1-Phase Induction Motor

By
Dr. Krishna Roy
Assistant Professor
Electrical Engineering Department
NITR
 Syllabus
Induction Machine:
Single phase induction motor:
Principle of operation-Double revolving field theory
Construction and operation
 Single phase induction motors
• Three-phase induction motors
– Very popular in industries for medium power applications (>5
kW)
• But, domestic and commercial (shops) use single phase
supply
– So, single phase induction motors are used
• Single phase induction motors for low power applications
– cost-effectiveness
– Ruggedness
– Low maintenance requirements
– Loads such as fan, pump, blowers, compressors etc.

3
 Single phase induction motors
• Three-phase induction motors
– Very popular in industries for medium power applications (>5
kW)
• But, domestic and commercial (shops) use single phase
supply
– So, single phase induction motors are used
• Single phase induction motors for low power applications
– cost-effectiveness
– Ruggedness
– Low maintenance requirements
– Loads such as fan, pump, blowers, compressors etc.

4
 Recap of 3-phase induction motors
• In 3-phase induction machine, three windings are placed
around the stator near the air gap.
• These windings are physically apart by 1200 (electrical
degrees) in space.
• When a 3-phase supply voltage is applied to this 3-phase
winding, a magnetic field is developed in the air gap.
• Under balanced condition, the magnetic field will rotate at a
constant speed around the air gap (RMF).
• The rotor conductors will experience change in flux linkage due
to the RMF.
• Under this action, the rotor will start to rotate and will continue
to rotate in the same direction as the stator RMF

5
Recap of 3-phase induction motors

Thus, in summary, a 3-phase induction motor has inherent

starting as well as running torque that can start the motor
by itself and continue running as soon as the 3-phase
supply is switched on.

6
Thus….
• The basic requirement for generating a rotating
magnetic field (RMF) in the air gap of a poly-phase
motor is that
– There must be more than one magnetic fields present
• with certain time-phase difference
• and space-phase difference between themselves

• In poly-phase induction motors, this is achieved

by
– putting more than one winding in the stator
– supplying those winding with a poly-phase supply
7
 Single phase induction motor
• A large number of fractional horse power (HP) AC motors
are designed for operation with single phase supply

• As in case of household pumps and fans, the supply is only

single phase

• So we can’t use 3-phase or 2-phase induction motors

• The option is to use single phase induction motors that can

be run from the single phase supply that is available

8
 Single phase induction motor - construction

• The first difference between a 3-phase and a single-

phase induction motor is in terms of physical size of
the machine
– Three-phase induction motors are big in size
– Single phase induction motors are often of much
smaller size and rating

9
 Single phase induction motor - construction

• However, the basic constructional features and

materials almost remain same for both the two.
– Stator:
• Stacks of laminated steel sheets with tooth and slot
• 3-phase motor has three coils, but 1-ph motor has only
one main coil
– Rotor:
• Squirrel cage type – exactly similar for 3-phase and 1-
phase motors

10
Single phase induction motor - construction

11
 Stator magnetic field in Single phase induction
motor
• In single phase induction motors
– there is only one main winding in the stator
• So, no space difference
– it is supplied from a single phase AC source
• So, no time difference
• Thus, there is no so-called rotating magnetic field (no
RMF)
• Rather the magnetic field developed by stator is pulsating
(oscillating) in nature.
• As the supply current magnitude varies sinusoidally:
– strength of the magnetic field developed by the stator coil
also varies in magnitude with time
– but remains stationary in space (no RMF) 12
 Pulsating magnetic field in single phase
induction motor
Pulsating magnetic field in single phase motor

13
 Pulsating magnetic field

Single phase supply given to a single winding in stator

14
Instant (1)

Supply current zero

So magnetic field is also zero

15
 Instant (2)

• Supply current positive 0.5Im

• A is dot
• A’ is cross
So magnetic field is downwards and increases from 0 to 0.5Bm

