What is Scope Creep?

Scope creep (sometimes known as “requirement creep” or even

“feature creep”) refers to how a project’s requirements tend to
increase over a project lifecycle.
Why does it occur?
Poor management Requirements
Lack of change Control
Underestimating the Complexity of the project.
Gold plating
What Happens after scope creep?

Missing Deadlines
Increased Maintenance Costs
Lower return on investment
Additional expected loss (ex Project Cancellation)
Internal scope creep
project team decides to do more work than agreed.
External scope creep
caused by sponsors or other stakeholders
How can we reduce or remove Scope Creep?
Define scope change
Submit and Review scope change process
Track changes request and their resolutions
 A graphical depiction of project tasks and their inter-relationships.
The distinguishing feature of a network diagram is that the ordering

of tasks is shown by connecting with its predecessor and

successor tasks.
Network diagramming is a critical path scheduling technique used
for controlling resources.

Critical path scheduling

A Scheduling Technique whose order and duration of a sequence
of task activities directly affect the completion date of a project.
CRITICAL PATH
METHOD (CPM)
is a network diagramming technique used to predict total
project duration.

Developed by Walker to solve project scheduling

problems.

A critical path for a project is the series of activities that

determines the earliest time by which the project can be
completed.

mainly used in projects to determine critical as well as

non-critical tasks that will help in preventing conflicts and
reduce bottlenecks.

Slack or float is the amount of time an activity can be

delayed without delaying a succeeding activity or the
project finish date.
PROGRAM EVALUATION REVIEW
TECHNIQUE (PERT)
An activity to understand the planning, arranging, scheduling, coordinating and governing of a project.

This program helps to understand the technique of a study taken to complete a project, identify the least
and minimum time taken to complete the whole project.

PERT was developed in the 1950s by the U.S Navy, with the aim of the cost and time of a project.

PERT is a technique that uses Optimistic time (O), Pessimistic time (P) and Realistic Time (R) estimates to
calculate the EXPECTED TIME (ET) or a particular task.

The Optimistic time (o) and Pessimistic time (p) reflect the minimum and maximum possible periods of
time for an activity to be completed.

The Realistic time (r) or the Most likely time, reflects the Project manager’s “Best Guess” of the amount of
time required for a task completion.
PROGRAM EVALUATION REVIEW
TECHNIQUE (PERT)
PERT Chart is consisted of TASKS and EVENTS.
An EVENT is called a Milestone, representing a point in
time, such as the Start or Completion of a Task.
A circle or a Rectangle shape NODE is used to represent
an EVENT.
Every PERT Chart has one Beginning and one End NODE
that represents the Start and Finish of a Project.
The Earliest and Latest Time is both Zero in Starting
Event.
A TASK also called Activity, is depicted by an ARROW
Connecting Events.
A Dashed Arrow represents a DUMMY TASK which is the
dependency between two events without requiring any
resource.
PROGRAM EVALUATION REVIEW
TECHNIQUE (PERT)
PERT/CPM
Activity- on – nodes
Activity-On-Arrows

ACTIVITY-ON-NODE:
Activity-On-Nodes each
activity is represented by
nodE or a box.
 Event oriented/Visual Technique
Activity oriented/ statistical technique
manges non predictable activies
manages predictable activities
three times estimates.
single time estimates
A must for controlling time when
used to control cost and time
planning
finding a reasonable time estimate for
time is more valuable than the cost in
projects.
planning
applied mainly for construction
applied mainly for planning and
business probelms
scheduling research programmes
These methods have been applied to a wide variety of problems in
industries and have found acceptance even in government
organizations. These includes:

Construction of Dam or Canal Designing a Prototype of a

System in a region Machine
Construction of Building or Development of Supersonic
Highway planes
Maintenance or overhaul of
airplanes or oil refinery
space flight
Cost control of project using
PERT/COST
PERT and CPM are used as a means to make projects more effective
and efficient.

PERT and CPM helps project managers know how long the project
and individual tasks will take.

IIt helps them determine the best start and end dates for those tasks.

They can also see which are critical to the success of the project and
which are not.
they help you determine the schedule so you can coordinate the
work of your project team.

Make Timely Decisions

Long-Term Project Planning With Milestones

leads to greater productivity and better resource management.

PERT/CPM METHOD OF SCHEDULING