Physics Important Revision Notes and Tables

Property ⍺ rays β rays ɣ rays

Helium nucleus (,He consisting They are

They are electrons (1e), basic elementary particle in all
What are they? of two protons and two electromagnetic waves
atoms.
neutrons. consisting of photons.
Positively charged particles. Neutral particles.
Negatively charged particles. Charge of each beta particle = -
Charge Charge of each alpha particle = Charge of each gamma
e
+2e particle = zero
Ionising power High 100x Beta 10k x Gamma Low Very low

Penetrating
Low penetrating power / Paper High Penetrating Power
power / Stopped Medium penetrating power / Aluminium Foil (mm)
(mm) / thick lead block (cm)
By
Effect of electric Deflected by both the fields. (in Deflected by both the fields; but the direction of deflection is
They are not deflected
and magnetic accordance with Fleming's left opposite to that for alpha rays. (in accordance with Fleming's
by both the fields.
field hand rule) left hand rule)
Magnetic field Attracted to South pole Attracted to North pole Not deflected by any

Electric field Attracted to negative Attracted to positive Not deflected by any

Distance
5cm 15cm Several Metres
Travelled

Converging Lens

Object distance (u) Type of image Image distance (v) Uses

Infinity - inverted - real - diminished At F - object lens of a telescope

Beyond 2F - inverted - real - diminished Between F and 2F camera eye

At 2F - inverted - real - same size At 2F - photocopier making same-sized copy

Between F and 2F - inverted - real - magnified Beyond 2F - projector - photograph enlarger

at F - - upright - virtual - magnified Infinity - to produce a parallel beam of light, e.g. a spotlight

Physics Important Revision Notes and Tables 1

 Less than F - upright - virtual - magnified Behind the Object - magnifying glass

Diverging Lens

Object Location Image Location Image Nature Image Size

Infinity At F1 Virtual and Erect Highly diminished, point-sized

Beyond Infinity and Optical Centre Between Focus (F1) and Optical center (0) Virtual and Erect Diminished

Lenz Law

An electric current has its own magnetic field right? The direction of this magnetic field can be found using right hand grip/screw
rule (thumbsup one). So lenz law basically states that, this current is always in such a direction that it opposes / works against
the magnetic flux of some other magnetic field.

So if I put a current in a magnetic field, the direction of the current will be in such a way that its own magnetic field doesn’t
contribute to the already existing magnetic field, cus thats not physically possible, that wud be a endless loop of continuos
vertical flux.

So basically

Current between two magnets. The magnetic field is North to South, the current will be in a direction such that its own magnetic
field (found by grip rule) will be opp to that

Wave Properties

Wave Angle /
Situation Frequency Speed Process Extra Image
Length Direction

Towards
Deeper to Shallow Same Decreases Decreases Refraction Wave travels slowly
the Normal

Away from
Shallow to Deeper Same Increases Increases Refraction Wave travels faster
the Normal

Very Narrow Gap <<<

Same Same Same Reflection Reflects Back / Cannot Pass ~
WaveLength

Gap = (Similar/Smaller) True Diffraction / Full Curves /

Same Same Same Diffraction ~
Wavelength Wider as it goes

Physics Important Revision Notes and Tables 2

 Wave Angle /
Situation Frequency Speed Process Extra Image
Length Direction

Wide Gap > Slight Diffraction on the edges

Same Same Same Diffraction ~
Wavelength / Rectilinear Propagation

Diffraction Around Edge / Rest

Edge Same Same Same Diffraction ~
reflected back
Diffraction around Obstacle.
Obstacle Same Same Same Diffraction ~
Obstacle Reflected Backwards

Angle I =
Full Barrier Same Same Same Reflection Wave reflects back
Angle R

Approx Approx
Type of
Wavelength Wavelength Uses Extra Danger Mnemonic Mnem
Radiation
Range Range / m

