Computational Engineering Mechanics

Prasad S Shirodkar
LECTURE 01:
Introduction to Computational Engineering Mechanics
(DJS23FCES102)
Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Dept.,
Dwarkadas J. Sanghvi College of Engineering
ME (VJTI), MS (Michigan Tech. Univ.)
 Computational Engineering Mechanics (DJS23FCES102)

Computational Engineering Mechanics Laboratory (DJS23FLES102)

2
Computational Engineering Mechanics (DJS23FLES102)
Exp. List of Lab experiments
1 Verification of Polygon law of coplanar forces.
2 Verification of law of Moment using Bell crank lever.
3 Determination of Support reaction for beam.
4 Determination of coefficient of friction using Inclined plane.
5 Verification of Lami’s theorem using Jib crane.
6 Resultant of non-concurrent non-parallel coplanar force system.
7 Determination of coefficient of restitution for Collision of elastic bodies (Law of conservation of
momentum).
**List of Programming Exercises
8 Programming exercises on determination of Resultant of Coplanar Force System.
9 Programming exercises on determination of Support Reaction.
10 Programming exercises on Friction.
11 Plotting of Motion Curves.
12 Programming exercises on transformations of basic geometric 2D elements.
13 Simulating Kinematics of Rigid Body.
 Introduction
Mechanics is defined as a branch of physical science,
which describes and predicts the conditions of rest
or motion of a body, under the action of forces.
 400 BC Archytus of Tarentum - Theory of Pulleys
384-322 BC Aristotle – Theory of motion
287-212 BC Archimedes - Lever equilibrium, buoyancy principle
1452-1519 Leonardo da Vinci - Equilibrium, concept of moments
HISTORICAL TIME LINE

1473-1543 Copernicus - Proposed that the earth revolves around the sun
1548-1620 Stevinus - Inclined planes, parallelogram law for addition of forces
1564-1642 Stevinus, Galileo - Virtual work principles
1564-1642 Galileo - Dynamics of pendulums, falling bodies
1629-1695 Huygens - Accurate measurement of the acceleration due to gravity
1642-1727 Newton - Law of universal gravitation, laws of motion
1654-1722 Varignon - Work with moment and force relationships
1667-1748 Bernoulli - Application of virtual work to equilibrium
1707-1793 Euler - Rigid body systems, moments of inertia
1717-1783 D’ Alembert - Concept of inertia force
1736-1813 Lagrange - Formalized generalized equations of motion
1792-1843 Coriolis - Work with moving frames of reference
1858-1947 Planck - Quantum mechanics
1879-1955 Einstein - Theory of relativity
 MECHANICS

CLASSICAL QUANTUM
MECHANICS MECHANICS

• Classical mechanics came first, while the quantum mechanics

has been developed recently.
• Classical mechanics originated with Newton’s Laws of Motion,
• Quantum mechanics originated in 1900s.
• Quantum mechanics deals with problems at molecular and
sub atomic level (microscopic).
• Classical mechanics deals with problems at macroscopic level.
 Introduction
• Einstein’s general and special theories of relativity
• Expanded the scope of Newtonian mechanics
• Made fundamental corrections to them.
• These corrections become significant and dominant as
objects approach the speed of light.
• These corrections were also needed for quantum mechanics.
• Classical Mechanics is further divided into several
subjects.
• The subject of Applied Mechanics or Engineering
Mechanics is one of the several subjects, forming
Classical Mechanics
 Newton - Law of universal gravitation, laws of motion
• The most significant contributions in dynamics were
made by Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727).
• Built on theories presented by Galileo, Kepler, and others,
he formulated the three fundamental laws of motions,
and the law of universal gravitational attraction,
governing the movement of all objects at all times in all
circumstances.
• He published them in his book “Philosophiae Naturalis
Principia Mathematica” (mathematic principle of natural
philosophy) in 1687
 Newton’s Law …
• Newton's First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia):
• “Everybody continues to be in a state of rest or uniform
motion with constant velocity, in the same direction,
unless acted upon by external unbalanced force.”
• Hence according to Newton, the first law of motion
can be applied to any frame of reference, which is
not subjected to any external unbalanced force, and
ഥ ).
moving with a uniform velocity (𝑽
• This implies that,
ഥ = constant, where 𝑽
• 𝑽 ഥ is the velocity vector
 Newton’s Law …
• Hence, for the Newton’s first law to be applicable,
the frame of reference should neither be rotating nor
accelerating, and there should be no unbalanced
force acting on the reference frame.
• Such a frame of reference is called as inertial frame
of reference, and the resistance offered by a body to
change its state of motion is called as ‘Inertia’.
• For example, a soccer ball sitting at rest will continue to
do so unless it is acted upon by an external unbalanced
force of a kick to change its state of rest.
 Newton’s Law …
• As against this, a non-inertial frame of reference:
• does not have a constant velocity. It is accelerating.
• it could be travelling in a straight line with changing velocity.
• Such an inertial reference frame is an accelerating or
decelerating frame of reference.
• The frame of reference can be travelling along a curved path
with constant or variable magnitude velocity is also a non-
inertial frame of reference
• In a non inertial frame of reference the Newton’s laws
of motion do not hold
• Examples: An Elevator, a mass attached to a string rotating
about a fixed axis, etc.
 Newton’s Law …
• Newton’s Second Law of Motion:
• If an imbalanced force is applied to a body, the body will accelerate in
the direction of imbalanced force, with a magnitude directly
proportional to the imbalanced force. Hence
• ഥ ഥ
𝑭 𝒂
• ഥ = 𝒎ഥ
𝑭 𝒂
• Alternative statement: net (Resultant) force acting on a body is equal to
rate of change in momentum.
𝒅(𝒎𝒗)
• 𝑭=
𝒅𝒕
• Thus from the equation we can see that Newton’s First Law of Motion is
a special case of Newton’s Second Law of Motion.
ഥ = constant, hence 𝒂
• According to Newton’s First Law of Motion, 𝑽 ഥ = 0,
un-balanced external force 𝑭ഥ=𝟎
 Newton’s Law …
• Newton's Third Law of Motion:
• “Every action have equal, and opposite reaction.”
• Eg. Force required to propel a jet engine is also generated though
action and reaction. The engine produces hot exhaust gases which
flow out of the back of the engine. In reaction, a thrusting force is
produced in the opposite direction.
• Another example of action and reaction force can be a bat striking a
ball.

F
F
 Free Body Diagram (FBD)
• Isolate the body
• While drawing a free body diagram, only 1 body must be
considered.
• Isolate the body exactly.
• Imagine the outline of the body, for which the FBD is to be
constructed,
• Separate the body completely, from rest of the system.
• Find the point of application of forces
• Forces are generally applied at the point of contact
• Gravitational force or inertia force acts through the center of
gravity.
• Identify all the points, where forces are applied on the body.
V)

FDB: Establish the Line of Action of Forces

• Point contact: For a point of contact, if the
surface is smooth and frictionless, the
reaction force can only be applied ⊥ to
surface.
• E.g., sphere resting on smooth surface, the
reaction force acts at the point of contact
between the sphere, and the smooth surface.
• The line of action of the reaction force is
perpendicular to the surface, and passes
through the center of sphere.
• In case of cables and ropes, force can only
be tensile and acts along direction of the
cable.
• Free Body Diagram …Establish the Line of Action of Forces
• Gravitational force acts at the Centre of gravity
• Inertia force acts along Centre of inertia (not always the same as Geometrical
Center). The inertia forces are due to acceleration.
 WBOX

RTABLE

WBOX

WTABLE

RFLOOR RFLOOR
 Q1. Draw FBD of the ROD. Chose the
correct option. Assume all surfaces
are smooth. W is the self-weight of
the rod acting at its center.

A B

RA RB
W RA W RB

C D

RA RB

R R
W W
 Q2. Draw FBD of the SPHERE. Chose
the correct option. Assume all
surfaces are smooth

T T
A B

RB RB

W W
T T
C D
RB RB

W W
   Q3. Draw FBD of the SPHERE. Chose
the correct option. Assume all
surfaces are smooth

A   B  

RA RB
RA RB

   
C D

R R
RA
RB
   Q4. Draw FBD of the SPHERE. Chose
the correct option. Assume all
surfaces are smooth

A   B  

RA RB
RA RB

   
C D

R R
RA RB
 Q1. SOLUTION

i ii

RA RB
W RA W RB

iii iv

RA RB

R R
W W
 Q2. SOLUTION

T T
i ii

RB RB

W W
T T
iii iv
RB RB

W W
   Q3. SOLUTION

A B

i   ii  

RA RB
RA RB

   
iii iv

R R
RA
RB
   Q4. Solution

A B

i   ii  

RA RB
RA RB

   
iii iv

R R
RA RB
Assignment No. 0: Draw FBD for all connected bodies shown below

   