Unit 4: Lecture 2- Heat Transfer: Convection

Dr. Vaibhav S. Kathavate

Assistant Professor (Adjunct),
Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering,
COEP Technological University,
(Formerly College of Engineering Pune),
Shivajinagar, Pune 411 005,
Maharashtra, India.
From the Previous Lecture….

• Heat transfer through convection comprises of heat flow and fluid flow (mechanics).

• Therefore, the rate of heat transfer through the convection is also affected by the fluid properties

such as viscosity, density, coefficient of thermal expansion, and thermal conductivity.

• We will consider the Newton’s law of cooling for solving the problems related to convection.

• 𝒒 = 𝒉𝑨(∆𝑻)

• The convective heat transfer coefficient 𝒉 depends on;

• Type of fluid flow

• Roughness of the surface/tube/pipe/plate

• Properties of the fluid

2
Thickness of HBL/TBL and Correlation with Various Dimensionless Numbers….

Type of Flow Relation Remarks

𝑳 𝝁𝑪𝒑 𝝑
Flow in tubes = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝑹𝒆𝑷𝒓 𝑷𝒓 = =
𝑫 𝒌 𝜶
𝑽𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏
Laminar Flow in tubes = 𝟎. 𝟓
𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑽𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏
Turbulent Flow in Tubes = 𝒇(𝑹𝒆)
𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙

• HBL/TBL/MBL: The region in which the fluid velocity

changes from zero at the plate surface to its free-stream
velocity.
• There is no precise thickness of boundary layer if this
definition is used because, mathematically, the boundary
Ref- R. Karwa, Heat and Mass Transfer,
Springer, Verlag (2020). layer extends indefinitely in the 𝒚-direction. 3
 Thickness of HBL/TBL and Correlation with Various Dimensionless Numbers….

Thickness of
MBL/HBL/TBL

Velocity displacement Momentum displacement

thickness (𝜹𝑽 ) thickness (𝜹𝑴 )

∞
𝑽 Displacement of the ∞
𝑽 𝑽 Momentum flux
𝜹𝑽 = න 𝟏− 𝒅𝒚 𝜹𝑴 =න 𝟏− 𝒅𝒚
𝟎 𝑽∞ main stream 𝟎 𝑽∞ 𝑽∞ decrement due to BL

4
Thickness of HBL/TBL and Correlation with Various Dimensionless Numbers….

• Determine the maximum 𝜹𝑽 and 𝜹𝑴 if the velocity distribution is linear.

𝑽 𝒚
• Assume = and 𝑽 = 𝑽∞ at 𝒚 = 𝜹
𝑽∞ 𝜹

(i) Velocity displacement thickness 𝜹𝑽

∞
𝑽
𝜹𝑽 = න 𝟏− 𝒅𝒚 • As 𝑽 = 𝑽∞ at 𝒚 = 𝜹, the limit ∞ can be replaced with 𝜹.
𝟎 𝑽∞

𝜹 𝜹 𝜹
𝒚 𝒚 𝜹
𝜹𝑽 = න 𝟏 − 𝒅𝒚 𝜹𝑽 = න 𝒅𝒚 − න 𝒅𝒚 𝜹𝑽 =
𝟎 𝜹 𝟎 𝟎 𝜹 𝟐

5
Thickness of HBL/TBL and Correlation with Various Dimensionless Numbers….

• Determine the maximum 𝜹𝑽 and 𝜹𝑴 if the velocity distribution is linear.

𝑽 𝒚
• Assume = and 𝑽 = 𝑽∞ at 𝒚 = 𝜹
𝑽∞ 𝜹

(i) Momentum displacement thickness 𝜹𝑴

∞
𝑽 𝑽
𝜹𝑴 = න 𝟏− 𝒅𝒚 • As 𝑽 = 𝑽∞ at 𝒚 = 𝜹, the limit ∞ can be replaced with 𝜹.
𝟎 𝑽∞ 𝑽∞

𝜹 𝜹 𝜹 𝟐
𝒚 𝒚 𝒚 𝒚 𝜹
𝜹𝑴 =න 𝟏 − 𝒅𝒚 𝜹𝑴 = න 𝒅𝒚 − න 𝟐 𝒅𝒚 𝜹𝑴 =
𝟎 𝜹 𝜹 𝟎 𝜹 𝟎 𝜹 𝟔

6
Dimensionless Numbers used in Analysis of Heat Transfer Problems via Convection….

Dimensionless No. Relation Formula

𝑰𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝝆𝑽𝒅 (𝒐𝒓 𝑳)
Reynold’s Number 𝑹𝒆 =
𝑽𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝝁
𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒖𝒎 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝝁𝑪𝒑 𝝑
Prandtl’s Number 𝑷𝒓 = =
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒌 𝜶
𝒉𝑳
Nusselt’s Number 𝑪𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊. × 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊 𝑵𝒖 =
𝒌
𝒉𝑳
Biot’s Number 𝑪𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊. × 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊 𝑩𝒊 =
𝒌
𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝜶𝒕
Fourier’s Number 𝑭𝒐 =
𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑳𝟐
𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒅𝒖𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇. 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑. 𝒈𝜷(𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻∞ )𝑳𝟑
Grashof's Number 𝑮𝒓 =
𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝝑𝟐

7
Significance of Various Dimensionless Numbers in Heat Convection….

• Nusselt number and Biot Number represents the heat transfer through a fluid as a result of
convection relative to conduction across the same fluid layer.

