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NOVTA HNOTOME aUHM VINIDVIN [El MOTIBA EE] NYAd ams
=p
 MADEIRA.

CHAPTER 1.
ASTOR Gr TIE DISS9VENS Or dtibrsRA—GEmErar 42

Hr appears doubtftl sehether the islands of Ma

deira and Porto Santowere noi known to the carly
Phonicians, who. by order of Pharaoh Necho,
sailed from the Red Sea round Africa, and
4 by-the Pillars of Hercules, 607 1.6, and
prently (aé a later period), with the (
ninns, visited the north-west coast of Africa beyond
Cape Bojador,
Merodotus, whom Cicero has called the Foth
fi * Islands of the Bles
om the confines of the ea h in am ocean
wuzmed by the le meu sotting sun: and
, when driven from
Spain, wisheil to save himself and his attendants,
after the loss of his feet, on a gionp of two
Atlantic islands, ten thousand stadia tó the west of
he mouth of she Dastis. Tt has been empposed
ê MADEIRA.
dat he meant'to desigrate the twro islands of Posto
Santo and Madeira, which wero already indicated
dy Pliny as the Porpnraries:
“The romantic and probably fabnlous narrativo
of the discovery 6£ Madeira, im 1344, by Robert
Machini and his ruu-away bride, syhich has been
inserted in nculy all the works hitherto published,
descriptive of the island, necd not be xepoated
here,
According to the most anthentio moderu ae-
counts, Madeira was dliatov ered! during tho most
brilliant century of Portuguese history, by Joaã
Gonsalves da Camara, commonty called Zargo,
and “Tristag Vaz Taxcira, under the auspices of
Dom Henry, “the Conquistador,” son of King
John 1 of Poringal, in July, 1419; and so numed
from jts being clothed in the xichest forost ver-
dure?
Poito Santo, a small ialaud lying abont ffiy
miles to the north-cast of Madeira, had, been “acei-
dentally discovered during the previous year by
Bartuolomen Perestrello, am Italian, who had dis-
tinguished himaclf in the maritime servios of Por-
tugal. While on a voyage to explore tho western
const of Africa, a violent storm arose, wliich carried
dis vessel out of its contse, and, after being tossed
1 Bos Huraboldbs“ Cosmos)”
2 Toa Gonsalves da Camara, nicinamed é Zargo; or“ Squiat
eve from a delvel in ie eyes; he ie however; genomilly knowu
Ly the namo of iTanô Gonsalves Zargo. “vood
3 Madeira, in Portuguese, mesning
 MADEIRA, 3
abont for some days, was cast iu sight of Porto
Santo, wwhere he found shelter from he storma, and,
for dis deliveranoe, called the island by that
name. From lhence à dark cloudy outline was
visible on the horizon, which inspired Zargo ane
his companions ywith the idea of other territórios
existing ther , and induced them to stesr for the
spot; with lide delay the object was secom-
plished, and the poimt where they first made the
land they named from tleir vessel Su Lourenço.
The greut Christopher Coltmbnis married Felippa
the danghter of Perestrello, the discoverer, and
aftervards governor, of Porto Santo; and ho is
» have received, nt tho death of his wift's
her, those documents and memormnda which
atimuladed him to engago in bis cul
of discovery. Columbus resided for some tim
Porto Santo, and, it ie enid, made frequent voyages
ar escursions to Madeira, for the purpose of traffic,
presious. to those great expedlitions which gave
auch celebrity to his name, and opencd to Europe
the Western World
The island of Madeira lies between 3 º 49' 44º,
and 92º 87 18º north latitude, and Dotwcen
16º 89º 30” amd 17º 16 38” west longiinde, fiom
Greenwich? nearly 10º norih of the Tropic of
Cancer, and three or fonr degrees beyond the usual
à Porto Santo, or Holy hoven.
“2 Eerom oliervasionsfuemishod by Captain Azavalo, very dis
Miniguiahed engines, who Ju Indely made a most aeeurate survey
art ita,
52
4 MADEIRA,
limit of the trade vindos. Ta form it is of am irre-
gular oblong quadmingle, presenting in its whole
circuit a series of bold and rugged headlunds, ex-
tendingeto an elevation, at Cape Gram, of nearly
2,000fects and tapering off at its custom extremity
tou long narrow pointof bold and mgged rocks,
lying namo by compuss. Tis extreme longih,
fiom Point Sa Lourenço to Point do Pargo,
Portuguese leagues, or 32 geographical miles; its
greatest Dreadth, from Point da Cruz to Point Sai
Jorge, is 12 geographical milos; amd its circum-
once, taken from one point to another, the in-
dentarions being trling, is only 77 miles! “The
surface presents a singalarl y broken end mountain-
ous appearanc e on every side, but mare particularly
towards the north, slere the broad evell of the
Atlantic foams mp aguinst the base of rocks which
zisey almost perpendicularly, to am elevation of
some hundreds of feet. Life is givea to the scene
by the many Rittle villagos nt the months 0º
uvines, throngh wikich, during tho heavp-rains of
atua, the surrounding Mieights pour their turbid
tortents into the scné “These waters, during the
summer montks, appear like the transparént streams
árom a clenr «pring, as they bubble along the rocly
bottom.
“The whele formation of the island is of voleanie
igin; and the huge masses of hasaltio rocks,
2 Obsezyaticns by Captatn Azoveslo,
2 "Pheso mountain torrente constituto the “ Rileiras, or rivers
of the Islam
 MADEIRA. 5
lying on burnt carthy matter, show in many places
the action of fire on their On appronchiug
from the north, the appearaneo is grand and pio-
furesques the abrupt and becding erags and over-
hanging zocks, covered with rich verde to their
very smnmits, frequently hid hy-the misty vaponrs
and durkor clouds, and at intervals showing their
mgged penks for above; their xough online
tirown dorward, and residered more distinct, by
the clouds below and the bright blue slsy behind
with the dass Iexnriant foliage of the vine and
hestuut-tree on the lower parts of the narros
vidges and broken ravines, afford próbally unc of
the; finest glimpses of scenery to be met with in
any part of the world
From the lofiy and almost perpendicular s
eli of Cape Giram, to the westem end of th
island, the scenery along the const is someyhat
similar, in its geological aspect, to chat of the
north, lou vrithout that rich verdure which is pro
ducedl By tho moister atmosphere on tho compara
7 unenltivated mountain ridges vf that side of
the island. "The surtounding heiglts appear more
dry and arid, and the wild Inxuriant foliage of the
en Pl and Vinhatico give place to
fame and comparntively nnintoresting view theof
artificial. terraces, with thei eloping' patches of
frelliseil j vines and stnnted corn, iving
at wild aspect of nature which is so grand it andof
the lilo line of coast fuing the
 MADEIRA.
he appearaneo of the const from Point Sad
Louenço, «ue easterm promontory of the island,
towaxds Funchal, js, for somo miles, exseedingly
bleak und barren, except arommd. the villnges of
Machico and Santa Cruz, where moro cultivaçion
exists. - Both of these hamlets are benwifully situ-
ated, at tho outlet of: streams collected from the
various gorges of the mountains; and, especially
the former, vwith steep and Jofly hills rising abruptly
ou euch side, and towering upwards of 2,000 fect
helind. - Large traets of red and yellow tufus,
intere persed here anil there wi E dark
pine-trecs, cover the lofty hills;
alopes are Inid out in patches of miserably thin
crops of grain, and stunted vi
Abrcast of Mnchico, and about 12 miles distant,
the Desertas, un cluster of three small istunds, ris
almost perpendienlarly from the seu, and: streteh
towards the sonth, appearing perítetly barren and
arid. They ave only seceseíble on one or two
points, and are rarely visited,
men for the purpose of procuring sca-fowl, or
ing a few gonts during the winter months, when
the moister atmosphere enables them to obtain a
mty pasturage. The use gly dit-
fieukt, and can only be cfiteted where the heavy:
rains om the surface, in descending towards the
, have cut a deep gorge, and left it partly filled
with large atones um
Before the end of the fifteentlr contury the b
of Mudeira had attain a highedstato of p
 MADEIRA.
and the fumo of its riches frequently advenexeited the
mpacity of lho mumesous corsa irs and turer s
“ho, ab that easly periol, freguented . them e
douring seas. Several attemptá wero but made hs
fhose freebooters to pillage Funch al, witho ut
sutcesa, till 1566, shen a calamity oconrred vitime
imjured the prosperity 0º the island for some lle
Th that year a band of Ioguenots stom Roche
altacked the city with success, and during the
sixteen days in which theso “ Tudrics Wranceses;
French robbers, held possession of it, many of
the inhabitunts songht refage in the neighbonring
mountains. The following abridged nceomt of
gls outrage is translated from am ancient MS. by
Doutor À. O. de Betlencowt e Vasconçelos, with
a perusal of which the author has been Iindly
fivoured bySenhor Caetd'an oo —
Arauj
“On dhê 3d of October, 1508, while at peace
with France, and the island quiet and Hourishing,
eight French gallcons anchored at Praya Formose
about o leogue below Funchal, where, at dusk,
they landed upwards of a thonsand armed men
kia ng detour, descended upon the city by
where the Peale-fort now standa
Notico having been conveyed to Captain F
Gonsalves, then acting as governor in the absence
of his nephew, Simad Gonsalves da Camara, Cap-
gain and Donutúrio of Fuuchul, who us then
tesiding at Lisbon, he retired to the fortress 0º Saj
rich was ame with ari he
E the town, The inhabitant
 MADEIRA.
taken ly surprise that they could only mmatér a
few men, sho resisted their entrance at the gate of
o Paulo, now Sa6 Francisco, On the following
j&, after considerable fighting, the French
became masters of the city. Two hundred of he
nts, and fifty of the h fell in this
engagement. They vemained sixteen during
which time they loaded their galleona with
ey could find. The churchcs
plundoreê, tu 5 Durmt or broken, th
royed, and the relics profaned. On their
entering to rob the elureh of
ould only seize ou nine, who wer
'y put to death, one who dliod from
once despatel
mótico cf ti
the captain “and donutario of ho island,
ulmost immediately to their enccon, reith a Ta
feet, containing many nobles of the kingdom
Before they ar ived, howeve
days, stec
They afi
Ienowin
were not disturbed; so that their
poverty proved riches to them at s 1
After the usimrpation of the timone of Portugal
dy Philip LL. of Spain, in 1580, the importance of
Madeira rapidly deelincd, till Don Jon IV. of
Portugal threw off the Spanish yoke, in 1610, and,
 MabEL
Dyexeiting uguin the energy of is subjects,
sho Portuguese oolonies, in. some messnre, from
fheir fallen state. “Towards the end of the seven-
teenth century, when the naval power of England
became paramount on the sen, the connexion De-
tircen the islondl and that country became moro
intimate, and its prosperity zapidly increased. It
was held, for a short period, by the British during
the Peninsular wars, in 1801; under Col. Clinton,
who arrived in the“ Argo)” Captain Bowen, with
several transports containing a detachment of
British troops, and garrisoned the island, as
of Portugal, till the peace of Amiens was defini-
igned in the following year. Tu December
1807, General Beresford arrived in the «Contam?
Aduiral Sir Samuel Hood, with transports con-
veying 4,000 troops, and took forcible possession
of the island, which was retained under che British
Mag till April, 1808, when it was again restored to
Portugal, though it continued to be garrisoned
British troops, to protect it ugainst French inva-
Sion, ill the general peace in 1814, when they
finally evacuated the island.
Madeira has been long treated with ne;
the suctessive Governments of Portugal,
drained for their extravaganee, and its commerce

From 1807 till 1814

o College Barracks, to
Of which emu passed ovcr to
fi Convent of Su Ciara), the monaster y or Sa Francisco, gud
tio fortroas of San T
 MADEIRA.
in a measure ruincd by the most ill-timed and
delusive measure of raising ite status from 2 colony
to the noininal dignity of a provinee, without aflind-
ing 4 uny ressibutive advantage, oz treating it as
am integral part of the kingilom. lts condition vens
greatly improved during the short period it vas
I held by the British, under the able administration
of General Beresford, in 1808.
“The population of Madeira and Porto Santo, ae
coriling to the census taken in 1849, amounted to
110,084 persons; “of wltom .the districtof Funchal
contained 29,883, showing a decreaso from she
census of 1889, of 5,677. This diminution, how-
ever, is easily to De aceountod for, by the current
of emigration which hus set in, since 1340, to
Demerara and the various islands of the West
Indies; the retums for these tem yenrs givir
total of 19,230, exclusive of those who, from the
mumerous impedimenta thrown in he way of emi-
graticm by the authovitios of Funchal, have left the
island clandestinoly; and it is computed that theso
will amount, ut the lowest calculation, to 11,000
more,
Phe Porisish resident population, for the present
year, consists of 81 familics, or honseholders, giving
a total of 317 persons,
* See Appendix A.
 CHAPTER IL

Aprer passing Cape Garajáo) or the Brazen-

head, as the English residents call it, the city 0:
hal opens to vicw, facing the south, with its
white turreted houses, appearing in (he form of an
amplithentre, The hills rise to a considerable
elevatiom on cach side, increasiinng heightas ey
close behind, till they uttain an clevation of ny
wards of 4,000 feet. They present numerous
ravines, and other irregularities of surfueo, which
are richly cultivated, wherever cultivation i
ficable, and) aiorned with inmumerable “quinta
or villas. At an clevation of nearly 2,000 fe
Dehindl the city, the church of Noss: Senhor
Momte renrs its double dome, out of a forest
chestnmi-trees; and from this point the trellised
s exctend almost to the centre of the town.
o meneha the anchorage off Funchal, sail
vessels generally keep well ont from the land
clearing Cope Ge unless the vrind
É Names from “Giarejáo a speciesof sea-gul; and“
Jeoad” Tum the read colour of the rocks
12 MADELEA.
strong from the eastiward, so as to reach the
westerly sea-hreeze, or smbate, as it is beve called.
which prevails during noarly nino months of the
year, and is caused by tho vddy formed dy the
lofiy hills, vohen: the wind prevails fom dhe north
ot morthecast. The tondstead is open, and exposed
to all the blaste from east to south-west, which ut
times cause considerable destruction among ths
vessels at anchor. During the atorms of winter
the sen xolls into the bay with feurful violence, and
should any oé the vessels part their cables, or d
ring these southerly gales, there
is litele chance of their escape. In the course of a
few how, in October 184%, no less than five
vessela came on shore, besides one supposed 19
kuve gone down at her anchorage, as nothing was
ever seen of her after that fearful gale, except a fewy
floating epars. To show the alacrity ofthe Por-
tuguese in zendering assistance on such occasions,
not a soul was lost ou bourd of these vessel
came ou shore, althongl the storm oe
die might. Again, in December 1848, five
re cast ashore, within a short period of ench
other, and only:pie. person was lost—through his
to"'réader Gssistance to his companions,
deavotringoto regain the deck of lis
vessel, Tn oider to avoid these risks ns muc!
possible, sailing vessels usually anchor abont
quarter of a mile fom the Loo Bock
* Eeuibute to Vea aims,
2 Called by tho Portuguese, “ Thco amal island
 MADEIRA. 18
should Dear about Nxcr. by compass, from its
nflording good holding-ground at a depth of from
tventy-five to thisty farhoms. By this means thoy
axe clear of the Points, and ere generally able to
alip their cables and pué to sea. before the force of
the gale sets in. Stenmers usnally anchor much
nearer the shore, having none of these risks to
contend against, and afiording greater convenience
for taking ia couls.
The lir vehat is called
f Funchal, though it scarcely merits the
begins to recedo from the lcadland of Cape
jão on the cast, towards the ciry, a distance
of about tince miles, and protrudes again morc
rapidly towards Ponta da Cruz, to the west 01
Funchal, with an indentation of little more than
half a mile. Between Cape Garajío and Port
Sant? Jago, veltich forms the castem boundary o
the town, the const is bold and «brupt, broken
my by one mountain gorge » at dic outlet of
aehich the new quirantine establishment is situated,
Prom the fort alhuded to the rongh s ngly beach
Sommences, and extends as far as the Rilcira de
Sab Paulo, the western boundary, where it again
assumes its rmg ed and rocky character. Con-
À for a short distance, the
Pontinha” and Loo-rock, cach crowned wish a fort
anchor The
former is connected with the nd by a sort of
à Pera, Sais Paulo, generally exllod Ribeira de Sac
É “Pontin ny" O marzo point.
 14 MADEIRA,
bridge, or plaifocm, wlile the laúter, rieing
abruptly, stands out about a gun-shot distant from.
the high and rocky coast behind, and affords am
uncertain shelter for small vessels while under
repair. Between this rock and che heights above
the Brazenhead a telegrephio communication is
kepé up, and the ppronch of all vessels announced,
dy n code of siguale from (he fort, ong; Tefore
they reneh the anchorage, desienating the class of
vesbel, her nation, and the direction from vwhich
she comes, or in which she first appears, Betw:
the Loo-rock and the town, the beautiful Porta-
guese cometory renrs its slouder eypress tr
along the verge of the eli. “Dhe “ Tirolan, or
Governor's palace, rising behind the gardem of the
Praça da Rainha, is also a conspicuous object; it
is built in various styles of architecture, and more
resembles a barack than the residenco of a
govemor. Adjoiuiag arc (Me ruins ofa mole, in
the construction of which some thirty thousahd
dollars have been thrown, or rather washed away;
the nature of the beach affording no proper foun-
dation for such an undertoking: nearly two-thirds
of it Bavo already been destroyed by the foree of
the Passing castwand, the “tal pillur, ori-
sginadly Duúile for unlos ng vessels, the custom-
à his cgluma was comnenoed in 1520, by Ms. Jobm Light
Bangor, an Engliah morcheat, for the purpose of Isding iodo
om the beach. “Phe idea, however, proved a failum Tt was
finished in 1708, ot am exponso of 0,600 dollars, upravd of
1,300! Whon fist orcetad, fia bas wus wazhod by tho sea
sinco that period, tho intervêning beach bas been throw up.
 MADEIRA. lá
the Praça Academica, stand out áom
she line of houses; wlúlo the conspicuous Poale-
font, and Santa Clara convent, rear their bare whi
walls behind the town, and the church of “Our
Lady of the Monnt” shows its bright domes far
in the rear.
Vessels,on anchoring in the roadatead of Tum
chal, aro admitted to pratiqueby the health officens
who put off from the shore in a fowr-onred bout for
that purpose g ascertaimed, chat al dl
papers are correct, come on board, and the ship
and passengers are clear of all further impediment.
This boat is followed by one £ m the custom
house, with two officers, wc ain om honrd
she the vessel isd charging her cargo, or whil:
any part of it remains on board; and scores of
others in search of employment Now, perhaps
for the first time, the visito witnessos a forcigu
new to him in every respect, The noisy
bontmen, full of cagermess, and jabberimg in «
language quite unintelligible to most E sh ea
their curionsly shaped, but clean and t Doats
with long pes rising some feet above the gum-
wale at both ends, together with tho Dustle om
board and the. completely fi gn aspect around
strike ono with admization and stonishment, and
render the scene in ma zespects excecdingly
amusim; On janding, the visitor is neck with
the change which few days nt sea have efected;
everyth ng appears new to the honses, th
streets, t inhabitanta, and the climate, all wear a
 16 MADEIRA.

foreiga appesrancs, and differ so materially from

those he has just left, that he can searcely believe
in the reality of the scene: the absence of ull
vliceled “vehicles, the want of traffic and Tusile,
give the placo more the resemblence of an inlend
towa, than the usually aciive aud busy port of an
island.
Captain Marryatt thus graphically describes the
sensations o a visitor on arriving hero tor the fist
«:T do not know & spot on the globe which
hes und delights, upon first arrival, as
é Island of Madeira. The voyager embarks,
end is in all probability confinedl to his cabia, ef
fering under the dreadful prostration of sen-sick-
uess, Perhaps he has left England im the gloom
close of autuma, or the frigid concentration of an
Muglish winter. In à week he Aguin vicws that
torra-firma wiich he had quisted with regret, and
which, in lia eufierings, he would have given half
that he possessed to regain. When he lands upou
the island, what a change! winter has become
summer; the naked trees which he left ave ex-
changed for the luxuriant and varied foliuge; snow
and frost for warmth and splendonr; (he secnery
of the temperate zone for the profusion and magni-
ficence of the tropies; a bright bluesky; a glowing
sun; hills covered with vines; a deep Hlne sen; a
picturesque and novel costume; all meet and de-
Hight the eyo, just at die precise momentw
ave landel on u Deuce island woulil have been
a luxury.”
 M
The operation of landing at Funchal is, at
Guues, rather exciting, especially to those nocus-
tomed to the many faeiliti Ingglish port
Should the seabe nt all rongh, or a hoavy svell
setting im, the process is generally cffected ar the
Pontinha, under (he protection of the Loo-rock,
vero, avateling Ne rising swell of the sea, the
appormniyis seized to step quietlyon shore; uxd,
ascending a flight of steps, the bridge or platform
sehich connects te xock yrith the share is reached.
Horses and palanquins are generally to be fommd
here ou such oceusions, to
xo town, à distance of about half a mile,
necessityr of landing at the Pontinho, however,
marely ocems, except in the case of pussengers
amiving by the Brazil steam packets, whose short
detention obliges their getting on shore as speedlily
as possible. When the weather is such that the
Sailing packets cam come to anchor, the landing is
easily and safely cftvuted, and it is rarely other-
iso, Although a swell may set in suffiient to
canse a considerablo surf along (ho beach, the
bontmen manage adiminiby, and it is a rare oceur-
Tenico tlxat one is disturbed even by; the spray. On
drriving close to the beach, the boat is turned with
dts ste towards the shore, and the rowers, with
their ncther garm ed up, watch the oppor-
the lasgs ia, to huck
the boat on its boiling úll it tonehes the
Shinely beach; then, out, with the assist
ênce of ouo or tyro others on shore, they: pull their
 18 MADEIRA.
craft, passengers and all, high and dry: on the strand,
The great objcet during thia process is to remain
still and quiet, for if a leap from the boat
attempted, a ducking is almost sure to followbo
These precantions are not, however, alwuys neve
sary, the seu being frequently so smooth that one
may step ou shore from the boat, without the
necessity of being hauled np with it on the bench,
Funchal, the enpital of Madeira, was
by the discovezers of te island, from the soextens named
beds df “funcho,” or fennel, yelich grow qn ivo
spot there the town was ufterwards erectod, theTt
lies in82º 37 45º north latitude, and 16º 55 20"
west longitude, from Greenwich ; distant, by-shipis
Sons, about 1,525 miles from Sonthumpton,
from Lisbon, 635 from Gibraltar, 380 from 535
Coast of Africa, and 260 north of Santa Cruz, thoin
the island of Tenorife. The situation was selected.
by Zargo, between wiom and Tristas Daxeira
island was nenrly equally divided by Don donô qheT.
om Meir remm to Lisbon, after their sucoessfil
Voyage of discovery; the former redeiving the
family namo cf Camara, and the appointmen
Capitas e Danúturio (captain and grantee) oft theof
district of Iunchul, conferred ou him and bis hejra,
TristaS held à similar appointment at Machic o,
wwhero he mile the first church crccred on the
island, and dedicated it to Christ, This church
known ax the present day as Mackin's Chapel. Hisis
tuptainoy, is defaul of heirs,
t reverted to the erown
É Prom obscevaticas taken af the Loo rock, by Capt. Azeredo
 MADEIRA. 19
in 1540, “Lhe spititualitics of the island had been
made over in perpetuity to the Order of Christ, by
Dom Jolin T, and the gift was confirmed by Pope
Eugene TV, in 14 2, The first chuvch erectod in
Funchal was dedicated by Zargo to Senta Ca
hnrina;! and that of Nossa Senhora do Calhão
iolowed, h this latter is gencrally, but erro-
neonsly, supposed to have been the first, Tn 1508
anta Gruz and Calheta? iyere estublishcd as tow
and Funchal was, by Royal Charter of 21st August,
raised to the dignity of a city, with a “ Cama
Or munieipulity, possessing privileges equal to
those
of Lishon. Tn 1514, it was made a bishoprie,*
and by a bull of Paul HI, of th January, 1539
was eleynted to the dignity of an archt
Phis position, however, it only retained til that of
Goa was erveted, im 1547! The present Sá, or
eathedral, was built Dom Emanuel, King of
Portugal, and opened in 1508, during the
SE Simaô Gonsulves da Camara, sumamed captainey “O Mag:
fico,” the third in descent from Zargo: tho build-
dhg was commenced im 1485, but was not cc mpleted
dll dGl4º
Gothic, and the
The style of is Ttaliun-
architecture
upper part of the aguare tower, or
Spire, às covered with plaze tiles.
there is litile worthy of dnotive , é
To the interior
aecept it Do the
curious and rich eeiling, formed of the cedar-wood
De Preitas, and Vasconcellos Ms$, (To thé e 0? Feibha
2 Vasconcellos MS, l.)
À VassoncellosMS,! Cordeyro, Hist Invilana,
* Vasconcellos M$, Tb. ii,
* Tui,
 20 MADEIA.
of the island. The invasion und short occupation
of the island by the French freebooters, (
alluded to,) during the reign of Dom Sel
1566, was followed. by the arrival of the Jesuits,
“The firat of that order accompanied the expedition
sent from Lisbon for the relief of the city
established a college of their order in 1570, vehich
they held till their expulsion by Dou Jozé, in 1758,
“Dhey: also built the clmrch of 5. Joaã Evangelista,
now knosm as the “ Igreja do Collegiay?.or College
church, omamentod in front with the staínes of
t, Tgnatius and St. Francis Xavier, the chiefs of
their order, and. two others of minor note, Tn its
intemol arrangements there is little to attract
notice, except its rich and gorgeous allazs. The
interior of the church of Saô Pedro has much the
sumo appesrance; and with that of the Soceorro,
amd the other chnrches of the island, possesses no
atimaetion, in pu r worthy. of
notios.
Among the convents and menasterics of Madeira,
those of the Franciscan order (yehich includes he
nunneries of Santa Clara and N. 8. da Encarnaçaõ)
é Tn company with Jon? Gonsalves da Camaro, in his vessel,
má né his table, nn envoy cf the Socisty of Jesus, named Frau-
gisco Vazera, a Castilian priesl of great lenrning, vas sent from
Lisbon, for tho servico of Cod, to preach in this sslend, wiigre he
mot wifla great anceess; he was the Bret of his order who srrivod
da the islund, and, hy ia devotiom, perinsded the people to
Pelltion the King, Dom Sebastian, to establish a college for
his order at Panel, to toavh and instomel their soma” Pap
Eoncollos JS.
 MADRI a
held the most conspicuons place, Tho Jatter were
suppressed, and their possessions confiscared +
the Government, in 1834, when the islond passeê
into the power of Don Pedro, on the final over-
tlxrow of his brosher, Don Miguel. At thas period,
amd also during (he short reign of the Constita-
tional Government in Madeira, in 1822, the n
were permitted to leave their convents; and a few
availed tliemselves, for a time, of the privilege, but
retúmcd again to their cloisters, after a short em
jopment of the wosld?a gaiety. The celebrated
recluse, Maria Olementina, to awhose listory Col
ridge has imparted such interest, still lives in the
convent of Santa Clara, among somb forty-vight of
her sisterhood! She is now somewhat advanced
in life, and es, if any, traces remain o? thas beauty
which our poetso warmly described. “These nuns
Enpport themselves, in a great measure, by the
manufheture; and sale, at the gratingsof their re
Seption rooms, of artificial flowers and fruits, with
à fey other ornamental produotions. The, former
made of dyed ieathers, and the fruit of
dl ue prized by many visitors as affording
ng Souvenir of their sojoum in Madeira:
The convent of the Encarnaças, endowed, ir
Ata convent is exoctad on tho site cf he chart ot N. 8. da
Soneciçad da Cimo, fho tLixd church Daily Zargo, amá mi
Mi remains are sai do De depordtod, Its à acgs and ircegrar
pio of duildiuge, averlocking the tam, and derives
income from property helá by the sisterhoc in and about Lhe
Curral.
 22 MADEIRA,
1886, by Henrique Calassa de Viveiros, a canon
of the church, contains about twenty-five nuns,
sho support themeolves as those of Sunte Clara!
Novices being no longer admitted into these esta-
blishments, the inmates are gradually deercasing
in number; and their lite property will, erc long,
Je in possession of the Government, The Convens
of Bom Jesus affords a Lemporary usylum to young
widows and deserted wives. That of the Capi-
chas, or Sisters of Mercy, contains about twenty-
seven inmates, sho ave considered the most rigid
observers of their monnstic vows; they: attend to
all their menial work hemsclves, employing neither
servanis nor assistants,
exen from their relatives.
* he fonnader of chis convent gave up his quínio, or vila, na
a oito for the, bulldine, which he had promised to dedicase to
N..5, da Encarnaça,
 CHAPTER TT

