIDS Definition ACIDS ARE PROTON (H* ion) DONORS Categories Acids can also arranged into groups according to the extent they split into ions when put in water. STRONG ACIDS COMPLETELY dissociate (split up) into ions e.g. sulphuric, hydrochloric, nitric WEAK ACIDS PARTIALLY dissociate (split up) into ions e.g. ethanoic, citric, carbonicSe, o ACIDS Definition ACIDS ARE PROTON (H* ion) DONORS Categories Acids can also arranged into groups according to the extent they split into ions when put in water. STRONG ACIDS COMPLETELY dissociate (split up) into ions e.g. sulphuric, hydrochloric, nitric WEAK ACIDS PARTIALLY dissociate (split up) into ions e.g. ethanoic, citric, carbonic This means that if you take similar concentrations of HC/ and CH,COOH, the concentration of H* ions in the solution of CH,COOH will be less as only a few of its molecules will have split up into ions. Its pH will consequently be higher.Reactions ACIDS The hydrogen ions produced by acids can be replaced by other positive ions (metal ions or ammonium ions) to produce salts. This occurs when dilute acids react with metals, oxides of metals, hydroxides of metals, carbonates, hydrogencarbonates and ammonia.o ACIDS Reactions The hydrogen ions produced by acids can be replaced by other positive ions (metal ions or ammonium ions) to produce salts. This occurs when dilute acids react with metals, oxides of metals, hydroxides of metals, carbonates, hydrogen carbonates and ammonia. HYDROCHLORIC ACID Tae em SODIUM ss AMMONIUM CHLORIDE fete Sueur CHLORIDE MAGNESIUM CARBONATE ZINC COPPER CHLORIDE CHLORIDE MAGNESIUM CHLORIDEo ACIDS Reactions The hydrogen ions produced by acids can be replaced by other positive ions (metal ions or ammonium ions) to produce salts. This occurs when dilute acids react with metals, oxides of metals, hydroxides of metals, carbonates, hydrogen carbonates and ammonia. SULPHURIC ACID ae SODIUM = AMMONIUM SULPHATE etude Les SULPHATE MAGNESIUM CARBONATE ZINC COPPER SULPHATE SULPHATE MAGNESIUM SULPHATEo MAKING SALTS - POSSIBILITIES [iste sarrsouusce | ims Senor cole | > | Manr PRECIPITATE THE INSOLUBLE S DOES THE METAL REACT WITH DILUTE ACIDS? 1S THE METAL OXIDE OR CARBONATE SOLUBLE IN WATER?&, o PREPARATION OF SOLUBLE SALTS Salts can be made by NEUTRALISATION of acids; + acidic solutions contain aqueous hydrogen ions H*(aq) * sulphuric acid produces a sulphate * hydrochloric acid produces a chloride + nitric acid produces a nitrate& o PREPARATION OF SOLUBLE SALTS Other chemicals are formed, it depends on what is neutralising the acid. OXIDES SALT HYDROXIDES SALT CARBONATES SALT METALS SALT + + + + WATER WATER CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER HYDROGEN (not all metals are suitable; some are too reactive; others are not reactive enough)Lee & PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATIONa o MAKING SALTS - FROM INSOLUBLE BASES 1S THE SALT SOLUBLE OR CARBONATE SOLUBLE IN WATER? MIX SOLUTIONS OF TWO SUITABLE. SALTS TO PRECIPITATE THE INSOLUBLE SALT OR INSOLUBLE? INSOLUBLE DOES THE METAL isit REACT WITH DILUTE SAFE? ACIDS? 1S THE METAL OXIDE ‘ADD EXCESS METAL TO THE ACID THEN FILTER OFF THE EXCESS METAL TITRATE THE METAL HYDROXIDE WITH ‘ACID > FILTER OFF ‘THE SALTLae & PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION Acid with excess insoluble oxidePREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION Acid with excess insoluble oxide 41 Place dilute acid in a beaker and warm it gently without letting it boil (reactions are faster at higher temperatures)PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION Acid with excess insoluble oxide Place dilute acid in a beaker and warm it gently without letting it boil (reactions are faster at higher temperatures) Remove the heat&, o PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION Acid with excess insoluble oxide 1 Place dilute acid in a beaker and warm it gently without letting it boil (reactions are faster at higher temperatures) 2. Remove the heat 3. Carefully and slowly add small amounts of the solid while stirring (most reactions of this type are exothermic i.e. they give off energy - the energy released would