16
 Instant (3)

• Supply current positive Im

• A is dot (bigger)
• A’ is cross (Bigger)
So magnetic field is downwards and increases from 0.5 Bm to Bm

17
 Instant (4)

• Supply current positive 0.5Im

• A is dot (smaller)
• A’ is cross (smaller)
So magnetic field is downwards but reduces from Bm to 0.5Bm

18
 Instant (5)

Supply current zero

So magnetic field comes back from 0.5 Bm to zero

19
 Instant (6)

• Supply current negative 0.5Im

• A is cross
• A’ is dot
So magnetic field is upwards and increases from 0 to 0.5Bm

20
So…
This process continues to generate a pulsating field
Stator magnetic field
• Changes magnitude with time
• But physically stationary (does not rotate)

21
 Pulsating field

• The resultant MMF in a 1-ph IM is thus pulsating in nature

• Variation in its magnitude being sinusoidal with respect to time
• Time period of pulsation being same as that of the sinusoidal
supply

22
1-phase induction motor can’t start to rotate by itself

Due to the absence of any rotating magnetic field (RMF)

• The rotor cannot start to rotate since there is no

starting torque
• The rotor thus simply tends to vibrate

• Some external auxiliary arrangements are thus necessary

to start a single phase induction motor and bring it to
running condition

• Once the motor can be started by some external methods,

in any direction, it can continue rotation in that
direction.
23
Principle of operation

24
 Generation of RMF
• The basic requirement for generating a rotating
magnetic field (RMF) in a motor is that

– There must be more than one magnetic fields

present
• with certain time-phase difference
• and space-phase difference between themselves

25
 Single phase induction motor
• Single-phase induction motors
– Has a single main winding in stator
– Supplied from a 1-phase supply
– The resultant magnetic field is pulsating in nature
• Varies in magnitude
• But, does not vary in space
– Thus, there is no RMF
– Thus rotor can’t start to rotate

• A single phase induction motor thus does not have any

starting torque
• But it will rotate in any of the directions in which an
initial thrust is given

26
 Single phase induction motor
• A single phase induction motor does not have any
starting torque
• But it will rotate in any of the directions in which an
initial thrust is given

These two phenomena can be described by two theories:

• Double Revolving Field Theory (DRFT)
• Cross Field Theory (CFT)

27
 Double Revolving Field Theory
• The pulsating stator flux can be resolved into two
oppositely rotating flux waves (RMFs)
– Both of equal amplitude
 120 f 
– Both moving at the synchronous speed  NS 
 P


– But rotating in opposite directions

• One flux component is called the forward rotating flux (f)

• The other is called the backward (or reverse) rotating flux
(b)

• The resultant of these two oppositely rotating fluxes create

the main pulsating stator flux (s)

28
 Two rotating fields in stator
• One clockwise RMF
• The other anti-clockwise RMF

f b

29
Double rotating field

The pulsating MMF is

created by resultant of
these two oppositely
rotating RMFs
(vector summation)

• The pulsating stator flux

magnitude varies
sinusoidally with time
• But its axis always
remains the same in space
30
 Double rotating field – space variation
• At the given instant shown
• The stator flux is maximum in  a
the vertical direction
• But is zero along the horizontal A’ A

direction (inter-polar axis)

• (being perpendicular to the coil
axis)
• Around the circular air gap, the (a)
effect of stator flux is thus
• co-sinusoidally distributed in
space with respect to the stator
winding
a
-900 00 900
(b)
31
 Double rotating field
Instantaneous value of the resultant pulsating stator flux at any
time t and at any angular spatial position  along the air gap
periphery can thus be represented as: Magnitude variation

 s   sm sin  t cos 
Space variation

s  sm sint     sint   

1
2

  sm sin t      sm sin t   

1 1
2 2

32
 Double rotating field
A single flux wave is thus broken into two components

s  sm sint     sm sint   

1 1
2 2

Forward RMF Backward RMF

• Both have same magnitude (sm/2)
• Same frequency (), i.e. same speed
• But opposite directions ( +  and - ) in space
The RMF component travelling in the direction of rotor movement is
referred to as the forward RMF (f) and the other, travelling in a
direction opposite to that of the rotor movement is called the
backward RMF (b). 33
 Double rotating field