“EE gencral appearance of the city of Funchal

is Joy no imemus prepossessing. Tho strecis are
irregulanly built, and paved with small xounded
pieces of basalt, about the size of an egg, procnred
from the beach; and with rough broken pieces of
lie game material, so as to afford a Ermer footing,
where any; considerable ascent exists, “The larger
and more respectable class of houses aro: inter-
sporsed with those of a small and shabby appear
ance, und are generally provided with baleonies,
jplieh afford a gay; and lively sight on“ festas,” or
holidays, arhem they oro usually cxosrded with the
brighr-colonred dresses and spadliug eyes of the
Portugmese Jedioa, The lower parts are usually
ocenpied a& syino stores; and the streets appear
arrow fo those unaccustomed to forcigá towns; at
the gamo time, they are remurkaby clcau, and kpf
in good order and repair,
The toym is intersected by three rivers, fgene-
xally dry during the summer months, bnt rcllinz
dosem in torrents, for ahort intervals, and with im.
2 MADETRA,

menso velobity, during the usually heavy rains of

autuans often besring enormons boulder stones
along seit their tubid, veaters, and, at times, cur-
sving away bridiges in their course, and inundating
the lower parts of the tom. One of these flood
occurred in Oetobex 1808, during the night, ski
in a grent measure, destroyed the eastem part of
the city. The church of N. S. do Calhão, the
secchd ehuxch Duilt by Zargo, which atood at the
end ot Rua da Santa Maria, on the sito ofthe
present westem fiuit-manket, and mun neiglbonr-
ing houses were carried away. One DÊ these,
inhobited by au English funily named “Padock,
near the Pelourinho: Square," was carried” bodily
into the aco, und, the upper part being of ywovd,
Hioated about for à considerablo timo with the lights
sóill glimmering ftom the windows: not a soul of
tlis household escaped. The rivers were not then
protected by: those strong walls wiieh mos; hem in
their: current, as they pass through the city, and
the loss of Tife and property syas à Consoquence
very igreut; above three hundred souls perished,
and Neaps of dead oxen, shicup, anil domestio ani-
male filled, the streets, and lay senttered along the
Peach in the vicinityof the river which vansed snch
devastation. á
A like calamity occurred from the overowving
of the sune river, and during the sumo months in
1842, which, althoug h the destruetiori'6f property
4 1a he bonito of úhis square tho pillory formeriy existed; it
“sas demolished about seventeen years ago.
 MADEIRA 25
was great, wns ly no means attended with such
fearful results, as the mass of wuler came down
during the day. These torrents ato kept in their
course, under ordinary ciroumstances, by stro
thick walls; their beds being at a depb of from
um to twventy feet Delow the level of the nilje
streets, which however alopo down in many cases
to a line with the Ded of the torrent. Most of
those rivers have pleasant vralks along their raised
Danlke, shaded with large overhanging plane-trees,
a branches almost mect over tlo centre of the
channel. Under heir shade the yasherwomen ply
their task, amd ha e linem entrusted to
their tender mercies, at a most destructive ate,
against the large rough pieces of rock; and when
the clothes are laid out to dry in tho sun, the bed
of the river appears ns if covereil with a she:
snow.
The Praça Acadêmica, and the Praça da Rainha,
lying along the margin of the sea, and the Praça
da Constituiçai, ia front of the cathedral, afford a
plcasant resort and lounge tor (le invalid. The
are delightully shaded with row o fine trees,
and provided jwith benches for the zepose of the
wearyo At ame or other of theso promenndes, the
military band usually plays duzing the afternoons
of the Sundays and festas, “The nativo inlabitants
then appeat in all their finery, and many of f
English residents and visitors take their eveni
stroll, while listening to the airs discomeed by
úhe Portuguese band, and inhaling the fmes of
c
 MADEIRA,
horrid tobaceo from the holiday eignra of-the persin
mbulating oprige o fushion around, who,
glovos vf all bright hues, delighs in showingall offencho ami
article in the form of n real Havanuali, on
public ooeasions,
Along tue beach tho scene is extremely ani
mated, especially on the market days, wheu the]
litdlo fleot of country Donta arrives from tho dif-
sesent village-ports oÉ the island. These craft are
often gandily painted, and managed hyr a strongl
asvazthy got of Deings, more Like savages than tg
inhabitants of a civilizel comntry. They are
almost in a” stato of nature while employ ed inf
landing or receivings their cargoes , and divo under)
the brenkeers, as they pass figa Che shore to their]
donta, as if they were amplibious. Tn fact, thel
bontmen generally, and the childre n living near
the Deaeh, aro almost as much at home in theg
water as the fish themselves. “The sine arrivin
in costs ly these Donts is druwa overboncl af
sort way oft the beach, and loated om shore, from]
sylienoe it is conveyed in bullodkesladges to the]
various stores, AN the cartage im the imediato
neighbonrhood of the town ia efiteted om thes
sledgess that over the eouniry is usually allottesa
to a small race of mules, senrcely larger thanCary
ordinary eized donhey-—hut the loads exceed they:
aily astonis hing. “Lhe oxeu axe ingly
and docile, much more so than their drive
who are a most noisy and. boisterons sot, raizingl
thcir stentorian voiees to a pitch quite desfening fo
 MADEIRA.
English cars, as they goad hoj
along, with their usual call,“ Ca-para-mim-hoi*—
caca cao. These animals are usually pre-
vedesl Toy a boy, ve sharp note chimes im at
intervals with the gruffer tone of the drivor ia he
ear, who, besides Lis goud, cureies u wet cloth, to
drop under the sledge from lime to time, so as to
prevent its heuting, and cause it to glide more
amoothly along; tio street.
The Carreira, the principal streot, intersects the
city from east to west. Atila upper oxtreminy, ir
ale Rua da Bela-vista, the British chapel stands
enclosed in a beautiful and. carefnlly-kept garden-
ground, and completely closed in with trees and
various tropical plants. The grounds for this
chapel were purchascdby te Britisl Fuctory, in
ÁSIO, ata cost of 5,435 dollars,to which an addi-
tional piece was added some years later, at an
exponse of 840 dollars, for the purpose cf orecting
à house for the clergyman, which, however, Jus
Meyer yet hcen oftected. The chupel was built dy
Subscriptions raised among the permanent British
Tesidents, and a voluntory impost« 18., eqnal
to 24. 6d, perpipe, on all wines expo them,
rom want of funds, and various other diicultios,
dt was not opened for public worship 4 March,
1822, at a total cost of not less than 40,000 dollars,
nearly 10,000/. sterling. The building was de
signed, and its ereetion auperintended, by the lute
Consul, Mr. Veiteh; audl the laws of Portugal, at
Como lo me, oxau—soue-como-e:
c
38 MADEIRA.
that, period, not permitting it to be raised in the
form of a church, it does not possess the appear-
ance outwardly of a place of worship. Kt is of the
pure Tonio arder, exceedingly elaste andneut, and,
ia its internal arrangements, well suited to the
climate; althongh now found rather amall for tho
increased inflnx of visitors during the winter.”
The two cometeries, known as the “ Residents' ”
and Strangers” Durying-grouhds, arc cutorcd a
little farther np the Carreira. The former, a small
triangular piece of ground, opened in 1764, is, as
its name imports, generally reserved for the
families of the permanent rosidonta, The latter,
neurly adjoining, was purehused by tie British
Factory, during the administration of General
Beresford in 1808, and was first used for the
4 Previous do tha prosant centers, the Triiah merchant,
atthong 4 nemesous ody, wero without. (ho pervicas of a es
"gymam and om tho oecnsion of veeclaarriing in port
a choplain on board, he va xequested to pesform church
servios ad 5 & he Bundays ho re
maine; and vas manally remunemoa hy Ehe Factory with a
present Of b Dox É preserve citron, value, im 7714, ix doliara
(Soc Appendix Bj
* Previons to che opening cftis burvinsegrornd, this bodies
ut all Prolcatânis dying is Madeira were, througis tho biguited
prejudices of the Portuenese government, obllged to be carried
out do sos for Daria, audi was tos GI lhe astablihment of au
independent: Bricah sonsulete, <hré hs Ia vas abrogatod, and
uvem fhso, do elzong wers (he prejodicos of te native, dt vas
necessary for some seas to exmplos à guard WE suldion, mho
secompanied the faneral procestica to tho comotory, to proieek
to pao frosa insulto, “io groundas Emcodlo to < Oriugo
treo," or Lapengetra, by tha Poriuguosis
 MADEIRA. 29
Baitish troops, chen garrisoning the island. é à
Gomsidorabiy larger than the other, surrounded
dh tall cypress-treos, and the various tombs
covered ith the Deantifal and swect- seented
holiosrope, geranium, rose, and other plants, over
ich the datura hangs its dark foliage, and
droopinzs enow-selito flowers. Altogether, this spot
has a plensing, dhough melancholy appearance, and
one lingers, not unwillimgly, among its rich and
agrant fovrors hilo reading with nculneasilhe
simple tale of many who, in the bloom and joy
of youth, having songhs these shores for a relief tc
Eheir safferings, dirongh the influence of its balmy
and fu: removed from the endearing tics
of friends and home, have only found that relicr
in the grave
Vol, emblom of tho son, sweet owns aro sprisging
Tr sllyery basaty from Lhe Grsasy sod
They hip hs, that al our mpirto winging
ho voy or deh all Mogmam yet widh God
Di Moore
The Portuguese cometery, at the Augustins
Opened in 1841, is also worihy of notice In
Beauty and simple neatness it almost su
more seclnded Protestant gromde, and contains
many chaste tomhs, neatly enclosed, and
Dosomed in flowers, Previousto its being ops
the interments took pluce in the cat
Sther chnrches, on the Roors of which the inscrip-
Hions over many tombs of former generationa may
De distinctly traced.
30 MADEIRA.
he Hospital of Sas Lazaro, for lepers, is
situated to the east of the Portuguese cemetery,
amd near the ses, The numbez of patients averages
from hiriy to (hiriy-five, most of velom ave from
the districts of Ponta do Sol, and Ponta do
Pagos
The Santo Casa da Misericordia, or Hospital of
Funchal, a large and commodions building, ex-
ending «long the northem sido of the Praça da
Constituiças, was erected in 1685: althongh much
neglected, and its fimds in a most unsatisfactory
state, it still receives from sixty to cighty patients?
Attached to tis hospital stands the convent of
Santa Isabel, with its grated windows, built in
1726; and affording an asylum for female ory
xrhogo extit is only permitted on a prospect offering
for their setilement in life, eithor Ly marriage or
ns domestic servante,
At the westem extremity of the same Praça,
standa the monastery of Sai I'rancisco? with its
dave and now xoofloss walls. Since the suppreseion
af the order of its former worthless inmates, it has
been made little use cf, and is now falling into
ruins. Its buildings are overlooked by the “ For-
taleza,” the bulwark of Sa Lourenço, where the
at strugglo was carried on between the inha-
ditante and the “ Huguenot invaders,” already
2 Boo Appendix D.
ot Bt. Pronciaso wrut established by Zargos,
st vas the Jamgosk om the island, and on it lho othery more
depencent.
 MADEIRA,
alluded to. 'The hnildinga attached to
senço were greatly altered, and part entirely xe-
built, during their ocenparion hy General Beresford,
as govemor ví to island, in 1808, and still form
fhe residences of the civil and military govemnors.
In one of the salcons there are several portroits, in
oil colours, of the early captains vf Funchal: one
of fliese, representing a person of long thin fentnres
and grave aspect,is said to De án excellent lilkeness
of Znrgo.
A epacions theatre formerly the grenter
part oÉ tho square, at the entrance of the “ Port:
leza;” and, though the English merchants held
considerable shares in the bmilding; it was pulled
down withont. their consent or remuneration, by
vrder of the Portuguese Government, in 1!
fneilitate (he defences, during the oceupntion of the
island ay the troops of Dom Migrel.
There ave several curious old buildings still re-
mining ia Funchal one in Rua da Bon Viagem,
wrhich, from the gures cut on the etones formin,
the windows, is by many supposed to have been
the Açomgue, or meat market, The great Chris-
topher Columbus, who resided for some time in
the nei ighbouring island of Porto Santo, where his
Milo posscssed a small propercy, is said to have
Sojoumed, ducing lis trading voyages to Madeira,
in a honse at he comer of Rua Dereita, leading
towards the Carmo ; bnt which has been removed
ca the present year, Some claim this cele-
brity for & large building in the Rua do Esmeraldo.
 MADEIRA.
Jenovn as the “ granel do poço;” and others for a
house formerly existing near the
telianco can be placoi on theso contRocor
radi
ro, Little
ctor
tions, but the “granel do poço” havingy tradi been
-
employed us the enstom-house Tong prerions to
the exection of the present build
of the sixteonth century, renders ings, at the close
ita claim the most
donbidul of tho free; and the ncknowledged po-
Verty of the great discoverer vronild certainly point
do a less ostentations edifico as his place of abode.
The city of Funchal is governed by a * Camara
or municipal body, consisting of seven members,
each of whom muet posses an annual inco
not less than 400 dollurs: and th aufftageme exof
tends to all possessing an income of
per anmum. The Adpinictrador do 100Conçe dollars
lho,
or chic magistrats of police, holds his appoint-
ment from tho Crown. The town is plentifuly
supplied with excellent water, and the streets are
clean, and well dssined by covered sewer
sunall stone gratings, at short distances: s,from havicachng
other, along the centre of the streeis, towards which
the pebbled pavemente have a slight inclination.
The garrison consists of a detachment
500 men, including officers; and (with of a 450smallto
corpa of avtillery) ae under the orders of a military
govemor, and the command of a colonel.
The present civil governor, Senhor José Silvestre
Ribeiro, has done much towards the improvem
of the town during the few years that he has ent had
the direction of its internal aflairs, he roads
 MADEIRA, 58
having been put in a atate of better rcpair, new
communications opened, the streets more thoronghly
cleaned, the sewers improved, and a series of oi
Inmps placed at the comers of the different streets,
afford a prof of the interest he hus taleen in im-
proving the condition and appearance of the district
under his more immedinte charge. An asylu
for the poor was established in 1847, under hia
anepives, which has tended ta remove the loath-
aome multitudes who infested the streets, thrusting
their scars and sore into tho face oÉ every stranger
as he landed on the beach, or pussod tlirongh the
town,
The income of the Camara, or municipality of
Funchal, for the ycar ending 30h Junc, 1800,
amounted to 30,818 dollars, against 26,820 dollars
of the previous year.* Of this amount a large por-
tion is exponded in the support of foundlings; in
repairing the rouds, streets, &ec., and in salarios
à The number of panpems fod end clothed iu this osteblisbmen,
viaioh is entiroly supporied by voluntary contribut
about 200. Ta Jonuacy 1881, tho returas gave ions, avarages
Males undor twolyo years ofage ”
Mulesabovo twelro do, a
Homales under Liolvo years of age
Female above twelva do,
Total
2 Bro Appendix E.
 CHAPTER IV.

IEADITANTE ANNA SD OUSTONS—AUsIO-—LimuAsTIRS, pre.

From the mgged nature of the roade in Madeira,
the intercowse Detween the diflerent districta is
greatly restricted, and the inhabitants are generally
ignorant of all that is passing in the world around,
Their prejudices nro usually strong, and (hey
are stubbornly oppased to nearly all the modern
improvements of civilized life: as their ancestora
did, so are they contented to do,
The Madeireso ave. generally about the middle
statwro, and well formed. “Lhe complexion is mose
sorarthy them that of the natives of the mother
country, and, in many, a Moorish lineage can be
traced. "Their éyes ave large and exprossive, and,
like their hair, almost invariably black. The men.
are hardy and aihletic, and decidedly handsomer
than the women, who have, even when young, an
aged and haggard appearance, from the sedentary
Jife they lead, and the early age at which they
arrive at muturity. The hard-worked peasantry,
however, frequently form a striking exception ;
they enjoy a decided advantage over the higher
elusses im personal appesraneo; and, among the
tribe of femules arriving from the mountains, with
 MADEIRA. 35
supplies of fue], &, on their heads, fine features,
as well as handsome and ereet figures, are com-
monly met with. To strangers, as well as to cach
other, they are execedingly civil and polite—the
peasantry soldom passing along the roads without
à recognition, accompanied by: the xemoval of their
“ carapuça,” a funmel-shaped cap, which is wom
with considerable address, its long pel slightly
inelined towurda the right. The dress of the la-
bonring class, or peasantry, is exevedingly pictu-
zesque, The women usually wear a gurment of
printed calico, or striped linsey-woolsey petticoa:
Of island omanufnoture, with a red or blue baize
cape bound with some lighter colour. The dress
of the men generally consists of a pair of loose
linen tronsers, and a ahirt, fastened at the neck
with gold studs; in towm, à gaudy-coloured wvaist-
cont, and a short jucket fhrown over the left
shoulder, à lu honssera, complete te toilet A
long stick, to assist them in elimbing the hills, is
a necessary adjunet; and the carapuça and yellow
hoots arc aliko wom by both sexes. “They are
generally: cheerful, good-naturei, suber, and con-
tented; and the idea of polisical rights seldom
enters their honda, Acts cf violence are rarcly
resorted to, assassinations und burglaries are almost
unknown, but petty thefts are common, and strict
honesty ie rarely met with. Their hncksteriny
and bargaining dispositions are strongly developed,
and domestio servants are particularly prone to
take every advantage that GUIVO may. offer
Dn in m
 36 MADEIRA.

There is extreme distress and misery existing

among the humbler class; and, in excursions
through the island, the visitor is frequently sur-
rounded with crowds of mendicante, many of wyhom
are almost n a state of nudity, and fhcir emaciated
appearance shows plainly the miserable existence
they must lead. Begging is a favourite oconpation
with all the lower ordezs, and the first lesson the
infant receive is, to lift ita tiay hands in tho at-
titude of supplication, and pronounce the usual
Appeal for “ dez veisinhos pelo umor de Devo"
The standard of religion is exceodingly low,
The priests ave careless and indifibrent, and devoid
of all energy. Lhey received a slight stimulus,
“wltieh, however, inducod in many cases am active
persecution, during the sojourn of Dr. Kalley, ftom
1840 to 1846; but since his violent ejection from
he island, they have gradually revertod to their
former state, The numerons conversions effacted
through his netivity were truly astonishing, and
many were obliged to emigrate to the West Indies,
to avoid the bigotted persecntions raised against
ihem through the influence of the priesthood,
leaving lorge traets of industriously cultivated land
to megleet and ruin, Others, who with singular
firmness adhere to the more enligltened faith they
have adopted, «till remain on the island, but sub-
jcet to all those annoyances and petty persecutions
which are even increased by the latest edicta of a
government calling itself constitutionul, which
29.4 emali tons plot tor cho lovo of ode" 1078.= já
 MADEIRA. st
impose fines and imprisonment on any individual
who shonld venture to express u doubt of the truth
of dogmas taught by the Church of Rome, or de-
fend any of the doctrines condemned by that
church
“The island ha becn for several years withont
any resident bishop Ml the arrival of the present,
who was duly installed, with all the pomp and
pageantry uttonding such ceremonies, in Novem-
der, 1850; Put it is to De feared that the jealousy
and continual interference of the clergy, will make
his situation as unplensant as his predecessors have
found it. Tt is to be hoped that his example and
activity may stimulate them to energetie and more
useful labonrs.*
The peasantry are still a superstitious race, be-
loving in the eficacy of charms, &i.; though
perhaps in this respect they do not surpass the
more ignorant of our own country. Their reli-
gious processions,of which there are many during
the ycar, especially at Easter time, ate objecis of
great, pride und veneration; and the penitential
processions, (hat, necompany the prayers for rain,
or othor desirable changes of weather, are a truly
painful sight. Their vows in sicknese or misfore
tune are strictly fulíilled, and walking in proces-
sion, loaded with bars of iron and lcavy chains,
or, among females, climbing over the sharp-pointed
stones, and long flight of stepa, towards the Mount
? fes Appendix E, for extrast of theso laws.
* See Appoudix G.
88 MADEIRA,
Clrurch, en thcir barc Ienees, are examples of their
supenstitious pructicos on these occasions,
“The distaff às still in use, and the women em-
ploy their apare time in the manufacture of coarse
linen and linsey-woolsey. The other manufactures
of the island are straw-hats, basketa, Jace-york,
amd embroidery, in which the natives excel; and
at the convents the nuns find employment in
making fenther-fovors, preserves, and wax-wozk.
Shoemaker and cabinet-makers avo (he most nu-
merous class of artizans, and their work is usually
good and cheap.
Though fond of music, the natives of Madeira,
from (he various political changes, have lost much
of their former enthusiasm. “Phe instruments in
common use are the machéte, or machêtinho, the
Spanish guitar (viola Erançesa), the guitarra, or
old English guitar, with six double wires, and the
violin (rnbeca). “Fhe machête is peculiar to the
island; it ia a small guitar, with four strings of
cstgut, which are tumedl in third, with the excep-
tion of dhe tivo lower, which have am interval of a
fonrth. “Phis instrument is used by the peasantry
so accompany the voice and the dance. “he mnsie
sconsiats of à succession of simple chords, but, in
the Lands of am necomplished player, the machête
is capable of much more plensiug harmony; and
the stranger is sometimes agrecably surprised to
hear the fashionable music of our ball-rooms given
with considerablo effcet, ou what uppenes a very
insigaificant instrument, The Portuguese have
 MADEIRA. 8
many exquisite vocal melodies (madinhas), but the
kind of singing in vogue among the pemmantsy of
Madeira scaxcely deserves the name of music, To
an English car it more frequently resembles a pro:
longed how], The singer commences at the top of
his voice, holidls on Lis high note as long as he can
th one breath, and ouly descende to the bottom
of the scale when the lungs re exhansted. Yet,
to a Madeiveso, there is something peculiar)y ex-
cicing in this kind of singing.
On account of the rugged nature of the roads,
nearly all tho Durthens are earricd through the
country om tho shouldors of the peasantry, who
generally travel in gungs. One of the party lenda
off with am extempor challenge to some one elee,
who howls his response, and thus au amusing con-
versation is kept up, which seems to lighten their
Jonds, and reliove the intigues of the joumey.
ight curried by theso hardy mo
truly astonishing; a load of 200 to 250, or even
300 pounds, is by no means uncommon; und with
these loads they will pas along the rough and
steep paths of the island, fm one side to the
other, without much seemings fatigue E
Literuture makes but a poor figure, even amonga
tho nominally educnted classes, Few possess
thing ke a librazy, and even a book is seldom any-
seen
in the hands vf youth, after thviz sebolastie studies
have censed, unless it be a translation from the
of Eugene Sue, Paul de Kock, or some
similur author. They appear to know nothing of
40 MADEIRA.
tory or laws of the small island they haveof
becn reared upon, and are particularly ignora nt
geograply, and +he manme rs and ensto ms of forcig n
countries. There are, howev er, except ions to this
description, and some few are to be mot deplor with yvho
have profited by travelling abroul, and who e
the provniling ignorance of the mass of their
countrymen.
 CHAPTER V.

Tx an excellent memoir on the geologicul formation

of the island of Madeira, pu n the Journal
of the Geological Society, Mr. Smith, of Jordan
Hill, says: “The ermst af the island of Madeira is
composed, to the depth of several thousand feet,
of embaérial volcanie matter, ernpted during th
dertiary period; and perlaps no other voleanio
region ofers more favourable apportmities for in-
vestigation. To account for ite rugged and frag-
mentary clinracter, it is not necessary to have
recurso to che supposition thut Madeira is one of
the remains of a vast continent, as there are, in the
volcanie constitution of the island, and in the
aetion of lhe moantain torrents, sufficient elementa
to afford data for explaining every physical pheno-
menon.”
«The igncoua rocks, comprising tio grentor part
of the island, are lavas, sand, and ashes, with
bombs, Iapilli, pumice, voleanic scoria and cindera,
lupas and conglomerates: tho mon-igncous, the
limestone of Snó Vigente, the lignite of Sai Jorge,
and the sands of Caniçal.
» Proscodings of tho Goological Sociesy, vol il. part 1. No, 27.
42 MADEIRA.
“The luvas are veholly baealtio, containing nu-
merons esystale ot olivino; and (hey are compact,
sinoeona and vesicular. The compact variety
oconrs in beds intesslratified with the other vol-
canie products, anil in dyles which interseut all
the igneous rocks; it is occasionally amorphons, ut
more often rudely columnar, and alo, though
rarely, presenta regular columns”
“Phe scoriaceous Dusalt is rongh and porous,
vésembling the slag of à foundry. The vesicnlar
lava, or bnsalt, presents, though its whole mass, à
porcuis texture. “Lhe Iapilli, sand, ashes, and vol-
nie bombs appear to have been projected simul-
tanconsly, as the bomb are evidently hulf imbedded
in tho finer materials,
“ Beds of pumice, varying in thickness, oceur
cither on the surfieo or interstratificd with the
Dasale and tuta, dispersed awithout regard to gravi-
tation.
“ePhe scoria, ox cinders, alao form extensive beds;
tliey aro generally reddish, and vary in size ao-
.
cording to the distance from th orifico of eruptionin-
"The ashes, both dark and light coloured , are
coherent, except where they are mixed with earthy
matter, or npparently fell on a hented cone of
eruption, and in these cases (hey form a seorinseous
masa,
«« "Trufas and conglomerates compose a large por-
tion of the rocks of Madeira, and aré considered to
owe their consisteney to water,
«The most remarkable volennio series, amount-
 MADEIRA, 43
ing to many hundred beds, is at Cape Giraiu, the
clitf, 1,000 fest in height, being stratified from the
base to the summit; it has been rent in many
which torminate upwarda
; huiye Decn filled up with Java
ected from below.
* The principal chain of monntains must at one
time have been much higher, because their very
summita consist of beds which ave met with only
the base of active volcanio cones,
& The limestone of Saó Vigente belongs to the
tortiney epoeh; it erosses a mountain between tivo
and time thonsand feet above the levelof the sea,
and abounds in zoophytes and marine testacea, Tt
is traversed by two dykes of basalt; and it lies
immediately under the Paiil da Serve, a voltanio
platean, which xise 2,000 feet above limestone
“ The coal, or liguite, occurs on the north
of tho island, on the banks of one of (he tributaries
of the Su Jorge, Professor Jobnstone considers
ie to be the dried relict of an ancient peat bos, and
dts lustre, compaciness, und rhomboidal fract
be due to the action cf the basal which ovc
An analysis gave:
Carbon, o mam
Hirdrogon +) 1)
Osggen and Nilavgen . ge 8547m 90.00,
And 20.05 per cent. of as
This is the organic constitution of true peat; but
no peat exists at present in Madei:
* Mhene is, however, the “ Atuleiros, "a quaking
as MADEIRA.
«The sands of Canical are found near the castem
extremity o£ the island ; «hey consist of small par-
tioles of basalt and comminuted testucea, enclosing
vast numbers of land-shells, as well as calcareous
incrustations of plants. “Dhe shells have been care-
fully examined, and one-+ixth ascertained to b
to apeies not now found living in the island. Dr.
Macaulay is of opinion, from those inerustations
. consisting of carbonate and phosphate of lime,
silica, and animal matter, that they axe of amimal
origin, and probably belonging to the family of
Aleyonida.”!
Jn natural history the island of Madeira is par-
sicularly barren; thero are no indigenons quad-
rupeds, or yenomous reptiles of any kind. Both
the brown and Dlack rat are to be found in grent
abundance; and the common green: lizard (Iacorta
agílis) is seen, sporting in thousands, on che walls
and other places exposed to he rays 0 the sun
and, together with the rats, conse sad bavoe among
the ripe grapes. Frogs have been introduced
Antonto da forr, and Dr. Lister anggcats Jorge. that perbapo é simi-
der morass gave origin to tho lignite of Bus so Ela LH, dhe
à Dr Sobusilan Fischer, medical attonduzt to Madeira in 1849, &
Duko of Louchtonberg, during his visit known to tho stvams Of
dliligent mieroseop ie obserses, and well
inscrument,
Se. Potersburgh for bis valualle rescarehes vis Cat ineroslati
ts carefully examinod <hoso aceming: ealcaroous ons
with ho mlervsco and gives
po, his opinionthat they are docilediy
coral formatioma.. Tm form ey cerainty up veryby much resemble
lho lranches of cotal, frequontiy fished the fehermen,
along the const,
 MADEIRA.
within the present cent
margin of the mountain ss
sant croaking is far from being agreea
mosquito is rather troublesome at times, but it is
y so common as in other warm clim
And the zebra-spider, a species of tarentuda, is
found among the branches of enoti
dut its bite, chongh slightly venomous
means severe. “The small brown ant is vory trou
blesome in the cupboutda of most of the honses;
and the common houso-fy is often annoying during
the warmer seasons. The feathered tribe is ex-
ceedingly rare; a few red-legged purtridges, quail
and wpoodeock, ure found ou the hills. The toek-
pigeon, eolembia Lívia, is found along the rocky
coast, but is sliy and difficult of approach, There
ww small birds to en; the goldfinch,
fringilla carduelia; the camary, carduelis cuaria ;
and the blackbird, redbreast, and sparrow, are the
most abundant. “The wagetail is also common, and
nter "Lhe tim
nightingale, be-
conirostres” vf Cuvier, is
peculiar to the island, and is much prizod for
awoctness of its ] note. A Iyaus ul species of owl,
stria fammia is found among the rocks on the
anouníain. “The small sparrow-hawk abounds
and the manto, firlco cesolon, is common in the
neighhonrhood of the lofticr peaks. Of the gull
tribo there is a considerablo variety to be found
along to coast, ut more particulaniy about tho
 48 MADEIRA,
Desertas, where à peculiar species of night petrel,
ot à brownish black colour, is to be found iu great
abundance, and can be easily caught while asleep,
dmving; the day, under ho rocks and stones left by
the torrents im their almost precipicous course to-
was the se. Rabbits are plemtiful in the difivrent
serras, and upper districts of the island, Jut. more
particularly along the Putil da Serra, where they
exist in” great abundance, The have, thongh af
one time introduced, has not Deen found to thrive,
and is no longer to be met with on the island.
Of fish there is a great variety existing along
the const of the island ; as many as 170 species aro]
said to have been discovered There ave scarcely
any sea-shella to be mer with; and all kinds of
ahell-fish are rare,
Notvithstanding the advantages of climate the
eultivation of Madeira is far behind most other
civilized nations. Near the sea, and at the bottom
of the zavines, the soil is generally of a rich allu-
vial nature, and, wlen war cau he procnred for
irrigation, is well adapted for agricultural purposes,
On the higher districts, however, itis usually light,
and without substance. The grounds are irrigated.
by means of levadas, or water-courses, branching
o from the mountain streams, at a considorable
elevation, along the side of the hills, with subordi-
? A valuabie work by tho Nov. RT; Lowe, entitled “ History
of che Fishes of Madeira,* J, Vau Voorats London, vas propared
for lho prós some on ago, but only à fow murmbers have bosn
published.
 MADEIRA. dr
nato chauinels to convey the rates to tha dife
“fazendas,” or propexties lying below, ench of
which às entinled to so many hours” supply during
4 given period, acconling to their respective rights,
lished by law or pnrchase. The water thus
supplied forms an urticlo of sal and purchase
among; the peasantey, necording to their regnire-
mente, and is often the cause cf great contention
and protracted litigation. These levadas are sça!
tezedl over the island in almost every direction, und
constitute the principal public works cf Madeira
The most important aro those of Rabaçal and the
Furado; the former intended to convey (he wruter
from the sonroe vf the Ribeira da Janella, on tic
north side of the island, through an extensivo
tunel, to ixrigate the considerablo tracts of hitherto
neglested land lying above Calheta, and the Patil
do Mar, ou the south coast. This undertaking
Was begom in 1886, At tho head of a decp und
Barry ravine, where the Ribeira da
mences, a water-conree has been cut abont 600
feot along the face of a perpendicular zock, at an
eleyation of nbont 300 feot from its base,
which
Reteives a crystal sirvam, as iz trickles down the
side of the precipice, extending upwarde of 600
feet above; and obtins additional supplios fsom
every availablo some, as it winds along the
morthem side of the mountains, il, passing through
a tumnel of 1,400 feet in length, and in yridth and
depth about 40 feet, tho leyada emerges on the
South, aud continnes along tie hill for a distance
48 MADEIRA.
of six miles from its source, Such are the en-
gincoring qualifications, however, of those inter-
estod in the management of this meritorious work,
that, after am outlay of upsarda of 8,000/. sterling,
the inclination is found to be the wrong way! So
erroncous have been their coleulations, that the
tunnel, of which such boaats have been made, has
yet to be low à upwards of Ló fect, and the rest
of the water-courso ortion, before the final
object can be reslized : «and it appears doubrful,
according to the opinion of one of the best en-
gincera of the island, whether it would not yet bo
advisable to alter the whole plan of the work, and
carry the water trough one of the mountains
nearer its source. “The Levada do Furado was
commenced in 1840, by a oclk association,
to bring ai extensive supply of water from the
Ribeiro do Baleaó, one of the tributarios of the
Ribeira do Faya 1, along the nort m side of the
mountains, to the Lamaceiros, and from thence
along the south, behind Sant" Antonio da Serra
and Camucha, to the heights above the castern part
of Funchal, à distance, including the windings
along its course, of nearly foriy-five miles, The
shares were issuci at 26 doliars, and the estimated
cost amounted to 9,000 dollons. Upwards of
41,000 do x, have already boen ex-
pended, and, although the levada is completed
chroughout, the water only Howa as far as
Sant Antonio da Serra, and the districts below,
were it was comparatively little required, From
 MADEIRA. 49
s point it is either perfeetly level, or inelining
ds, and remains às a montument of the ill
tegulnted surveys, and mismanagement of the
parties entrusted with the superintendence of this]
landable undertaking.
A large portion of ho surface of Madeira is
unhit for cultivation. The upper districis, the
region of the heath and bilherry, which constitute
tully one-hulf, are too elevated and barren for the
production ofgrain; snd q large portion of the
remainder ix either hare rock, or too preeipitous for
cnltivation; so that probably not more than one-
h of the island is actually cultivated. The
agricultural implements in use are of the rudest
, und consist of the enchada,
slightly curvedl and short pick-axe, which only
pactially turma up the soil; the arado, or plough, à
most primitivê instmment, almost entirely of wovd,
and somewhat resembling the aratrem Of the
ancient Romans; the fouee, or foncinho, à jagged-
edged sickle, used in cutting grass, &e. for their
entile; and the podaô,un angular-shaped pruning-
knifo.
There is seldom any rotation of crops, or ch
of enltivation. Beurded wheat and barley are
grown on the same lands from generation to gene-
mation, to that it is not to Bê wondered at that
their average produes should be so limited as
rarely to exceed ten hushels per acre; and the
produce of xye grown in the upper distriets is even
less, “The bearded wheat is more extensível
»
 E mabeita,
tivated than any other cereal, and oceupies fully
ono-lwlf of the. arable land; but the produce of
grain over the whole island does not esceed three
months” consumption, Wlicat is sown from Octo-
ber to January, and the harvest tukes place, no-
cording: to the locality, in May or J The
grain is usually pulled up by the roots, and the
ground aiterwards prepared for woet pot
beane. ft is troddon out by oxen, in flat circular
enelosures,! surroundeg by a low parapet loose
stones, and generally formed on somo expos
point of land, where the process of w nowing is
also enrried on, by throwing the graim in the air,
and allowing tho Dreezo to carry the cha” aside.
The Old Testament injunetion, “Thou shals not
muzale the ox that treadeth out the com,” is still
rigorously observed,
Maize, or Tndiun com, whioh constitntes one of
the principal articles of food among the poorer
class, has of late years been cultivated vith con-
siderblo suecos in the northem parts of the
island, and its coltivation might, with almost in-
caleulable advantage to the pensantry, be groatly
extended. At ph prted from
Portugal, the Azores,
Am improvement, honwever, on tho indo system
of agriculture hitherto prevailing in Madeira, is
gradually becoming apparent. À society hai Jately
(1850) be n formed az Funchal, under the auspioes
of LLLH. lhe Duke of Levehtenbezg, and pre-
* asse tsreshing-oors e called + Eiras” by (he nativos,
 MADEIRA, 5
sidoil over by his Exeellency the Civil Governor,
for the purpose of introducing seeds, plants, and
implements, and improving the agriculture of the
island, and all the arts relating thercto. The
Society already numbers about 150 influentinl
members, thirty of whom ave annually appointed
Directors; and it is to be hoped the Agricultural
Society of Madeira may ere long be productive of
immense advantage to the island generaly.
 CIAPTER VI