make the solution boil over)PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION Acid with excess insoluble oxide 4. Continue adding the solid until no more dissolves (this ensures all the acid has been used - it is easier to filter off excess solid than extract excess acid).PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION Acid with excess insoluble oxide 5. Filter the solution into an evaporating dish to remove excess solida & o PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION Acid with excess insoluble oxide 6. Transfer the dish to a tripod and carefully warm the mixture to remove some of the water. Too much heat will drive off any water of crystallisation.Se o PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION Acid with excess insoluble oxide 6. Transfer the dish to a tripod and carefully warm the mixture to remove some of the water. Too much heat will drive off any water of crystallisation. 7. When some of the water has been evaporated, let the solution to cool; (allows crystallisation takes place)tee & PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION Acid with excess insoluble oxide 8. When sufficient crystals have appeared, filter them off, wash with a little cold water and transfer them to a filter paper. Place another filter paper over the top and press gently to help remove some of the water.o PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION Acid with excess insoluble oxide Filter the solution into an evaporati sh 0 remove excess solid d, let the so When sufficient crystals have appeared, filter them off, wash with a little cold water and transfer them to a filter paper. Place another filter paper over the fop and press gently to help remove some of the water. Allow the crystals to dry naturally in air. (heat can cause the crystals to decompose and lose their water of crystallisation)Lae & PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION Acid with excess insoluble carbonatePREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION Acid with excess insoluble carbonate The method used is similar to that used with acids and metal oxides. The main differences is that it is not necessary to use heat and that carbon dioxide gas is given off so you have to make sure the solution doesn't effervesce (fizz) too much.o PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION Acid with excess insoluble carbonate The method used is similar to that used with acids and metal oxides. The main differences is that it is not necessary to use heat and that carbon dioxide gas is given off so you have to make sure the solution doesn't effervesce (fizz) too much. 1 Place dilute acid in a beakerSe o PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION Acid with excess insoluble carbonate The method used is similar to that used with acids and metal oxides. The main differences is that it is not necessary to use heat and that carbon dioxide gas is given off so you have to make sure the solution doesn't effervesce (fizz) too much. 2. Carefully and slowly add small amounts of the solid carbonate while stirring — make sure there is not too much effervescence.o PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION Acid with excess insoluble carbonate The method used is similar to that used with acids and metal oxides. The main differences is that it is not necessary to use heat and that carbon dioxide gas is given off so you have to make sure the solution doesn't effervesce (fizz) too much. 3. Continue adding the solid carbonate until no more dissolves (this ensures all the acid has been used - it is easier to filter off excess solid than extract excess acid).& o PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION Acid with excess insoluble carbonate 4. Filter the solution into an evaporating dish to remove excess solidLoe o PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION Acid with excess insoluble carbonate 5. Transfer the dish to a tripod and carefully warm the mixture to remove some of the water. Too much heat will drive off any water of crystallisation.