General and Inorganic Chemistry

Lecture 6 Colligative Properties

of Solutions. Protolytic Equilibria

Irina Shtobbe
Altay State Medical University

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Plan of the Lecture

1. Colligative properties: vapor pressure lowering, freezing point

depression, boiling point elevation, osmotic pressure

2. Cell osmosis: plasmolysis, hemolysis

3. Acid-base theory

4. Autoprotolysis, hydrogen and hydroxide indexes

5. Dissociation degree, Ostwald’s dilution law

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Solutions
The solute is gas or solid dissolved in a liquid (the solute is the component
in smaller amount).

The solvent is the liquid (the solvent is the component in greater amount).

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Colligative properties of solutions
Colligative property is a property of a solution that depends only on
the number of solute particles and not on the chemical identity of the
solute

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Colligative properties. Vapor pressure lowering

Vapor-pressure lowering of a solvent is a colligative property equal to the

vapor pressure of the pure solvent minus the vapor pressure of the
solution.

Water at 20°C has a vapor pressure of 17.54 mmHg. Ethylene glycol,

CH2OHCH2OH, is a liquid whose vapor pressure at 20°C is relatively low. An
aqueous solution containing 0.01 mole fraction of ethylene glycol has a
vapor pressure of 17.36 mmHg. Thus, the vapor-pressure lowering, ∆P, of
water is

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Colligative properties. Vapor pressure lowering. Raoult’s law

Raoult’s law: the partial pressure

of solution, PA, equals
the vapor pressure of
the pure solvent, PA0,
times the mole fraction
of solvent, XA,
in the solution

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Colligative properties. Vapor pressure lowering. Raoult’s law
An ideal solution of substances A and B is
one in which both
substances follow
Raoult’s law for all
values of mole
fractions

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Vapor pressure lowering. Example of calculation
Calculate the vapor-pressure lowering of water when 5.67 g of glucose,
C6H12O6, is dissolved in 25.2 g of water at 25°C. The vapor pressure of
water at 25°C is 23.8 mmHg. What is the vapor pressure of the
solution?

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Colligative properties. Freezing-Point Depression

Freezing-point depression is the decrease in the freezing point of a

liquid caused by adding a solute

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Freezing-Point Depression. Example of calculation
1.If we add 275 g of ethylene glycol, C2H6O2, a nondissociating
molecular compound, per 1000. g of water in a car radiator, what
will be the freezing point of this solution (Kf = 1.86 °C/m)?

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Freezing-Point Depression. Example of calculation
2.What will be the freezing point of the resulting solution if we
dissolve one mole of potassium sulfate, K2SO4, in 1000. g of
water (i = 3, Kf = 1.86 °C/m)?

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Colligative properties. Boiling-Point Elevation

The boiling-point elevation, ∆Tb, is a colligative property of a

solution equal to the boiling point of the solution minus the boiling
point of the pure solvent.

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Boiling-Point Elevation. Example of calculation
An aqueous solution is 0.0222 m glucose. What are the boiling
point elevation in this solution? Kb for water is 0.512°C/m. What
is boiling point of the result solution?

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Colligative properties. Osmotic Pressure. Vant-Hoff’s Law
Osmosis is the phenomenon of solvent flow
through a semipermeable membrane to
equalize the solute concentrations on both
sides of the membrane

Osmotic pressure is a colligative property

of a solution, equal to the pressure that,
when applied to the solution, just stops
osmosis

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Colligative properties. Cell osmosis
Hemolysis (endoosmosis) is swelling of red blood cells as a result of
osmosis of fluid from plasma in hypotonic solutions

Plasmolysis (exoosmosis) is shrinkage of red blood cells due to osmosis of fluid

into plasma in hypertonic solutions

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Electrolytes
Cation is a positive ion
Anion is a negative ion
Anode is the positive electrode
Cathode is the negative electrode

Electrolyte is a substance, that

conducts an electric current when
dissolved in water or when in
the molten state

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Electrolytes
Nonelectrolyte is a substance that does not conduct electricity

Strong electrolytes are compounds that dissociate completely

Weak electrolytes are compounds that dissociate only partially into

ions

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Acids and bases. Bronsted acidity
Johannes Bronsted in Denmark and Thomas Lowry in England proposed in
1923 that the essential feature of an acid–base reaction is the transfer of a
hydrogen ion, H+, from one species to another
A Bronsted acid is a proton donor
A Bronsted base is a proton acceptor.

An amphiprotic substance,
a substance that can act as both
a Bronsted acid and a Bronsted base

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Acids and bases. Bronsted acidity
Proton transfer between acids and bases is fast in both directions, so we have
the dynamic equilibrium

When a species donates a proton, it becomes the conjugate base

When a species gains a proton, it becomes the conjugate acid. Conjugate

acids and bases are in equilibrium in solution.

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Hydrogen index
The proton transfer from one water molecule to another is called
autoprotolysis

The extent of autoprotolysis and the composition of the solution at

equilibrium is described by the autoprotolysis constant of water Kw

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Hydrogen index

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Strengths of Bronsted acids. Monoprotic acids
The strength of a Bronsted acid is measured by its acidity
constant Ka
The higher Ka, the greater the strength of the acid

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Strengths of Bronsted acids. Polyprotic acids

A polyprotic acid is a substance that can donate more than one

proton. An example is hydrogen sulfide, H2S, a diprotic acid. For a
diprotic acid, there are two proton donations and two acidity
constants:

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Strengths of Bronsted bases

The strength of a Bronsted base is measured by its basicity

constant Kb
The higher Kb, the greater the strength of the base

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Strengths of Bronsted acids and bases

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Strong and weak acids and bases
A strong acid is a substance with pKa < 0.
A weak acid is a substance with pKa > 0
A strong base - pKb < 0
A weak base - pKa > 0
The conjugate base of any strong acid is a weak base.

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Example of acidity constant calculating

The pH of 0.145 M CH3COOH(aq) is 2.80. Calculate Ka and pKa of acid

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Dissociation degree
Dissociation degree () shows how many molecules of solute
dissociated

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Factors affecting Dissociation degree

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