Luz rds, end different allotments of land

in Madeira ly of smal xtent. Tho
FI appearing large in
the
Ê ot w &, Or à ifling portion of graú
Ê subdiv is a principal «é of the poverty
existing among this class—nearly one-fi dh of
the inhabitanta, Those * to the
Roman coloni, hold tb e lunds on the metayer
system, divido the multifurious produce of 1
grounds with the landlord, or morgado, and pay
the State one-halé of the tithe in wine and grain.
“The property of the morgado: entuiled, mu mel
forming a possession for life but they mu
pelled to provide a “r oz monthly allow-
ance, to broth 's ani sisters, aoeoré ng to the
income deriv from th entail,
Previous to the revolntion of 1821, the ocenpiers
of land looked upon these morgados as their fendal
d extended to them all the omage visich
ly accompanies such a system. Under these
 MANERA.
ces it js not surprising acts that the estate
yr improved. “The caseiro and qui te inde-
of the lord of the soil, improvements is abs olute
pendentiy: i
er af al the eugfitmiorichas, hoor must to paid doe,
Mlidinga, plante, de, ore bis removal can be
according to aluntion, befthe of tcultivation
gh
seted ; and on his death &c,,ri are usually parted
pemfeitorias, division al
among hi chilâven, increasing the sub
land from year to year! e of
cane, formerly the chief. produc Hen ry,
first introduced by Dom
mn 1425, and pla nte d ui Ma-
ortanc e, and at
chico, 1t rapidly progressed in imp of sug ar
tie end of é ecntary the number
mills along d m coast exoeeded one
ared and twenty; the first beinof g erceted by Diogo
1452
Yaz de Teive, near the villugewentMachtoico,the ingovem-
Tho half of the tithe, which ion of “arrateis,” or
ment in 1500, exceeded a mill
pounds, This continued to ford,mthe tillclhictsho, or endonlyof
commercial producofe the islan ng the usurpation
tho sixteenth century, when, duri o of sugar
of Philip LL of Spain, the abundanc
fiuraished by apul parts of Americ:
cording to DeF camsedl its rapid di
cline in Madeira. The cultivation was chicty
à Seg an excellent memoir “On áhe of enure of Tand in the
Estando! Madeira,” by Dr. Pesco ck,Dean Fly, read bofoze the
ceting ot ho Britih Association, Sspiember, 1849 + roportod
the Atheneu, No. 1144, pego 945.
 o MADEIMA,
carried on by slaves, composed of the desoendants
of the conquesed Moors of Portugal, Moorish cap-
tives taken during the wars, and a few Negros
Hom the const of Africa. In 1552, according to
Ginsper Jrmetuoso, the island of Madeira contuincã
upwards of 2,700 sluves. From Madeira th
sugar-cano was introduced into the Brazila, in
1510, ten years after the discovery of that country
by the celebrated Pedro Alvarez Cubra, and, in
1513, to the island of St, Vincent, in tho West
Indies. Ar present tho sugar-cane is little culti-
vated in Madeira, and is only used in cho manu-
fncture of “mel” or syrup, for preserves, deo,
There ure still three mills existing for pressing the
canes for this purpose ; one at Praya Formosa, one
at Saó Martinho, and the other a Rua do Clupeo,
in Funchal,
Om the decline of the trade in sugar, the vin
became the great staple of Madeira. Some writers
atate that (his plant was introduced by Prince
Henry, during e year following the discovery of
«he island; but this is highly improbable, for all
the curly authorities assert, int, to clear the
ground foé agricultural purposes, Zurgo set fire to
the woods, which continued burning for several
years! Avall events, it appears evident that the
? Manoel “Phomas, in his “Insalans,” opristem within io
semtutice of sho discovery of ho island, ctates tha? tho fis eom-
dinned tuming for eigity-four montha; and dde, tint the
setelers had to mok refugo in their abips, from tho zaging of
the dry
 MADELEA. 5
island was not cleated for cultivation till some
yours snbsequent to that period,
“The vine seas probably introduced in 1425,till fromthe
Gyprms, butit vas not nctively cultivated is more
casly part of the sixteonth century; and it in-
«han probulile that the finest descriptiuns wereperiod.
troduesd hy the Jesuits at a much later other,
The wines from their estates excellod all
und, although these estates have non passei into
other hands, their produce still bear a profe rence
“The vine js propaguted from euttin gs, plant ed at
a depth of from tree to six foot; und there is
generally no produce for the first tixree trained genre.
Daring the second or third spring they are
along anetewyorle of canes, Arundo sogittato, (which
is extensively grown, in low or moist situations,
for <hat purpose;) and supported by stakos ubout
three or four feet from lhe ground. Tn the north,
however, and other inferi or positi ons, they are
gonerslly trained on chestnut-t rees, ne a less ex-
pensive mode of cultivation; ud. this is certai nly
more piesurosque and pleasing to the eyo tham the
s68º and formal trellis-work, under sphich all sorts
of vegetables are cultivatei, and weeds allowed toto
gxuw in abundance the grape. however is said
Je richer when grown near the ground
The vintage usually takes place, in the south,
in the cariy part of September; and, uocoritolingtresto
the exposnte or elevation, from a forinigho s ave
«yeokes Inter in che north. The rats and lizard
aaid to destroy nearly one-fifth of (ho produce, and
 MADEIRA.
leaving: the lower vineyarda as the vintage pro-
egressos upyarde, make sad. havoe among the later
prodnce. The grapes, when gathered, are “ escol-
hidoy? or piclkod; those of an inferior «qua
deing generally resorvedby themselves. “hoy
then thrown into the “lagar,” or wine-press, u
large and clumsy wooden trongh, whore they are
trodden dy the feet; und afier the frst juice las
been dmwn aff, the remaining masa js collcoted
together, and, a rope being coiled round it, a lever
pressure is applied. “The juice is received in a
tub, and d to the stoces in goat-a
mehere it is emptied into castes for the purposkins, e oi
termentation, which usually lasts, cin am active
state, for four or five wecks. Aster tho juico
been extracted, a quantity of wnter is thrown intohas
the press, and the refuse undergoing a repeti
the same process, produces the “ngoa pé,” tionfoot of
wator, or dreags, drink held in grest estimation
dy fho lower classes, but. frequently producine
violent diurthasa, especially after the fer-
mentation has commenced
When the wine has censed fermenting, it
dlrawn off the lees, and transferred to other caskes,is
when it is fed with cgga, ox-blood, or more
frequen aypsum, a gallon or two of brandy
having a Previcusly added to each pipe to pres
vent the aectous fermentation taking place, The
brandy used for this purpose is made on the island,
frum the most inferior wines, such as thos of Porto
e
unto, Saô Vigente and other parts of the north.
 MADEIRA 57
The average producs of the vine throughout the
island is estimated at a little over apipe per aere
The inferior deseriptiona of wine, after being clari-
fied, are subjected, in stoves, to a temperature «
140º to 160º Falir. for six. momthe, by which pro-
cess of forving ley; assume an apperent ago; but,
at the same lime, à dxy and smoky avour, which
van never be entirely cradicated. This class of
wines is shipped ennually, in Jurge quantities, to
Hamburgh, wherc it undergoes a. process vhich
changes its clmruoter to that of Hock, uudor which
name a largo portion of it finds ils way into the
English market,
“The wines produced along (he sonthem coast of
the island of Madeira arc probably unequalled by
any other country, either in body, aroma, softness
or delicacy: of favour, The following constitute
the principal wines und grapes of the island; the
rapes are never exported, and many of the wines
xe rurely to De met with out of the island.
Malinsey—A liglht-coloured wine, made from the
« Malvazia-Candida,?ºa large oval grape, of a rich
gold-colom when ripe, hanging in long and. rather
thin pendulous bunches. 'Dhe finest wines of tlia
class axe produced at the 4 Fazenda dos Padres,”
formerly belonging to the Jesuits, and the “ Paiil
do Mar,” both to the west of Funchal. To the
esonvers it is considered a most unprofitable vine,
only prodncing close to the sca, ad the flower
+ Casrupted from Cândio, from shi island dt ras first intro-
Aves, in 1446 q
D3
ss MADEIRA.
being só delicate that the sligihtest fog or moisture,
during the spring, is sure to destroy it; the pro-
duce for years together is frequently lide or
nothing. The Malmscy ou this account, as well
as on nceount of its very superior and rich chame-
ter, is considered the most valnabile of all the
Madeira ines, and is usmally charged from 75. to
851. per pipe on board. “The other grapes of the
same class ave the Malvaziad, which is only fit for
making vinegar, and the Malvasia Poxa, a reddish-
coloured aud inferior grape, used only fir inferior
wine
Bial —A soft and delicate wine, made from a
beautiful round straw-coloured grape, about the
size of a small marble, and avhen ripe must de
immediately cut, ohervise it slxinks and yields
Campanario was formerlythe most
famed situation for the Bhal grape, but ot late
years it has become scarce, probably in conse-
quence of its preatious produce. he wine is of
a peculiusly delicate and vich mellow chameter
and a splendid yine either when new or old.
The usnal shipping price of Baal is from 70, to
BO guineas per pipe.
Sercial—A dry light-coloured wine, of strong
aroma and high Havou, produced from the round
Hock grape, hanging in thickly-clustered Dunches.
The fest quality of Sercinl is produced nt the
Paúl do Mar, and is so unplensant to the palato
when new, that it can only be used after it has
attaincd am age of eight years; it is then consi-
 MADEIRA, 59
desed, by connoissenra, the tinest amd most whole-
some of all the wines of Madeiro, as well as am
excellent siomachio, The grapo itself is quite
tmeatablo, even the lizaxde will not toneh it. Ttis
usually exported at fro to 80U, per pipe
“The Sevilha, a grape of the same clas, produces
weak: and inferior wine, but is seldom grown; and
the Esganazaõ, grown im the npper districis of
Ponto do Sol and Seiçal, is general ly pressod
mg with other inferior grapes, for comano n use
om tho island.
iata, or Madeira Burgundy —A dark and pecu-
liarly fine-flavoured iuo, made from the amall
black Turgundy grape. The Dest ines of this
daseription ave grown in the districts of Camu dos
Lobos and the Estreito; it receives its Juighh clarot
colour from the husks of the grape, which ave
allowed to remain in the wino during the process
cf fermentation, and yehich also impart to it the
ustringent property o Port. Tinta should bs used
during the firat à year; after that period it
gradnalhy loses its fine aroma and delicate Mavow.
The usual prico of this wine is from GOL to 70%
per pipe.
Tinto duk veine, maide from tha Negra Molle
grupo, considerably largor, softer, and more juiey
than the Tinta, or Burgundy: grapo; il produces
abnndantly, and is generally nsed with the other
vaxieties of grape in making Mudeira.
Madeiro," so called. from its being the principal
wine of the island, —is mude from à variety of grapes
 60 MADEIRA:
mixeil together in the wine-press, the Verdtlhi,
Tinto, Torrentres, ond Bla! predominating.. When
mew it is generally of u ligkt-claret colour, but
which is gradually deposited as the wine adyances
towards maturity, when it assumes a bright amber
appearance. The most esteemed Madeira is pro-
duced em that: part of the island lying Detwee
Funchal and Campanario, but more particularly
the districts of Cama dos Lobos and the Estreito
This wine is supposed to be much improved by e
voyage to the East or West Indies, and is classed
ascordingly ia lhe London market, as“ London
Pasticular,” and * East or West India Madeira
the usual alipping prico (being from 251 to 501
and upwards per pipe.
Vordêlho-—A pale, strong-bodied, and peculiarly
fine-fiavonred wine, made from a small ligui-
coloured grape of the sume name, grown over the
xhole island, from the const to an elevation o
2,700 fect above the sea. The finest Verdólho
produced on the south coast, and the valley of
Parto Cruz on the north, and, when pure, arrives
sooner at imuturity than amy other wine of Ma-
deira,
Palhêio, or Vinho pollido—A very pale etraw-
coloued wine, usually made from the Vordélho
grape, by a process of clurification vwith charcoal,
which destroys the rich colour, and in a great
measure the body and fine Anvowr of the wine.
Surdo. — A sort ot ligneur, made from do
sttongest Dodied and thoroughly ripe grapes, boch
 MADRIRA. 1
light anil di coloured, by preventing the fer-
mentation taleinig place, am hus retaining all the
sweetness of the must. It ie chicly used for
giving body and softness to wines of am inferior
description, Surdo has been exported in small
quantities, unde the name of Nuns! wine; it has
now, however, censeil to De sli a.
Negrinho—A ie da eoloured wine, ot cor-
dial, made from a darle, round, pulpy grape, called
by the natives Maroto, and considered the most
inferior ot all the grapes used in making wine; it
is, however, ven herdy and prolifie, but never
thoroughly ripons: «shen cus, it is partinlly dricd
in the sum before being pressed. Negrinho is only
made in smal quantities, and is xely met with.
There are many other kinds of grape grovn om
the island, 'Dhe large and formidable Alicant and
Muscatel ave cultivated in private gerdens, for the
tuble, anã, is is said, nes ly forty different einds
for aualeing wine.
of Madeira, with the exception af
1d De kept in cellars of a moderate and
equable tey ature, andl should he placed, for a
short period, at a mod » distance from the fire
before being decanted; decanter heated
in like manner,
he exact quantity of wine produced on tho
island of Madeira is totally unknown; it is sup-
posed, how ver, to amount, at the lowest calcula-
ion, to from cightcen to Iwenty thousand pipe
 62 MADEIRA.

asmully, of which about one-third only is ex-

ported; the remaining portion is cither converted
into brandy, or consumed ou the island!
Pho total quantity exported ânring the year
1850, amountedtu 7,125 pipes ? showinga decrease
of 254 pipes fiom the retums of the previous
“year, and 850 pipes less tham the total exporta of
1840, In 1809, there were 15,868 pipes shipped
from Madeira, in British vessels alone, and the
quantity imported nto England, during the same
year, exceeded 839,000 gallons, "The demand for
these w Great Iritain has been rapidly
deereasing for some years past. The total deli-
veries for home consumptio n, in 1849, amonnted
to 71,097 gallons, against 12,555 gallons in 1840
showing a decrease of 41,458 gallons, or near
ane-third, in ten yes? Tu 1821, upwards of
400,000 gallons were retained for home consump-
tion in the United Kingdom.
| Ph returns made to government of the entire produce
the vintago af 1850, esleulated from tho tithe, ponta ond to
12,9644 pipes. Ts is presumed, howover, by competent persons,
tab neaidy double thot quantity' was produced. The lilhes of
the different paridhes being generally disposed of da grosa, by
auetion, 14 "becomes an object. to the purdhaser to make the
returno a low as possible, that he may obtain bh future tidhes
ata lowrate. And, when theso solos nro offveted ata úixed price
per Dorrel, the returas auado by the collectors appointed by
government are equally unatisfuetory, from cireomstances exsily
aceamnted fos, Thoso zotarns, somo ffteen or twauty years ego,
“lien more correctiy made, gave upyarde of 90,000. pipes as the
annual produes cf the island.
2 See Table of Eixpoets, A ppendix IL. 3 Td,
 MADEIRA. 63
“Phis falling off in the consumption of Mudeira
ines in Ingland bas, however, opened other
markets; and wo find by returns from the United
States É America, that lho quantity imported into
that country from England, and direct from
Madeira, increased from 101,17 gullous in 1845,
to 808,125 gellons in 1850 ; being 201,045 galicus,
or nearly 200 per cent.. in & yeurs!
 CHAPTER VIL

TROTIS—R5EPAnIRS—raRES—
roms, rc

Few countries surpass Madeira in the variety and

abundanee of its fruit, Their cultivation, bow-
ever, is very much neglected; the plants are
allowed to grow almost xild, and are seldom en
grafted, or even pruned; the quality is therefore
miserably inferior to thnt of other localities, The
object of the eultivators in Madeira appears to be
quantity, without the slightest regard to quality.
Jitrom, which grows extensively in the north,
and formed at one time 4 considerable article of
export, is still prepared and candied in small
quantisies by: the nuns of Santa Clara, and a few
other parties, Tut only for consumption on the
island. At times it is shipped to the London
market, preserved in a strong salt brinc, and is
ihere prepared for use.
"The orange grows well, and is abundant over
the whole island, under an clevation of 2,000 feet,
“Dhe cnltivation, however, as with all their Fruit-
trees, is quite negleeted, and the fruit in conse-
 MADEIRA. 65
other parts: the fnest are produced along the
north coast. TF propesly atlended to, the orange
might be made a very valuable and profitable
arúelo of export; at present only a few boxes
are shipped annually, to arvive in England before
the produce of the other orange-growing conntries
E be obtained,
The guava, Prídiune pomiferum, and banana,
Musa paradinsica, are extensively groen and ex
coedingly chesp; the latter is sometimes exported,
in limited quantisies however, to the Londoy
market, where the fruit is considered a rariry.
The custard apple, Annomia egreamosa, is also grown,
but chicfy in private gurdens, and is seldom to
he met with in the markets. “The West Indian
o has Peen Intely ntrodncer and theives
idmirably. Lemons, peaches, apricots, pomegra
nates, “jambro,”
or rose-apples, Eugenia, jumbos, figa,
and all the fruits bel ing lo lemporate climates,
ave produced iu grest al nce, bué generally o£
inferior quality. The Cape gooseberry, Phggsalis
edulis, amd the small Alpine stravwberry, grow wild
about the mountains; where the bilberry, Vac-
cimium madeirense, is als mact with in great
abundance,
Coffco and arrowro cullivated to some |
extent, and are of sup ior quality. “Lhe later can
be qurchased from the con try people, avlio bring
it to tonvn for sale, at from 3d, to 44, por pouud.
The supply ot vegetables is most abunda
Alicy are generally coarse, and groasly inferior in
[0 MADEIRA
quality to those raised in England. The inhame,
the Arm peregrinum of Person, is extensively
enltivated near the tivera and water-courses, to an
elevation of 2,600 feet abovo the sea. "The roots
axe large and produetive, frequently weighing from
three to four pounds, and, fim its chempncss,*
forms when hoiled one of the. chief articles of food
among the peasantry. Tt is conrse and haieh to
the taste, and requires considerable care ih cook-
ing. The leaves arc excoeding acrid “and only
tised in feeding pigs,
The sweet potato, Consolewlis edulis, is also
extensively grown, on diyer situations;
of the commonest vegetables produced on the
island, and most valunble to the pensuntry.
yields most abumdantly, and the long tendxils and
leaves form an excellent food for their cattle. No
outloy is required for its cultivation, except in
manuro, as it produces from the tendrila, which are
again laid in the ground as the roots are dug
up. The common potato is also extensively culti-
vated, and is well adapted to the soil of the upper
districts of the island, where as many as three
crops can be obtained from the aame ground in
one year. Of lute, however, to produce of this
vegelablo has been rather precurious; tlo same
disonse which has so imaterinllyinjured the plant
in England having extended its ravages even to
the soil of Madeira. Cabbages and pumpkins are
grown xonnd almost every hut.
Melons, cucumbers, chou-chou, Sechium edule,
 MADEIRA. er
and others of the same species, are easily obtuined,
and the other vegetables of Europe are to be had
in great abundance during the grenter part of
the Artichokes, asparagus, celery, and the
more expensivo garden produco, are growu in the
“ quintas ” of the Thritish residente in great perfec-
tion. Tn fact, neauly all the fruits and vegetables
whether of temperate or tropical elimates, may be
produeçã in Madeira in great abundanee, and of
superior quality, if their cultivation wore properly
attended to.
“Lhe tea-plant is grown by Mr. Veitch, at his
villa near the Curral, abont 2,700 feet above the
soa, And tobacco might be extensively eultivared
wero the restrictious imposed by Government, to
our the monopoly of the contraetors for the
supply of this article, removed; ever om De now
barrem Desortus it might he advantageonsly growen.
“Vhe different ltinds of cacti are found in grear
luxuriance.
The Opuntia decumona Aonrishes om the most
axid aud rocky soils, aud would afford am excellent
opening for he cultivation of (he eoehúncul insect,
which appears to tlmrive well on this plant. The
experiment has already been tried, with most entis-
factory resulte; but the people aro generally so
devoid of energy in those mutters, that, notwith-
standing tho decline of their wine trade, and em
sequent poverty, no substitute has yet been adopted
with suflicient perseverance to obtain a favonrablo
result,
 os MADEIRA,
Tho Morus multicaniva has been introduced, and
ives most luxuriantly ; and an experiment is
now being mado to ron: tho sillworm.
The Buivinha, or madder,—the woad, Jatis
tinotoria,—and the trmerie, Chreuma longa, grow
wild on the mountains; and, with the bright seuslet
fiower of the Salvia splendens, are used by the nuns
in dyeing. The cotton-plant has been tried, and
grows well; and the custor-vil plant, Ricinus com-
muúnis, produces most abundantly, and grows wild
over the comtry.
The indigenona forest trees of Madeira, formerly
existing in great abundance, have become excsed-
ingly scarce, except in those abrupt and precipitons
xavines in the north of the island, avhere the wood
cuttor and. charcoal-humer have been unuble to
ply their nxe, The native cedar, of which the
xoof of the enthoilral is formed, has almost entirely
disappeared; and the drugon-tree, yrhich formerly
attained such an enormous size, and grew in such
abundance, is now only to De met with in a few
private “ quintas,”
The til, Laures fietens —and vinhatico, Laurus
úndica, or island mabogany, are still met ywith om
the mountains in the north, and fheir wood is
much prized for cubinct work. The til, when
newly cut, possosses a most disagrecable odonr of
sulphurctted hydrogen; when old, the wood is of
à fine black colom, and is now chiefly obtained
tom the beams and joists oé the early buildings,
The beautiful dowering Folhado, Clethra arhria,
 MADELEA. [0
indigenous to the island, forme almost a forest at
Ribeiro Frio, and other parts of the north. The
wood. is bite, close gruncd, end exerodingl;
sough; and is chicly used for the poles of pal
quina amd humumoolss,
Phe hentl-tree, Erica arborio, and teixo or ye,
Team bnecata, grow hecuriamtly om the high
nude, and attain, especially the former, am asto-
nisbing size. Walnut and chestmus! trees cover
che hills; and the fruit of the Jatterforms a consi
derable article of food among; the peasantry.
The pine and oriental plane have been exten-
sively introduced, the former now covering the
mountains with: verduro along die whole southern
The cale retaina its leaves ti the mew shoots
appear, in February, and, with the cork-tree,
Quercus suber, groves most luxnriant] one
locust nencia, (Heditschio trincanthos, is met with
in the lover regions; and the Magnolia grandifiora,
aud other plants of the sumo species, thrive well
and altuin a great size
Tu tho beautiful grounds in the vicinity of the
Mount Church, about 2,000 feet above the sea;
many fine specimens of the indigenons trees and
plants of China, Australia, and Japan, are to be
found. These and others from the southerm Demi
sphexe, in all their changes, still retain their native
seasons, our winter constituting their summer
2 he Spantal chestnmé leana of tia Inhost trees of Madeira,
the leaves seldom appeacing til May.
 . MADEIRA,
The pidu-branco, mulber:y, plum, orange, plane,
and nearly thirty othor kinds of wood, are used by
the cabinet-makens, im making Sumiture, or in
ormamental and inlaid work, in which they excel
The indigenous owers of Madeira axe probably
few in number, bur many thatohnve been intro-
duced Honrish in grest perfection, The mutable
rose, Jtosa mutobilis, corul-trees, Erytlmine ertsta-
galti and E. laurifolia, olcander, camellia jupo-
mica, and all the Janrel tribe, Sourish in great
lnxuriance, und attain an enormous size. The
myrtle, jamine, fuchsia, honeysuekle, wild-rose,
and geranium, cover the walls and fences; and the
beautiful belladonna lily, Amarpltis Pelladonna,
grows wild and profusely among the hills, The
arm lily, Richardia cethiopi — Strelit
ca, ria ram
ginar—Liltum condidum, or white lily, Amaryilis
Jormasissime, or Jacobin lily, datura, heliotrope,
hibiscus, verbena, and passion-fower, abound in
every quinta, And nearly Afty difierent species of
feme aílord umple scope for the industry of the
Dotanical colleetor,
 CHAPTER VI,