& o PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION Acid with excess insoluble carbonate Filter the solution into an evaporating dish to remove excess solid Transfer the dish to a tripod and carefully warm the mixture to remove some of the water. Too much heat will drive off any water of crystallisation. When some of the water has been evaporated, let the solution to cool; (allows crystallisation takes place)tee & PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION Acid with excess insoluble carbonate 7. When sufficient crystals have appeared, filter them off, wash with a little cold water and transfer them to a filter paper. Place another filter paper over the top and press gently to help remove some of the water.o PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION Acid with excess insoluble carbonate Filter the solution into an evaporati sh 0 remove excess solid ) remove some d, let the so When sufficient crystals have appeared, filter them off, wash with a little cold water and transfer them to a filter paper. Place another filter paper over the fop and press gently to help remove some of the water. Allow the crystals to dry naturally in air. (heat can cause the crystals to decompose and lose their water of crystallisation)Ss o MAKING SALTS - FROM METALS ‘MIX SOLUTIONS OF 1S THE SALT SOLUBLE ‘TWO SUITABLE FILTER OFF ORINSOLUSLE? INSOLUBLE SALTS TO THE SALT PRECIPITATE THE INSOLUBLE SALT DOES THE METAL ist REACT WITH DILUTE. {= SAFE? ACIDS? ‘ADD EXCESS METAL ‘OXIDE OR METAL CARBONATE TO ACID THEN FILTER OFF THE a Le ‘EXCESS SOLID 1S THE METAL OXIDE OR CARBONATE SOLUBLE IN WATER? =] TITRATE THE METAL HYDROXIDE WITH ‘ACIDLoe & PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION Acid with excess metalG, Xe i PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION Acid with excess metal The method used is similar to that used with acids and metal oxides or metal carbonates. However, because hydrogen is produced during the experiment, Bunsen burners must not be used while the chemical reaction is taking place. Not all metals are suitable: some are too reactive K, Na, Ca some don’t react CuPREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION Acid with excess metal The method used is similar to that used with acids and metal oxides or metal carbonates, However, because hydrogen is produced during the experiment, Bunsen burners must not be used while the chemical reaction is taking place. Not all metals are suitable: some are tooreactive K, Na, Ca some don’t react Cu 1 Place dilute acid in a beakerPREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION Acid with excess metal The method used is similar to that used with acids and metal oxides or metal carbonates, However, because hydrogen is produced during the experiment, Bunsen burners must not be used while the chemical reaction is taking place. Not all metals are suitable: some are tooreactive K, Na, Ca some don’t react Cu 2. Carefully and slowly add small amounts of the metal while stirring — make sure there is not too much effervescence.PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION Acid with excess metal The method used is similar to that used with acids and metal oxides or metal carbonates, However, because hydrogen is produced during the experiment, Bunsen burners must not be used while the chemical reaction is taking place. Not all metals are suitable: some aretooreactive K,Na,Ca some don’t react Cu 3. Continue adding the metal until no more dissolves (this ensures all the acid has been used - it is easier to filter off excess metal than extract excess acid).PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION f 4. Filter the solution into an evaporating dish to remove excess metalPREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION Acid with excess metal 5. Transfer the dish to a tripod and carefully warm the mixture to remove some of the water. Too much heat will drive off any water of crystallisation.