s  sm sint     sm sint   

1 1
2 2

Forward RMF Backward RMF

• These two RMFs will individually produce

torques on the rotor like in normal 3-phase IM
• But since the RMFs are in opposite directions,
the torques they produce on the rotor will also
be on opposite directions
• Thus, the two torques cancel out each other and
motor cannot start (zero starting torque)
34
 Double rotating field
• If by some method the rotor is given an initial thrust
• Overall torque in that direction becomes more than the other direction
• The rotor thus starts rotating in the direction of the thrust
• And reaches a steady state speed Nr in the forward direction.

35
 Double rotating field
• The relative speed between the forward RMF f and the rotor is
(Ns – Nr).
Ns  Nr
• Slip due to the forward RMF is: fs  s
Ns

36
 Double rotating field
• However, rotor speed relative to the backward RMF is (Ns + Nr).
• Slip due to the backward RMF is given by:
N s  N r 2 N s  N s  N r 2 N s  N s  N r   Ns  Nr 
sb     2   
Ns Ns Ns  Ns 
 2  s 

37
 Double rotating field
Slip w.r.t forward field sf s
Slip w.r.t backward field sb (2 – s )

38
Torque-slip characteristics

39
 Torque-speed graph of 1-ph IM
• So, according to DRFT, a 1-phase IM can be thought of
to be like two 3-phase IMs working together

• Both the two RMF components will act on the rotor

• Produce torques in the rotor like in 3-phase IM

• But these two torques will be oppositely directed

• Resultant torque is summation of these two component

torques

40
Torque-speed graph of 1-ph IM

Tf

T = Tf + Tb

Tb

41
Torque-speed graph of 1-ph IM
Torque is zero at starting
i.e. NO starting torque
Peak torque in a single
phase IM is lower than a 3-
Non-zero
phase IM torque both in
forward becomes
Torque and zeroreverse
again
directions,
at a speed i.e. if the
lower thanmotor
the
can be started
synchronous speedby(this
some is
external
not the casemethod, it IM,
in a 3-phase can
continue
where thetotorque
run ingoes
either
downof
thezero
to directions
only at synchronous
speed)

Thus, speed of a 1-ph IM is

generally lower than the
speed of a 3-ph IM

42
Torque-speed graph of 1-ph IM
Torque is zero at starting
i.e. NO starting torque
Peak torque in a single
phase IM is lower than a 3-
phase IM
Non-zero torque both in
forward and reverse
directions, i.e. if the motor
can be started by some
external method, it can
continue to run in either of
the directions

Torque becomes zero again Thus, speed of a 1-ph IM is

at a speed lower than the generally lower than the
synchronous speed (this is speed of a 3-ph IM
not the case in a 3-phase IM,
where the torque goes down
to zero only at synchronous
speed) 43
 Double revolving field theory
• Thus, in summary of DRFT:

• The pulsating magnetic field in the stator of a 1-phase IM can

be resolved into two oppositely rotating RMFs
• These two RMFs combine together to produce the resultant
torque
• The resultant torque at starting is zero
• The resultant torque is non-zero beyond the starting period
• If an external thrust is applied, the motor will start and
continue to rotate in the direction of thrust

44
Starting methods

45
 Starting Methods of Single phase induction motor

• To start a single-phase induction motor rotating, some

special methods must be employed to provide the initial
starting torque.
– Mechanically the rotor can be given an initial thrust
– But, it is always preferable to use some electrical methods for
providing the initial starting torque