“Lu most remaurkable feature of the island of

Madeira is probably the milâness and equability
of ita climate, and its consequent bencficial effects
on pubmonary and other complaints. "These havi
beem so fully treated of by the late Dra, Gourlay.
Heineken, Itenton, and other writers,' that farher
remarks would seem almost superfluous; still, any
work on Madeira would be incomplete without
few observations on matters of such importance.
The editor of a late publication on the climate of
va, has suggested that it is the province of
medical praetitioners of the island to attend to
eteorological observations, and thus prevent “the
xoproach of indifferenee, relative “to the charge,
sometimes urged against them, of withholding the
trutl, under a dread that the far-fmed climate of
the island will not Dear the test of close and necn-
examination?” Notwithstanding the arduons
nature of tMeir professional duties, medical men
1 See Appendix 1.
2 A Preatiso on the Climeto and Meteorology of Madeira, by
tho lato 3. 4, Mason, M.D., odited Ly ]. Sheridan Knowles
3. Ohnrehil, London, 1860.
 MADEIRA.
lave ever been found the foremost in these in-
ns, and such a reproach in the present
istance cems peculiarly unmerited.
Without adyancing any pretensions to medical
Imowledge, or the physiological ef ects of elimnte,
a res nos of many yenrs in Mi and a
lengthened sojourm, in pursuit of health, among the
invonred localities of tho South of Europe,
enúbles the writer to add his testimony to the
decided superior y of the elimate o? Madeira over
all those he has visited. The pnrity of the atmo-
«phere is neither impaired by smoke nor dust; cold
winds ór close sultry weather are litile known, and
À continuous summer may De enjoyed without suf-
fering from extremesof heat or cold, or 4 continu-
ance of damp or wet weather. Moisture never
appears in mista or foga, except on the mountains;
and dews, though profuse at certain season on the
higher grounds, seldom fall in Funchal. The
avy tains msnally oceur during the early spring
and autumn, leaving the air clear and exi tio
ly in
Oetober, the winds prevail from fu west or south=
west, aceompanied by fee
January, Pebrunry, and March are die coldese
months; during the two Intter there is frequendly
snow on the hillo for n fow days together, Imt
never descending below the level of 2
above the sea, The air in Funchal,
althongh (he thermometer may not demote a grez
60ºot Far, frequently feels chilly durivg
 MADEIRA. 73
the time the snow remains on the mountains, and
precautions aro then necessary, thougn the cold is
mever so severe oe to confino the invalid to the
honse, In Madeira there is litile twilizht ; so soon
as tho sun sinks bencath the horizon, night closes
in. The Jem loy is nenrly the same throngh-
ont the yesr. he summer the sun sets, at
the Inteat period, abont seven o'clock, and in wi
tor, about an honr and a half earlier; with the sam
difierence in his appearance above the horizon,
The Into Dr. Mason, in his Treutiso on th
Climate and Meteorology of Madeira appenrs to
have deterteda greater degree of moistnre in dl
mosphere Funchal, than is shown. by th
tables of other observers; and, while writing und
the morbid influence of netive distase, complained
bitterly of the cloudy sky, the high vinis, and tl
variability of temperature enconntered in Madeira.
The situation where his observations were mad:
notoriously one of the least favourablo for that
parpose in the outakirts oí Funchal; and this cir-
cumstanee, together with the fact of his hygro-
meter being placed in a close room, between two
windows, near an open tank, and surronnded with
frellized vines and vegetation, independent of tle
neknowledged severity of (he seuson during wlsich
they were made, will sufficiently necount for the
difierence existing benveen his observations and
those of other parties, As regards the cloudy sky
fo* Segaato Mreativo on (nar Ólimaio and Meteorology of Maiira,
3. A. Mago, MD. T. Church, Lo
E
 “ MADEIRA.
h and gh winds, the tables of Chas. MEBnen, Esq,
puibliahed in the same volume, offer a sufficiont
retutation, as will bo seen árom the following
summary
] Cuniiparativs Foree Qf Wind at Funchal, 18469, dedueed from
“ales ly O, DEE

Jem sou
February
[tas
age
Mas
O. Gale... in AM abacrça
1, Lightyinds
2 Prosa
8. Strong
4 Preeumed galo.

api A pps 1 Uh
| Obscreations
by O. MBuer,
E

Penreaes o 28 Jrao o
hp
| var o
|
 MADEIR.
Tn 321 observations these letters appear jointly
and separately as follows
Blus, or clear sky 340 tim
au RR Pad
1a
men Doc.
Gere 20
Threatening
Fogey +

From tho position of the island of Mudeira, and

the Tofiy and rugged nature of its surface, it will
appear sufficiently obvious to every one conversant
with the canses of the formation of clouds, and the
trade winds, that the sky cannot be generally so
clear, nor the atmosphere so calm as that of Ttaly
The preceding tables, however, though compiled
during a season of unusual severity, “ certainly one
of the coldest for a great number of years,”* still
afibrd a favourable result,
The trade-winds nsually commence a few degrees
South of Madeira ; from this latitudo thcir tendeney
towards the equator is so marked that they m
almos: be said to begin nt this point. The north
exly winde prevail at Madeira, on an average from
ine months in the year; but from their
el influence, the lofty chaiu of mountain h
traverse the island from cast to west, afforda sufh
2 See Mason work om tho Climato, é, Uf Madoirs,
 76 MADEIRA,

“Lhe arm und dry Leste, or east wind, amulogons

to the Sirroco, avhich blows from the; conát of
Africa, seldom occurs during to winter months
at Madeira, and rarely lasts more tham two or
three days. During ils continuance the heat is
more oppressive in the upper Cistricts tham in
Funchal, ond in the summer frequently occasions
langour anal headaches, particularly the more
alust, or persons of a plefhorio babit. oma the
elftots of Elis wind, Dr. Mason appears to have
an hia ehief or only deductions with regard to
the efiseis of the climate of Madeira on invalids,
nd rocommends “those who, on their arrival, find
that tho Leste agr e with them, to remove te à
+ climato;” but withont pointing
mor table spot; “while those with whom it
disagrees muy rest assured that they
will derive permanent benciis tr n zemaining.”
sservations must carry little we t with
| them, for in one case he himselê appon
« suilsred very severely from the Leste, after being
much exposed to its influence during some experi-
menis om the su) et;” and, on the other hand,
during the prevalence of the Leste” he suys,
may spirit w ero very much exbilerated; and,
| altliouçeh the temperature was 86º, E never felt any
langonr; but, on the contrury, such a general
| and vigonr about the whole system as
+ experienced under any other circum-
tunes,
on
om to
4 Mas Climate, Se, of Madoixe, pp. 158, 156,
 MADEIRA, n
Tois well known that medical men, in recom
mending Wheir patients to resort to a milder climate,
lnve many difficulties to contend against. “Phe
simple increase of temperature camot be obtained
alone, tho invalid must be subjected at the same
time to other meteorological changes. Whether
the Denelicial eficets of these on dis
in Madeira, tha x elimates neem
d by the fuculty, aro matters jwhich they are
best ab
The following me bles form a sum
mary of observations carefully made during 18
amd tho first four months of the present year.
Though considerabiy condensed and abridged, it
is hoped they may still afford all the neces
information under their respective heads. They
ve been selected as affording a fair averago of
the climate of Mudeira, in (hose situutions usually
chosen for the summer and winter residenco of
invalids. During the former season, from June to
eptember inclusive, dh ations made
in the valley of Machico, at an clevati
421 above the level of the sea, The im
ments “were placed at the outside of a window
having a north aspect, about ten feet from the
ground, and protected ftom al currentsof air, and
Sected light, by Deing placed within a double
me of uth-work, covered outwrardly with white
oil-elosh, and lined with fannel; the inner com-
parsment having Hannel outwardly, und am in
Hiuing of blue cloth. The two frames were
 MADEIRA.
rated about an inch ftom each other, allowing:a
current of aix to pass freely betwcen them, and
forming together a box about cightebu iuches
square, id u sloping roof; one side-being of per-
forated zine, and the front completely open towards
the window, on the sill of which it was secured
the window being closed half-an-hour previous to
onch obsorvation.
The readings during the winter months were
taken at Mr. Wilkinson's hoarding-honse, a contral
position in Funchal; and the same precautions
were observed. “The window stood at an elevation
of 182 feet above the sea, and 354 feet from the
ground, with um uspeet 2:x.6, and perfectly open.
“The receiver, or funnel of de 1 ge,
simated at am elevation of 148 feet above thes
and 49 foot from the ground, freo from all eddies,
or counter envrenta, except those produced by: the
ofiy hills sloping upwards towards the north.
The instruments, excepting the baromever, were
all made by Casella & Co! oí Hutton-garden, und
corresponded with each other.
4 ho writer cam atrongiy recommend the varias instrumento
medo by: Mesars Case & dera fox seiculi
their uecurscy cannot be urpassoa, and their charges
els moderate,
ada una ep Cupovong=— ama
 MADEIRA. o!
In Table E the mem deily temperature of
Fobruary1850, is increased 1:08 by a Leste of four
days? duration; and that of fugust, U? 84, by three
days Leste. On these cocasions the highost tem-
peraturo observed during the day, by self-register
Ahermometers, was as follows :—
As PURcitAL, AvMAGHICO. |At&cA DA SERRA,

Tama 1T—Shorcing the Hrighest mil Lonvest Tewperoture, né tie homo

note, exclusive of Leste, dsrinay each m amd tie Monthly Mean of
each ficar, daduced from daily obserentions,
az MADEIRA,
Mama 1V—Shoneing lhe Higheot and Lona Temperaturos
registered during the Doy ant Night, for each Month, sich
dos Merss Maciria Mag Mini, ad Meca Monlhly
Range, deduced from daily obserentiona, eceliatosof “ Leste”
EnCEcaTERIvO Tavamonerais

us
ses|

Soptembe ato
Oetotar oo
sas | omas

s1o 05468) na?|

[sto sas | 101
a6 | 5834 | 1220
O | sam | ouis
TV eh Lester
Bau.

de
E
 MADEIRA, sa
Tama VL—Atan q/ Hyoroiastrical Obscreationa taken daily
duriag each Mont, at the houve noted,

2890-1660. | tom

2a [5
dem [6568| tos
RirWim jose

ape
| om
Nave.
| 35.37 50
Detember
se MADEIRA.
The mean valne of the wet and dey-bulh ther
mometers, in the preceding table, for the months
o£ June, July, and August, have leem Kindly fim
nished by Dr. Lund, fiom o register kept at the
Quinta das Awdsvicicas, near Santo Antonio da
Serra, 1,910 feet above thelevel of the sea
'Phe dew=point is deduced from the temporntures
shown by t wet und) dey bulb thermometers, ae-
cording to the following Pable of actors, given in
ho“ Greenwich Magnetical and Mereorological
Observations, 1844,”

“The difference of the tyro temperatures is multi-

plied by the proper factos, and the produet sub-
fractedl from the temperature of the air gives the
The elustio fores of vaponr is taken from the
table x by Sir John He in the
A dmixalty Manual of Scientific Inquiry, 1849?
En al eii or Papi inbomE Ce
grains, existing du a cubie foot of air ;
st columu, the quant
 MADEIRA.
quired to saturate the same space af the existing
temperntures, These caleulations lave been made
from tables given in Professor Daniel's work on
Metoorology.
ame VIL—Shonsiag (lg Meta
de Barometer, during each Height,
M o n t h ; U s
nd Eeirema itunge af
ich Jeni e, aihhe quality im Trees;munber and ofBo Dee om
5 Force of the Wiseto,jr

Getz
Novemt

Peru |

The preceding 1 "able shows the quantity of rain

for Funchal only. The slight summer showers
pass E over the more clevated
Machico, have > een duly registered posit
in
ions above
coli mn
SÉ days on whichrain fell, although thethe quantity
Eu MADEIRA,
has not been asceriaincd. During die months of
July, Auguat, and September, there was no de-
posit in the “saim gauge” at Funchal.
The readings of the barometer for tho first four
months are taken from, thé observations of Drs,
Heineken and Renten, ninety fect above the sea;
durings the six yours ftom 1826 to 1891,
The compurative force of the winds are regis-
terei by numbers; viz.
O1devia stge dancing Sahinbre.
ar Hislent
min
2 o ie tado ut
Musis VIII Showing die member of Day dn auch Mon
duo sec ho lierent Wind pre

Segtenber
Oetoter.
Sotender
Doutor
Mes.
dongasy
Rebe
Maxet
Apr
 MADEIRA, 87
the tmo course of the winds; and the different
eddies or currents, caused dy the vicinity of the
either a yane or anemometer of
little use. The direesion of tho winds, in the pn
ceding Tuble, have been registered from the “earmy"
of the lower strata cf clouds, or from the conse
of tho conntry Douis passing the Brazen-hend.
During the continuanes of North and North-Fast
winds, a gentlo westerly bre ze, or back current,
usually blows into the bay o Fnnelul
The mean temperaturo of Malaga, given in the
following Table, has Deen dedn
tions made during 1850, by Dr. Suortlif;, who has
zesided there for some years, and ty whom the
author is indebtsd for the table which will be
fonnd appended.*
The temperature of Madeira for 1850, iu the
same talile, is taken from (ho mean maximum and
can minimum, obtained by selE-registering ther-
momoters, as givemin Table LV. from observations
made at Funchal during the winter, and at the
Quina da Sant Auna, above Machico, during the
months of June, July, August, and September.
The preceiling temperature, throughont tho yeur,
applies to Funchal only, and has been obtained,
Witli those of the other localities, from Sir James
Clankts sork om Climute, to which the reader is
eferred for more conciso and general information
Tegarding. the varios places resorted to by in-
valida during the winter.
4 Seo Appendiz E.
 CHAPTER IX.

Ex a work like this, intended guido for

invalida visiting Madeirs, it is unnecessary to give
a detailed neconnt of the diseases to which the
natives and foreign residente are liabde; but the
following briof remarks, obtuined fiom a medical
friend of the author, may nat be considered out of
plece, as bearing on the subject of the salubrity of
the climate of the island.
The result-of all the observations oltained by
Sir James Cluk/on the climate of Madeira, and
the other foreign resorts of English invalids, is in
his own words —< Tt (Madeira, is wurmer during
the winter, and cooler during the summer; there
is less difference between the temperature cf the
day und that of the night, between one senson and
another, end between succeasive days: àt is almost
exemps from een, cold winds; and enjoys a
general steadinesa of weather, to which the conti»
nental elimates ae strangers.”
Such a climate ought to be a healthy one, and
the experiençe vf many who have tried it, and of
many who re now trying it, us well as tho testi
so MADEIRA.

mony of Englishmen who have boen settled here

in business during many years, will besr out the
conclusion,
There are no diseases that can be said to be
peculiar to Madeira: and, although the inhabitanis
are subj to many of those common to more
nort ezn latitudes, these, iu genezal, assumo a rmilil
form. One or two ases of th skin, however,
that are not met with in England, but are common
in svarm climates, are seen in Madeira ;— such are
Elephantiasis and Lepra, of which loathsome dia-
enses the hospital Sai Lazaro contains many cases,
amd it is not dificult to discover their origin in the
poor living and destitntion among the lower classes,
combined vwith the warmth of the climate, and the
neglect cf cleanliness in their persons and habi-
tations,
A fuet well known to medical men, and to most
of the E fish re ddentas who lavo renred fim
in the island, is the remarkable exemption enjoyed
here from most of the compláinés to which children
axe exposed in England during the carly years of
life, and the case with: which infants got over the
period of tecthing—a time of
mothers in general. Yet there is no douht that
the altemations of temperature in such a
as that of England have a bracing effo
children vho are or ginally of healthy cons ,
and brought up there, are more robustin after life,
Zymotic diseases, as they are called, (meusles,
searlatina, &e..) arc seldom met with in Madeira;
 MADEIRA, E
amd ayhem am epidemie of any of theso does occur,
fe disense appenrs in a much milder form than we
generally see in England,
During one season, à few years ago, the small-
pox proved extensively fatal among the natives,
Jur its introduction yas clearly traced to the crew
of e wessel from abroad, and occurred also at a
time shen the sanitary regulatious of the port did
not exist, or were carelessly enfireeid.
Inflammatory fever is scldom met with, but a
mixed fever, oÉ a typhoid. type, frequently makes
ite appearance toward the end cf the summer; it
occurs cnly in detached cases, nnd appeors to
possess nothing of a contagious nature, but not
unfrequently proves fatal. Inflammatory nffections
of the bowels are not uncommon among the lower
classes, caused chicily, es Dr. Gonlay long ago
marked, by die poor people, wleu overheuted and
fatigued by their incredibly laborions oocupationa,
imprudentiy drinking copiously of cold water.
Dysentery, wu disease so fntal iu tropical climates,
às nat unknown in the severe form familiar to our
medical practitionens in the East and West Indies;
neyertheless, at certain sensons, and especially
during a season of scarcity of provision chat oe-
cured about three years ago, the disease proved
freqnensly fital among due ill-fed and ill-clothed
poor,
A mild Diarrhoa occasionally annoys iho
stranger on his arrival from a cold climate, int this
cannol be said to be in eny way peculiar to
Ba MADEIRA.

Madeira, as it is well known that tho traveler

is Jiuble to be subjected to the same complaint
om fist inking up his residence in any part of
sonthem Eamope, or even in any vf (he continental
towns, “Phis may be the consequence simply of
change from the mode of living am board ship to
that on shore, combined with the increased tempé-
tature, or the result of imprudence; but it certainly
jo mot ho lot of every strmgor on his aval heve
Dr. Watson, spenking of this kind of Diarriea,
says, “ An article of diet which is perfteily whole-
some and digestible, and which the stomach bears
well after a Títtlo habit, will sometimês cause
g and purging, when it is taken for the first
= 1 do mor know that it is so, but T
'y likely that Erenchmen, and Germuns,
s, euffer in the same way when they
first come to this conntry (England,) and ado
our habita und mogimen,*— Zectures on Practice
of Pisgato.
“Lhe stranger sho may be in perfect health, or
the invalid landing in Madeira in search of henltl,
are eli subject to thia lind of Diarthoea, which,
it must bo remembered, is a very different thing
from that monbid relasation of (he Dowels to which
many of the latter class of visitors are Tiable, and
which às one of the aymploms of cheir disease,
Consumprion, and very frequently accompanies its
advanced st
Aeute rheumatic afro with their usmal and
dangerous concomitunt, disease vÊ the heart, aro
 MADEIRA, oa
very unicommon in Madeira, ronie rhenm-
atism, which so often cripples and disfigures the
lerer in England und other northem countries,
almost unknown. The greatest benefit is de-
zived from a short residence here by patients
laboniing under the lattor form of rheumatism.
The sedentary habits of the beiter class of the
Portugueso them very liablo to hemorrhoids,
as well aa nervous dyspepiie complaints.
Although the climate of Mudeira is so very
equable, it is not altogether free from changes,
which constitute here, as well as clsewhere,
extitihe canso of pulmonary and infiunmatorythe
aifeetions, These, however, as may be supposed,
Are compurativoly rare mmong the better classes,
occur chichly among the hard-working poor
axe more exposed to thia « nd to sudden
Úls.of tho surínco while perspiring profusely
An epidemic catardh not unfiequently mikes its
appearance abontthe months of August Sep-
tember, or before the annual rains, which usudly
occur in Oto
1t is now pretty well understood that no climate
affords entire exemption srom serofulous diseases
Whenever the exciting causes are applied, in what-
ever part of the world, these disenses imanifest
themselves; pulmonary consumption is conne
With what is cullod the serofulous dinthesis, eted and
Secura among: the natives of Madeira, but prevails
Such less among them dum it does among the
Patives of more changeable climates. That
it
9a MADEIRA.
should osemr is not to-be srondered at wheu we
find many of the causes of the serofulous diathesis
in full operation among a large proportion of them.
These entses are chiesly imperteet food and clothing
in childhood and youth, and deficiency of fresh air
in their low, dump dwellings or huts, combined
vit over-exertion. It should also be remembered
thattho natives of Madeira must be enbject to con-
stumpiion arhen the exciting canses are applicd, for
nxenson given by Dr. Alison, who, speaking of the
natives of warm climates, shows that the long-con-
tinnedapplicationsofheatin early lifoare weakening,
and therefore favouzablo to the formation of the
serofulons habit; amd iv is fonnd by experienceÀ
that they aro (Doth white and black,) peculiarly
Table to scrofulous diseases when they come to
coldex climates.
Wish regard to the effects of the climato of
Madeirwon prlmonary disense, the following valu-
able information, ywhich has been Kindly furnishethed!
ly Di. Lund, will be found interesting to
medical profession generally, as well as to thosein-
seho are in search of health, or who may be
terested ia othexs requiving a change of climate.
“ Donsumption bus long been lmown as one of
the most fatal discuses occurring in. Great. Britain,
and this great und well-known fatality is plainly
shown in the following extruct from BanficlPs
Satisticul. Companion for, 1850 :— The reports
of the Registrar-Genoral show that in one year, in
England and Wales, 59,025 died from consump-
 MADEIRA, 95
tion, being 18.2 per cent., or ncarly one-ffth of
the entire mortality”
James Clark, from collecting the observa-
tiona of diflbrent standard authorities, estimates
the ordinary duration of this disease to be from,

a GE
nine months to two years: that is, from the firet
eonsumptivo symptom being observed unsil the
disease ends fatally—all its different stages are
passed through in this short period
We also find in 7he Hirst Medical Report of”

g UEGERENES
Brompton Hospital for Consumprion the following
Table of 215 fntal cas

Thus, there o
Vithin 18 1
many as 1
Tm the midst of such calamitons results a checr-
ing gleam of hopo broko forth, when, during the
hileavours of different medical observers to ascer-
tain the enuso of death in varions diseases, it was
found that consumptive disease had existed where
dé had not been suspected, and that nature had
m bueily oconpicd in making eforis towards
 E MADEIRA.
a cure, and this, too, under unfavouwrable civenms
stances.— Theso olservations, though few in num-
ber, being well uuthenticated, established the fact,
that consumption vas not always fatal; und further
exporien fally prove tlut. persons coming,
for various periods of time, to euch a climate as
Madeira in “the carly, or oceasionally in the ad-
vanced stages of the discase, have their compluints
arrestrd, wliere they have the prodenco to conjoin
proper regimen and trestment with the efitets of
climate, “In all stages (he most distressing symp-
toma are, almost ifvariably, so much ameliorated
ns to vunse comparatively little inconvenicuce, and
where. this relicf does not ocour (ho case is an
exegpéion to the general rule, Even in the most
adyanecd stges lhe downward progress of the dis-
case is much retarded, all th
ameliorated, and the patient has the grent advan-
inge 0 fresly inhalinga balmy atmosphere ont of
doors, which gives much relief, The great majo-
tgp are, dhias extubled to pass with comfort their
terra 6f life, and can generally take out-
ercise, or sit ix a garden, until o day or
tsvo before finally sinking:
Phi agfords a grout eontrask to what the invalid
bome, where, being necessarily confined
weithin doors, and deprived of many enjoyments,
he posses throagh à long and dreary winter in
rlificialiy-heated and vitiated atmosphere no,
mode of warming apartments being ever free from,
am oppressive eluseness, wlich is not felt in the)
 MADEIRA. o
open air. Persons à land may delude fhem-
solves into the, idea that it is possible to make an
artificial Madeira climate, mt they may rely upon.
being mistaken. No means as Yet discovereil can
compensate for a natural, “mild, and pure mt
sphere, affording. opportunities of regular daily
exercise."
In order to illustrate as correctly as, possible the
effects of the climate of Madeiro. on consumptive
dlisense, T have arranged 100 from my note:
book, and ns nearly as possible in the order in
which they re entered. The progress of the dis-
eng have divided into three stuges, viz=—
dm. Agr ce lang 1a not broken down.
2d, Wheco the lang has begun to Lreale dowa-
id. When dig Lung is great broker down.
In the first class, all had some of the symptoms
WIÃ sigus appertaining to consumption, and-most
SÊ them wero sent out by expert Steshoscopists
Either as actually diseased or strongly threatened,
me hadtheir lunga extensively solidiliedp'a fev
Probably, had not genuine tubercular consumption
but bad so mnch induration of the Tung, gecom-
ed with untoward symptoms, as jo leave n
donbt
EJB the Hospital for Consunpiion Bt Bremptor, whero au
aebificia) Madejs tempted, and'mostikoly c a s r i u d ont
dê sncecsefuly as nrtificial means il llowam oppresaive maurmth
Pole. And the fast vf two cf tho Astistant Physiciansfo that
distffation, then invalided,
cal men in ch eir csrn osteo
so fuful y ipprecintee theúhe ném
Dorm natural hclimare.
É
E
; ME o Gir
po “prssautova 'pontacery ema
E
ã
100 MADEIRA.
doubt, that, had they not left England, they most
asstred!y would sooner ox Inter, have die] phéhi-
Sieal.” Some cases marked in the second
Might, aritlt propricty, have Ieen placed stage,
third, Bué. E reserved this last for thê very in ad- the
vanceil vasta, and wlvro distinct evidence of a
lnsge cavity or cavitios existod.
Mlieeê Bnses show, that, in the early
tight coming to Madeira has a very fairslnge, a pa-
chance of
having the disease permanentiy arrusted,
mois advanced, of gaining a prolongation ofor, life,
d avoidanee “of many distress
he actual dunition of the disease is notymptoms .
given;
in England its mtmost extent
Cnses coming to Madeira in theis tiromoreyears,advanêThe ed
stage were composed of those YPho had tried other
plawes, and cimo here as n last resonros and the
irhole are marked, not from the first ; invasio n of
the atinck, but from tho date of their Inuding
“Pliére are other.cases not menticneilin the Madeira,
table that have Ven Bent ont ag hopeless cases, and
Bro hoy living hero in the enjoyment of «good
heahh, and tinve done go for ten years and up-
wrards
* Bee Table in preceding pages.
 CHAPTER X.

Tae conveyances to Madeira were formerly few,

tedious, and ill-suited for invalids; and the aceom-
modatiou for visitors on their arrival was far fro
satisfuetory; ênly one, or two Doariling-honsos ex
isted, mund thes of a very medioore description.
This want, however, was in many cases compen
died dy the kind hospitality of the English me
chants, whose doors were ever, open to. reccivo
those recommended to their attentions; and vehose
princely entertainmente, during the onrishing
stato, of tho island trado at that time, aro still
lonked hack upon with gratefil recollections Joy
many.
“These disadvantages nó longer exist, From the
amell number who zesortod to M
years ago, the annual arivols have now
to fom 300 to 400 persons. The opportunities
of reaching the island are frequent, and the me
of conveyance of a very superior description.
increase of accommodation has also kept pace with
 102 MADEIK,
the infinx of visitors, and now uffurds
foré that the most fastidicns conld desire.every come
Several fast-sailing vessels, built expre
the trade Letyeen England and Mudeira,sslycom-for
manded by experienced senrmen, and fitted up with
every regard 16 the accomniodntion and comfort of
passengers, leave Southampton at stated intervals
direct for Madeira, and. aecomplisk the voyage,
under ordinary cireumstunces, ir from cight to
twelye days. These are
The. brig Brilians, of 73 tona register; Capiato JB,
as

Calbeck. Agonia2, Mesara, TT. & O. Toutmin, 81, Great

- Molonis, Bishopagats streot, London; Mr. 7. Fl]
Orientalplste, Southampton; and Mera. Jos, Phelps
dC, Madeira.
The Brig Comet, of 260 tona; Coprein 7. Aicth; and the
Drig Hetipee, OF 240 luns ; Chptaih G. Hi Davis. Agénis
Meses. Raydan & Reld, 3, Bum court,
Peiaules, Southampton; and Messrs, Cornhil ; Mr N, M
Suwdda ré & Co,
Madeira.
The brig Dar of 248 tons; Capinin3, Dell Agonte: My
Te Slephines, 9, Walbrock-Inildings, London: Me 3, W.
Dial, 80, Higlistront, Sonthamplor; end Ms.3. EL Holl.
may, Madeira.