& o PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION Acid with excess metal Filter the solution into an evaporating dish to remove excess metal Transfer the dish to a tripod and carefully warm the mixture to remove some of the water. Too much heat will drive off any water of crystallisation. When some of the water has been evaporated, let the solution to cool; (allows crystallisation takes place)tee & PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION Acid with excess metal 7. When sufficient crystals have appeared, filter them off, wash with a little cold water and transfer them to a filter paper. Place another filter paper over the top and press gently to help remove some of the water.PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION Acid with excess metal 7. When sufficient crystals have appeared, filter them off, wash with a little cold water and transfer them to a filter paper. Place another filter paper over the fop and press gently to help remove some of the water. 8. Allow the crystals to dry naturally in air. (heat can cause the crystals to decompose and lose their water of crystallisation)IS THE SALT SOLUBLE ‘MIX SOLUTIONS OF TWO SUITABLE. SALTS TO PRECIPITATE THE INSOLUBLE SALT MAKING SALTS - FROM SOLUBLE BASES (ALKALIS) FILTER OFF ‘THE SALT OR INSOLUBLE? INSOLUBLE DOES THE METAL isit REACT WITH DILUTE SAFE? ACIDS? 1S THE METAL OXIDE OR CARBONATE SOLUBLE IN WATER? ‘ADD EXCESS METAL TO THE ACID THEN FILTER OFF THE EXCESS METAL ADD EXCESS METAL ‘OXIDE OR METAL CARBONATE TO ACIDALKALISo ALKALIS Definition ALKALIS ARE SOLUBLE BASES Their solutions contain hydroxide ions, OH (aq)ALKALIS ition ALKALIS ARE SOLUBLE BASES Their solutions contain hydroxide ions, OH (aq) Defi STRONG ALKALIS — sodium hydroxide (NaOH) potassium hydroxide (KOH) WEAK ALKALIS ammonia solution (ammonium hydroxide) (NH,OH)o ALKALIS Definition ALKALIS ARE SOLUBLE BASES Their solutions contain hydroxide ions, OH (aq) STRONG ALKALIS. sodium hydroxide (NaOH) potassium hydroxide (KOH) WEAK ALKALIS ammonia solution (ammonium hydroxide) (NH,OH) Making salts using alkalis cannot be done by the methods used for insoluble bases because you cannot tell when all the acid has been neutralised — the excess alkali is soluble.o ALKALIS Definition ALKALIS ARE SOLUBLE BASES Their solutions contain hydroxide ions, OH (aq) STRONG ALKALIS. sodium hydroxide (NaQH) potassium hydroxide (KOH) WEAK ALKALIS ammonia solution (ammonium hydroxide) (NH,OH) Making salts using alkalis cannot be done by the methods used for insoluble bases because you cannot tell when all the acid has been neutralised — the excess alkali is soluble. The salts are made by titration using an indicator ACID + ALKALINE HYDROXIDE ——> NEUTRAL SALT + WATER SOLUTION SOLUTIONa ALKALIS Definition ALKALIS ARE SOLUBLE BASES Their solutions contain hydroxide ions, OH (aq) STRONG ALKALIS. sodium hydroxide (NaQH) potassium hydroxide (KOH) WEAK ALKALIS ammonia solution (ammonium hydroxide) (NH,OH) Making salts using alkalis cannot be done by the methods used for insoluble bases because you cannot tell when all the acid has been neutralised — the excess alkali is soluble. The salts are made by titration using an indicator ACID + ALKALINE HYDROXIDE ——> NEUTRAL SALT + WATER SOLUTION SOLUTION The indicator tells you when the acid has been neutralisedfae” (i AMMONIUM SALTS Ammonia is very soluble in water giving an alkaline solution which can be neutralised by acids to produce AMMONIUM SALTS eg. AMMONIA + HYDROCHLORIC —> AMMONIUM SOLUTION ACID CHLORIDEAMMONIUM SALTS Ammonia is very soluble in water giving an alkaline solution which can be neutralised by acids to produce AMMONIUM SALTS eg. AMMONIA + HYDROCHLORIC —> AMMONIUM SOLUTION ACID CHLORIDE If ammonium hydroxide is specified you can write the equation AMMONIUM + HYDROCHLORIC —> AMMONIUM + WATER HYDROXIDE ACID CHLORIDE Ammonium salts make very important fertilisersMAKING SALTS BY TITRATION This method is limited to the soluble salts of ammonia or alkali metals e.g. ammonium chloride NH,C/ sodium chloride NaC/ potassium sulphate K,SO, sodium nitrate NaNO,MAKING SALTS BY TITRATION This method is limited to the soluble salts of ammonia or alkali metals e.g. Method ammonium chloride NH,C/ sodium chloride NaC/ potassium sulphate K,SO, sodium nitrate NaNO, React an acid with an alkali (hydroxides of Group | metals and ammonia). The method involves TITRATION.o