• Prandtl number indicates the effect of momentum boundary layer 𝜹 and thermal boundary layer
thicknesses 𝜹𝑻 on heat transfer in a fluid.

• If 𝑷𝒓 > 𝟏 then 𝛿 > 𝛿𝑇 • If 𝑷𝒓 < 𝟏 then 𝜹 < 𝜹𝑻

• MBL dominates over TBL • TBL dominates over MBL

Ref- Lecture Notes by Prof. Majid Bahrami, Simon Fraser University, Canada 8
Significance of Various Dimensionless Numbers in Heat Convection….

• For low Prandtl number fluids (i.e., 𝑃𝑟 < 1) (For ex., liquid metals), heat diffusion is predominant
over momentum diffusion (as α ≫ ϑ) and the velocity boundary layer is fully contained within the
thermal boundary layer (Fig. 1).

• However, for high Prandtl number fluids, momentum diffusion is predominant over heat diffusion
(as ϑ ≫ α), and the thermal boundary layer is contained within the velocity boundary layer (Fig.
2).

Figure 1 Figure 2

Ref- Lecture Notes by Prof. Majid Bahrami, Simon Fraser University, Canada 9
Convective Heat Transfer in a Flow Over a Flat Plate….

• The problems related to heat transfer via convection in a fluid over a flat plate can be solved by
applying the principles of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy (either approximately,
numerically and experimentally).
• The properties of the fluid are usually evaluated at the film temperature defined as;
𝑻𝒔 + 𝑻∞
𝑻𝒇 =
𝟐
𝒉𝑳
• While, Nusselt number can be expressed; 𝑵𝒖 = = 𝑪(𝑹𝒆𝒎 𝒏
𝑳 )(𝑷𝒓 )
𝒌

𝒉𝑳 𝟏/𝟐
• For laminar flow: 𝑵𝒖 = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟐 (𝑹𝒆𝑳 )(𝑷𝒓𝟏/𝟑 )
𝒌

𝒉𝑳 𝟒/𝟓
• For turbulent flow: 𝑵𝒖 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟔 (𝑹𝒆𝑳 )(𝑷𝒓𝟏/𝟑 )
𝒌

𝟒
𝒉𝑳
• For mixed (L+T) flow: 𝑵𝒖 = = (𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟕𝑹𝒆𝑳 − 𝟖𝟕𝟏)(𝑷𝒓𝟏/𝟑 )
𝟓
𝒌
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Convective Heat Transfer in a Flow Over a Flat Plate….

• Engine oil at 𝟔𝟎°𝑪 flows over a 𝟓 𝒎 long flat plate whose temperature is 𝟐𝟎°𝑪 with a velocity of
𝟐 𝒎/𝒔. Determine the rate of heat transfer per unit width of the entire plate.

• Assume the following properties of the oil;

• 𝝆 = 𝟖𝟕𝟔 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝟑

• 𝒌 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟒 𝑾/𝒎 ∙ 𝑲

• 𝑷𝒓 = 𝟐𝟖𝟕𝟎

• 𝝑 = 𝟐𝟒𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒎𝟐 /𝒔

• Consider critical 𝑹𝒆𝒄 = 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓

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Convective Heat Transfer in a Flow Over a Flat Plate….

𝝆𝑽𝒅 (𝒐𝒓 𝑳) 𝑽𝑳 𝟐×𝟓

60℃ 2 𝑚/𝑠 𝑹𝒆 = = = −𝟔
= 𝟒. 𝟏𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟒
𝝁 𝝑 𝟐𝟒𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎

20℃
• The 𝑹𝒆 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟒 is less than the critical 𝑹𝒆𝒄 = 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 .
5𝑚 Therefore, we can assume that the flow is still laminar.

𝟏
𝒉𝑳 𝟏
𝑵𝒖 = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟐 𝑹𝒆𝟐𝑳 𝑷𝒓𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟐 × (𝟒. 𝟏𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟒 )𝟏/𝟐 × 𝟐𝟖𝟕𝟎𝟏/𝟑 = 𝟗𝟓𝟔
𝒌

𝒉𝑳 𝒉 × 𝟓
𝑵𝒖 = = = 𝟗𝟓𝟔 𝒉 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟓𝟑 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 ∙ 𝑲
𝒌 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟒
𝒒
𝒒 = 𝒉𝑨 𝑻∞ − 𝑻𝒔 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟓𝟑 × 𝑳 × 𝒘 × (𝟑𝟑𝟑 − 𝟐𝟗𝟑) = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟓 × 𝟓 × (𝟑𝟑𝟑 − 𝟐𝟗𝟑)
𝒘
𝒒
= ~ 𝟓𝟓𝟎𝟔 𝑾
𝒘 12