é How much ismoranso provoils

may bo goalhercd from the fici, tasin amEngla nd ou ibia subjuut
encinc nt amehority em
tliscases of Uh chost, on being eonenlted in Londo
of lo unthor, during Lhe last censon, with regard to nthecli
by a.
g
St Madeira as à winder residendo for hia disease, renurked thot
inválida in Madeira vero deprived cf all the comfuris they enfsye d
in England. That Madeiro had ite win
and during tlunt season thero yere Ter day om lie ga invalid
would bo able to sit is the h Vitloat a gras ooat aver his
slioniders 1
 MADEIRA. 103
Phi first of these vessels was origimally intended
tor a pleasure yacht; has a fiush deck, and ace
modation for 54 passengers ; sho suils nearly exery
month, from Sonthampton. on!
The others: have raised querter-docks;s
and have accommodation for abont 45 pr
each. One or other of these vessels sail, on am
average, nearly every fortnight from Tondon, and
cal at Southampton for passengers.
These packets are all fitted up with family and
donble-berthed. cabins, well ventilateil wish good
Pedding, and even the lnxmy of a bash-cabin.
The attendanee on bogrd às truly excellent, and
the table is most liberally anil plentifnlly supplied,
including vines, porter, ale, dio. and im fact all ihe
comforte that could Je dest
money is 177.; clildren and servants, TOZ each?
Asma) gratuity is usually given to the stesvards
of about 108. dor each pussenger. he regulur
period for the sailing of these vessels yall De found
in the second columm of the Lémes newspaper.
Besides the regular Madeira Pachets, the Tately
established line of Royal Mail Steumers to Brazil,
sail from Southampton at half nfier eleven o'elock
in the moming of thé 9th of every apontl, and,
proceeding by way of Lisbon, are dué ut Funchal
om the moming of the 18h. The voyage to
Lisbon usually oecupies about fonr and a half days ;
at dis port they remain tventy-fonr hours, and
harethore are overalohikdxe, a redetiom is usmally zuado
du dé fo.
 104 MADEIRA,
twelyo how ut Madeira. “The passage-money by
thege steamers is as follows -—
From Southampton to Madeira, Eu
Pager
Siglo borthod after cabine. - 280
dio forecabim 1d
Doubleerihed anor cobins =
dido foro cabina . mo
From Lisbon to Madeira, 38 dollars = 71 175, il né 4a. 6d,
per dollar, or necorling to tho eurrust exelange at Lisbon.
Homaio sorvants gre chargod tio tbirds; male servants, and
ebildren betwseu tha nges of eight and twcivo penta, ond.
half; aril chiláren betwsca tho nges af three and sight
vears, one-quarleru? Lhe neual fare; children under brio
gera af ge, ice,
These charges aro exclusivo of wines, &c, and
Iggage is limited to twenty cubic fes to cach
passenger, Thoagents are—
“he Japa Mall Bio Poets! Comany, 56, Mourato
nro,
ds, Dale,London
Cump; as Ófce, Winkdostret, Sesthimpton
Ai Ma. Cos, Da & Co Mula
Opportunities of: reaching the island by East
and West Tudia merchant ships, suiling from
London, Liverpool, or Glasgors, and. touching at
Madeira on their outward voyage, frequently offer
during the amtumn, bur, though tenally of larger
These stoaora return to England, vit Madeira
amd are ilne at Madeirora tho Ibind of ench month,and Lisbon,
Liclets aro iscued, with um abatement cê 25 per cont. on ti Return
pas-
“age money, acid permission to remainut Madeira foz “ha halo
or amy portion of the eason.
 MADEIRA. 105
tonnago than the regular traders, the comfort nro
by no means equal, and the passenger is required
to farnish his uwa bedding, &e, the cost of which
is usually from 3: tos4i. Thir sailine
quendiy put off fiom day to duy; and their usual
or average passage is considerably longer Dan
at of the other a iling puekete.
A fine first-class Drig, the Galgo, of 248 tons,
Captain Avellar, snils from Lisbou for Madeira
about once a menth; this vessel is fitted up with
à degreo of comfort almost equal to the Eng! four
traders, and performs the voyage iu fom
to six days, The passage-money is
cluding a well-supplicd table, wine, bedding, &c.
“The agents are Mr, James Waurdrop, 18, Litile
Tower-street, London; Mr.G. A. Munto, Lisbon;
and Messrs. Freittas, Abreu& Co, Madeira. The
lar Sicem Packets,vhich leave Southamp
ton for Lisbon on the Ttb, Lil, and 274lv E every
month, render this án cnsy and agrecable route to
those who axe in no hurry to reach to island.
The agents for tuo Galgo, at, Lisbon, will attend
to she clearanco of Iuggage, dio, for those parties
proceudding by th
The dock charges at Southampton em luggage
are very trifing, averaging about 3d, por package,
which is paid at the gate on enteri
dis by no means necessary far invalids, or
others proveeding to Madeira, to lay in a largo
supply of clothing. Such articles as are wom in
England during the spring, are quite suitable for
NE r3
 108 MADEIRA.
the winter in Madeive.; and lighter clothing, abould
be fonndl necessary, can Dé obtained egunll
good, and quite as chonp as in London. Cali
aliiis aro better suited to the climate than those
vt linen; and fannel underelothing should not be.
omitted.
Te is secommended int cach passenger, previous
do embarking, provide himself with a receptacle
for his Drusbes, and other articles of the toiles, to
prevent their rolling about with every motion of
the vessel. “This can easily be prepared with a
small square of brown-holland, having a double
toy of pocket cewn on to it, and fastened vith a
small ruil. az cach comer, in «ome convenient pars
cf his cabit, One or two good tuble bells will
Je fotnd msefhl to those who purpose occupying
furmishod hônises,
With regard to money-matters, it will be found
judicions to carry out, in «pecie, as much as will
cover the expônses of some months! sojoum, and
thus save much trouble, as well as the loss which
is Frequently sustained in the exchange on Lills
dften amoninting, with commission, &e, to threw
and eyen five per cent. A letter of credit, however,
may be fopnd useful, and one or two of introdue-
tion are all that is necessary,
Mexican and Spanish dollars, as well as English
amd American gold and silver coins, are current in
Madeixa, ut fixed rates The only Portuguese,
coins in cireulation are those of copper, the others
being Spanish pistareens, or 10d. silver pieces, and
 MADEIRA. 107
those already mentioned. A table of the island
rency will be found uppended.*
“Dhe mails for Madeira, are made up in London
om the moming of the Btli of every month, for the
Byuzil packet sailing from Sonthampton. Letters,
are also Jorwarded miá Lisbon by the Pemi
sular mails, if specially so addressed; Ent this con-
veyanoo ix uneertain, and not to be recommended,
as they frequentiyeremain o long time at Lisbon
there being no regular mailistom thence to Ma-
deira.
The postage must be propaid, on letters not
exgeeding half-an-ounce 1a. 10d, and on mews-at
papers 2d. each. A Tetser-bag is also made up
the office of the respectivo traderep if delivered
there, they ave forwarded freo of charge ; seem sent
Curongh the Post-Ofiice, and specially endorse for
these vessels, a postage of 8d, must De paid. atA
like sum is also charged on all Jotiora delivered
the Post-Ofico in Madeira. Newspapers axe deli-
verei at the British consulnte, free of charge.
Tavalide, and other prssengers, procveding to
Madeira, usually desire to leave England in the
lattes part of September, or early in October, in
consequence of which the application for bartha, by
the cailing packots, is greater at that period tha at
any other season, and renders it advisable to mako
selection, at all “events where there are
several members of a funily sho desire to bo toge-
duer, To secure a pussage, a deposit, ox rather
1 See Appsndix Lo
 108 MADEIRA,
Payiment of ome-halé of tho fure becomes neccasary,
the other moiety leing paid Defor emburking.
The agents will frmish parties arit) e a plan
cabin of their respective vessels, on mpplicatioofn theby
Jettor or otherwise,
For those provceding direet to Madeira, passpott
ate nat at all necessary, as no impo dime
ever are thrown in fho way of passengersntslandi what-
ng,
Lat a charge or fine of 1,200" =, for the omis.
Eiison exac,ted Dy the police anthorities when they
fumish the permitofresidenco,
Vhich is required by al persons oron the.leavipasa ng
port
thê
nd. + Lt is preferable, however, to subanit to this
exaetion, and avoid the payment of ten shillings
for a passportin Pngland.
The usmal charge for landing
à tva carol Yoat is 300 == Ts. 2d; at if Func im
hal in
omved. boat, 200% = 104, extra. Strangersa four
however, grcarly imposed npon by the Portugueare,
boatmon, and, no established irviff existing, se
much as 205, has frequently been demanded,as
Visitors and others on thoir arrival und departure
Eeneraly.pay more for their boat hire than om
other occasions, a custom which the Made
men now sogm to look upon as n law, Teirais fhere boat
fore advisablo to leave the sgottlcment of -
sharge to the Jandlord of the honse iu which their you
take up yonr quarters for (he time being, who qeill
generally sec that no imposition takes
ing landed at Funchal, the visitorplace,will find
po difticnty in obtnining accommodation; nearl
y
 MADEIRA. 109
all thé boarding: establishments, as well as those
termed hotels, will roceive pussengers for a fow
days, or till they can decide on, or procie, a per
manent residenco.
“The most nervons or fastidions invalid auced be
ainder no apprehention that the) ; impor-
tant difficulties to be enconntercd in procceding to
or landing at Mudeira, The interests of the Island
ae so materiully promoted by (he sojoum of
visitors, that the local anthorities adopt every
measre to enconrago their presence; and,
their custom-house and mmnicipul rogulations,
render every fucility both on their arrival and
departure.
Passengers” luggege, except a carpet bug, or
a few articles for immediate use, cannot be removed
ftom cho vessel till application has been made at
the casinha, or customs-guard hone, aud, on being
furmished syith a list of the packages, they send
officer to convey them on shore, “To facilitate this,an
it is edvisublo to deliver your principal letter of
introduetion as early as possible, and the parties.
will willingly lend their assistance, or the Jandlord
of the bonrding-house will do all tha is noedful in
the eusc.
“Lhe enstom-honserat Madéisa oflers an example
to all others. Tho grentest politeness und promp-
titude are shown to al visitora, the detention of
luggage às Dricf, and the examination conducted
most liberal principles. AT wearing apparel, andon
bed or tuble linen having been in use and helonging
110 MADEIRA.
to persons arviving, ave allowed to pass free of
duty. Silk or other dresses not made up, or ladies”
donneis and dresses which have not been in use or
in unveasonable numbers, exe churged accordingly.
AM plate, or pluted articles, articles of fumiture,
saddlery, and musical instruments, &c,, arc freely
admitled, on giving bond for their reshipment, or
payment of the ânties, within eighteon months."
Soap, tobacco, eigars and snuff are prohibited,
the supplying of these urticles being lensed, by the
Portuguese Goverument, to a private company,
who fumish the island with trash, and, partica-
lavly with regard to soap, at an exorbitant price.
Tea is also prohibited unless imported in Por-
tugueso vessels from Lisbon, or direct From the East
Tndies.
The charges at the custom-house, in clearing
Inggage, are táfling. 400 = 15. 8d, is usually
allespedto the officer bringing it on shore; besides
the hire of the bout, and from 50% to 130% =24d,
to dd per package for porteraçe, dic., according to
their number and size.
* Fora lis of dulivs chargonblo in Madeira, ses Appendix K.
 CHAPTER XI
Do LRDERGOSsOS — runsisiiD aocses — srxraxos —Monas —
PALANQULE— LAMANGUS— GUESS — NUA RINGO — pus

Ene increase of visitors to Madeira within these

last few yeara has added considerably to the num-
dor of boarding-houscs tinoughout Funchal. These
ue situated, in almost every quarter of che town,
und afford omple zoom for selection, The prin:
al establishment are hero given in alphabetical
order, and in his choice the stranger can be guided!
by his own observations, or the recommendation of”
his friends or medical ndvisór, ma tegurds position
md other ndvantages:—
Gesena, Wm,, 83, Rum da Carreira
Contis, D, 23, na do Aljube.
Freitas, 1. H., 67, om da Carroiru.
Ereneh, Mrs, 58 and 69, Rua da Carreiro
Giuliottá, MaZam, Baropcan Hotel, 1, Travessa d'Alfandoga.
Hayyard, Mrs, 4, Rus de Sao Pedro,
oliva, 1. EL, Caminho do Muio, aud 26, Eua do Aljube. (1)
Mace, hos, 33, Cominho da Torrinho. (2)
Setinn, Miss, 3, Rua das Aranhas,
Afiles, Jno,, 14, Rno dus Pintos,
Pestans, Madam, Caminho do Sts. Luzia Velha. (3)
Reid, Wm, 8, Ran do Merevlo,
Shaw, Mis, 19, Rus do Gostanheiro.
 MADEIRA,
Nirdrog, Miss, 34, Rua da Carreira.
Wilkinson, 8, Ras do Datudo.
Wilkinson, Win., lua de Ponto Nova.
Naiss, Jno.,“ Family Hotel," Caes.
Besides the foregoing; there are a few private
fumilies syhere two or tlxce persons can find com-
fortalle aecommodution. Those marked 1, 2, 3,
are situated at the ontskirta of the town, at an
vation of 298, 293, and 525 feet, respectively,
above the sea,
There is a bath establishment attached to Mr,
S. Wilkinson's bourding-house, Run do Estudo,
“The landlord also acts as house-agent, and will
furnish those who wish to hire a quinta, orvilla, for
The season, with every requisito information,
“Lhe charges at the Doarding-Mouses vary, aee
ing to their standing, trom fatye to Gfty dollars per
month, which includes wines of the island, and
ever necessary comiort. The majority provide
1 general table only, but necommodation may be
obtained ensirely separate from the other inmates
at m extra charge of about ten dollgrs per month,
or aeeurding to the conveniences required. Foreign
wines, spirits, and mall liquors, are not included.
Servants and children are usually charged on
halg, and it is customary em leaving to present
a small gratuity to the domesties of the establish-
ment,
The charge for washing is from 1,500% to
2,000": = 6a. 34, tu Be, 4. per month foz each per-
Bom, dor 250% to 300» — 14.19. to 1s.8d, per
 MADEIRA. 13
dozen pieces. Tn the case of a family, however,
am agreement is usually made at a somevhat
lower rato,
'Lhere are no lodgings to be had in Madeira
similar to those in England, where the parties
supply their own cuisine ; but far those who de-
aire fumisheil houses u selection may be had in
almost every locality ut lhe outskirts of he town,
where they are mostly situated, with gardene and
atabling attached, “4 list of these, with their ele-
vution above the sea, will bo found appended,! end
every information regarding accommodation end
other partientars may be obtained at the grocery
establishments of Mezsrs, Wilkinson, or My. Payne.
Tn hiring a formished quinta, or villas for the
deuson, the period should be distinctly specified,
und a juritton. sgreemont made with tho landlord,
MO ei the rental ia usually puid on taking
possession, and the alher moiety at the expiration
of three momhs, It is also advisable to examine -
the inventory carefully, and to specify the addi-
tions' requived to it, before concluding the agroe-
meut. One Dblankot and one coumterpane are
furmishiedl to each bed, and all bed and table linen,
toweling, dec, must be provided by the party
themselves, as well as plate of every description”
The greater number of these housés may be
lired for the ehole year for a few pounds extra,
à Sos Appendix
* Furnished honses gre not Jet Tygiçho mom, mtos she
seagom bo far uvancod.
14 MADEIRA.
and there are no tuxes or public burdens“of any
kind attached. “Lhe landlords usually claim a right
to the garden and produce, unless excluded by
a special agreement.
With regurd to servants, there is little “or no
dificnlty im seleoting the requisite establisiment.
They are generally hired by the month, the wages
vaxying accoriing to their qualificati
For a superlor cook, from 7 to b dollass
- gooiphin do... GUTO | Nobres
nos mir dO. o6t09
É Motor tablemaia Bio 61,
> aubeiono o. Dus
Doreaneio or proa 406 7 | Without food
“he higher rato is usually expected when the
servant can speak or undesstund a few words of
English. Ttis by no men s udvisablo to bring ont
English servants; unless Mey have Deen long
aceustomed to the family they: accompany, they”
generally oeasion more trouble tham is repuid by
their assistance. Not speaking the language, they
are of little use im Madeira, auul, diflering im their
habits from the Poringuese domesties, require a
separate tuble and attendance, At seu ihoy are
equally nselese, abundoning themselves to the pro-
siration of sea-sickncss, and appearing to suffer
greatly more than (heir employers.
Visitors who are partinl to horse-exercise shonld
bring out their own sadáles, as those to be had on
the Iabind are generally very havd and uncomfort-
able, Although there are few horses to be found
 MADEIRA. 115
inaMadeira. without” some Hlemish, che style of
animal has been greatly improved of Inte by im-
portations from England, America, and Portugal,
und, in purchnsing, a considerable selection is
offered at prices varying from 40 dollars for small
island ponies, to 200 dollars, or even npyavdls, for
large or superior animals. In long joumeys, or in
mavelling along the narrow ragged roads of the
north, dic sunller horses, not exceeding 12 hands,
are msually preferred, and for 70 or 60. dolls
a decent pony of this size may be obtained. In
selling again in the spring, howeves, the visitor
must make up his mind to submit to a considerable
loss, “The expense of kecp is about seven dollars
per month, exclusive of attendanes. “Stabling is
chasged at the hónvding establisbmenta from 14 to
2 dollara = 3d. to Bs. 4d. pés month; ar am
agreement may, in some cases, be made for the
entiro cep for about 12 doliars = 508, a-monib.
Gina, the usual food, is furnishod in abundance
during the winter senson at 75% to 100% = B$d.
dd. per handle, sullciont for “one day, anil
brought to the stable eyery moming. ” Maize-or
Tndian com is given im place cf cais, which are
mavely to bo obrained ; the nsual allowanes, sehere
moderate exercise or work is given, is one-quarter
of am alqueiro por day, tho alqueire usually costing
350% = I,6id. Many persons prefer having the
1 Voy goal ly a gov or the mountain, Du not much
usei except durtag the summer, when gmes 8 scaros, Itie
usual sala ab 400% => 10d. por arrobo of 82 lhe,
 1n6 MADERRA:
corn Bruised, in which case amaguia, equal tone?
sixteenth part, is taken ut the mill, but the bull is
considerably increased,
Tn hiring a horse by the month, “the clnrgo
«Varios from 20 to 80 dollars (=4%, 3944. to
6% 5.) according to the style of animal, and 14 to
2 dollara (=6s. 3d. to Be. 47) to the burriqueiro
or groom.! When hired by the howr the charge is
3007 = 15, Bd, for the first, and 200-= 10d,
for each suseoeding period, with a trifling “pour
boiros" al times, to the attendant. In jommeya to
the north, or by the day, álio usunl cost is from 14
to 2 dollars (= Gs, 3d to 8a, 4), and 200"or 104
to the burvigueiro; these men aecompany*ihéir
employers on all ocoasions, and are always nenr to",
zeuder any assistance that may be required. They
lssep up with their animals, frequently holding om
dy the tuil, even during a pretty severe gullop, or
à lengthentd excursion round the island, and are
usually exceedingly civ l and obliging. “Lhey are
ly no means, however, the most. honest of their
kind, and as their food is in a great measure made
up.of milho, gromnd and prepared, they arenowise
averse to supply themselves at (he expense of the
poor horse. The generality of dic Madeira nien-
sexvants tuke after the Burrigueiros, in helping
themselves when an opportunity offers; and seldom
seruple to buy the variona honschold impplies in
the cheapest makot, and charge them at the
4 MElake to he north, am agreement o is cet fa necessary,
ad am incrense of charge is made.
 MADEIRA, u7
highest rate; sand the purchase of meat, frmit,
groberies, &c. being nsually entrusted to de cooks,
there às plenty of scope aiforded for peculation,
To avoid tkis system of robbery it is advisable to
adopt the pass-book eystem in all purciases with
wliich they: may be chavged,
There boing no roads in Madeira fit for whecled
vebioles, thoso ho are unable to side on horseback,
and ladies in visiting, usually employ: the pelan-
grin, à kind of settee suspended from à long pole,
xehich, when Carried, hangs about Iwelve inches
from the Jpround. Tt is partly' covered with an
awming and curíains, (lie sent is low, anil (he atti-
tude rather crampedo These vehicles “are carried
om tho shoulders of tivo men, one preceding the
other, who sre paid 74d. eseh per bom,
amd 1005 = 6d. for whatever time the palunquin
may be employed om hire, Many of the farnishedl
honses, however, provide a conveyance of tláis
description. On account of the greater swvight of
thopolanguin, and te rugged nature of to comntry
tmad; hememoetes um usually: made nse o£hy invalids
for any lengthencd exeusion, or even abont town
by those spho pretéx this mode of locomotion, “The
Madeiro hammock is: generally made of strongly
wove hempen thrends, of varigue colonts, with
a deep netted fringe; it is suspended from a long
pole, and carsied ns the palongni», but the eleva.
tiom from-the ground is considerobly grenter, and
the position much more agreeahle. “The charge is
the same, exeopt in long excursions, qem it js
15 NADEIRA.
advisable to procure Denrorsfrom &t. Antonio, ór
other parts of the conntry, sho are paid af the
rate 0 6007 to 500" (=2s. 6d. to Bs. 4) each
per day, according to the time they may be
employed.
O late years several families have had imnclines
built, gomewhat similar to a Russian eledge. “These
are deswn by a yoke of oxen, and carry from four
to six persons, “They are not adapied, however,
for the roads out cf towns, but dor short rides,
tliough their progress is rathét slow, they are
execodingly comfortable and ocomomival. The
chargo fora pair of oxen, and aedriver vho walks
behind, vaies according to the distenco, bat they
may be engaged for abont a dollar per day... Tn the
come of a fexw seasons it is probable these sledges
will become a common mode of public conveyanco
among «he English residents and visitors; at
present they: are only to he ind om hire from the
mannfacinrer Mestre Plriippe; at 10, Rua Direita,
Besides the foregoing, chairs made of hght wicker-
work, and suspended nearly in lhe same way as
a sedan-chair, are sometimes made ue of,
Boating is frequently. resorted to by invalids,
amd others, us am amnsement, and is strongly
recommended by medical men im chest compluinis.
Many plensant excnrsions may be auado along the
coest, and the boats are cleun, comfortable, and
well managed. "Lhe cherge willrtso menis 3007
=1s. 3d, per hom, or 1,200 = ds. per: duy,
milha four rowers 5007 = 2e. 1d per hour, or 2
 MADEIRA, 119
dollars = 8874. per day. If the distance is
gtent, however, such asto the fossil bed, or Machico,
êm nllóivaneo of 400% =1s, 8d,
The bontmem will provido fishing lines for those
whose inclinations Jead that way, but the depél of
water renders. this rather an arduons pastime fu
most invalids, Lines of from 30 to 60 fathoms
are usually employed, end che fatigue of drawing
up sueh a length aí cord, aftur probably a mere
aúbble et tha Dait, is fas from being comperisated
by the number de gixe cf the fish obtained, althonsh,
from their great variety and bean of colour, this
pastime is likely-to'nfford considerable amusement
ato lovers cf ichthyology. “To fish market ie
thy oa visit early in the moruing to oil é)
interested in such a subject, and even others will
sometimes. find mary singular and interesting
specimens of-tho fny tribo
Many persons leave Englund with he idea that
there are few of the necessarios, and none of the
Iuxaíries, of life, to bo obtained at Madeira, and
load themselves, umictessarily, with all sgris of
graceries, &e., and provide a supply of clothing as if
they swere about to undortako a váyuge rouud qhe
world. No opinion cam be. mare fallacions, for
almost evezy: article, whether as regards food or
elodling, can be obtained at Fenchel, at prices litile
escoeding, End in mamy cases Tess than They Cost
in England À list of many azticles, will their
usual prives, will be fotind appended.
See Appenix O,
 120 MADEIRA.
There arc tivo Eugliih grocesy and boking
establishments, were all sotts of groceries, pickles,
fc. aro received direct from Londóm, and plain «or
fancy bread can be had quite equal to that at
home, “Theso ar
Wand A, Wilkinson, No. 2, Run do Aljubs, fucing the Cath
ta! Square, and
3. Paynet, No, 1, Roa des Ingiozes, near tho enstom-icueo,
with a store atiached, for the sale of arockosy, glass,
There are also sovêral Portuguese stores or
hope, vehere mary articles of «'Bimilar nature cam
be obtaincd.
he English drapory stores, Where every dese
tion 5º clothing, die, cam be obtained, anei—
The “lritiah Wareiouse,” No 1, Travessa d'AMendog; und.
ho “Glasgow and Manchester Wirchomse” E. Wilkinson and
Ca 14, Travessa d' Alfandega,
There are also several Portuguese shops, among”
veliich may; be mentione
Basta and Co., Ng514, Rua dosMoreadores.
P. Late Perrcira,No 10, Rus dos Marcadores.
E, Gomese Filho, No: 3, Rua do Bettanconrt; and
Visturino P. Nogusira, No 20, Largo de Sa Sebastiao.
Àf the stationery und porfumery store of F. Wils
léinson ând Co., Travessa d'AHandega, a variety 0É
these and other articles ave to De obtained. Messrs.|
Wilkinson and Gr. also receive orders for oo!
periodieals, de. of which they, abtain a supply D
the Brazil mail steamers, every month, and charge!
 MADEIRA,
the regularpublisher's price, including all e:
“Lhere ave also good hattexs, tuiloys, boot and shoe
makers, and other artisans.
Tronmongery and hardware are to be had at
“ Bastos and Cos” No. 8, Rua dos Mercadores,
and a few other places,
At G. Boldering's Birmingham and Sheicld
Warehouse, nearly opposite the British Conenlate,
saddlery, plateil goods, optical instrumenta, and a
variety of articles oo numerons to mention, are to
be obtained; piano-fortes are also to be had on
hiro né this establishment, the usual charge being
fiom 48 to 50 dollars (10/. to 107. &s. da
season, ar by the year for 10 to 20 dollars extra.
They may Rkewiso be hired at Messrs, Payne's or
Wilkinson's, and of Mr. De Freitas, 57, Rua da
Carreira.
Most of the shops in Funchal are to be found in
the streets ndjoining the Custom-house; their ont-
ward appearance is by no means prepossescing,
being generally in confined situations, and without
any show, or even q window to set aff their
goods,
Small huckster and wine stores are thickly
Scatterod over the town, and along the country-
Zonds. “The latter are generally known by a emal)
board hmng from the doorway, and bearing the
letters P.V-B, for Pô o Vinho Bom, or good bread
and yine,
+ Phoge who are fond of literature, or light zend
1n8; will find sufficient to interest and amuse them
q
 122 MADEIRA.
in the vaxious Mbraries and reading-rooms of
Funchal.
At tl «Tonglish Club,” non the Cathedral, there
is a scleet librar o thousand volumes
with a billiard ched. At these rooms
the Times, Morning Chronic le, Mlustr ated London
News, Atheneonan, India Mail, Punch, amd. several
ch, and. Portug uese newspapers
anil periodicals, axo regularly received. Tho ad-
mittance is by ballot, the visitor Deing finst intr
d by a propretor. The sul
dollars (= 124. 61.)
ualf year, or 24 dollars per annum.
Ai the “ Portuguese Club,” No.
Peri, the principa l Portugu ese, Pro
English newspapers, aro tuken in. Thexe is no
library, bata good billiard-table: ished
evening, and a bull once
on; the subscription is 3.600r
month, for visitors, sho are admitted by ballot,
E in the English rooms.
' The “Commercial Rooms,” near the Ca
E pier, e the Times, Mercantile Adm
| Bhipring Gazette, Tilustrated London News, Punch,
Journal de TBurope, besides a variety of Portn-
guese and American newspapors. The arrival and
: depariure of vessels and passengers ate regulay
noted ut these x00ms, in books kept for that pur-
| pose ; there is Hkewiso a pleasant veranda ntiuched,
| aftording an ngreeable lounge, and a fine view of
 MADEIRA. 123
the bay. The subscription is only 2 dollms
(= 8, 47.) for the sensem of six months.
There is elso a library attached to the Camara,
or Municipelity, containing upwards of 1,800
volumes, among which there are several English
and French pnhlications, and muy old and yalu-
able works and MS. from the suppressed monas-
tery of Sa6 Francisco. "his library is open to
the publie gratis, from 9 till 8, “Phe secres
Senhor Antonio Pio Fertandos, is most obliginz,
and will allow books to be removeil for a few days
by any respectable applicant. This library does
not appear to bo much known, even among the
The annual ontlay for books is so
trifimg, and the lite m f those it contains
est, that nothing else is wanting to shor
the great apatly of the myority of the natives
with regard to literary puzsuits.
There aro also libraries in comnexion with dl
Episcopal and Preshyterian Churches, the anual
subscription to cach being only one dollar,
or dr, 2d,
Church service is performed regularly by the
British Chaplain, the Rey. DK. Brown, nt the
elegant and benutifully situated English Chapel,
No. 10, tua da Bella-vista. The librury attached
to this chapel was established by the present chap-
hun, on his arrival in 1848, end already consists of
upyards of 550 volumes, During the ministration
of the former chaplaim, the Rev. R. 1º. Lowe, it
was considerbly more extensive, but on his re
2
124 MADEIRA.
moval by Her Majesty's Government, at the
urgent solicitation of the majority of the congre-
gation, lho library, subecribed for by them, as if
his private property, was removed; many truly
exangelical works having previously been throwm
aside for: the Oxford Tracts, or similar publications,
The Communion plate was likcwise removed, on
the plea that it had been purchased by fis com-
municants, and therefore Delonged to kim, or to
dis Church. The great majority of the residents,
however, iwere so pleased to obtain the removal of
ted pastor, and were so unvilling to
bring their differences before the Portuguese courts
of law, that they took no steps to recover the
property belonging to their Church!
There is also a chapel at No. 1, Travessa do
Surdo, condueted by the Rev, James D. Burns,
where servieo is regulurly performed in comexion
with the Freo Church of Scodand. The library
astached to this chapel contains upwards of a thow-
sand volumes?
The sente in the English church are charged
six dollars (=17. 58.) ench, por anuum, or one
dollar (=4e. 2d) per month; but in (he cuse cf a
family ocenpying several sittings, these charges are
somewhat reiluced.
At the Scotch chnreh the seats are 5 dollars

* So Appendix B.
* !Phe auipend of te elorgyamta of to Proslylorian churuh is
paid pariiy by the congrogation, and partly tom the Pros
Chureh Sostontotion Fund,
 MADEIRA,
=11. Os. 102) for the season or year, and 1 dollar
s. 2º.) for servants
The Rey. R. T. Lowe, since his xemoval from
the chaplainey, has established a church of his
owu at No, 14, Rua dus Arunhus, with a view of
carrying out his so-called Traieriau principles.
“Lhe library attached contains about 200 volumes,”
The want of paiety and amusements in Fun-
chal is sometimes complained of by invalids; the
usuel routine of life, thoy say, is too monotonous
to tender it an eligible vesort; little imagining
mat the very evils they complain of so ma-
terially assiat im their restoration to health. With
regard to theatres, and such places of night resort,
Madeira is cortuiuly far Lohind the Italian and
Continental States, neither can it bcast oé muscums
or pieturo-gulleries. A few balls during the winter
season, with a chanos concert or two, constitute the
fnshionable amusements of the place; but even
these are better avoided by all invalids, yhose
restoration to health ought to be their chief aim
during their sojoura here, having probably mude
many saerifices, and left the comfort of friends and
home for that end.
One of the sources of amusement most frequent
among the visitora are tho Pio-nic parties during
fine weather, either by sea or land; bat even in
these little discretion is shown, and a Píe-nio i
usually thought nothing of unless a ride of five or
The Rey. R 'T, Lowe is paid by volontary contributlon, and
th sesta in his chapel are nominally gratis. oa
&
 126 MADEIRA.
six howns be obtained, or some of the Joftiest hills
aseended! and for invalids generally, nothing cam
be more injurius than these long, and probably
galloping, excursions, or the chilling Dlasts cn-
eountered at times, ou these exposed heights. A
quiet ride to a moderste distance, and as near the
sea us possible, is better, and quite as interesting
as à hurrici visit to greater elevations,
Tu January or February it is usual for one or
other of the xogular trading packets to make a
voyage with passengers to Tenerifb aud Chrand
Canary, where they remain a suficient time to
afford an opportunity of visiting all the interesting
loculitios of these islonds-—generally a week or
ten days ut cach—and return diroet to Madeira,
thus affording an agrecable change from the mono
tonous life in Funchal. The nsual charge for these
pleasure exenrsions is tom guincas cach. The
nmodation obtained nt these localities is, how-
ever, of a very inferior description, and many per-
sons prefer living on boazd the vessel during their
sojoum, in svhich tease one dollar (=4s. 2d.) per
dny is clarged.
Many uufit and sad cases are annually sent out
to Madeira, probably to end their days, away from
all the endearing comfoxts of friends, withont am
idea of their complaint, or any rules to zegulate
their conduct-—withont any instructions from their
medical advisers nt home for their guidance during
the voyage, or om their arrival. They appenr as if
sent imcrely tor a change of climate, as thongh thut
 MADEIRA.
change were to rencw their shuttered constitutions,
and render further cure unnecessary. Such igno-
rance or carelessness is to be deplored; and the
invalid resorting to Madeira, or amp southem
climate, shonld consider that he is mercly placing
himself in a more favourable position for his reco-
very, and stricdy observe all those rules which
have been leid down for his guidance at hom
He should Ve furnished by his medical adviser
with specific instructions for the precautions neces-
sary during the voyuge, and eamestly counselled
to place himself on arrival under the guidance of
some experienced physician, so as to be in a posi-
tion wlich mey enable him to derive the greatest
advantugo from the infinence of climate. The
resident English medical praotitioners, arsanged in
alphabetical order, are—
Dr. Brougitom, Banta uia
Dr. Lund, Santa Clara
Dr. Miller, Tori
Di, Ros, Tua das Tortas,
De Tibbetts, Ram do, Mouraria.
“The ustal fee is one guinea for the first visit, and
hal£a-gninea for each sneceeding visit. Where
the visits or examinations, however, are periodical,
or at lengthened intervals, a physician's fee is
asually peid. Some years ago it was necessary to
land at Madeira well provided with medicines,
exoept those oé the commonest kinds. That neces-
sity has long ceased to exist, and visitors will find
medicines as well dispense as ot eny of the firet-
125 MADEIRA:
xate London chemists, and the charges excecding!y
moderate. Tho principal chemists" shops ure—
The Botica dos dois Avigos, Sonhor-—Machado, No. 4, lua
da Igrejinha, and
Senhor Gerardo José de Nobrign, Rus da Prineeza.
Tnvalids returning direct to England generally
leavo the Telund towards the end of May or the
beginning of June. At that period there are fre-
auent opportunities offering, as the regular pnckots
Study their own interest as well as the conveni-
enco of passengers with regard to their time of
sailing, aud theso vessels are decidedly the most
comfortable conveyances cither ont or home. They
proceed direct to Southampton or Portemonth at
the option of the passengers, and charge the same
fare as on (heir outiard voyage, but the passage is
asnally two or fhreo days longer on aceount of the
northerly yrinds and calms which prevail at this
senson.
At an earlier period one or tyo of these packets
usually make a voyage to Cudiz, for the conveni-
ence of thoso who wish to visit Spain, or to pro-
seed through France. The passage moncy-for the
voyage is 102, servunts and children one-half
here are other opportmnitics offering from time to.
time by ves els proceeding to the Mediterrancan,
and landing passengers at Gribraltay,
Phe Galgo, Madeiraand Lishom packet, sails nearly
evezy moi direct for Lisbon ; the passage-money
Dyrthis vessisel25 dollars (= 51, 46.94) Strangers
in visiting the Portuguese capital are frequently
 MADEIRA,
suljeoted to considerable aunoyaneo and trouble at
the custom-house, us well as from the passport
regulations. Should they desire to proceed on-
wards by an esty conveyance, they ought to
obtain the assistance cf some porty acquainted
with the routine of these muiters. An application
to the agents of the vessel will probably tend to
facilitate their arrangomenta in this respect,
The Brazil line of steamers call at Mudeira
also on their retum voyage to England, and are
due at Funchal on the Bd of cuch month. The
homeward charges nre (he same as those which
have alrcady been given in a former part of the
present work!
On leaving the Island it is necessary to obtai
a passport, shether proceeding direct to England
her route, This document—a guaran-
re is ny claim existing against the
party—is usually obtained throngh the Consul,
the charge being 3.240, (= 138. 64), and must
be shown to the health-officer on lis coming on
donrd to clear the vessel. Ef they axo proceeding
to Spain the visé of the Spanish Consul is required,
and the same for any other foreign country, for
which a charge of onc dollar (4s. 2d.) is exucted,
A gratuity of 50% (= 2d) por package is
usually paid to the officer stutioned on the beach
on embarksing the luggage, and prevents the trouble
and annoyance of obtaining a permit for thut pur-
pose, orrisking their exercise of tho xight of search.
* Sos page 104.
es
 CHAPTER XI