MAKING SALTS BY TITRATION This method is limited to the soluble salts of ammonia or alkali metals e€.g. ammonium chloride NH,G/ sodium chloride Nac/ potassium sulphate K,SO, sodium nitrate NaNO, Method React an acid with an alkali (hydroxides of Group | metals and ammonia). The method involves TITRATION. Place a measured quantity of acid in a conical flask. Add three or four drops of a suitable indicator. Place the alkali in a burette. Note the level of the liquid. Add the alkali to the acid until the indicator just changes colour Note the new level of liquid. Repeat experiment with exactly the same volumes but no indicator, Evaporate a small amount of the water in an evaporating basin and let the solution cool to allow crystals to form. BON = ouMAKING SALTS BY TITRATION This method is limited to the soluble salts of ammonia or alkali metals €.g. ammonium chloride NH,C/ sodium chloride Nac/ potassium sulphate K,SO, sodium nitrate NaNO, Method React an acid with an alkali (hydroxides of Group | metals and ammonia). The method involves TITRATION. Place a measured quantity of acid in a conical flask. Add three or four drops of a suitable indicator. Place the alkali in a burette. Note the level of the liquid. Add the alkali to the acid until the indicator just changes colour Note the new level of liquid. Repeat experiment with exactly the same volumes but no indicator, Evaporate a small amount of the water in an evaporating basin and let the solution cool to allow crystals to form. BONS aao MAKING SALTS BY TITRATION This method is limited to the soluble salts of ammonia or alkali metals e€.g. ammonium chloride NH,G/ sodium chloride Nac/ potassium sulphate K,SO, sodium nitrate NaNO, Method React an acid with an alkali (hydroxides of Group | metals and ammonia). The method involves TITRATION. Place a measured quantity of acid in a conical flask. Add three or four drops of a suitable indicator. Place the alkali in a burette. Note the level of the liquid. Add the alkali to the acid until the indicator just changes colour Note the new level of liquid. Repeat experiment with exactly the same volumes but no indicator, Evaporate a small amount of the water in an evaporating basin and let the solution cool to allow crystals to form. WN ouo MAKING SALTS BY TITRATION This method is limited to the soluble salts of ammonia or alkali metals e.g. ammonium chloride NH,G/ sodium chloride Nac/ potassium sulphate K,SO, sodium nitrate NaNO, Method React an acid with an alkali (hydroxides of Group | metals and ammonia). The method involves TITRATION. Place a measured quantity of acid in a conical flask. Add three or four drops of a suitable indicator. Place the alkali in a burette. Note the level of the liquid. Add the alkali to the acid until the indicator just changes colour Note the new level of liquid. Repeat experiment with exactly the same volumes but no indicator, Evaporate a small amount of the water in an evaporating basin and let the solution cool to allow crystals to form. kRON= ouo MAKING SALTS BY TITRATION This method is limited to the soluble salts of ammonia or alkali metals e€.g. ammonium chloride NH,G/ sodium chloride Nac/ potassium sulphate K,SO, sodium nitrate NaNO, Method React an acid with an alkali (hydroxides of Group | metals and ammonia). The method involves TITRATION. Place a measured quantity of acid in a conical flask. Add three or four drops of a suitable indicator. Place the alkali in.a burette. Note the level of the liquid. Add the alkali to the acid until the indicator just changes colour Note the new level of liquid. Repeat experiment with exactly the same volumes but no indicator. Evaporate a small amount of the water in an evaporating basin and let the solution cool to allow crystals to form. BONS aao MAKING SALTS BY TITRATION This method is limited to the soluble salts of ammonia or alkali metals e€.g. ammonium chloride NH,G/ sodium chloride Nac/ potassium sulphate K,SO, sodium nitrate NaNO, Method React an acid with an alkali (hydroxides of Group | metals and ammonia). The method involves TITRATION. Place a measured quantity of acid in a conical flask. Add three or four