46
 Starting Methods of Single phase induction motor

• The various electrical methods employed for producing

the starting torque in a single phase induction motor are:
– Split phase starting
• Resistance split phase type 1-ph IM
• Capacitor start type 1-ph IM
• Capacitor start and run type 1-ph IM
• Capacitor run type 1-ph IM
– Shaded pole type 1-ph IM
– Repulsion start type 1-ph IM
– Reluctance start type 1-ph IM
47
 Split-phase starting type motors
• A condition similar to a 2-phase IM is created
– Two stator coils with certain space difference
– Two supply currents with certain time difference
– so that a rotating magnetic field is produced

• This is achieved by providing a starting or

auxiliary winding in the stator in addition to
the main winding
• This auxiliary winding is displaced from the
main winding by 900 in space
48
 Split-phase starting type motors

The auxiliary winding is displaced from the main winding

by 900 in space
49
 Split-phase starting type motors
• A condition similar to a 2-phase IM is created
– Two stator coils with certain space difference
– Two supply currents with certain time difference
– so that a rotating magnetic field is produced

• The resistance and reactance (inductive or capacitive) of

the two stator windings are made different

• Thus, when a 1-phase voltage supply is given to both

windings together

• The currents flowing through the two windings will have

a certain time-phase difference between them due to
different X/R ratio (different power factor angle)
50
 Split-phase starting type motors
• Thus, although the supply is only a 1-phase

• Currents flowing through the two windings will have a certain time-
phase difference between them due to different X/R ratio (different
power factor angle)

• Currents flowing through the two windings are hence to some extent
similar to 2-phase currents

• A rotating magnetic field will, therefore, be produced which will

develop starting torque on the rotor

• Once the motor has started rotating, it will continue to rotate in the
forward direction
• Once started, the extra auxiliary winding may be cut out from the
supply
51
 Split phase starting

• Resistance split phase type 1-ph IM

• Capacitor start type 1-ph IM
• Capacitor start and run type 1-ph IM
• Capacitor run type 1-ph IM

52
 Resistance split phase motor
• Main wdg (M)
• Auxiliary wdg (A) CF
• Axes at 900
• Centrifugal switch (CF) I
IA
• Single phase supply given
to both wdgs in parallel
• Main wdg current IM A IM
• Auxiliary wdg current IA
M
• Total supply current I Rotor
• Main wdg flux
• Auxiliary wdg flux
• Note the 900 space
difference between these
two fluxes
• Rotor

53
 Resistance split phase motor
• The main winding is
designed to have
CF

lower resistance
(thick wire) than the IA
auxiliary winding
(thin wire) A IM
• RM < RA
M
Rotor

• Leakage reactance of the main winding is intentionally made

higher than the auxiliary winding by using deeper slots and
larger number of turns for the main winding
• XM > XA
54
 Resistance split phase motor Phasor
Phasor diagram

V
IA


IM
I
• RM < RA • IM more lagging to V than IA
• XM > XA • Supply current I (resultant of IM and IA) is
lagging in nature
• X. 
X
 M   A
R R • The main winding current IM lags the
auxiliary winding current IA by an angle 
M A

< 900
55
 Resistance split phase motor
• The main and auxiliary windings thus have 900 phase difference
in space
• And their currents have phase difference () in time (something
less than 90 0though)
• The resulting flux created by the two windings will be rotating in
nature, as in a 2-phase induction motor
• This RMF will produce torque on the rotor which thus starts
rotating
• However, the time-phase difference between the two stator
currents is not exactly 900
• Hence the motor will behave like an unbalanced 2-phase
induction motor, experiencing some torque and speed ripples

56
 Resistance split phase motor - CF Switch
• Once the rotor starts rotating, it will continue to rotate
• Therefore, there is no need for the auxiliary winding to
remain connected to the supply

• After the motor has reached approximately 70 – 80% of the

synchronous speed, the auxiliary winding is cut off from the
circuit by the use of a centrifugal switch (CF)

• The rotating contacts in a centrifugal switch opens automatically

due to centrifugal force at the desired speed against a spring
tension
• Thereby cutting out the auxiliary winding from the supply
• Once the motor is switched off, the spring brings back the CF
switch in the aux wdg circuit, to be used during next start
57
Resistance split phase motor - Torque