Radio and
Television
Radio / Radio Longest
1 m - km > 0.1 Transmissions Romeo’s Ragin
Waves Wavelength
(Sound, Pictures)
and Astronomy

international
telecommunications
and direct
Internal heating
Microwaves 0.01mm - 1 cm 0.1 to 10 ^ -3 broadcast satellite Majorly Martia
of body cells
television,
microwave ovens,
Radar Detection
Electric grills, short
range
communications,
intruder alarms,
10 ^ -3 to 7 * 10 Radiant Heat,
Infra-Red 0.7µm - 0.01mm
^ -7
thermal imaging,
optical fibres,
℃
500 , Red Hot
Skin Burns Injured Invad

satellite weather
forecasting, drying
paints

Red: 0.0007 mm Vision,

4*10^-7 to
Light Violet: Photography, Sun Leg Venus
7*10^-7
0.0004mm Illumination

security marking, Damage to

High exposure is
detecting fake bank surface cells
Ultraviolet 0.1µm - 0.4µm 10 ^ -7 to 10 ^ -8 harmful, Mercury Used Using
notes, sterilising and eyes, skin
Lamp
water, cancer

Absorbed by
living cells,
medical scanning, Mutation,
X-Rays 1nm - 0.1µm 10^-8 to 10^-13 cannot pass X-ray X-Ray
security scanners Damage to cells
through metals,
X-Ray Tube
sterilising food and
medical equipment,
High
detection of cancer
penetrating, Mutation,
Gamma Rays 0.01nm 10^-10 to 10^-16 and its treatment, Grilling Guns
Radioactive Damage to cells
detecting flaws in
Matter
engineering
equipment

Particles from
outer-space
Cosmic Rays 10^-12 to 10^-14
(sun) at high
speed / energy

Scalar Quantities: Distance, Speed, Time, Mass, Energy, Temperature

Physics Important Revision Notes and Tables 3

 Vector Quantities: Velocity, Weight, Gravitational Field Strength, Acceleration, Electric Field Strength, Momentum, Force

Relation in circular motion:

1. speed increases if force increases, with mass and radius constant

2. radius decreases if force increases, with mass and speed constant

3. an increased mass requires an increased force to keep speed and radius

constant

Definitions:

Normal: A normal is a perpendicular line drawn to a surface , at the exact point where the incident ray hits the surface

Angle of Incidence: It is the angle between the incident ray and the normal.
Angle of Reflection: It is the angle between the reflected ray and the normal.

Critical Angle: Critical angle is that angle of incidence , for which the angle of refraction is 90

Focal Length: Focal length is the distance between the centre of the lens (optical center) and the focal point.
Principal Axis: A line which passes through the centre of a lens

Principal Focus: Principal focus or the focal point is the point where rays of light travelling parallel to the principal axis intersect
the principal axis and converge.

Electromotive Force: Electrical work done by a source in moving a unit charge around a complete circuit

Kilowatt Hour:
Nuclear Fission: Nuclear fission is the splitting of a large atomic nucleus into smaller nuclei

Nuclear Fusion: Nuclear fusion is when two small, light nuclei join together to make one heavier nucleus

Energy Source Original Source Details Advantages Disadvantages

Sun Energy —> Electrical

Renewable Reliable Remote Large Scale Expensive Visual
Solar Cells Sun Power Semiconducting
Areas Pollution Not Reliable
Materials

Renewable Reliable No
Heat Water Focus Sun rays
Solar Panels Sun Greenhouse Emissions Large Scale Not Reliable
on one area
Reduce energy bill costs
Years to form Non-Renewable
Coal, Natural Gas, Crude
Fossil Fuels Sun Readily Available Reliable Decreasing Supply Greenhouse
Oil
Effect Acid Rain
Nuclear Energy Radioactive Sources Heating systems

Time consuming Land and

Renewable Source Carbon
Bio Fuels Sun Plant matter resources Carbon Dioxide
Neutral
Release
Nuclear Fission, nucleus
No pollution Safe Reliable and Finite Supply Non-renewable
Nuclear Fuel Nuclear Sources broken into 2. Power
Available Radioactive waste
stations heat water
Tides (Arguable Expensive Threaten marine
No pollution Reliable
Wave and Tide caused by Sun but acc Rise and fall of waves habitats Few Locations Large
Renewable Small Systems
to syllabus no) Scale
(Hydroelectric) Gravitation Potential Reliable and Available Large Destroy Habitats Greenhouse
Sun
Dams Energy, Turbine Scale Electricity Generator Gases
Radioactivity in Earths
Renewable source Reliable
Geothermal Earths Core core, heated water by Small Scale production
Source
earths rocks

Physics Important Revision Notes and Tables 4