drops of a suitable indicator, Place the alkali in a burette. Note the level of the liquid. Add the alkali to the acid until the indicator just changes colour Note the new level of liquid. Repeat experiment with exactly the same volumes but no indicator. Evaporate a small amount of the water in an evaporating basin and let the solution cool to allow crystals to form. BONS Ou& o MAKING SALTS BY TITRATION This method is limited to the soluble salts of ammonia or alkali metals @.g. ammonium chloride NH,C/ sodium chloride NaC/ potassium sulphate K,SO, sodium nitrate NaNO, Method React an acid with an alkali (hydroxides of Group | metals and ammonia). The method involves TITRATION. Place a measured quantity of acid in a conical flask. Add three or four drops of a suitable indicator. Place the alkali in a burette. Note the level of the liquid. Add the alkali to the acid until the indicator just changes colour Note the new level of liquid. Repeat experiment with exactly the same volumes but no indicator, Evaporate a small amount of the water in an evaporating basin and let the solution cool to allow crystals to form. BONS OaExample word equations:- sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid sodium hydroxide + sulphuric acid potassium hydroxide + _ nitric acid ammonium hydroxide + nitric acid — MAKING SALTS BY TITRATION sodium chloride + water sodium sulphate + water potassium nitrate + water ammonium nitrate + waterExample word equations:- sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid sodium hydroxide + sulphuric acid potassium hydroxide + _ nitric acid ammonium hydroxide + nitric acid Now complete these:- 4 l MAKING SALTS BY TITRATION sodium chloride + water sodium sulphate + water potassium nitrate + water ammonium nitrate + waterExample word equations:- sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid —> sodium hydroxide + sulphuric acid —> potassium hydroxide + nitricacid —> ammonium hydroxide + nitricacid —> Now complete these:- potassium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid —> MAKING SALTS BY TITRATION sodium chloride + water sodium sulphate + water potassium nitrate + water ammonium nitrate + waterExample word equations:- sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid —> sodium hydroxide + sulphuric acid potassium hydroxide + _ nitric acid ammonium hydroxide + nitric acid Now complete these:- —> => —> potassium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid —> sodium hydroxide + nitric acid —_ MAKING SALTS BY TITRATION sodium chloride + water sodium sulphate + water potassium nitrate + water ammonium nitrate + water potassium chloride + water +o MAKING SALTS BY TITRATION Example word equations:- sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid —> sodium hydroxide + sulphuric acid —> potassium hydroxide + nitricacid —> ammonium hydroxide + nitricacid —> Now complete these:- potassium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid —> sodium hydroxide + nitric acid —_ ammonium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid —> sodium chloride + water sodium sulphate + water potassium nitrate + water ammonium nitrate + water potassium chloride + water sodium nitrate + water +o MAKING SALTS BY TITRATION Example word equations:- sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid —> sodium hydroxide + sulphuric acid —> potassium hydroxide + nitricacid —> ammonium hydroxide + nitricacid —> Now complete these:- potassium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid —> sodium hydroxide + nitric acid —_ ammonium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid —> sodium chloride + water sodium sulphate + water potassium nitrate + water ammonium nitrate + water potassium chloride + water sodium nitrate + water ammonium chloride + waterRe ie NEUTRALISATION - IONIC EQUATION In all alkali — acid reactions, the same ionic reaction takes place...NEUTRALISATION - IONIC EQUATION In all alkali — acid reactions, the same ionic reaction takes place... sodium hydroxide + dil. nitricacid —> sodiumnitrate + water NaQH(aq) + HNO, (aq) => NaNO, (aq) + H,0 (I)o NEUTRALISATION - IONIC EQUATION In all alkali — acid reactions, the same ionic reaction takes place... sodium hydroxide + dil. nitricacid —> sodiumnitrate + water NaQH(aq) + HNO, (aq) => NaNO, (aq) + H,0 (I) CE es /\ Na*(aq) + OH (aq) + H*(aq) + NO, (aq) —> Na*(aq) + NO, (aq) + H,O(|)o NEUTRALISATION - IONIC EQUATION In all alkali — acid reactions, the same ionic reaction takes place... sodium hydroxide + dil. nitric acid —> sodiumnitrate + water NaQH(aq) + HNO, (aq) — NaNO, (aq) + H,0 (I) owe cats J Na*(aq) + OH (aq) + H*(aq) + NO, (aq) —> Na*(aq) + NO, (ag) + H,O(I) cancel ions H*(aq) + OH (aq) —> H,0il) from from acid alkaliMAKING SALTS - POSSIBILITIES ISTHE SALT SOLUBLE smal Ee | a ‘ADD EXCESS METAL DOES THE METAL [ ist TO THE ACID THEN REAGT WITH DILUTE SAFE? FILTER OFF THE AcIDS? EXCESS METAL | ‘ADD EXCESS METAL CRYSTALLISE OXIDE OR METAL THE SALT CARBONATE TO ACID FROM THE THEN FILTER OFF THE FILTRATE = ‘EXCESS SOLID 1S THE METAL OXIDE SOLUBLE IN WATER? ves | TITRATE THE METAL HYDROXIDE WITH ‘ACID1 oe PREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTSMETHOD PREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTS Insoluble salts can be made by mixing appropriate solutions of ions so that a precipitate is formed.ig PREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTS METHOD Insoluble salts can be made by mixing appropriate solutions of ions so that a precipitate is formed. EXAMPLES _ silver chloride silver nitrate and sodium chloride barium sulphate barium chloride and sodium sulphate lead iodide lead nitrate and potassium iodidePREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTS METHOD Insoluble salts can be made by mixing appropriate solutions of ions so that a precipitate is formed. PREPARATION OF SILVER CHLORIDE To make silver chloride you need... (i) a soluble silver salt silver nitrate plus (ii) a soluble chloride sodium chloride.PREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTS METHOD Insoluble salts can be made by mixing appropriate solutions of ions so that a precipitate is formed. PREPARATION OF SILVER CHLORIDE To make silver chloride you need... (i) a soluble silver salt silver nitrate plus (ii) a soluble chloride sodium chloride. we ene + 4 Prepare a solution of sodium chloride.PREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTS METHOD Insoluble salts can be made by mixing appropriate solutions of ions so that a precipitate is formed. PREPARATION OF SILVER CHLORIDE To make silver chloride you need... (i) a soluble silver salt silver nitrate plus (ii) a soluble chloride sodium chloride. ~ Gu © 6~ 2 The sodium chloride lattice breaks up and dissolves in the water.PREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTS METHOD Insoluble salts can be made by mixing appropriate solutions of ions so that a precipitate is formed. PREPARATION OF SILVER CHLORIDE To make silver chloride you need... (i) a soluble silver salt silver nitrate plus (ii) a soluble chloride sodium chloride. 3 ~~ Prepare a solution of silver nitrate.PREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTS METHOD Insoluble salts can be made by mixing appropriate solutions of ions so that a precipitate is formed. PREPARATION OF SILVER CHLORIDE To make silver chloride you need... (i) a soluble silver salt silver nitrate plus (ii) a soluble chloride sodium chloride. 4 The silver nitrate lattice breaks up and dissolves in the water.PREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTS METHOD Insoluble salts can be made by mixing appropriate solutions of ions so that a precipitate is formed. PREPARATION OF SILVER CHLORIDE To make silver chloride you need... (i) a soluble silver salt silver nitrate plus (ii) a soluble chloride sodium chloride. 5 Mix the two solutions.PREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTS METHOD Insoluble salts can be made by mixing appropriate solutions of ions so that a precipitate is formed. PREPARATION OF SILVER CHLORIDE To make silver chloride you need... (i) a soluble silver salt silver nitrate plus (ii) a soluble chloride sodium chloride. 