58
 Starting Methods of Single phase induction motor

• The various electrical methods employed for producing

the starting torque in a single phase induction motor are:
– Split phase starting
• Resistance split phase type 1-ph IM
• Capacitor start type 1-ph IM
• Capacitor start and run type 1-ph IM
• Capacitor run type 1-ph IM
– Shaded pole type 1-ph IM
– Repulsion start type 1-ph IM
– Reluctance start type 1-ph IM
59
 Capacitor start type 1-ph IM
•Two coils are present in the stator (main & auxiliary)
• The supply current is split between these two coils
• A capacitor is connected with the auxiliary winding

60
 Capacitor start type 1-ph IM
• Also called “Capacitor split phase type motor”
• One AC electrolytic capacitor along with the CF switch is
connected in series with the auxiliary winding

61
 Capacitor start type 1-ph IM
Phasor diagram
IA

 V
I
C
IM

• By choosing a proper value of the capacitor, it is possible to create a

phase difference of close to 900 between the currents in auxiliary and
main windings
• The motor thus can act closely like a 2-phase induction motor and
can have adequate starting torque to start rotating
• Since the phase angle between main and auxiliary winding currents
is high (close to 900), the starting torque, which is proportional to
IMIAsin, is also high 62
 Capacitor start type 1-ph IM

• Once the motor has picked up speed to nearly 75-80% of

synchronous speed, the centrifugal switch disconnects the
auxiliary winding and the capacitor from supply
• Motor can continue rotating with the main winding only
• The starting torque in capacitor split-phase motor is more than
that in a resistance split-phase motor.

63
 Capacitor start type 1-ph IM

Aux + Cap
+ Main wdg

• The torque-speed graph is similar to the resistance split phase motor

• Only difference is that the starting torque value is higher for a
capacitive split phase motor
64
 Capacitor start & run type 1-ph IM
•Two coils are present in the stator (main & auxiliary)
• The supply current is split between these two coils
• Two capacitors are used in the auxiliary winding

65
 Capacitor start & run type 1-ph IM
• To improve both starting as well as running performance, two capacitors
are used in the auxiliary winding

• A capacitor C1 (electrolytic) is connected in parallel with a 2nd capacitor C2

(OIP) in the auxiliary winding.

66
 Capacitor start & run type 1-ph IM
• The combined effect of (C1 + C2) makes almost 900 phase shift between
auxiliary and main winding currents IA and IM.
IA Phasor diagram

 I
V

IM
• C1 is connected during the starting period only
• The centrifugal switch disconnects C1 automatically at about 75% of
synchronous speed
• The capacitor C2 along with the auxiliary winding are kept permanently in
the circuit.
67
 Capacitor start & run type 1-ph IM

• Keeping the capacitor C2 present during running state

• Makes the motor to behave always closely as a 2-phase IM
• Smooth running
• Reduced torque ripples
• Less noise
• Provides higher full load speed
• Improves the power factor

68
 Capacitor run type 1-ph IM
• Two coils are present in the stator (main & auxiliary)
• The supply current is split between these two coils
• Only one big capacitor is used permanently with aux winding

69
 Capacitor run type motor (fan)
• Only one capacitor is connected in series with the auxiliary
winding permanently without any centrifugal switch

The motor is also called a

permanent split capacitor
motor.

• The auxiliary winding along with the capacitor C remains

energized for both starting and running conditions
70
 Capacitor run type motor
• By choosing proper value of the capacitor in the auxiliary
winding circuit, it is possible to make a time-phase difference
as close as possible to 900 between the auxiliary and main
winding currents IA and IM

• So that the motor behaves like a 2-phase induction motor

providing enough starting torque to start the rotor rotating

• Since the capacitor is always connected to the circuit, power

factor of the motor is improved considerably

• Since the motor can be made to behave as a balanced 2-phase

induction motor by proper choice of the capacitor value,
performance of the motor will be less noisy with less torque
pulsations during running
71
Equivalent diagram

No centrifugal switch

72
 Capacitor run type motor - Torque

• It behaves like a 2-phase induction motor providing both

starting as well as running torque

• Used in ceiling fan, table fan etc.