MEDIDA, DIBBOTICNA 202 INFALIDS DERENO MN VOTAGE,

Txpressen with the idea that some instr ns

or advice, in u medical point of view, uctio for the
guidance of invalids vesorting to Madeira, might
bo found useívl, the Anthor, on making
tion to Dr, Lunda physician who had applic a-
resided,
and praet a
some informution on these points, has bóeu
furnished, by him, wish the following notes, eindl which
y
appear so correct und uses ey part,
writer has obtained Dr, Lund's sanction forthattheir the
publication entire.
“ Tnvalids zesorting to the Island of Madeira
for the recovery of their health are chiof
sulfering from pulmonary disenses, cf whomy those
are tivo. classes; tho first, where tho complaintthereis
in its early stage, during vwlich period
generally ncts beneficially in arvesting the climate
ita further
progress, aud there is no donht that moze vronld
ience zelief but for their own imprudent con-
the second class is composed
Jast stage, where no reasomablo hopeof those
of
in the
recov ery
can be given; still, even hero, its downward pro-
 MADEIRA,
gresa ia often much retarded, and life's frail tenure
prolonged; all the symptoms become milder than
at home, and the remaining term of existence is
passod with comparative comfort, There are
persons who have now been living many: years on
the island, whose cases, on leaving home, were
pronounced hopeless ; some, 1 know, have long had
largo portions of the lungs destroyed ; these are the
Jortunste excoptions to tho almost universal fatality
of confirmed consumprion, and hew that, even
under the most adverse cireumstances, hope is no!
to be entirely given up. These persons ride and
dont, enjoy the society of their friends, make
voynges home in summez, and live, with prudence,
a comparatively happy life.
“tis to be regretted that invalids who might
derive benefit from the climate of Madeira in am
early stage of their disease, too often lose in-
valuable time by frittering it away at some of the
English resorts, not-one of which is really suital
to their caso. They dread the voyage; and the
adviceto take cod-liver vil and remuin in England,
which it has Intely been the fusion with some
medical practitioners to give, is no doubt a grent
inducement to delay their departure. 'Phat such
advice is not the Dest is evident from the fact that
the opportunity of constantly respiring pure air,
and taking regular exercise, cannot be enjoyed,
during the winter and spring; by invalids in
England—where they must necessarily live shnt
up in xcoms, and only enjoy the open air for a
 132 MADEIRA,
few hows during that rare ocenrrence, fine weather,
and even then aro obliged to wear u respirator,
or bo closely muíled up. With ese
vantages the use of cod-livor oil mmet provedisad- less
Veneficial than it wonld do under more favonrable
cirowustences. Tt is freely nd in
shough in moderate doses, and vndoubtedlMadeir y
a,
im-
proves tie functions of aesinmilation and conversion,
cmabling the Plood to deposit healtry
iustead of albumen which constitutes tubereleIymph ;
,
but
for the semoval of the unhealthy structure
deposited, one of the chief means is exercisealreadandy
the free inhalation of pure air. Again, where one
portion of any orgen is prevented by discas
doing its duty, it becomes doubly imperativoe com that
the zemaining portion of healthy strnemre, which
has double work to periorm, should be placed
under ns fayonrable circumstanees ns
the more efficient disclurge of its increaspossib le for
ed, fine-
tions: hence the necessity of à constant snpply of
pare air, when only a limited pars of the lung is
deting; and tho importance of seleet largo and
well ventilated sleping apartments. ing These cip-
cumstances show that if a change is to he made, it
should be to somo decidedly guod climate possess-
ing advantages suficient fo ropay the
the sacrifice ho “undergoes in leaving theinvali d for
comfor ts
of home. Tn my owre case, T acted, many
ago, according to this advice and with tho “mostyeará
bem sults. The Iate Dr. Andrew
writing to a friend, says, “ f Lomust go Combe , in
abroad, À
 MADETTA. 133
ehall most Hkoly return to Madeira, on the simple
ground that, if T must forego the plensures of home,
it is better to resort. aí once to tic most adyan-
tageous climate than to adopt lhe half measures of
going to Ttaly, Jersey, or the south of England.”
“For a trustworthy aceomt of the climate of
Madeira, as reported by two physiciana long
resident on ho island, Sir J, Úlark's book on
climate can be referred to, and after a residence of
nine years 1 can confirm lhe very great accuracy
of their remarks, Having also jade inquiries,
for some years past, from invalids who have
wintered at different favourite loculitics, such as
Pan, Pisa, Nice, Itome, Malta, Malaga &e., how
the climate cf Madeira ranked in comparison with
those they: had tried, the answers have universally
been in favour of Madeira, That of Egypt is the
only one approximating to it; but in that comntry
many drawbacks exist.
* Some complain of the dulness of Mudeira, and
the want of gaiety, or places of public amusement,
but, medically considered, these are far from
adyantageous; indeed the late Dr. Renton remarked
that, if the winter in Madeira proved a little worse
than nenal, his patients generally progressed more
favonrably, for the simple reason that they then
acted with greater prudence,
“Tn addition to thoso sufiering from chiest com-
plaints, there are other classes of invulids vrho
+ Life and Correspondence of Andrey Combo, MD. Leng-
mau & Co. Londoa, 1550,
 134 MADEIRA,
ure much benefited by a sojoum in Madeira; such
as thoso labowring under morbid conditions of the
Ylood), and the discases arising from <his state,
rhenmatism, sorofuls, kiducy affeetions, and various
chronic iliseasos, imperfeet recoveries after fovers,
and those who cannot resist cold, and «onsequently
sufier from internal congestions and imperfect
action of che skin. Persons suffering from affso-
tions of the brain sndl nervous system, or a ten-
deney to apoplexy, asílime, chronic disrrhcea, and
dysentery, should not be sent to Madeira.”
Notwithstanding every information has already
been afforded in the body of this work, as regards
the difierent modes of reaching the island, “1
am,” Dr. amd writes, «so fully convinced of the
great superiority of the regular Madeira: sailing
packets, in afivrding the greatest comfort, and
attention to invalids, that 1 cannot farbear recom-
mending them to avsil themselves of <hese con-
veyances; and this advice I give from my own
experience of the inconvenicuco unid lack of comfort
on board the old line of steamers, ns well as
aniling vessels, merely touching at the island. The
regular packeis aro all irst-class vessels, fitted up
chiefiy for the aceommodation of delicate persons,
are amply provided with all invalid requirements,
and have a sufleiênt number of stewards to ensure
good attendanee. “The residente, in their jourmeys
* These packs car y à regular medicine Cos, no tha, unless
a particular semety bo require, to invalid nsod not encumber
death drugs
 MADEIRA. 135
to und from England, almost invariably give the
preference to these vessela, The now lino af
stemners, tonching hero on their way to the
Bravils, may De more comfortable than any bither-
to en the station, hut this has yet to bo proved,
They certainly perform the voyage with grenter
speed and regularity than sailing vessels, lut à
quick pussage from England to Madeira, especially
in September or early in October, is. positively
detrimental” to a delicate person. The transition
from cold to heat is very trying, and apt of irsel
to occasion illness; a passage of from 12 to 14
days is decidedly preferable; the change is then
graduel, and the constitution becomes accustomed
to che greater wasmtl which prevails in Funchal
ti after the first antumnal ruins.
“ A mild aperient talken previous to embarking
will be of advantage in mitigating the excessivo
nausen of sea-sickness; and a good form is three
grains of blue pill and five cf compound aloetio
pill, mude into two pills, and taken at bed-time,
When sen-sickness comes on the best plan is to
lie down, and Jet the stomach be completely eva-
cunted, drinking ocensionnlly small quantities of
fiuid. Murray's finid magnesiu not only corrects
acidity but renders the vomiting ensier: after the
violence of the vomiting has subsided, small quan-
tities of stimulating food and drink cam De take
fresh air on deck is also necessary. Preventi
for sea-sickness, such as creosote, &e., allay the
vomiting for a time, but lenve intolerable nanseu,
 136 MADEIRA,
“Much after misohief would be avoided if inva-
Jids would live moderately during the voyage, and
prevent conslipution by oceasionally taking a mild
aperient, as the compound rhubarb pill; if stronger
imedicine be required, am aloetic or coloeynth pill
imny be taken, but in all chest diseases, “und more
especially in the advanced stage, purgativo medi-
cines met bo used with the greatest caution.
“In cases of lamoptyais, or apitting of blood,
xelere there is no medical assistance to be obtained,
the following general directions may prove of service,
Tr the attuck is elight, living very abstemiously,
keeping quiet, und obsorving perfect silence, with
a saline purgative, may be sufficient; should the
attnck be more violent, it will De advisable to dis-
solve one table-spoonful of salt in a small quantity
of cold water, and drink it off directly; this dose
can bo repeated in belfan-hour if necessary. Shiuld
the bleeding still continue uftor the use of the salt,
and after free purgation with Epsom salts, astrin-
genta must be used, as the infusion of Matico,
made by pouriag one pint of boiling water over
one once of the leves, and straining it when cold;
a wine-glassfal of this can bo taken every three
hours, Lead is alo a valuablo astringent, Int
cannot be nsed in improfessional hunds with safety.
Tento fifteen drops of diluted sulphurie acid in half
à wine-gluss Of water, taken tiwo or three times
during the day, is also uxestl.
* Upon lunding in Madeira, the invalid muét
esrefully avoid all causes of excitement in moving
 MADEIRA. 197
to his plece of residence. For the first fowr days it
is requisito to livo very prudently, avoid too much
indulgence in fruit, and drink very little, if any,
heer or wine ; indeei, strict moderation must De
the rule not only now Dut during his whole so-
journ. Coreíully avoiding any exercise, which
aterially quickeus the pulse and breathing, will
suve future attacks of illness; and walking, exposed
to fho mid-day sun, or up the hills, is especially to
be avoided. During damp or wet weaiher, and
particulazly afier sun-set, the invalid should keep]
within doors. Th general rules for restaration to
hcalth are comprised under the heads of nir, exer-
cise, regulated diet, ntiention to the sin, and
Keeping up any deficint function; the special
application of these mnst be varied to suit enck
individual case, but all will be benciited by striot
temperance, regulur end early houre, and uvoiding
all excitement.
“A work, entitled Physiology applied to Health
and Education, by Dr. A. Combe, is an excellent
guide in matters telating to heulth; it should he
zend, and ite directions followed, by all invalids,
who will then understand the reasons of many
directions which are given by their medical man,
and wil tus follow ont his instructions not only
with profit to themselves, but »yill find their per-
formance much less irksome than when done in
ignorance.”
 CHAPTER XI.

POUR O) THE ISLAS, do.

“Pre singulaly broken and rugged nature of the
surface of Madeira, and the consequent difficulty of
constructing good xoads, tends greatly to impede
the intercourse bersween the inhabitants of the dif-
ferent parts of the Island; and in many secluded
situations, especially along the westem coast, the
appearance of a stranger euuscs as much wonder
and speculation as might De expected to result
from the arrival of a caravan of wild animals,
Muny of the natives never leave the ravine or dis-
triot im which they were bom, and the first visit to
Funchal is so bewildering to those whose good
fortune enables them to undertake suck a joumey,
that it forms am epoch in their lives never to be
forgotten! Little or no attention has been puid to
the construction of the mountain paths, or to lessen
their fatigning ascent. The most dixcet route has
beem usually marked out, and an inclination of tom
18* to 25+is by no means uncommon. Even the
Caminho do Meio, n road of modera construction,
and carefully paved, leading from Funchal to the
north, has a continued inclination of about 23º, and
is usually and appropriately, on aceomt of jts
stecpness, called the Caminho do foguete, or rocket-
 MADEIRA, 189
zond. Since thc arrival of tho proscat Governor,
however, in 1848, many decided improvementa
have be n esfecied in the engineering department
of the publio roads, and the new xomte to Cama
de Tobos has heen apened throngh lis activity.
A handsome bridge over the Ribeiro Secco, and
several smaller ones, are included in this work, to
syhieh her Majesty, tho Inte Queea Dowager, con-
tribntod Inrge ourn here in 1848,
as well us the Portuguese. iah merchan
amd visitors: the soft nature of the soil, however,
renders it often impassable during tho winter
months. To overcome this, and remove the exten-
sive Deda of rock which interrupt do path in man;
places, a considerable amount of money and labonr
is still. required, and the subscriptions towards
its completion being now limited, many years
must clapse before it cam bo properly finished
throughout!
Ar leaving the amplitheatre of Funchal, but
more particularly in the north and vestem parts of
the island, the rosds are very indifferent, vesembling
often the bed of a torrent, which many really are
4 Tb appears somovwhat asteriohtng that ang writer cn Madeira
ahould, even ith regard to those sfmplo martors, mokeo aneh
“rose iisrepresantationsàs appear in a somehat extensive arork
dy 3. Driver, puibliahod on!y lnst your, in which ho thus desoribes.
this muuds A mew carriage road, the only ons on the island,
leading trem Funchal to this village, (Coma de Lobos) and
nonrly level, has jest been completed. This road passes throngh
a most lov y and hishly-eul ivated district, near the const, and
asfords suelh o drive for the Snyalid as cannot be rivall
 140 MADEIRA,
during the winter senson. They are generally un-
paved, or paved with large stones zoughly laid
down, and rendering the passuge un horseback
both dificult and dangerous.
The most frequented and admired rides in the
neighbomrhood of thc town are those of Sant!
Antonio, Sant" Amaro, the Estreito, and Cama de
Lobos, on the west; the Palheiro and Santa Cmz
zouds,on tho cast; Sai Roque, the Mount, and Curral
dos Romeiros, or Little Ourral, on the hills towards
the norih. The first of these is probably the lcast
interesting, being enclosed between walls which
completely shut ont the viow till en elevation of
about a thonsand feet is obtained.
Palheir— o. The Palheixo,! belonging to the heirs
of the lato Conde do Carvalhal, is situated to the
east of Funchal, at an clevation of 1,800 feet ubovo
the sem The ascent occupies about an hor? but
the road is good. The grouuds are somevliat ia
the style of am English park; the garden, however,
is smull, but contains many curious plants, among
whioh aro several kinds of Cacti, and some engr-
part of the worid.. “Tho road je mucudamize, i of gruut
dad hasa pampet on each side.” “He sdda, “4 drive of widih,
mllos ont, and characlaizal hy the most impeeing scencry, sevem
nom be enjoy! |” “Theo remarks must suroly havo been may sie
sen for dho henekt of some future generation, so diamotrically
Spposed aa they aro o the faxts obrerved by every viidor—Seo
Diivoris Work cn Madeiro pp. 310 and 885, published by
3, Obneelil, London, 1866
4 Padeiro do Pereiro, Dlasksanitis Hot.
* A Table, showing ho time ocempied
about te idand, will be found in Appendixim P, various excursiona
 MADEIRA, 141
mous treos of the Camellia Japorica, bearing Aowers
of great benuty and variety of colour. The house
is small, and most hi from viow by the lofty
trees which surround it. The former owncr of
these grounde was one of the weslthiest enbjecis.
of Portugal, possessing large estates im different
paris of tho islend, and giving ocenpation to an”
immense number of dependents. The estates are
now managed by Mr. Gi D. Welsh, from wi om um
order for admission into the Palheiro grounds is
necessary.
Litile Curral. —From a turning to the west of
the Palheiro a roud branches of? along the
side of the é Caminho do Meio,
ttom swhich some beantifal glimpses of sconery can
be obtained. On emerging into the paveil road,
the rider can descend to Funchal, passing the
donriing establishment of Mr. Hollway. Or he
may avoid the annoying steopness of this roud by
following the first turning leadin to the righ and
passing through the magnificent scenery of the
“Little Curral,” towrarda the Mount (hmvoh, where
the grounds of the late J. D. Webster Gordon, Esq:
are ulto well worthy of a vis t. From this point
the descent to town is more gradual.
Neto Road —Tho new road is carried as far as
the Ribeiro dos Socorridos, along the sea-clifis,
and in dry weather affords a very pleasant ride,
interspersed. with several pictnresque views, in-
cluding the Dold headland of Cape (iram, pro-
dably the highest sea-cliff in the world. Along
142 MADEIRA.
tlis zond, beiween the villa of the Giumgulho, for-
merly tho Lazaretto, and Praga-formosa, (a lovely
lisilo bay to the westwardl) and at a d
abont ffty yans from tho vergo of the clif, there
is a curious elliptical fnnel
sembling the opening of a crater, about 100 feet
ia diameter, and 40 feet deep, with an opening in
thê centre, through which the sea is heard lashing
against the rocks below, althongh no visible
aperture for its entrance cam be found.
Saô Roque—The road to Sab Roque passes
the convent of Santa Clara, and near the Penk-
fort; turning afierwards o the right, beyond the
“Achada, and ascending the hil , an aente anglo in
the rond leads past the cometery and church of
Sa5 Roque, whence, descending to the valley
below, and ai the river, ns (ut Of
Wattefall=—To procesding to the Watátíall, onê
of the wonders of Madeira, a path descende the
side of the ravine, to the cast of, and a abort dis-
tunee Lelow the church of San Roque, On zeach-
ing the bottom the road is no longer prueticablo
for horses, and the rest of the jowrney along the
bed of the torrent, must he made om foot, or in a
hammock, over large boulders and masses of rock,
which have fallen from the abrupt clifis on cach
side, or been wnshed down by the force of the
winter torrents. The joumey is excocdingly
h , and the view js closed in ou all sides by
the lofty eliffs, sshich tower above the hed of the
 MADEIRA. 145
zavino. After a seramble of upyrards of twvo hours
the waterfall is reached. “The effect, as
suddenhy to view, is grand, especially if the waters
have been inexensed by late rains. The stream,
however, is generally small, ud exhibits the
prismatio colours of the ruinbow, as it desconds
spray: from the opening gorge, nearly 300 feet
above, with a break after the first hundred feet,
and an uninterrapted fal o about 900 bet. As
a cascade, however, this object is seareely worthy
of the fatigue incuvred in visiting it, although
zanking high in Madeira, where the great and
serions want of inland water detracts much from
the rich and wild character of the whole island
soencry. Besidos these short excursions, thes ure
many other detours in the vicinity of Funchal,
wiich can more essily bo ascertained on the spot.
The few conveniences to he found ont of Iun-
chal, for the accommodation or comicrt of visitors,
render a tous of the island, or even à joumey to
the north,a matter cf grave importance, When
several persons join in an excursion to any distant
part, it is adyisable to hire mules, in place of men,
for the conveyance of bagguge, &c.'; and it is
à Pho usmel chargo for a mulo is one dollar, and iwo
to atiendant, por day, equal to Gs. The writer has fon LitsLouis4a
Gonsalves à most obiging and intelligent guldo
Ab tho grocery establiaiments of Messra, Wilkinson,and ormuletos
Payne
ho tourist will bo ascistod in procnring bis services, “ho
ea at (e hotels in ho cotntry isto dullars per day, ornual onu
dolar when the party famish theiz own ontables, &ee, These
establisâmenta axo to be fosnd nt Fanta Cruz, Sant” Amma, Sad
Vicente, and Calheta,
 144 MADEIRA,

always necessary to secure apartmenta, or to advise

the landloril of the hotel, where such establishe
menta exist, a day or two Lefore setting off: it
shonld also be borne in mind that a stock of pro-
xisions is am indispensable adjunet to all parties
travelling iu Madeira, The most suitable season
for those lenglhencd excursions, where the tourist
leaves the island during the sumner, is April or
May; but in this respect he must be guided by
circumstances,
+ Santo Antonio da Sirra—Leaving Funchal by
the cast, end passing the Pulheiro, the road con-
tinues ascending and descending along the side of
tho hills, over a rugged and uninteresting country,
to the villoge of Camacha, around which several
of the English residents have established their
heantiful summer residences: all of these are
worthy of a visit. Passing the church, the rosd
and scenery continue much the same, till te plain
of 8, Antonio da Serra is axrived at; hero the
country is quite uncultivated, Lut affords a meagre
pasturage for cattle, The adjoining hills are
covered with broom, heath, and bilbemy, growing
im great luxu once, The wild and bleak appear
amee is in some measure relieved by the quintas
amd cottages af the morehanta of Funchal, many
of whom, as at Camacha, adjoum to this colder
zegion during the summer months. Tn the district
itself there is litile to attract notice. “The roads
are good, and the visitor can find shelter im am
unfurnished building, adjoining the church, wlieh
was erected m y pers ago as a pilgrim's house,
 MADEIRA, 145
by subsoription among the residents, The keys
are in the possession of the vicar, and are given
up to any respectalble applicant “Lhe road con-
tinues on to Santa Cruz, with a branch le img of
towurda the village of Machico, a shore way
Deyond the chureb, and afibrds some magnificent
views of th rich valley below, Passing this
opening, and ascendinga bill on the right, dirough
a perfect forest ofº bruswood, immediately before
th descent to Santa Cruz commences, the visitor,
dÉ curions in such matters, will find on tho sumumit
a singular funnel-shaped depression, enlled the
ago, ox Inke, about 120 feet deep, and fully 200
feet in diameter, Iut without ater, and having the
appearance of an extinci cmter, The sides are
iclsly clothed. with brustwood, aud the plain
the bottom is composed of allnvial soil, coveredat
with grass, There are neither lavas, pumice, nor
amy remains of leanio etiom, to be found in the
neighbourhood; bué it is said that the base was
formerly covered with these, which, have
been Turicl under the soil wa ed down during
th unprecedentei rains which occurred in October,
Sustivard of this cone, a aplendid view X ofbringthe tovalley
to
1803. Prom the brow of the ill

of Machico is obtained. The roads to Santa Crog

and. Machico are pretty good, Iut the de seent is
rapid. Before rcaching the
da Serra, à road Tranches offchurch to
cf Siântónio
the'Tefr,
side of a mil, leading to the Lamuceixos, and by E the
= thence to Porto Cruz, on the north coa
u
 146 MADEIRA
Santa Cruz —Toking an casterly direction from
Eunelial, by lhe road which passes along the sea-
clifis, and erossing the ravine of Sab Gonsalves, af
the outlet of which the lazaretto is now esta-
blished, an irregular and sieep path leads towards
the Gergjão, or Brazen-hesd, which forms the
castem promontory of the Bay of Tunchal On)
teaching; this sendland the road. becomes. mor
level, and, passigg: thecvillage of Camiço, comtin
pretty goúdas fãr-as the avine of Porto-novo, bu
from this points to Santa Cruz its rotgh ando
rugeed, and the surrounding comnixy Iure and un=
interesting. The villugo of Santa Graz is bontti
fully situated im a emall open bay, with abrmpt
hills rising behind Like most of the village
ports, it has no appearance of trade or aetivit,
and, oxegpt in its pleasing site, it is compuratively)
destitute of attraction. The church was crected,)
according to Dr. Vasconcellos MS,
order of Dom Emanuel, and flrough the activi
of Joag de Freitas, à fidalgo of his honsehold. À
fine grove of til and laurel-irees rises in front 9R
the sacred edifica; und the adjoining town Mall bes
the date of 1519, Ta the grounds of Wm. Gran,
Esq. a short way ta the north of the chnreh, there:
s a magnificent date-tree, the largust fruit-bearingo
palm om the island, which, ben Jundodl with if
enormous bunches of dates, oftm weiglting forty
pounde êneh, is an object of singular curiositg
Lhe hotel of Suuta Cruz is situated on an eminences
a litile to the exst of the village, and afiords all)
 MADEIRA.
the comboris that cam be expected in suoh a
locality, The laudlord, Sir, Jon Fr. (
spenks English, and is exceedingly attentive to
visito
Muelico—Continuing the road from mz
along the const, the ancient Pranciscun monastery
is passed on the left, parily built by Urbano Lome-
lino in 1515, Lut now deserted and almost in
mins Near this monastery a patway leads up
the hills to 8. Antonio da Serra. The xond fr
Santa Org to Machico is comparetively good, but
the surounding country às barrem and uminterest-
ing The huge Dusultio rocks along the c
presenta rough and irégular ontline, covered ssith
reddishi-eolonred tufa, resembling bumt ext, from
sehich the point forming the westem boundary of
fio narow bay of Machico, takes the name of
Ponte Queimada, or Burmt-point. From this cl
vation the view of she valley of Ma nd the
village immediately below is exco pictu-
resque. The descent, about 300 feet, is very abrupt
the rond winda along the face of an almost perpen-
dienhar clif, and is paved with larg tones whose
slippery aurfaco adds considerably to the seemin
danger of tho path. The posivion of Muchico is
the most romantico along the coast. The richly
cultivated valley recedes from the Deuutifal Kttle
Bay for nearly four miles, and ia encloged on cucl
side by loft and abrupt hills, gradualiy risin
from the bold headiands, till hey close behind at
am elevation of upwarde of 2,000 ect, This
u2
 148 MADEIRA.
village hua even fewer attractions (han Santa
Crue bitenta have a most m huncholy-
and miserublo appearance of poverty and the
visitor is suronnded and Jarly besieged wish
bands of dirty urchins seeking churity. The little
chapel, erected on the site of that said to have
been built Lythe companions of Mach , contains
a small cros o? codar-wood, vrhi is shown “to
visitors as part of that which he raised over (he
remains of his unfor bride, but with very
questionable anthenticity. Boats may be obtained
ut Machico to convey parties to Point Sag Lou-
renço, or
aiçal.—Tho Vest landing-place for those visit-
ing this so-called fossil-bed, is on the rocks beyond
the chapel of N. 8. du Piedade, our Lady of
Mercy, situated on the summit of a hill about
O feot ubove the sem The great object of ate
e lies on the north side of the pro-
montory, about half a mile frora the chapel, at um
elevation of 254 feet nbove the sea, where the
ground is covered with a deep bed of loose aggln=
inutil sand, which envelopes what appeur very,
like the stoloniferous roots and stems of Dushes,
and underwood in a petrified state.
Portel In ascen ng fom Machico towards
8. Antonio da Serra the rouidl is very good, Tt
branches off to the lovatedl point
from which the valley of the Portella is first-see
und joins the ligh road near the church of
Antonio da Serra. Following the more direct path,
 MADEIRA:
ap the valley, the Portella,& Little Gatewa
reached. From this pass a magnificent view is
obtained of the rich valley of Parto du Cruz, on
the norih const. The heights of San Anna, and
the lofty pole of Sant” Antonio, close in the view
on cither side, while in front the isolated rock of)
Penha d' Aguia? rises abruptly from the plain to
am elevation of 1,915 feet above the seu, and the
distant islands of Porto Santo appear in Dold relief
em the horizon. The Nulo village of Porto da
Crua lies nt the base of the stupendous mass of
rock in front, and, towards the “west, the
church of Fayal stands conspicuously on the
overhanging the Te descent from this peint
o Porto da Cruz is so rugged and difficult thar
the route by the Lamaceiros is generally preferred,
Lamoceiros—Nrom this pass a similar v
that from the Portella is obtaincd. To reach it
ftom $$, Antonio da Serra the tourist leaves the high
road, dy cho mil, to tho west of the church, and
continnes along the side of the hille over 2 compa-
ratively level and pleasant riding path, till he
es the road which winds along the south sidl
of the hills tom the Portella, through extensive
tmeis vf overgrown bilberry and gosse, rendering
it in some places almost impassable on horseback.
Aé this junction the path ascende in a norherly
direction, and on reaching the passof the Lame-
ceiros continues on towards Porto da Cruz,
* Perda PAguis-Paglos
 150
Porto da Cruz —The descent to Porto Cruz
from the vidge of the Lamecviros, thongh daabrap
and fatiguine, is greatly preforalile to that by thet
Porvlla, In tho village itself there is nothing
deserving of notice, nor is the scenery along
miserable roads, towards Fayal, at ull interestintheg,
particularly after having witnessed ic more sn.
Pendons views from the heights above. The
vÉ Porto da Cruz is celebrated for producingvallethey
finest wines of tho northem const of the island,
Fagal'—On approaching Fayal
Oruz, the beds of two torrents, whichftomjoinPorto in
da
the
sume tavine, near the sca, are crossed;
extremely rugged, and is carried, amontheg path roush
is
bonlders, along the bed of
towards the sea, for upwards theof a vestem
mile, A
stream,
short
“igzog cut leads up the face of the clif towar
Sant? Anun, called the ladeira do Fayal,* but ir ds
quite impussable cm horseback, and the rider is
recommended to take the more cixouitous path is
the sea, which, ascendings by the church, leads by
the sumo eminenos. to
Like Porto da Cruz, Fayal
possesses no attractions, nor any fine views
scenery, till the heights towards Sant of
gained, Anna are
Sant Anna—The ascent towards Sant An
ftom Fayal is tedious and dificult, sever
Dioes and rongh rocks lying along the path, al Wher preci-
these, somewhat dangerons, passes oceur, it e
dg
Fayel—A paes where bocch-trevê gro,
2 Ledeira-—An. or slscp path
 MADEIRA.
advisable for te rider to dismount, specially if he
de at all timid or nervous. On nearing the sum-
mit, the toad is good, and a maguificent viow
obtained of the extensivo valley Dencuth, with he
long regged rocks of Sa Lonvenço etretobing away
to ds (he es Continning along a compara
Lively Jevel and well-cut road overbanging th
atm elevation of nearly 2,000 feet, and emerging
tirongh a pass cut in the mountain, the beuutiful
and richly cultivated. pluia of Sa nº Anne opens to
view. From this point to the hotel, the read is
delightful, leading through groves of chestmnt and
other trees, festooned with vint
ndusiry of this portion of the people. The
ou of (he hotel of Sant? Anna s
, sitmaled near the verge « a eli” up-
wards of a thousand feet above the level of the
sea, und) embesomed i od chestmut-
The landlord, Sar. Tais Accinioli, is exceeilingly
attentive and obliging, and his estublisâment is a
favourite resort with many of those asho pass the
summer months in Madeira. 'Dhe view from the
hotel is truly superb, and includes the distant
islands o? Porto Santo, with tho wide Atlanii
stretehing away to the north, the Desucifal land-
senpo 6F Snã Jorge on the west, the heights above
Fayal on the enst, and the lofty Torrinhas, Pico
Ruivo, and heights of Ribeiro Frio, closing in the
vast amphitheatre behind. From Sant Anna
many dolightful excursions may be made, such as
 152 MADEIRA,
to the Boa Vista, from whonce a viow of tho
ravine of Baô Jorge is obtained. The valley of
Fayal and Porto da Oruz, with the view of the
Penha d'Aguia to the east, and Pico Ruivo towards
tlie south, if the weuther permit, will amply tepay
Une futigue of a visit
Pico Rustoo—Dhis às am object of some con-
sideration, and the tonzist shonld endenyomr to start
| from the hotel ar the eavlicst dawn of day, pro-
vided with a hammock to convey him to the sum-
| mit, a trifling distance, from the point where the
bridle-path 8. The road is compurutively
good, though the inclimation is gr and pusses
through a serra covered with srhin, Drocm and
bilherry, over mountuins of rock and pare turf,
where, every now and then, dio most enchanting
vi nre met with, o sumir, the hills
are covered syith enormons ces of henth, Erica
arborea” measuring feom five to seven feot in
circumitrence, The view from the Pico Ruivo, if
the weather be fine, is indeed stupendous. The
| rugged surfacé of the islaud is seen below, rent
into thousands of deep ravines and ristling erags.
Eater in the day the hills become enveloped in
color s or vapont, which throw a gloomy grandeur
over the suronnding scene,
Saô Jorge—rossing the ravine, to the Srest of
the hotel of Sant' Anna, by a steep and rugged path,
he parish of Saô Jorge is entered, with its church
| and adjoining cottages, almost id from the view,
amidlsta forust of vino: overeil chestnut-tr Con-
 MADE 153

tinuing westiward, over a tolerably level theroad,moun- and

crossing the ibeiro Fundo , anoth er of
tuin torrents which intercept the roads alongof the
séhole northom coast, the aplendid socnery tract theof
Aço de Sao Jorge opens to view. Alev t a most
land weich quintas and cottuges xises amids ircle
hwenciant garden of cultivation, while a semic
of steep and. lofiy mountains, rent, into innbehind,
table g stesquo forma, encloses the plaim
and forms altogether a se of unequalled gran-
deur, “The Voltas? a splondid point forbe viewing passed
the surrounding country, “should mot
without a visit. Leaving the delightfal scenexy of
the Arco, and following the rond towards the
Entroza,* the path is carricd along the fue of a
lofty clifoverhanging the sea, part of it suspended
over sho deep abyss Delow, and supported rock,on
simple Lrmckers of wood projeetimg from the
y feeling
“with a lose parapet to relieve te gidd
caused by the greut elevation, anil the
noise of the

sem as it lashes against tho rocksenturaimmediately

benearh. The ravine of Boa V villageis of nOWthe
reached. At the hottom the roma hills
same name lies 1 Jing between the emaller indest
wiltioh riso at the outlet of one of the &
chasme of the north coast.
to Funchal
“Lhe road. leading from Sunt' Ansaarkabl
dy Ribeiro Frio (cola river) . is rem y gue
à Mibeiro Fundo—Deepturariver,
3 Valtas—A plecs lo
à Fntenca "The cogs of a wheel
 154 MADEIRA,
and possesses. some most magnificent points of
view. oz abont tyo hours the ascent is gradual;
but after passing te P mudo on the Tajãa da
Murta, a continued and ascent of nearly am
hour is encountered. From the sumi the rod
vinds round the bills to Ribeiro Frio, aud atibrd
the valloy of Meio Metade, probably sthea
finest sconery in tho island. Crossing
“f Ribeiro Frio a rather steop ascent is the in en-
sountered ; the first part vt the road is w ved,
but the lattor part towards the “ Feiteiras,” à level
fravt of land, is zugged and uneven.” Crossing
this plain the ascent continues to the Poizo, about
4,500 feet above the sea, from whence the first
view of Funchal às obiained, and
à path branchos off along the ridge from of
this point
mount
towards S, Antonio da Sorra, another descendains
the stcep Caminho do Meio to Funchal; thats byby
the Monnt Chmeh is however generally preferred
 CHAPTER XIV

Sub Vigento—Lenving Funchal by the

Marcinho rond, leading to the westward, and pass-
ing through arichly culri ed district,
de Cama de Lobos is reached.
of the island are producei After crossing the
bridgeover the Ribeiro dos&s coridos, and nscending
the opposite side of the ravine, the road continues
om towarda the village 0º Cama de Lobos, and a
lranich, tuning 08 to the rigl cends the mou
taine, by the Estreito chureh, to the verge of the
Curral, or, tuning off behind. the church, leada to
the sume pointby the
“arddim da Serras: tho beautiful + mer Te:
dence of the Inte British Consul, Mr. Veiteh. Tkis
quinta is well worthy of a visit. The walk are
Deautifully shaded with Jurge chestnut and other
trees, and udomeil with various shruls and flowers:
fPhe tea-plant has been suceessfully enltivated in
the grounds; and the leaves are used by the pro-
prietor in preference to to imported arúclo. “The
Plant, however, has mos been alloweil to extend
itself to other parts of the island), where its cu
* Varia da Serra Garden é he mountain forest.
 156 MADEIRA,
tiy ion might probably be attended with ad
Vantagrous regults, Pnssin
ascending n gomewlat mygodg pail the Jardim, and
the Cunzal is gained, , the Drink nf
Curval?This. eno
ion” of Madeira, andrmousto it ravinotho js the gre
is generally made by all loye:s of nat excusstos frat
From an clevatiom of 4,300 fect above ural sconer,
flo aoa, tho clturoh of the Curral is the level df
à depth 0 1,654 feot from the point seen below as
the prospeot is bounded by Iofty and, of view; und
pendicular clifis rising nesrly 4,000 foot almost per-
o Ruivo, cloihed in verdure, roms held,
Sotamit tovrarda the cast, and the Dare its lofty
Sí the +Torrinhas” roc ky peaka
esses on the summit app6€ear thelikemouens tellated foro
closg in the enormons chasm om the nta nor
ins
tinuing the ascent, and passing alo th (
path of sudden curves anc les, resng a narrow
etêntive bastions of some immense embling (ho =
lh deep and perpendicular precipicefortification,
Tight, the Deautifal and svild scenery of s om tho
Serra d' Agoa? opens to view the
The
the abarp and nazrow ritges vrlichpath then
these two bold and noblo ruvines, aud a divido
the face of the almost perpen ayinda along
dicular clifis beyond, |
atan elevorion sufliciently great to
of the Doldest try the narvas
Mng nif ice nt-
Jaurel tride shoot out from the otherypisotreeshare ofrocthe
is
| Curval, ar Clirral das Rroiraa—Nusi
* Secra d' A gua-Mount aia torrenh folds ,
 MADEIRA, 157
overhend, and the mosl luxuriant vegetation clothes
the rich valley below. Crossing sevezul xomantie
strcams, and frequent landelips, caused by the
fulliug rocks or the rush of waters from the hei
ove, the puth continues the same winding course
vo the “ Eneumiuda” of Sab Viçente, and affords
at every tuming a new and od soene,
Encumiada + From this point (ho Atlantic, like
an immense mirros, is seen stretehing towards dio
horizon on either side. The valley of the Serra
d'Agon, and Ribeira Brava,* extends towards the
n the south, und the deep ravine of Say
nte lies between two lofty mountain-ridges
extending god! penks towards the north,
the village reposing in solemn quieiness below.
Sô Vigente—The descent to Sab Vigente is
excecilingty abrapt and fatiguing; and although
the sem nppeurs immediately belo, it seems to
recede, like an Signis fuluus,” as the distance is
shortened. The hotel is situated a little beyond
the villago of “ Magdalena,” at some distance From
the const, and aífords but indifizrent accommoda-
tion, and seurecly anything in the culinary depart-
ménto 'Phe rond co! from the hotel towards
the village of Saô Vigente, along the clevated
Danks of the torrent, throngh orchards and orunge
roves, und is delightfully shaded by lofty chest-
Aiui-trees, froni wliose branches the vines bang
in graceful. fostoons, The church, and “village,
4 Bela da-—Ridge 0º the mountain.
É Ribeira Brura-—nA tiver.
 158 MADETRA.
which givos th name to the ravine, lie in e deep
hollow nenr tho coast, protected from tho northerm
blaste by the Achada,”* an elevated plain which
forms, as it vero, a natural wall between the
village and the sen, with precipices rising
om ençh aide. On emerging from tis basin, a
enrious insulared and hollow rock rises om the
Dench in front, “his rock Las be n converted into
a chapel? by the addition of a door and a few
steps. Hero the torrent is exossed, and the irre-
gular and mggod path is continued along the
margin of the sea, with towering cliffs overhcad,
at one point crossing the brow of an abrupt and
lofty heodland, with a low parapet to shut ont the
dizzy view of the rocky const below, and thén
again descends and winda onwards towards Ponta
Delgada.
Ponta Delgada*—"his village is situnted on a
long mazrow point of land juting ont from the
base of the mountain ridge behind, and embosomed,
iu trees. "The visitor wishing: to sojoum at Ponta
Delgada, will find actommodation, but probably
Jittlo else, in the honse of Siir, Jozé de Abreu; in
these excursiona, however, the tourist, as luis cen
already advised, must he in some measure de-
pendent of the village enisine of Madeira.
Boa Ventura Alter passing Ponta Delgada,
* Achado —A level piece ot ground,
24 Erwida-or Hermitaga o? Sai Vijente,
* Ponta Delgada Narrow point.
Bom Ventura Goi fortung, E
 MADEIRA, 159
the road to Boa Ventura is a continuation of irre-
gular ascents and descente. At this village indif-
ferent accommodation may be obtained at a house
belonging to a relativo of the Curate; bué, thongh
am interesting and romantic spot, the village of Boa
Ventura offers livle inducement for a lengthened
j Gross o to the cast of the
village, the road ascends along the sca-clifis of the
Entroza to the Arco do Saó Jorge, which hns been
already described in the excursionsfrom Sa Jorge”
Torvinhas:—Taking an inland direction from
Boa Ventura, the tourist ascends, by: the lofty
"Porrinhas, to the Curral; the road for a consi-
derablo distance is good, and (he ascent gradual.
On reaching the upper part of the ravine, the in-
clination becomes most abrupt and ter ific. The
puth is narrow and paved with large smooth
Stones, passing at intervals along the brink of
deep ravines, with towering precipices above, and
winding in a zigeg direction over the narrow
ledge of rocks, or tuming sorac acute angle, where
a falso step would send horse and rider rolling
into the rocky abyss below. The seenery
Stupendous and grand beyond description; lofiy
and. ricly-wooded rocks rise abruptiy in front,
without any seeming outlet, till a sudden tum in
the path rings a new and similar dificulty to
View. Grand and magnificent, howey
secnery: certainly ia, it barely ropays one for
Sontinned unxiety and nervous feeling occasioned
E 2 Beo pogedio, 3 Tobias toners ox lurrule,
 160 MADEIRA,
dy passing along these marow and dangerous
paths; and visitors ave strongly recommended to
avuil themaelves of the Lammock, as n means of
conveyanco on such exeurxions, as the danger i
curred on horseback will probably de the;
of tho pleasure which might otherwise be derivel
Hom contemplating the beanty and grandenr of
the scenery. The pass of the Torrinhas is gained
ater a toiling ascent of neasly tree honrs dura-
tion, anil from this elevated point a magnificent
view is obtained of the desp ruvines and beetling
crags stretehing towards the north, and the Iofty
Pico Ruivo :towering in solemn grandeur behind.
The mgiged Heights encircling the Curta stretch
ont on eithiem-side, and the church and buildings
appenr liko méri toys at che bottom of the deep
valloy below <Phe elevation is considerably up-
wards of” 5,000 feet above the level of the sea, but
the descent to the Dottom of the Curral is by no
amenas so abrupt o: fatiguing «s migh bo expected
from suel a height Having reschcd the chrreh,
aitunted on a small elevated plotesu, there is no
object of interest to induce the tourist to prolong
his stay. Ascending the winding path towards
Funchal, from the bed of the C; cral, the vista, or
view of this deep mountuin-gor: isteached. From
this point the r sl winds round a series of sleep
hills towards Funchal, without any parapes or pro-
tection on its onter edge; und aficr one or two
abrapt nndl rugged descents, joins the Sant” An=
tonio road a short distance ahove the cliurch,
ESTO SAS
Pr CENT Up WU po afeta,
 MADEIRA. 161
ama de Lobos". —Proceeding along the mew
road to the west of Funchal, and crossing the
Ribeira dos Soceoridos near the sen, or descending
towards the coast from the level ground above the
beidge of the Estreito, we arrive at the village of
Cama de Lobos, There is nothing in this spot to
merit notice. “The inhabitants are composed chiefly
of fishermen and their families, whose miserablo
hovols, ut caves dug in the soft paris of the rocks
which overhang the town, give the place am nspoct
of great misery. The little bay is exccedingly
pictureeque, bu its Deanty is in a mensure destroyed
by the dilth and stench around. “The ntimber of
miserablo looking children, encountered at every
turning, wonld almost les one to suppose thát if
as the: grand nursery of the island; they swarm
around the visitor like so many locusta/fand their
eging propensities ate not to be appensed, the
presentation of a few coppers only tending to aug-
ment the band. To tho westward the toyering
sea-eliff of
Cape Giram? zises abruptly from the sea to
an elevation of 1,800 feet. The road leading tos
wards the summit is well paved, and, though ex
ceedingly steep, the ascent is engily effteted. 'Tum-
ing'towards the south, on gaining the ridge of the
mountain, and-passing through a thickot of pine-
trees, the vergé of this enormous headland is
2 Camas do Lobos—Seacwolfo den. Prom Lobos Miminhos,
aerewolves or acata.
2 Cabo giram-Cape turn-nemin. From sis point Zargo's
companione returnod to their Hhipe, after
 areigodl at. The view, for those who have sufiicient
nerve “to support: near the brink, is grand
And terrilie; the passing bonts below appem like
mer specks on the sisface of the ocean. The
veholo line of const ag far as the Garajão is visible,
and, with the adjoining hills and ravines, presente
to the eye a varied and charming panorama.
Passing Cape (iram, the road winds along é
hills to Campanario, from wlence a path leads off
towards the Jardim da Serra and Curral, descend-
ira Brava, and passing turongh the
of Ponta do Sol and €: hns, ovor a
rugged ând unplensans road with a continuation of
rapid ascente and descents, but yrith little to torest
te tourist, until, after a long and fatiguine de,
hê reaches ho village of Calheta.
Calheta) “On account of the long and tedions
jouimey by land, u visit to Calheta is usually por-
formed bysea. The boat passes under (he lofty
and bare clif'of Cape Gram, on the face of which
thgs lndider “path, employed by the labonters in
binsting the rocks for building purposes, many
penta ago, when they were interrupted by the
sudden explosiou of a mine, is still seen, «long
with the tools af the worlkmen, suspended from the
rock at en elevatio of several hundred Feet from
its base. “Tha const as far as Calheta is bold and
rugged; the village ports of Ribeira Brava and
Ponta do Sol are passed, and a sail of about five
hours from Funchal will genomlly enable the
* Calheta-A small creo
 MADEIRA. 163
tourist to land at Calheta. The hotel, the most
fortable of the village inns of Madeira, às situ
ated some distance from the beach. "The Jandllord,
Sir. Dromamondo, is exceedingly obliging and at-
tentive to visitors, and will procure the nocessary
conveyanoes for excursiona to the Prazeres," Tajãa
dº Ovelha,º and the springs of Rabaçal.? The
road continues along the const, and close to the
sea, aith few intorruptions, as far as Ponta do
Pargo. With tis district of the island so little
intercourse js kept up, that the peasantry are mor
primitive and unsophisticated (han the natives of
amy other part of Madeira,
Reabaçal and Paitl du Sorra.'—The ascent from |
Calheta to the Puiil da Serra is exccedingly'ab- |
rupt, and the road wretched im the extrume,
cnchanting view, however, from time to me pre
sento itself. On zeaching tho ridge of amouménins
which divide the morih and sonsh coasts of the |
island, the maguificent seenery of the zayime of
Ribeira da Janclla* bursts on the view. Dowazds
the south the villages and heights of ths Arco da
Calheta, Calheta, and Patil do Mar etretel along
the const, -'Phe Paiil da Serra, a vast uninhabited
plain, 5,159 fect above the sea; nenrly nine miles
long and three broad, extends jts bleak and glooray
* Prastos—Ploieuros.
Pojãa E Ovelha A elhoep down, ox plain for reming chocp,
From Rabtgs, 8 plant, a species of valer pars!
bed of the si
à Puit da Serro “ground on the hils
* Enibeira da Janelia—Window river
 164 MADEIRA.

surfhce, ulong the mountain 1 lge, towards the

sast, partly covered with thick Drushwood, or
dare sands, amd aflurding in somo places a eeanty
pasturage for cattle, A short descont toward s the
north brings the tourist to the yaterfall of Rabaça
from which the supply of water, for irrigucing l, the
Junds above Culhera, was to bo obtainod, and con-
veyed by a Iovada, through an extensive tunnel, to
tho south side of the island, 6 volume of water
às sometimes considerable, s from an almost
perpendicular height of neurly a thonsand feet,
with numercus minor streums trickling down
faco of; the rock, at the heud of the deep theand
Harrow ravine, wliero tho Ribeira da Janela tor
mences. The view-from the levada, over which
lhe mass of wuter forms n gracefal are ns it
ilescends into the ruvino. béncath, is grand and
imposing: The water-couvãe, vehich is looked upon
as ono OÍ the greatest island yozks of moderm times,
has fgen already described in the present work!
Grossing tho Paíil da Serra, the road descenda
& Vigente; it is painfully abrupt,
the bed of a torrent, strewed witl large and, like
boulders
wiieh have been carried down by the heavy rains
that full, at certain sensons, with fearful force on
this side of the island.
om Sai Vigente the totirist may procced
to Sant' Anna, or return'to Funchal by the Serraon
dº Aga, both of syhich rontes have been described
in the present and preceding chaptezs,
3 Soo pago 47
APPENDIA,
 Population of Madeira and Porto Santo, with fe extent cf
Emigration, from the various Returas since 1435.

so 45 164
nam | user ao ns46
aogaso
E
putos

British Population in Madeira in 1850,

BI Ramil, 317 Persons

(B)—Pago 28,
“The British Chaplain is nominated by-the menbérs
df the congrogatiun who are entitled-to vote; and if
tho porson so nomed be approved of by Her Majestyislb
Goverument, and found duly qualigod for the office; he E
receivos his appointment from the Crown, holding such,
nppointiment “for and during Hor Majesty's plensure
and no longe The Act6 Geo 1Viehap, 87, com-
monly called the Consular) Act, regulates all matters |
connected with the stpport and management of the:
British Chapel in Madeira, It qua formerly the cus
tom, on Her Majosty's appointing the chmpluin, do
obtain for him a licence from the Bishop of London
“This Ticence was, however, very different from Rh
arcos ho have contributad 208 towarde elurcl fund,
zoid 87, sterling during die ye, aro entltdhodoled
pote.
 APPENDIS,
Bishop's Ticence for tie cure of sonls in
op Can, properly speaking; have any
1 in à foreign diocese; tho present Bishop of
London describes it “sisnothing more than a certificato
from to Her Majesty's Government, en one side,
amd the British residonts on tho other, of my Delief
Aut the clergyraam to avhom dé is given is a respoctable
person.” he lioenee aghies will th appoixtmens, or
rathor lapsos om its cancolment; this has Leon metilad
by the unanimous decision Of fam jnúges, itting
Banco, in ho analogons case of Reg. e Midálesox
Panpor Lunatio Asylum (Visiling Justicos), 2 QUB.48:
Tho original megulations regarding a bishop's lícem
emanatod from the Foreigm Office; theso have bes
totently cancellod, und others substitutod in their
lace, in which the necessity of abishop's licenço to a
foreign chaplainoy is done away with for the present
tha Secretary Of Stato taking care to uscortain that a
clergyanan is duly qualifiod for the situntion, before lis.
sppointrnento talees place. One-balf of tho chnplnin'e
tipond is paid by Her Majosty's Government, and the
atlier moicty by the residente,

(€)Pago 30.
lhe Hospital of Sao Lazaro was fonnddod by the
Mibnicipality in 165 , and
Mmeum aumnal allowanco receiv es from tho Govem-
cf 150 dollars Various
Es and Iegucios have hecn maio
ment, Bum time to time, by private toindivi
the esta
duals,
1
no APPENDIS,
shi have enablod the authoritios to mako consider
able additions to the building. Abont two-thirds of
the patients are males. The usual ago of those affeoted
with elephantiasis is from ficam to twonty-five yes
and none cf the patients exceed the ago of fifty ; tho
muejority dio from the disease ostending to the orzans
ot! voice, rospiration, and digestion

(D.J—Pago 30.
“bh first Hospital csistivg in Funchal was founded
by Zargo, in 1454. In 1483 it was transfertéd to
grounils granted, in the district of Santa Maria Maior,
where the Eua do Hospital Velha now exists, by;
Alvaro Affonso, and bis wife, Constança Vaz, for that
purpose.
Pho Santa Casa de Misericordia, the present hospital,
was founded by royal charter, in 1511, andlthe income of
the formor institution was anmezed to it in 1914. The
establishment contiúuing to fourish, aud receivingo
many gifts end a, emmblod. tie. nuthori
erect the present building in 1685, under the direction E
of Pedro do Lima, then governar andeeaptain-genaral.
There ar also hospitals at Sant Cruz, Machico, nud.
other paris of tha island, bt they are totally neglected,
and po: neither furniture, medicines, nor nny other
requisito.
 (E.)—Page 33,
Beccíplo amd Etmpenit af th Clalero, or Manicipality of Funchal, from 1st Joly, 1848, to 500% June, 1850,
Recsirr
Baigoosox band

ModioinãsTor Tape,
ec nim andsomamia E)
Meme
Sumo alo eia so] 23m008
Grouni Rentã supra ot Erantsa Ciailiã 406.100
Silos and Gr
E ro er in
Siaiopig Weg ar
entao ES Nica, E Teia
uniepeide
Tala om hand

gone o Ed o Li
olealar voz or puerto, bl sr Cha pares
Pe mta Tr bon to Rue amddee ca 8 Iara
So 1. over
an ofor oeder pesemuto
eng Dune vaio ar
o ae pentes soe Aowaare ben seis nouina ad dpsoo Ol Ho Drvdnce of heir
atosa e raca é te o
 Na APPENDIS,

(E)—Pago 37.
ho folloving extract from th laws relating to the
liberty of this pross, issned at Li + 1850,
and now in full force, may bo rtoresting, ns showing
tho despotio tendem É lhe Portuguese G. nment,
And éh pros
his
hr law, om all partios who, dizectly or indiveolly, cn-
deavour to promote prosolytisia am the subjects of
Portugal, cont to lhe Catholic and Apostoli
Rome,
Enumeration and clossification of crimes or dalin
quencies commitisd by the pabl! ation of idos, by
words, by writing, or through the press? — fi, 7.
chap1
“AM persons n. communicato thoir ideas by wi ds,
by writing, or thhrou di tho press, indepo dent of censor.
ship, sponsíble for tho abusos they may
eomunit im the exercise of tis right, in the manner and
by the form the luw moy determine" Curta Conatitia
cional, Art, 146,
Chap. 2“ A crime is comunitted ly the púlblica-
tion of Houghts that deny, or throw doubé upon,
uy dogma defined dy tho Catholio Chureh, or that
dofend, as a dogma, the doctrines condemnod by that
Cteh,
“ Blasphemy ngninst God or the saints, wrfmaking,
sekery or derision of the Catholio. religion, or
divine worship approved of by that Church, «4 uam
punishalide .. . df published, sold, or placarded in
different places, or publio meetings, by: imprisonment
 APRENDIX,
Som six months to Elroo years, and a fine of one hun-
died to ono thousand dollars... . TE committed in
Conversation, or by words publicly ustered in a loud
tone of voice, they are punishablo with imprisonment;
of fvom threo to cishiteon months, and a fine of Bfky to
five hundred dollar

(6.3
Tha Colleginte Chapter of the Santa S6, or Chthedral
Funchal, consists of five diguitaries, tiwelve canon
À four minor canos,
Tho diguitarios aro Dean, Archdcacon, Precentor
Proles or vf Thenlogy, and Chief Trensurer.
The Dean possessos au incomo of 7 moios and
alqueiros, oqual to about 16: ds of swliçat, 11
pipes of wine, 64 Ibs, of whito sugar, 12 kids, 12 fowh
and 27,700 re. in money. The other diguitaries receive
Euch 4 moios and 23 alqueires cf wheat, 9 pipes or
Ofinia, ind 26,700 25, in money
he Canons receivo each 3 moios and 10 alqueire
Dent, 7 pipes of yino, and 20 dollars in money.
Minor Uamons'roecivo' cach 2 moios and 11 alg
SÉ wheat, 4 pipes of wine, and 19,350 rs. in money
he Gonegode Penetenciurio, or Canon vio has dh
DÊ hs 'oonfessi ul, receives 20 dollars additional per
anna,
Alheia aro also attached to the Cathedral ten Chap
Anis, cn rocciving 84 alqu of wheat,
Sho, and 7 doll lave ; and emo eire s 3 pipes of
Sub-Precentos, wk
 ra APPENDIX,
income às 90 alqueires of wheat, 34 pipés ot wine, and
9 dollars
Chicf Sacristam: inde 8 pipes
mo of ,
witio, 87 alqueires
cf vhont, B4 lhs. of Wax, and 8 dollars,
Allareivo,or Vetger : income, 2 pipes of wine, 1 moio
of seheat, amd 6,600 14, in money.
Chapel Master : income, 35 pipofes wino, 90 alqueixes
of went, and 9 dollars.
Osguniet : income, 2 pipes of wine, 84 alqueiresut
wheat, and 5,400 18, in money:
Master of tho Ceremonies: income, 1 pipe of wine,
H Iquoires of wheat, aud 5,400 rs. in mone
x Ohoristers: who each reccivo 4 pipe of wine,
& moio of wheat, and 3 dollar por armum.
Two Curates: ca h, 7 pipes cf wine, DO alqueires of
srheat, and 12 dollars per ammum.
A Bendle : whose income is 1 moio of west, 1 pipo
of wine, and 5,400 15. in money.
A Dellringor: income, 14 pipes of wine, 30 nlqueires
of wheat, and 4,800 15,
ALL these incomes pay to Government à
titho, of 6 alqueires on euch moio of whoa, 3disimo, or
almudes
an oneh pipe ofw , und 16 per cent, on money.
“A present thero is no Deun, nor Precentor, anil only
six Canons and two Minor Canons,
 APPENDIX.

(E)—Page
Esporia 4 Wine from Madeira, dring the Year end
Bot q' December, 1860, from Oito! Ret
[O comimema, [rem] vise |
As Stty 0a |) paper
To Antigo 44 || To Eeguma, enc
Brad Lu
Bergen Livergool
Bono. London
Eee camara Macro
Marsel2as
Mario
Nasi
Constant E Ney York.
Cubo E Sea Crua 1
t. Michel and
natoy
 176 APPENDIX,
Tho export duty-on allvinef Ehipred/ tom Mndeir
previous to 1834; amlintod to 8,700 réis (or 409, 54.)
per pipe of 83 almudos, or 92 imperial gollons, Ti
1834 his duty wma reduced to 4,800 rois (or 205,) per
pipe. Wii adititional charges, however, wi
sínce bee added, the esport duty mew amounta to
30 reis (ar 23s. 037.) per pipect 2 imperial gullons,
A large portion of the wine shipped from Madeira to
tho East and West Indies, is thenoo conveyeil to ports
in the United Kingdom, end appenra in the T
markets as West India Madeira.
Tho greater p rt of Uni exported to Hambrrgh, end
ports in tho Baltic, 53 af the most in iot description.
Tho ines sent to Lisbon aro thoro ro-shipped to
Hamburzh, where, together with thoso imported direci
from Madeira, (hey ave said de converted into hock
for tho English markets.

“à Quantítios of Madeira Wine Imported, Esported, and

| 184 | 28 | usosr
sas mmcemo | aoroat

us | aro
 APPENDIX:
Totat Quantilica 0f Muitoiva Wine Tmported into the Uaited
Sines of America, from the 18 Iui, 1844, to 20H June,

mare com
use asi] OB

Verse ent Port ef Funchai during the pec 1850.

Des
Ega 20055 |
ron) 3413)
Meacverhan
Mecidenpa
Nenpoltan
Xerem
Porturucse
Pes
Passar
Sartintan
Sperioy
Tor
8 APPENDIX.
Vossa Entored Marino the Nihs Foda pretsting 1850.

ho, Customs receipts at Madeira including the

anunfeipal import on grin, de—
Por 1840, amounted to
1850
Decrease in 11 years 10,148

(Page 71.
Dr, Fothergill, who wrote » Sur baok as 1775, and
De. Gomray, im 1811, have a established the gre
alruntages of the climate of Madoirm as regards its
mildness and equability of temperature, and its hene-
al. offecis om pulmonary diseases "SH tho Tato
Dr. Renton, however, brought tho subject Defore the
medical world, in a puper published in the Adinburgh
Medical and Siergical Journal, in 1817; its adyantages
were not general ppreciated in England;
and tho observations made by Dr. Heineken, and pub-
lishod in tho Medical Repository, im 16247 have placed
it, as a winter resort for invalids, protably above any
other spot in tho mortheru hemisphere, That the
elimato of Madeira cum prolong life, vou undor the
* Vol xxvii 1817. 2 Vol, said, 1824,
 APPRNDIX, 19
most unfavonalio eirounistancos, tho casa (of Dr.
Hoinakon will adord a suffcient prof "his gentlomam
repaixod to Madeira in 1820, whom his caso mes pr
nounced, by some of the most monto physivians in
rita, aus ropidly appronching to a fatal terminstion ;
yºt, under these sownstancos, he managed to livo in
ivo comfort fo years, His desth was
ultimately cceasionod by exposuro to Lhe night air
while retuming ftom tho adjncent olands of Porto
Santo, in om open boat; a storm rose during the
pessage, irom the effects ot wi ho vapidly samk, and
êied thin a fow hours of his vetum to Funchal
Dr, Renton, who, at his request, pa formed tho autopsy,
expr sed himpelf astonished how ho could Iuvo mus.
tainod life with so small a portion o his respir
ans, sonreely a ves nainines
and the other in a condition syhich could nos esist in
nd.
Sir Jazmos Clacis, in his valuable work on Climate;
eps “ho mom anmnal temperature cf Funchal, the
capitsl o? Madeira, is 04º, bein bout: 5º only ahoy
hat of the Ttalian d Provençal climates, “This ver
moderato mean tempera nro, relativelyto its low lati
tudo, avisos, howover, from the circumstancoof the
summer at Mudeiru being proporticnally cool; for,
mehilst the arinter º warmer tun at London, the
7º oarmer; amd wflt tho avintor is
than Tay or Provence, the suramer is
À 5º cooler, ho meuu mania rango oÉ temp
“Wilde Narrati ota Vi ge o M ira de, Long
man & Co.: London, 184
é “Phe Sanative Influence of Climete” London: 3. Nus;
1846.
 180 APPENDIX,
tuo is candy 14? Dcing less tha holf tho rango of Rome,
isa, Naplkss, and Nice, The heat is algo distributed
tbroughomk this pour with stirprising oquality, so (ut
Ahê mean diference pé tho tomperatro of micccssive
months às only 2421 ; this at Rome ii 4º,39, at Nico
AeTA, ab Pisa 5175, amd at Nuples 508 When
fake into consideration the mildness of tho winter, andwe
the eoolnes of to summer, together with the remark-
bio equality of tho temperature during the
Ailglt (is well as tiroughout the year, wo maydaysafelyand
Sonclude that tho climateof Madoira is the finost in
the norilem hemisphoro. There is no oceusion for q
person throughout the winter in Funelnl,
night or day, within doony an atraosphero toholow Ircatho,
temperaturo of 64º; or im the country, during the
Summer, aé auch à height as to ensure dryness, abuvothe
that 0£ 74% That great and Insting
derived from a temporary residence in Denciithe
l is to be
Mudeira, many living examplos, Dr, Renton clima te of
rema rk,
sulliciontly prove, But eveu under mel: cormparativa ly
favouruble circumstances, it ought to be itrongly im-
Pressed on the mindcf the invalid, that halfm
Sto trótso Lhum useloss, and that no advintage iseasur to
es
be
dezived ftom climate, unless it bo seconded Ly tha
utanost caution and prodence on his part.”

(R)—Pago 87
oms. parts of Spait: hnve been mueh rucommended
lute years, as winter resorts for iuvalids Among
Malaga stunds preeuinont ; its climate,
mentioned by some of the leading amodical howovers
mem in
 APPENDIN, 181
England as being equal to that of Madeira, apoia lo
hnvo been comsidorbly overratod, as miuy Of the Iafast
Sojonrncrs theme Lave found to thgiz'cost, The follow-
ing Lublo, wligh hos beem kindly furnishod
Shortlif, o? Malaga, tnay not therefore bo ont of byplapo; Dia
as it uffords a comparison Detyeen the olimntos of
Madeira amd Mokuga, “hough much mililer and more
eouablo tlum the Tables of Tem poruinro for gomes pis
preceding
rom this Table (s0o next page) wo finil Elg/antiual
Famge of Lemperwinre at Malu, from obserrations Uukem
during the day, to bo 38, while at Madeira it is only
Er"; e temperatiro at Mula D being 7º Jower
daring the vim À 0º igher during the summer
than that of Made
An example of the ignoraneo of some medical writer
ard to tho olimuse of Madeira, occurs in q ayork
4.D., entitled * A Practical Synops
ensos vf tho Chest,” do. prablishodby J. Chmrehill,
London, 1850.“ Madeira,” tays Uhis
Sount of ils genial tempemtire, is write s,“ on ab
vwoll uited to
invadida suffering under pulmonary diceuse, from No.
vember til June, In tho intermodiato
the heat is almost insupportable ; benco period, many
however,
in order to usape the depressing infuence person of
s,
tho
Bulteinoss of the climate Quring the hot months, take
à vorago to Tenerifio” The
from June to November is toi hostat ullduring insupp
the period
Sad during upyards of fiflcen years reeidortali enco
la
Madeira, the author never heard of” nm instance of a in
One taking à voyage to Tencrifio for the purpo
oaping the sultrinoss of the climate, as there se theyof
Proud certainhy- mev t with a mucl higher temporatnro
ilau
ú
zE
&M
 APRENDER, 183
than in Madeira Tho mean temperatnro for each
month at Santa Ortia, Teneriflo, avcurding to Sir Tarnes.
Clark, is as follows;

Tablesof Monsya, Weighta, and Meamirés current

Accounts in Madeira nr kept in reis, an imaginary
oi, equalto cne-fifth of a futhing; 1,000 reis being
mileis, o dollar.
The enteulation às similar to that
Siutes inmreney, with n unit added; ofthus,tho10 Tuito
cent
d
= 100 reis, 100 cents= 1,0 0 reis, or one dollar.
PONTUGUESE CoryS.
ge A

SPANISIE COLyS.
Rio Tosa, ce Mali
Tosa, ori,
Pais, O GU oa
One ig doalico
me do
 APPENDIX,
ESTAS CONS.
Siaenoo
Shuling
Matters
Maltaoverigm
Sovereiga rs
AMEBRICAN Corxê.
Haltaimo
Dime,
Hal delar à
Dell, Voe Mexican
Quitar o

Rats of duchatago om Billa a Atuleira.

8 par of giolange between Medloim and London,
a mil-vet, or dollar, is equal to 6a 64, and a pound
stenling to 3,636 reis, The sovereiem, howevor, by a
decreo of tho Portuguese Government, being current
im Madaira at 4,80 reis, gives 4s, 2d. for a mil-rei, or
32 per veat. premium om the por of erchange. This
premium, or ate ct exchange on bills in Madeira,
fluctuates according to the demand. The following
Table ei ado tho value, in Madeira onrreney, of
1007, sterling, according to tho premium, ftom 25 to
36 por cent.
 WEIGKIS.
Gina = Oia mu E Dra, Avotadags
Olavo cia à Opa 1oumes
Onçanomes À Ara 1 Pomia
Tite Ee s
Seria o 1 Quintal
Dk Quinada.io. = 1 To , Avoirdapol
Thcão meiga ae 13 per cont Dezsior then oco of England,
TiQuID EASURE,
1 Quatito aur A GU Eng. Ep
£Má Quarto
Camadas meus = 1 Almode Eiada ci or 2h Pie
E Amados EA *
mê 4 Gullo
DRY NEASURE.
Selemize 1 Maquia
Maquias à aqu
auras” 1
15 Targa 1 Pampado DL an
- 0€ 25% Busta E

Corão el Imches, nearly & Far

SE. Woollns, ls, and pistoá clth
nens, rlbone, ad pai ct,ao a, ad 1x fadis Ly hé Cova,
ace sol by thadVs
zoxe mEAsUnE,
Linha seo Palegada Las Inchos, Eng
vleradas
18 Polos
AB Legons ES Milo, 008 da, 1
dO Lego 9; les j
DE,deiThe rfPesa Jog mean edema la Mata Ch Eng
tunkors, fc,
av facho beog general atinge by bat ado
dl
 APRENDIZ.

(ML)—Page 110,
at of Dudit, bacluting al Custom ong epoca, cur at
Madeira, e various Articlas importe from: England, hem
forma hoport é ofveslhe Luggage of Passengers urriviag, or
notnothing
corrox manoracruass,
Shstingo, la, ordinary
E mitalina
Ra dao
colour, or print eloa
Mis, pai, Gr
à Dea e
besouro, or dad, ordinaç

LISEN MASUPACTURES.
Cams dn pico or andres
ape ia ie
Puck, Osaalras,
RO,

Go de Neplos
Dota, Ga, Sato, , fi
las com a
' sorria,
amas
Bnoeiega ar Gio iz n a xs
Bons, mato up
Copa
BB. On all drcazos or clohir mada up ct coca, He

E
so
aa
KB, Ouall deco, or tntor clothing made up ot woclera, sight mes the
acta of th foroólrg Aut s chasgrd
 Sis, Bier,

PEATE AND PLATED ANTI

“Plate, manaictarod, plain
Elano god, pla oe ormament:
Rito
ronverento
Arocha, esmo atra sent
Torero do ll
ialoçaa, plan, aa nota
covered tn ly -
MUSICAL INGTRAMEN A,

Urge asa
pRovisroNs,
limao AA ER BI il
Crise,Piso oe Chamar + Aa
w + Salton
and Parmásia ias
Dele Frita 3
ta
votã
Stenio or Comp H
MISCELLANHOUS,
Br, snbeinã
e, Tasca, with riem a Hlowers
Dunisapãe, aim
tr Ra
Ho ao ra mes
188 APPENDIS,
= Pont pincs, dauble
no sigo
ido por mea = bm
Treme, mid o broa
NB, Artes magias * ars admitia, whoa Ssmaiog part c£ passemos
SGRAÇE E GF Cat an ping home for ch rente wi else
oe tie amonne
of dy argrleaUee beng duen paid

Listoj Duca charged in Bigland om various Articha

importeã frum Madeira,

Pros

ei e
Oras, fa Lapxos ua: emo box tu t
Presos, gor
Walkingosiidi ur a alone 10 pc cont
pes glam Ga,
ad valorem 2 per ent.
cant, liana o e Ses Jovi.
nata are charge aecra val ogro at lo E portais,

(5)Pago 113.
eis of Erished Quintas amd Hrousce usually to Ve
aronail Ponchol.
Trader 280 for tt Sean
sr. Pei Jong emtete
Br Ave. José da ra Pta
feito é 3, Mino sta
Val Bornioo
Sr, Pr A da Piva Agnio
 APPENDE
Prom 3940 AS for he Sean
hr JE, de Freitas o
Caminoda "Farinha
Val, Caminha do Manto
Pemba com
| Pemal
Travena des Anguuias
Ice deCir
Prom dt
Math Pigucira « Lg Velha,
Atendo Babel Collage, Carinho du Ti.
AREA beso
Fr do Andrade Cano da Torrint
Ta dá Temo
thiadas How, Porcas Nevis
dat. Fomeie eo do Mei nor sei
Je Cartao Tara cominhodo Río “2
Bl. Ted Joxé da Camera Nota Piguena
Bh, PodroJ, Monti Ada Rr
Bl, F, Boi. da Govêa Bu da la via, Co
Mr Tama, Teaneis lh Angustiano
de Vi Gras Panini
rom seco da Bora Bens,
Br dai Pr. Nomes
SrBi TiPr de daAndindo
Cava
Si E aco do Vl cominho da
Sã Morgado Velas e Val Boro
Br, PE das Emis
Bia.
Si Sent 3,3. R Aveia Val do Meio, io
De Miss Tania, Logos Vil cr
Sant Luso, Nonntrgd
Hã, Pr Junina
e, Ji T Porca
Bi. Magoo do as
Won. Sete
Elo, Be Parra
rom E o NO for th Senso
Bl 0. A. Pimenta Qua dee Saltos
Sã. Domingos
Bl Canaido 7,A.E, daAbCia
Sã. East Lil
190
ongs. E. Florença.
BBC3, À Dinnchi aa
die Wi Nemtom 8%
De Coal omnes Ga Vingaia, Mu da Princosa tá
dom LISO fo 8200 for the Senso
nr Ade, Moreira Upper Amas
Ae. Mob. Walis “Caminho da Tri
Hei oe te ir cc poe Me
Lmaia
Mo. T Papai Misesda cima .
Sr Tai Goma Qin do Sa Jca6
She Pr da ice Cabrita
Sir Prod, Bloc Caminho do Ba
rom 200 ato
energia La Velha,
E a
Mena a SN
“xe Penta of lh Acenda Metas considerar, accord to
“he existing detida
at neani th ue Gal a maCharagenetaly be sb: 25
forte Ren, buUtsca la gear
te sent, les Jg ae Jo period, er ahon Te val sellav at

(0)-—Pago 119,
List 0f Provisiona, Gracerias, Vegetullos, Dry tfooá
Bheir usuêl Prices in Macteira
RoviBtONS.

Vtia
e
dia
inato
isaPesaaa
CoRentaiia
st
Mto
ironia
eat
tatu
 APPENDIS.
Mini onocEnies, as,

Sua,

Floor
ae, tiça
Cream
Perri À
Pies, pis teto
Candlca a port.
Plain and Fancy Deca, Ko
PÍSIL MOST ESTERMED IX MADEIMA, WITH AveRAGã
WEIGHT AND PRICE
o o De o dt 1a dá
ia Lie 216
cento tor
Eenoneçç o Ran
Bda, ipa e
Bodejo alo
Boqueiras lobos
vala, made iu, 7 tia
eme, apeafees Tou. IGOR
Coelho
Eaciaroo “rea Iodo,
aa
do, 2us ta
Sem, 7:14 gripeBy Bipi e
Voé
cada ais
Toi. coesa
Tabado 16 RMecniio
2 to Alim p
Ta:
Sarinho,doalio
serdiçrem Elo E
ve
moon
alo Th plvoto teto ag,
Bolha, góticos ut LT y
Perda. E about
2019.8 o. fr
Ta n, 273 ii sora
ductos
a plofa
192 APPENDIS.
narram
Beans, Mroal ao
— Premelim
Cata num per dozen
Chow-ehoto ger cia tá
per down Sha. ta de,
Oia im er 100 a, to Be ido
Pony pri per dish 24d tado
Potato, e jar 32 ps, 14 8d to(o fo,Go
8:68,
ppt, cla acto bu
o Eres
Batidos eee táoto Ia.
Torntoce, iara a. to 3d.
E
FRUITS, &
Als, ea ei seo to Je Tait
Dag di tolo
a | Mopão ia so tr a.
ue pdJulyger oo e Ut
AROTO mr 20 ta 5
= Sam AB e mu pmpar 106 Espa DA. to E
ntard Apple vom Dao Sao e. av Ni 1. a
a, varios Mid Tune to pl Hd, ta
Contendo Tmg gr bo Baia oporar, Ta tod
Cape, Tags table Be o No
SEREM
The lieMe gear tmãoo 1for
or
De ta Dee rd fr
AOE too A gem OR
uy to Sept.
Ago et.
Row. to De. ja to dá
JaiptoO8% Soda tha de,
pie Apple te | Sept to Tum
Same to Aug. im ia
Stenio 1 Map to Agenor tú to shi
“algas, green | A 0 Otero 3 lo 3 tor
rip aquele = 16 pe
DRY Goons, te.
Clica, Lang elos de Es erperogpado vara
Edita
 APPENDIX.
line Soo, ml, Se, scope vara
Ped DIM o onre mma
Sds, cond o E
O mn Fergie
Line
Caratos, Bo e
Dri arm E
Doda” eim inda manta
Gimme Guto
ri Le
Ure To: Noto 6
Ee it Ego

Gloves,ai
Tolo Ter portio, Ma. to ui
woollne-—
Palarino. «ger covado
gar mn :
to Me
Flats Bd da
Tre,
Micelameois
Say Mannes
Ki loves +
Thical Clave 1 NO, vo 1.36,
Cima, ei tão lula

(P.)—Pago 140,
Mime oecupied on Horacbnet, at a emmitiag pe
pare Boat during favouratãe weuther, ia var ns Escurafone
ver tie Zeicuu!, or ulong the Conel, qf Múdeiro
im Encha to os Venturs/2 nas
3 Dieese
 APPENDIX,
Eron unia to Cera de Lotes
Camper 5
io ir ae in
camas '
Di
Caniçal, pr bo
Cano
o Bi e
Cocal a Preias,
do, view of, by E. Ante
nto, Care o, by 5 Antamdo
Cera dos Momeitos, ny oeRS roll Mon
Tito, Palheo to Méount
Jinenorindde Sa Vigente
Paga, by Mou
Jari a er.
Lompreies.
Meia
Dito,se
areais ai
it dai

SEsPUs EESES ajetel SEBasstitod

s
Paineira de Pereira
Ponta do 867
Dito, BZ 1a
Porto da Cr, va Lamar
oia BEAVA me
eira P
Sent Antonioda Ser a
Senta Cr E
Dito, ro
Sa? Jor, via sa
Sal Roque, ant
rom Sim Ama to fc de B9ô Jorge
Bos Ventara
Fu
Pic Ruivo, sumi

Sea Amteto
da Serra (Lita Bits
 APPENDIX. 195
Pri Bas/Ventra to Zostintas, ameno
rom 80 Jouge (o eo de aô Sorgo

si pa Cn, boa, 5 da Pod

portela
ron St Antoni 34 eati anta Co, Úlice nom
Persel, vla Ligeiro
Pato 4 Grao Taro
von Cat (E Ge cm
RS a Ser po Maço
Roni do Perg
Prom Sã Vigor Lelo Calheta e
ç ; ea a Ba e
: Pen Delgado
abç

Tee dra da amos td, o ag 1 mimo to vs

oa or he time occupied
entro period requácol fu pr

Atitude 7 various Mountabis cmd Heighta in Madeira

Canta cy
Canção Pai 1

de rom ae sa ds Er.
ico Pra
Hirano, vo
Mont Uh
Palheeo,
196
sita
Pei da Serra
Agi

das Bode

Ba Lagoa marie

Part, Patton
Rogelio Meia, DE ed

“Sent” Antonto de Sera, edge f Lagos.

Sab Roque Cir Ê
“io avos mao 4, aro ascertcind
Tae marea2, ar sora Bowles Oineceddonã
Tas maehed vp ake 1 Caplaia Vital ayd Anerado,
INDEX.
 Agoa P6,56
Agra Jumplomenta 06, 49; | Cama,1
Agi, Pere do. [49,163 ailudo Camara, appoltmertot ie 14

d, cul viam o, 6 Ea Misesicodio,

garoa Inedr, 19y engate chapter
Crinetery, Hall, 28; Portnguese
nado É
AE € Mad,bx Put ano
Rm o | Cap, Di, 2, 104
dah, 27, 125 E
ar nan ama pra
Cla (Bi Tam), remo
“ode ur landingo, 1 limite oi Malta, ft 8 0cm the
Beard
Bi Eat
e ta pisca aa
ne
BanSin
do g tado Coluna,
“at mammiage ct, à; residente
Polo Sado, dat Penciad
proud
200 INDEX.
Flosds
Ela, temperature rm
Corr
ce E aber esses ot 5 Tomie, 34
Roibergi (Di. notice of climato,
Coevaratess fm
a taNini, O ra Br Pesits, Enélura, Je3 aioremt varios of, 04;
ca ia ot, 805 quant “reisa Démd MU by Zago 1: 1
Cro (Cor, teipuran er m lada 0 1 inca,
Extinto aU GR do io, te19) mad a dy 8 Bj Premio
geerpati shoreTom
comodo
Ciao
do! desebítica
Via a, ot113; Ja; Meteemstame
GucraRomeiros,das 141. Pier, 1dé6, 105 dos uiaom, Poe, o; 136,
ce
Cone neo,188) Unte“ty examination
of, 15 af a
Tuga 109 ec o 1a.

Desaia
Pepe 6, ao, Gi 8
o im
Dimevery
ant, 3,ai ofMadeira,
Madeira, 8; of P RE Ó a qa
prece 6
Distant, table of 90.
Draper
Drag, Esto,
8 [8at Madotra on i Ourgulho, 148
Dale elite
“ais, DO tal cl, 156
Hang
Sabia
z Tele (Deo, ausafire, 10.
ct elmo
Ela or a vapou, talo tabs8 Hs ot te discover of Ma
Escutas tom Sedes, 105 dera, Borg
à at 14 expema of
Emi of Sa Vic, 197 USE tt Mina, Hi
Eneas
Entre,
dest, 153, 198. Loto
dm Cama
a de 108 bi o Hg deseiption ot furriied, É
nisgngnats, 16,
Pe vê Oscupatioa ot Fortal
; reparado me tor.
tries, otasevatioa, table

e z
teada Oraa, 13 sempreo Janáing 1
Edutu1 Mira, 105, 10. Ee E
Ea of, 33
Eelis 7 ieat ama picos a 19 “eilom
Insirdmênto,'agrenlura,
tic E rsreslogiah, ff
do pos
Pi 116
 INDEX 2m
inmmitios 2
nal adydesto, 180; medical | Narciago table o
eePon for,1 188130,
coniaonv | Masi De) remar
Ireigata, er,jitemi ot, a Meo, 78,
queue: table o, 16
Mei
die] rn at ra, lat, 1
felino
Mato feto, als
Jet, tempero of aa de
onde by 2 espuldo 2
MMena
ortal able a, 167.
ar, 16,1 alte of
unit, apo
Tait of Pura 16 po a Rronaltsre e, 8
Taxa 1, E 76: De Mason Muscatel grape, 61
Elie o 3106

Ee
gaNi 1cs om lana, 109 4; teliglor of, 1
ir fado 0) deck ro Sogeinho mino,
Ney soa Nat Mi
vice to hmalido, ao

Mic Gi,

ate de O
Ei
a 1 Pasig
Rea Pat
ati cemper
da He
 202 INDEX.
Pai do Mas 163 lie
Ride 18Pri,
Peste
PenE EFA o guia,7, "140, 152 EO
penêanes, tomporatarevê 68 ocadoLoo,
contracdo
139, of; 183 to Cap
quê U ncmo, tea perco of, 8
pesos oo 1
Piniienis, Maira sopgomea ea be
tendo Seat ot the Eliars of Meia,
Piso nes 18%, 10; altitudo of,
Te
toBits. lesposatre ot, 6. ty
dora mencionia Bank” Antonio, 140,
te Antoni de Sema, at,
Ralo 16d,
Dot Dlgeda, 13,
Pons do Mel tao som
Pometa Tia. Serato 38
PortoSono. Tt, Ber a Na, a, ed,
Peito Santo, Alicovom af 3
Ba.
Bite Appatrames of,
Sic a
ns
Ein arcano, itrdEatem 4,58 ul
a Suri, ar sia ina, 60.
z
a
gua
Quintas 8; Tor Tumlaea,13. 1
otaioent
TO rede ico ooo
z bes er,
Rataça 17
RI
Religiao
da CF tado 1, 56 E
Rental o, fuso tvuses, 11
Rem 1 memass om otimare,
11 mmloial, ad 1715 0€
mini,
mbeiro Bira, 162.
E
reg, da rs
TUAS dxdes Imla,
ibaro 4, 1688, a,
Socentidos,
 INDEX. 208
Temperature of Madeira, 9,85; of | Vesgo, to Naicir, 10%; entries of
ego, exoureom to, 146 tem.

TeoGE ho 126ita,16
Tou 1, 16,
Prado
TrTueHilstpeã, it at Modepré
vt abaçel 14, 1 nine e anos o Me
Weight er sabe RG
Tg 6, 23, SÊ tendo dn,
asd (ad ot Wi), terra

Zarg, se
cha,
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THE YOUTH'S MANUAL of Moral ani Iilerary Study,
Comingial Praviee, and Eplstciasy Comespendenco. Price 2a

By the Rev, Willian Harrison, Rector ot Birch, Nanex.

THB TONGUE of TIME; or, the Languago of a Chugeh
Gluck. Ty Winziam Hamuisos, AM. lato Incuricnt
of St MibaeEs
Pia. Fê Ty urrresauane.
CONSPORATED THOUGHTS; or, Fe dec a Christian
Masp. By o vame. New Edite, fe fd, gi leves
EX POSITION oftho TWENTY-DHIRD PSALM. Entitled
The hepiariaxé his Sheep. Ey ds cumes A Ney ará Endargvd Faia,
ia Vgett ii Pri Se ei gl evo
SERMONS au tho CONMANDMENTS. By the sumo,
No Edite, vifaem with the abro Vert, de- Lud,

HOURS of SADNESS; or, Instraction and Cornfort for the

Moner. A Ney and Bilergel Edlica folacap vo
“OR! ietthe arcert ot enc wa ml ma,
Ne mis he tara nº ion wilh ou om Quáris
 MADI LIRA,
am D

LONDON: GRADOCK & CO.

 gunonna 09
PREFACE.

'Tuz following notes have been prepared at the

suggestion of à few friends, who have fattered the
author by considering him fitted, from his long
sojoum om the island, to furmish such information
as wonld he useful to strangers, and especially
inval: da, resorting to Madeira
such information has often been
regretted by. visitors, and certainly none of the
works hitherto published on the ul ave ar all
caleulated to supply this desidermtum
“Lhe author has here endenvoured to farnish all
the information which an experience of upwards
idence on the island has tm
him to be necessary for the visitor. He hus
alvo attempéed to aupply such details regarding
he climate of Madeira as might be interesting
and useful to many, and especially to those sho
 iv PREPACE.
arc meditating a change, from the trying cold of
England, to a mild and porer imosphere, or ho
may he interested in sele g am eligible winter
resart for others,
Without pretending to medical knoyledge, the
author has given his own expesicnce of the climate,
und ie results of so e meteorological observations
made by himself, which he hs cadeavonred to
as much as possible, with a due zegard
to correctnoss, from q sc rios of daily observations.
He has availed hi: of the Kind assis noe of
resident English medical titioners in pointing
ont the beneticial eftcts of the climate in thó cure
or ameliorati and begs to expresa his
peculiar obligarions to Drs, Lund mad Tibbetts,
for their valuable information. The anedical in-
structions for invalida during: the voyage will be
fully appreci ntod by that class of visitors,
“The des plion of tho different kinds of grape:
amd vi s produced on the island, may he relicd
upon as correct; for informatic om these, the
writer has to acknowledge his obligations to
William Grant, são whose long expo rienee
excellont practical nowledge as 2 wine-merchan
and cultivator of the grape, are well known in
Madeira,
 FRETACE,

Am additional and important interest has been

imperted to the work by the kindness of John
Bowlerby, Esq., who has furmisled the excellent
and. acenrate sketches from which the ilustrations
ave been taken.
Considerable pains have Joen bestowed om tho
commercial audl statistical information contained in
the: work; and it ix hoped the explanation of tl
momies, sweights, and measures of tho islunl will
he found useful, as gront confusion prev
these points in all tio works hitherio published
descriptive of Madeira.
To lovers of natural seenery the exemsions in
Madeira “aro peculinly interesting; and as such
joumeys axo often undertaleen by invelids, to vary
the anouolony of u residence in Funchal or its
neighboutood, a plan has been given of a tonr
through the island, and such practical hints as th
author knows from experience will be usofal. Th
distances have all be n carefully ascertaincd, and
axo given in a tabular form in miles, ais (he
nature of the roads renders such information of no
use to the tourist; but—in the time required in
passing rom one point to another, at the usual
pace on horseback, in hammocks, or by boat
Parties aro usually aecompanied by attendamis ir
 i PREFACE.
these exqursions, to look after duo horses, &, but
as few of them understand English, they are of
litllo use as guides,
Bosides wisli to record lis own grateful
perieneo of a residenco in Madeira, to wlúcl he
feels that ho years” prolongation of
life, and the enjoyment of comparative health, the
writer hopes this little wozk may bo of real utilisy
to others sim arly circumstanced with himeelf,
Munzena, 1850
 CONTENTS.

OHAPTER 1.
listory cf lhe Discovery ot Madeira General Appónmaco of tie
Taland=—TEistors— Population, &. E
CHAPTER TT.
Appesramos of the Ie Anobirago— Desoriptson at io
Anchorego — Tepresioos om Tanding — Funchal: Mistory,
Churclee, Gonvent, Ee.
CHAPTER
Descripion of Punolai= itciros— Inandations- Praçae-—Bench-—
Careiro Engah Chapel Cemeterito- Eospas— 014 Daldingo
Menicpal Guverazent-—Carrison- Impoovemento,&

Tenmre ot Tand— Cah

Wine Esports,
viii CONTENTS,
cHArras vii
sorologiasd Olmervatizns amd Telles. . + 7L
CIATTER TX
Ealubrity of the Climate Tese on Polimonary Disenes . . . BD
cuAprER x.
Means of reaching Msdeir— Ot Our Nails—Passports—
eng -Costom-honee a o
CHAPTER XI.
Boeing Honses — Eronishod. Houses —Scryante-Hrsce=-Palan-
quis Hammocio-— Sleiges-— Bosting-— Shops-—
Cha frios
Turn Pow-sento Medical. Protiianors- Drnggicte-Meame
at reburning o Mugiuad o m
OTAPTER XT
Medical Divotions for Invalido dai thV : 190
CHAPTRR XUI.
Tonr of fis Jud, be, 18,
CHAPTER XIV
Tonr
of the Teland—amtimed 2 166

APPENDIS,
es Eeondatiom of Mogitale—Mmiripal Reveipes
amd Expendituro Laws remting to tho Prosa — British Cha
Jaingy—Eaports, Nine Menenko on matemTata of
Monies, Veiga, Noacures Datico- List of Furnished Huse,
Pres, —Tublos of Distance, Alidudes, ko. 165,