6 All four ions are now mixed together.PREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTS METHOD Insoluble salts can be made by mixing appropriate solutions of ions so that a precipitate is formed. PREPARATION OF SILVER CHLORIDE To make silver chloride you need... (i) a soluble silver salt silver nitrate plus (ii) a soluble chloride sodium chloride. 7 The silver ions and chloride ions come together and the insoluble silver chloride forms a white precipitate.PREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTS METHOD Insoluble salts can be made by mixing appropriate solutions of ions so that a precipitate is formed. PREPARATION OF SILVER CHLORIDE To make silver chloride you need... (i) a soluble silver salt silver nitrate plus (ii) a soluble chloride sodium chloride. 7 Because sodium nitrate is soluble in water their ions remain in solution. The precipitate is then filtered, washed and dried.a o PREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTS METHOD Insoluble salts can be made by mixing appropriate solutions of ions so that a precipitate is formed. PREPARATION OF SILVER CHLORIDE To make silver chloride you need... (i) a soluble silver salt silver nitrate plus (ii) a soluble chloride sodium chloride.SALTS - QUESTIONSSALTS - QUESTIONS 4. Work out what you get if the following chemicals are mixed. a) zine and sulphuric acid b) copper carbonate and nitric acid ¢) sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid d) lead oxide and nitric acid e) magnesium and hydrochloric acid f) ammonium hydroxide and sulphuric acid g) magnesium carbonate and sulphuric acida SALTS - QUESTIONS 4. Work out what you get if the following chemicals are mixed. a) zine and sulphuric acid b) copper carbonate and nitric acid ¢) sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid d) lead oxide and nitric acid e) magnesium and hydrochloric acid f) ammonium hydroxide and sulphuric acid 9) magnesium carbonate and sulphuric acid zinc sulphate + hydrogen copper nitrate + carbon dioxide + water sodium chloride + water lead nitrate + water magnesium chloride + hydrogen ammonium sulphate + water magnesium + carbon + water sulphate dioxideSALTS - QUESTIONS 4. Work out what you get if the following chemicals are mixed. a) zine and sulphuric acid zinc sulphate + hydrogen b) copper carbonate and nitric acid copper nitrate + carbon dioxide + water ¢) sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid sodium chloride + water d) lead oxide and nitric acid lead nitrate + water e) magnesium and hydrochloric acid magnesium chloride + hydrogen f) ammonium hydroxide and sulphuric acid ammonium sulphate + water 9) magnesium carbonate and sulphuric acid magnesium + carbon + water sulphate dioxide 2. Answer the following... Which ion is foundin (i) acidic solutions; (il) alkaline solutions? What is formed when you mix these two ions together? What name do we give to this type of reaction? When making salts from metals, oxides and carbonates, how do you know when all the acid is used up? When making salts from soluble Group | hydroxides, what do you use to check when all the acid is used up?& o SALTS - QUESTIONS 4. Work out what you get if the following chemicals are mixed. a) zine and sulphuric acid zinc sulphate + hydrogen b) copper carbonate and nitric acid copper nitrate + carbon dioxide + water ¢) sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid —_ sodium chloride + water d) lead oxide and nitric acid lead nitrate + water e) magnesium and hydrochloric acid magnesium chloride + hydrogen f) ammonium hydroxide and sulphuric acid ammonium sulphate * water g) magnesium carbonate and sulphuric acid magnesium + carbon + water sulphate dioxide 2. Answer the following... Which ion is found in (i) acidic solutions; H*(aq) _ (ii) alkaline solutions? OH™(aq) What is formed when you mix these two ions together? WATER What name do we give to this type of reaction? NEUTRALISATION When making salts from metals, oxides and carbonates, how do you know when all the acid is used up? WHEN THE SOLID NO LONGER DISSOLVES When making salts from soluble Group | hydroxides, what do you use to check when all the acid is used up? AN INDICATORACIDS, BASES & SALTS THE END f © JONATHAN HOPTON AND KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING