To provide a detailed analysis and simulation code for the chaotic behavior induced

by a non-spinning baseball, let's consider the motion of a baseball under the

influence of gravity and aerodynamic forces. We'll use a simplified model to
capture the essential dynamics of the system.

1. **Dynamics Analysis**:

The motion of a non-spinning baseball can be described by Newton's second law of

motion, considering the forces acting on it. The forces include gravity and
aerodynamic drag. We'll neglect other effects like lift for simplicity.

The equation of motion for the baseball in three dimensions can be expressed as:

\[
m \frac{{d^2 \mathbf{r}}}{{dt^2}} = \mathbf{F}_{\text{gravity}} + \mathbf{F}_{\
text{drag}}
\]

where \( m \) is the mass of the baseball, \( \mathbf{r} \) is its position

vector, \( t \) is time, \( \mathbf{F}_{\text{gravity}} \) is the gravitational
force, and \( \mathbf{F}_{\text{drag}} \) is the aerodynamic drag force.

The gravitational force is given by \( \mathbf{F}_{\text{gravity}} = -mg \hat{\

mathbf{z}} \), where \( g \) is the acceleration due to gravity and \( \hat{\
mathbf{z}} \) is the unit vector in the vertical direction.

The aerodynamic drag force depends on the velocity of the baseball and can be
modeled as \( \mathbf{F}_{\text{drag}} = -\frac{1}{2} \rho C_d A v^2 \hat{\
mathbf{v}} \), where \( \rho \) is the air density, \( C_d \) is the drag
coefficient, \( A \) is the cross-sectional area of the baseball, \( v \) is the
magnitude of the velocity, and \( \hat{\mathbf{v}} \) is the unit vector in the
direction of the velocity.

2. **Simulation Code**:

Below is a Python code snippet for simulating the motion of a non-spinning

baseball and visualizing its trajectory using numerical integration:

```python
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Constants
m = 0.145 # Mass of the baseball in kg
g = 9.81 # Acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2
rho = 1.225 # Air density in kg/m^3
Cd = 0.5 # Drag coefficient
A = np.pi * (7.32 / 2 * 0.0254)**2 # Cross-sectional area of the baseball in m^2

# Function to compute drag force

def drag_force(v):
return -0.5 * rho * Cd * A * np.linalg.norm(v) * v

# Function to compute acceleration

def acceleration(r, v):
return np.array([0, 0, -g]) + drag_force(v) / m

# Function to perform numerical integration

def simulate_motion(dt, num_steps):
 positions = np.zeros((num_steps, 3))
velocities = np.zeros((num_steps, 3))

r = np.array([0, 0, 1]) # Initial position (m)

v = np.array([30, 0, 0]) # Initial velocity (m/s)

for i in range(num_steps):
positions[i] = r
velocities[i] = v

a = acceleration(r, v)
v += a * dt
r += v * dt

return positions

# Simulation parameters
dt = 0.01 # Time step (s)
num_steps = 1000 # Number of time steps

# Run simulation
positions = simulate_motion(dt, num_steps)

# Plot trajectory
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')
ax.plot(positions[:,0], positions[:,1], positions[:,2])
ax.set_xlabel('X (m)')
ax.set_ylabel('Y (m)')
ax.set_zlabel('Z (m)')
ax.set_title('Trajectory of Non-spinning Baseball')
plt.show()
```

This code simulates the trajectory of a non-spinning baseball in three dimensions

using numerical integration and plots the trajectory using Matplotlib. Adjust the
initial conditions and simulation parameters as needed for different scenarios and
analyses.