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Chapter 2 Related Literature and Studies This

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CHAPTER 2RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This research study cited books, articles and laws, which are relevant to the present investigation. It is
composed of related literature and studies, both local andforeign, which contain facts and information
on the research problem at hand. It also provides explanations and logical connections between
previous researches and the present work.

RELATED LITERATUREForeign
Medical Technology is a profession concerned with providing information basedon the performance of
analytical tests on human body substances to detect evidenceof or prevent disease or impairment and
to promote and monitor good health.(Clerc, 1992)The first report on the exercise of Medical Technology
has been traced back to1500 BC by Jean M. Clerc as intestinal parasites such as taenia and ascaris
werementioned in writings of this age. The description of red blood cells, protozoans and bacteria given
by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek in the early 1700s supports claims thatmedical technology is one of the
oldest allied health professions.The practice of medicine would be impossible without the tests
performed in theclinical laboratory. Laboratory measurements and examinations provide the
hardscientific data used to deal with problems identified by the clinical evaluation and are an

19

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essential part of the information that contributes to the patient data base (Sanchez, et. al,1991).Medical
technologists may work in all general areas within the laboratory or mayspecialize in certain areas like
Clinical Chemistry, which is concerned with thedetermination of the presence and quantity of chemical
substances in the blood) or inHematology, which deals with abnormal conditions and diseases affecting
the blood.Other areas of specialization include Microbiology, primarily concerned with detection of
bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other organisms in the body; or Parasitology which isconcerned with the
identification of parasites in stool and blood samples; andImmunohematology (blood banking), which is
concerned with crossmatching andtransfusing blood products (Clerc, 1992). With these various areas of
expertise, theeducation of medical technologists extends beyond that of medical technicians such
thatthey not only perform laboratory procedures but are also able to correlate, interpret,compare and
analyze them (Semrad, 1975).Clinical laboratory scientists or medical technologists, have
severalresponsibilities in the clinical laboratory. They may perform supervisory or teachingroles or
perform tests to detect disease and may also be involved in research. They areable to recognize a
problem, identify the cause (technical, instrumental or physiologic),synthesize alternatives, and
determine solutions. They are able to confirm and verifyresults through an in-depth knowledge of
techniques, principles, and instruments. Theycorrelate and interpret data based on knowledge of
physiologic conditions affecting testresults, establish and monitor quality assurance programs, and
establish and monitor
20

safety protocols. Clinical laboratory scientists assume responsibility for and are heldaccountable for
accurate results (Clerc, 1992)In the United States, certain requirements have to be met before one may
beconsidered eligible to practice the profession. A clinical laboratory scientist or medicaltechnologist
generally has a baccalaureate degree in Medical Technology, clinicallaboratory sciences, or one of the
sciences and one of the following: (1) Completion of MT or CLS program accredited by the Committee on
Allied Health Education andAccreditation (CAHEA); Medical Laboratory Technologist (MLT) or American
Societyof Clinical Pathologists (ASCP) certification and three years of experience; (4) five yearsof work-
related experience (Clerc, 1992).

Local

History of Medical Technology in the Philippines

In the Philippines, Medical Technology practice was introduced by the 26

th

Medical Laboratory of the 6

th

US Army. The US Army established the first clinicallaboratory in the Philippines at Quiricada Street, Sta.
Cruz, and Manila where the ManilaPublic Health Laboratory is presently located. The laboratory offered
training programsto high school graduates as early as February 1944 (Rabor, 1998).The Philippine Union
College (PUC) and Medical Sanitarium offered the firstfour-year B.S. degree in Medical Technology. After
two years (1956), PUC graduated itsfirst graduate, Dr. Jesse Umali, who is a successful OB-
gynecologist.In the school year 1957 – 1958, Dr. Antonio Gabriel and Dr. Gustavo Reyes of the Faculty of
Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas offered Medical Technology as an

21

elective to 4

th

and 5

th
year B.S. Pharmacy students. Because of the popularity of MedicalTechnology among Pharmacy
students, Rev. Fr. Lorenzo Rodriguez decided to offer it asa course. It was in June 17, 1957 when a
temporary permit was issued by the Departmentof Education for first to third year students, then in
June 1960, the permit for theinternship program was issued. The full recognition of the 4-year B.S.
MedicalTechnology course was given on June 14, 1961.Many schools followed to offer the B.S. Medical
Technology course. Todayaccording to the records of the Commission on Higher Education, there
areapproximately 68 colleges and universities offering the course. The University of thePhilippines offers
a similar course but the degree conferred is B.S. Public Health.Postgraduate studies are offered B.S.
Medical Technology graduates. TheUniversity of Sto. Tomas Graduate School and the Philippine
Women’s University areoffering MS in Medical Technology. In addition, the University of the Philippines
isoffering a one-year, non-thesis degree in Master in Public Health.The training of medical technologists
has since then been clinical based. Itincluded theoretical aspects acquired in classrooms and applications
of principles in thehospital. With the increasing realization of the contribution of the nurse, the training
wasdeemed elevated as well.The Philippine government, aware of its responsibility to regulate the
practice of professions as well as to promote the public health of the people, has created the
MedicalTechnology Board in 1969 when the Philippine Legislature passed on June 1969Republic Act
5527 entitled “ The Medical Technology Act of 1969 “. Duties andfunctions of board examiners are as
follows:

22

a)Administer the provisions of this Act; b)Administer oath in connection with the administration of this
Act;c)Issue, suspend and revoke certificates of registration for the practice of medical technology;d)Look
into condition affecting the practice of medical technology in thePhilippines and, whenever necessary,
adopt such measures as may be deemed proper for the maintenance of good ethics and standards in
the practice of medical technology;e)Investigate such violations of this Act or of the rules and
regulations issuedthereunder as may come to the knowledge of the Board and, for this purposeissue
subpoena and subpoena duces tecum to secure appearance of witnessesand production of documents
in connection with charges presented to theBoard; andf)Draft such rules and regulations as may be
necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act; provided, that the same may be issued only after
theapproval of the Professional Regulation Commission (P.D. 223)g)To prescribe the qualification and
training of medical technologists as tospecial fields of the profession and supervise their specialty
examinationconducted by the professional organization of medical technologistsaccredited by the
Professional Regulation Commission (PD 498).The government’s effort would have been in vain if the
academic world remainedtacit. The remarkable concerted efforts of Medical Technology administrators
paved theway for further advancement of the Medical Technology education as both the Philippine

23

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