73
 Starting Methods of Single phase induction motor

• The various electrical methods employed for producing

the starting torque in a single phase induction motor are:
– Split phase starting
• Resistance split phase type 1-ph IM
• Capacitor start type 1-ph IM
• Capacitor start and run type 1-ph IM
• Capacitor run type 1-ph IM
– Shaded pole type 1-ph IM
– Repulsion start type 1-ph IM
– Reluctance start type 1-ph IM
74
 Shaded pole type 1-ph IM
• Only one main winding in stator
• Copper shading ring on stator pole

75
 Shaded pole type 1-ph IM
• Used for small motors (fractional HP) requiring only small
starting torque

76
 Shaded pole type 1-ph IM

• Stator stampings (laminations) for such machines are of salient

(projected) pole structure (like DC machine pole structure)
• Each pole face is divided in two sections
• Low resistance copper bands (shading coils) are surrounded over
the smaller section (one third part of the pole face) in closed loops
• The other two third portion of pole face remains un-shaded
• Only one exciting coil in stator (no auxiliary winding)
• Single phase supply is given to the exciting coil wound on the pole
core.

77
 Shaded pole type 1-ph IM

ESC M

• When a single phase supply is applied to the stator winding, an

alternating magnetic field (M ) is created at the poles
• This alternating flux M links with the shading coil placed on the pole
and induces an EMF (Esc) in the shading coil
• This EMF Esc lags behind the main flux M by 900 in time phase

 d M 
 E sc  dt 
 

78
 Shaded pole type 1-ph IM

M
ISC SC
ESC

• The resulting current Isc that flows in the short circuited copper shading
band lags behind the EMF Esc by a certain phase angle decided by
resistance and reactance of the shading band
 E SC 
 I SC  
 Z SC 
• This current in the shading band produces its own flux sc that is in the
same phase with the current Isc

 NI 
 
Reluctance 
79
 Shaded pole type 1-ph IM

IA

M SC
M
Phasor diagram
M ESC ISC SC
ESC
ISC
 Flux in the un-shaded portion of
pole face (M) leads the flux in the
SC shaded portion (sc) in time phase

80
 Shaded pole type 1-ph IM

IA

M SC
M
• M and sc thus have
• Time phase difference (sc lags M )
ESC • Space difference (different physical locations
of the pole)
ISC
Presence of these two fluxes with certain time phase as
well as space phase difference between themselves
SC generates a RMF in the air gap

Thus, the motor develops a starting torque, and the rotor starts rotating
81
 Shaded pole type 1-ph IM

IA

M SC
M M Leads sc

ESC
ISC

SC

82
 Shaded pole type 1-ph IM

IA
SC M

• M Leads sc
• The resultant flux in the air gap thus reaches its peak along
the un-shaded portion first followed by the shaded portion
• The direction of rotation of the air gap RMF is thus also
from the un-shaded portion towards the shaded portion of
the pole
• The rotor will thus start and continue to rotate in a direction
from un-shaded towards shaded region of the pole. 83
 Shaded pole type 1-ph IM – Torque

• Starting torque is not zero…. (though very less)

84
 Repulsion start motor
• One winding in stator
• DC machine armature type winding in rotor

85
 Repulsion start motor
• The stator in repulsion start type motor carries a single phase winding
supplied from a single phase source (no auxiliary winding)
• The rotor carries a DC armature type winding, connected to
commutator segments at one end.
• The brushes placed on the commutator segments are short circuited on
themselves and are not connected electrically to any external circuit.

Armature
Armature conductors

Commutator
Bearing

Shaft

86
Repulsion start motor

87
 Repulsion start motor

• When a 1-phase AC voltage is supplied to the stator winding, an

EMF is induced in the rotor conductors (DC armature) due to
transformer action
• When the rotor circuit is closed by short circuiting the brushes, a
current flows in the rotor winding
• This rotor current generates rotor flux
• This process depends on initial position of the rotor 88
 Repulsion start motor – Case 1:  = 900
• When  = 900
• Brush axis and stator coil
axes are at right angles to
each other
• The magnetic axis of stator
and rotor coils are also in
quadrature
• Therefore, there will be no
mutual induction between
stator and rotor windings
• Hence, there is no induced
EMF in the rotor
• Hence no rotor current, no
rotor flux
• And hence no
So, the rotor cannot start to rotate and electromagnetic torque is
developed
remains at standstill
89
 Repulsion start motor – Case 2:  = 00
Thus no starting torque could be
developed, and the rotor remains at
standstill
• When  = 00,
• The magnetic axis of stator and rotor
fluxes coincides
• At this condition the mutual coupling
between stator and rotor windings is
maximum
• Transformer EMF induced in the
rotor thus circulates large current
through the rotor windings and the
two brushes
• Rotor current produces a rotor flux
that is along the direction of rotor
axis
• Since both stator and rotor fluxes are
along the same axis, they tend to
directly cancel out each other (no
space difference)
• Hence no RMF
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Repulsion start motor – Case 3: 00<< 900
•When the brush axis is at a
certain inclination between 00
and 900 with respect to the
stator axis

•The mutual coupling is non-

zero

•Rotor has induced current

•So, rotor flux is also produced

•Stator and rotor fluxes are

along different axes
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Repulsion start motor – Case 3: 00<< 900
S
•Attraction between opposite
a poles in stator & rotor
•between S at “a” and N at
N
d
r
S
“d”,
•also between N at “b” and S
r
at “c”
c •or in other words, repulsion
N S between similar poles in
stator and rotor
b •Results in clockwise
direction of rotation of the
s

N
rotor
The name repulsion motor comes from this fact that similar
poles in stator and rotor repel each other to start the motor
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 Repulsion start motor
• When the motor attains a speed of about 2/3rd of
synchronous speed

• A centrifugally operated mechanism within the rotor opens

the brush connections

• And short circuits all the commutator segments

• Thereby converting the DC armature into the equivalent of a

squirrel cage type short circuited winding

• After this switching operation has been automatically

performed, the motor continues to run as a 1-phase induction
motor
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 Repulsion start motor - Torque
• The developed torque during repulsion period is proportional to
the square of supply current
• Thus the torque-speed curve of a repulsion start motor is similar
to that of a DC series motor during the starting period
• After the centrifugal
switch operation, the
torque-speed curve
follows that of an
induction motor
• Overall curve follows that
of a compound motor
(starting like series,
running like shunt)
The high starting torque available makes this motor suitable for
load with large friction
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 Reluctance start motor
• Non-uniform air gap between stator poles and rotor
• Only one winding in stator (no aux winding)

95
 Reluctance start motor
• In this method, starting torque is achieved by creating non-uniform
air gap at the stator salient poles

96
 Reluctance start motor
• Air gap under one half of the pole face is more than the air gap
under the other half of the pole face
• Poles windings placed on the pole core are supplied from the
single-phase AC source

• Due to non-uniform air gap between the pole face and

rotor surface, reluctance to the flux path varies from stator
pole to rotor.
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 Reluctance start motor
• Due to variation of reluctance, the flux in the portion where there
is greater air gap will be more in phase with the supply current
• There will be a larger phase lag between the flux and the supply
current where there is a lower reluctance, i.e. where the air gap is
smaller.
• Since both the fluxes are produced by the same supply current, the
flux across the larger air gap will lead the flux across the smaller
air gap.
A leads B

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 Reluctance start motor
A leads B

• Thus, in the air gap, there are two fluxes that are at certain
time-phase difference and also are located at different
positions in space
• Thus, interaction of these two fluxes will develop a rotating
magnetic field in the air gap
• RMF direction is from the longer air gap region to the
shorter air gap region.
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Thank You

100