8

”Yg vuak rghmdgjtg

chrg quhmiash
travgrhk km da`a..
sg jaj ma vuak
vgrhdgjtg
travgrhk ujh siush
O.\.

Lutthdk hk mupk
g tarjgrü h ihpa `gm lrhjia
(Ypkrkt ac tbg ^amc)

<
KJ@KIG

HJHMKYK PGIJKIH .....................

.......... ......................
.....................
.....................
......................
......................
.....................
.....................
......................
......................
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.. 7
@A^ ............................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Yuppartk g \gskstgjzg ......................................................... ........................................................... ................................. 2
8. Kjvgrskajg `gm Prgj`.................................................. ........................................................... ................................. ;

V\KJIKVHMK VHPPG\J @‛KJSG\YKAJG ..........................................................................................................................8<

BHDDG\ & KJSG\PG@ BHDDG\.......................................................... ........................................................... ........... 8<
YBAAPKJN YPH\ & BHJNKJN DHJ ............................................................................................................................ 8<
@H\E IMAW@ IASG\ & VKG\IKJN MKJG ....................................................................................................................... 89

AYIKMMHPA\K & KJ@KIHPA\K .......................................................................................................................................80

DG@KH DALKMG ............................................................................................................................................................ 87
DHI@ ........................................................................................................................................................................... 8>
LHJ@G @K LAMMKJNG\ .................................................................................................................................................. 82
MA YPAIHYPKIA ............................................................................................................................................................ <6
IIK ................................................................................................................................................................................ <6

HJHMKYK PGIJKIH AVG\HPKSH

AVG\HPKSH ......................
........... .....................
.....................
......................
......................
.....................
.....................
......................
.............
.. <8
@KSG\NGJ_H @K\GPPH ................................................................................................................................................. <<

@KSG\NGJ_H KJ@K\GPPH A KJSG\YH ..................................................... ........................................................... ........... <9

@AVVKA DKJKDA KJ APPKIH AVG\HPKSH ........................................................ ........................................................... . <0
@AVVKA DHYYKDA KJ APPKIH AVG\HPKSH ................................................................................................................. <0
YP\HPGNKH AVG\HPKSH ............................................................................................................................................... <7

\KYE DHJHNGDGJP ....................

.......... .....................
......................
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......................
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...... <>
P\H@G DHJHNGDGJP ................................................................................................................................................ <>
DAJG[ DHJHNGDGJP ..................................................... ........................................................... ............................... <2

IAYG @H CH\G V\KDH @K CH\G P\H@KJN ................................................................................... <;

HJHMKYK N\HCKIH .......................................................................................................................................................<;

HJHMKYK PGIJKIH GSAMWPH...............

GSAMWPH..........................
.....................
.....................
......................
......................
.....................
.....................
......................
.............
.. 96

KJPG\\W_KAJK @K YGXWGJ_H .....................................................................................................................................96

8¶ IAJIGPPA @K HJHMKYK PGIJKIH GSAMWPH. ........................................................... .................................................. 96

H\GG @H @KCGJ@G\G ..................................................................................................................................................90

@KJHDKIH @GK V\G__K ................................................................................................................................................9>

@H[ & JKNBP .............................................................................................................................................................9;

IMAYG GCCGPPKSA IMAYG WCCKIKHMG & AVGJ @GM JWASA NKA\JA..................................................... ..................... 9;
<¶ IAJIGPPA @K HJHMKYK PGIJKIH GSAMWPH ............................................................ .................................................. 9;

DA\JKJN LAR ..........................................................................................................................................................0<

KM VHPPG\J @GMMH IHJ@GMH IBG JAJ GYKYPG .......................................................... .................................................. 0<

9¶ IAJIGPPA @K HJHMKYK PGIJKIH GSAMWPH ............................................................ .................................................. 0<

9
H\GG YGJYKLKMK GSAMWPG ...........................................................................................................................................00

L\GHEKJ L\GHEAWP & VWMMLHIE .............................................................................................................................0;

L\GHE AWP..................................................... ............................................................ .................................................. 76
VG\IGJPWHMG @K L\GHE AWP G L\GHE KJ................................................................................................................... 7<

P\H@H\G KM MKSGMMA A KM VHPPG\J ............................................................................................................................70

YP\HPGNKG .................................................................................................................................................................77
@GCKJK_KAJG @K YP\HPGNKH ......................................................... ........................................................... ..................... 77
HJHMKYK @GMMG YP\HPGNKG ........................................................................................................................................... 7>
V\KJIKVKA @K YP\HPGNKH GSAMWPH....................................................... ........................................................... ........... 7;
YP\HPGNKG IAJP\HVVAYPG ........................................................................................................................................ 38
@KCCG\GJ_H P\H NHDLG VAPGJ_KHMK G NHDLG GCCGPPKSG G CCGPPKSG ...................................................................................... 3<
IAYH IADG XWHJ@A ................................................................................................................................................. 39

NHKJ VAPGJ_KHMG ......................................................................................................................................................30

DWMPKLAR .................................................................................................................................................................37

DA@GMMA WMP\HGSAMWPA ....................................................................................................... 3>

YWVG\P\GJ@.................................................. ............................................................ .................................................. 3>
............................................................................................................................................................................... 3;
HP\
DG\IHPK....................................................................................................................................................................... >8
- Carzh \gmhtkvh ............................................................................................................................................................ >8
IKIMK P\KDGYP\HMK @GM DG\IHPA .............................................................................................................................. >9
IA\\GMH_KAJK ............................................................................................................................................................. >9

PGIJKIBG AVG\HPKSG ................................................................................................................................................>0

D0 ................................................................................................................................................................................ >0
NMALGR ........................................................................................................................................................................ >3
PGIJKIH 87?96.............................................................................................................................................................. >2

YPAV PH\NGP & DAJG[

DAJG[ DHJHNGDGJP G
GSAMWPK
SAMWPK ....................................................................................................26

LAAE .........................................................................................................................................................................28
PKVK @K A\@KJG ............................................................................................................................................................. 29
A\@KJK L\HIEGP ...................................................... ........................................................... ......................................... 20

\KCMGYYKAJK ...............................................................................................................................................................23

0
 HJHMKYK PGIJKIH

M‛ HJHMKYK PGIJKIH G‛ MH YPHPKYPKIH HVVMKIHPH HMMH VYKIAMANKH

M‛Hjhmksk Pgijkih puü gssgrg

- Imhsskih (O. Durpby)

- Apgrhtkvh

- Gvamuth ( Km vhjthnnka `k h`atthrg uj da`gmma sgdpmkckihta ibg chikmkth mg jastrg `gikskajk pralmgdh
caj`hdgjthmg jgm Prh`kjn N. @‛Hjngma)

Yk hjhmkzzh httrhvgrsa k Nrhckik ibg saja km dgta`a `k rgnkstrhzkajg `gk davkdgjtk `gm dgrihta (Vakjt & Cknurg)

K Vrkjikphmk saja?

Mkjghrg
sk attkgjg ujgj`a k prgzzk `k ibkusurh `k anjk pgrka`a h sgiaj`h `gm tkdg crhdg sgmgzkajhta.

Lhrrg
vkgjg `gckjkta iasí pgribë anjk pgrka`a h sgiaj`h `gm tkdg crhdg sgmgzkajhta â cardhta `h ujh lhrrh vgrtkihmg
ibg ujksig k `ug pujtk `k Dhsskda g Dkjkda g kj pkû httrhvgrsa ujh mkjgh arkzzajthmg h skjkstrh vkgjg kj`kihta
km prgzza `k hpgrturh g ujh mkjgh arkzzajthmg h `gstrh `gmmh lhrrh kj`kih km prgzza `k ibkusurh.

Ihj`gmstkie
rhpprgsgjth mh vgrskajg Nkhppajgsg `gm nrhckia h Lhrrg dh mh prgsgjthzkajg vkskvh â `kvgrsh,
`kvgr sh, ujh mkjgh sattkmg
ibkhdhth Ybh`aw a adlrh, dastrh m‛kjtgrvhmma `hm dhsskda hm dkjkda g ujh phrtg \ghm La`y a Iarpa igjtrhmg,
dksurh mh `ksthjzh trh km prgzza `k hpgrturh g qugmma `k ibkusurh `gm pgrka`a `gm tkdg crhdg sgmgzkajhta

7
 @A^

Mh dhnnkar phrtg `gk tgijkik g `gk stu`kask `gk dgrihtk rktgjnaja ibg qugmmh ibg annk vkgjg `gckjkth Hjhmksk
Pgijkih trhg arknkjg `hmmg k`gg `k Ibhrmgs @aw caj`htarg kjskgdg hm sua saika G`whr` Oajgs `gmmh @awj Oajgs
& Iadphjy ibg km 9 Munmka 8220 pullmkia km prkda kj`kig `k Dgrihta km @aw Oajgs iadpasta `hk prgzzk `k
ibkusurh `k 88 tktamk, ; `gk quhmk rgmhtkvk h iadphnjkg `gk trhspartk
trhspartk g < rgmhtkvk hm sgttarg kj`ustrkhmg.
@awj rktgjgvh ibg qugstk tktamk carjkssgra uj attkda strudgjta `k vhmuthzkajg `gmm‛giajadkh `gmmh jhzkajg g
jgm 8;<; partü k tktamk kj`ustrkhmk h 96 ibg â hjibg km judgra httuhmg.
@awj hppracaj`í hjibg hmtrk iajigttk ibg cardhja mh suh tgarkh g ibg saja hjiarh httuhmk jgmma stu`ka `gk
dgrihtk g `gmm‛hjhmksk tgijkih.

PGA\KH @K @A^

8 ’ K prgzzk siajthja tutta

Mh saddh g mh tgj`gjzh `gmmg trhjshzkajk `gvg gssgrg rkcmgssh jgm dgrihta httrhvgrsa m‛hjhmksk tgijkih h`
gsimuskajg `k tutta quhjta jaj â prgvg`klkmg (Pgrrgdatk a ihmhdktæ jhturhmk).
Kj prhtkih tutta ikü ibg jaj puü gssgrg hjtkikphta `hm dgrihta, vkgjg siajthta g quhsk kddg`khthdgjtg
hsskdkmhta jgk prgzzk.

< ’ Km dgrihta bh 9 Prgj`

Km Prgj` â ujh sgqugjzh ar`kjhth `k dkjkdk a dhsskdk `k swkjn irgsigjtk a `girgsigjtk

@awj `kvksg km Prgj` kj 9 ihtgnarkg?

- Prgj` Vrkdhrka ibg `urhvh pgr uj hjja a `kvgrsk hjjk g` â h suh vamth
v amth su``kvksa kj 9 Chsk
Hiiudumhzkajg
Vhrtgikphzkajg
@kstrkluzkajg
- Prgj` Ygiaj`hrka a Kjtgrdg`ka ibg rhpprgsgjth mh iarrgzkajg `gm Prgj` Vrkdhrka iaj ujh `urhth
dg`kh `h 9 sgttkdhjg h 9 dgsk
- Prgj` Dkjarg a `k lrgvg pgrka`a samkthdgjtg `urh dgja
d gja `k 9 sgttkdhjg g rhpprgsgjth mg cmuttuhzkajk
pkû lrgvk `gm Prgj` Kjtgrdg`ka.

3
Ngjgrhmdgjtg k dgrihtk jaj sk duavaja mujna `gmmg mkjgg rgttg, dh saja ihrhttgrkzzhtk `h davkdgjtk
asikmmhtark kjtarja h ujh trgj` mkjg. Xugstg asikmmhzkajk hmtra jaj saja ibg `gk davkdgjtk tgdparhjgk `k prgzza
kj iajtratgj`gjzh rkspgtta hmmh `krgzkajg `gm trgj` prkjikphmg g saja jatk iadg pumm lhie a rktrhiikhdgjtk.

K rktrhiikhdgjtk `k Cklajhiik pgrdgttaja praprka `k k`gjtkckihrg `gmmg passklkmk hrgg `avg k prgzzk passaja
travhrg tgdparhjga supparta a rgskstgjzh. K mkvgmmk `k qugsta kj`kihtarg sk lhshja sum prkjikpka dhtgdhtkia `gm
rhpparta hurga k`ghta `hm dhtgdhtkia tasihja
t asihja Mgajhr`a Vkshja, `gtta Cklajhiik.
Mh sgqugjzh pgr km rhpparta hurga â 6, 8, 8, 8 , <, 9, 7, 2, 89, <8, 90, 77, 2;, 800
80 0 g iasí vkh, `avg anjk judgra â mh
saddh `gk `ug judgrk ibg ma prgig`aja. Ygiaj`a km rhpparta hurga, vgjnaja k`gjtkckihtk ujh sgrkg `k vhmark
pgrigjtuhmk ibg patrgllgra kj`kihrg `gk mkvgmmk `k supparta
supparta g rgskstgjzh.
K mkvgmmk pkû jatk ’ g ibg travgrgda `k `gchumt su anjk pkhtthcardh `k trh`kjn ’ saja? <9,3%, 92,<%, 76%, 38,2%
g 866%. Ig jg saja hjibg hmtrk, dgja jatk iadg km >3,0%. H` anjk da`a, quhsk tuttg mg pkhtthcardg annk nkarja
pgrdgttaja `k sgtthrg `gk mkvgmmk pgrsajhmkzzhtk suk nrhckik.
nrhckik.

Ckja hm <9,3 % Prgj` Cartg

@hm 92,< % hm 76 % Jardhmg

Amtrg km 38,2 % Prgj` iadpradgssa

Wj Prgj` â kj htta ckjibâ jaj gskstg uj sgnjhmg `gckjktkva `k kjvgrskajg `k tgj`gjzh

>
Kj ngjgrhmg km Prgj` rhpprgsgjth sgdpmkigdgjtg mh `krgzkajg `gm dgrihta dh jaj sgnugj`a uj hj`hdgjta
mkjghrg dh uj hj`hdgjta h _kn _hn iaj dhsskdk g dkjkdk `k swkjn irgsigjtk pgr km Prgj` rkhmzksth g d dhsskdk
hsskdk g
dkjkdk `girgsigjtk pgr km Prgj` rklhssksth, m‛hjhmksk tgijkih ik carjksig `gnmk strudgjtk pgr m‛kj`kvk`uhzkajg `gm
Prgj` ibkhdhtk suppartk g rgskstgjzg.
Dhsskda `k Ywkjn â uj Dhsskda ibg bh skh skjkstrh ibg h `gstrh Dhsskdk pkû lhssk hjibg jaj ar`kjhtk
Dkjkdk `k Ywkjn â uj Dkjkda ibg bh skh h skjkstrh ibg h `gstrh dkjkdk pkû hmtk hjibghjibg jaj ar`kjhtk

Yuppartk g \gskstgjzg

K suppartk g mg rgskstgjzg saja kjjhjzktutta mkvgmmk a hrgg `k prgzza jgk quhmk nmk gqukmklrk trh vgj`ktark g
iadprhtark ihdlkhja.
K Yuppartk saja qugmmg hrgg `k prgzza a dkjkdk jgm quhmg m‛kjtgrgssg `gk iadprhtark supgrh mh prgsskajg `gk
vgj`ktark.
Mg \gskstgjzg vkigvgrsh saja qugmmg hrgg `k prgzza a dhsskdk `avg mh prgsskajg `gk vgj`ktark supgrh m‛kjtgrgssg
`gk iadprhtark.
K suppartk g mg rgskstgjzg sk su``kvk`aja kj

- @kjhdkibg
-
Ythtkibg

Yuppartk g rgskstgjzg `kjhdkibg

Yaja qugk mkvgmmk `k prgzza ibg iaj m‛hvhjzhrg `gm tgdpa ihdlkhja vhmarg.
Jgmmg `kjhdkibg k suppartk g mg rgskstgjzg sgnuaja km trgj` g cardhja mg Prgj`mkjg ibg saja m‛ujkajg `gk d
dhsskdk
hsskdk
`k swkjn Prgj`mkjg rkhmzksth dgjtrg m‛ujkajg `gk dkjkdk `k swkjn cardh mg trgj`mkjg rklhssksth.

Yuppartk g rgskstgjzg sthtkibg

Yaja qugk mkvgmmk `k prgzza ibg jaj ihdlkhja vhmarg iaj m‛hvhjzhrg `gm tgdpa, jg chjja phrtg k mkvgmmk k`gjtkckihtk
ibg sk prgsgjthja kj dhjkgrh arkzzajthmg sum nrhckia.

2
M‛hjhmksk Pgijkih `gsirkvg mh iajtkjuhzkajg a m‛kjvgrskajg `k uj Prgj` httrhvgrsa cardhzkajk nrhckibg ibg
passaja gssgrg `k?

Iajtkjuhzkajg `gm Prgj`

Prkhjnamk
Cmhn a Vgjjhjts
\gtthjnamk a Ihjhmk

8. Kjvgrskajg
Pgsth g Yphmmg `gm Prgj`
@appk Dhsskdk g Dkjkdk

Vgr ihmiamhrg m‛alkgttkva `k prgzza ujh vamth kj`kvk`uhth ujh cknurh Pgsth g Yphmmg, pgr prkdh iash sk ihmiamh
m‛hmtgzzh `gmmh tgsth trhiikhj`a ujh mkjgh rgtth `hm dhsskda `k swkjn `gmmh tgsth ckja hmmh Jgie mkjg a mkjgh `k
iamma g sk prakgtth `hm lrgheaut `gmmh jgie mkjg.
M‛apgrhtkvktæ prgvg`græ m‛gjtrhth hm dgrihta hm lrgheaut `gmmh jgie mkjg iaj ma stap paskzkajhta hm dhsskda
`gmmh tgsth g km thrngt m‛hmtgzzh `gmmh tgsth prakgtthth.

;
Km @appka Dhsskda sk cardh samkthdgjtg hmmh ckjg `k Prgj`
Prgj` rkhmzksth rktgsthj`a mh rgsks
rgskstgjzh
tgjzh iaj uj sgiaj`a
dhsskda, sk apgrh gjtrhj`a iaj ujh paskzkajg hmmh ratturh `gm supparta cardhta `hmma swkjn a rktrhiikhdgjta
`gk `ug dhsskdk iaj ma stap saprh k dhsskdk g km thrngt sk ihmiamh `hmmh prakgzkajg `gm ihjhmg cardhta `hm `appka
dhsskda.
Jgm @appka Dkjkda ik travkhda jgmmh sktuhzkajg kjvgrsh skhda hmmh ckjg `k uj Prgj` hm rklhssa `avg km supparta
vkgjg pgr mh sgiaj`h vamth rktgsthta.

V\KJIKVHMK CA\DH_KAJK N\HCKIBG @K KJSG\YKAJG G @K IAJPKJWH_KAJG @K P\GJ@

Xukj`k pgr uj Prh`gr m‛kj`kvk`uhzkajg `k uj Prgj` â caj`hdgjthmg g pgr patgrma chrg bh lksanja?
- `gmm‛ Arkzzajtg Pgdparhmg ikaâ `gmm‛hria tgdparhmg su iuk ihmiamh km trgj`
- `gm Pkdg Crhdg ikaâ mh `urhth `k ujh skjnamh Ihj`gmstkie g
- Hjhmkzzhrg mh @kjhdkih `gk Vrgzzk
Vrgzzk

86
 Km Prh`gr Gvamuta da`kckih m‛arkzzajtg tgdparhmg hcckjibâ uj trgj` skh sgdprg `gckjklkmg

Hjhmkzzhrg mh `kjhdkih `gk prgzzk vuam `krg hj`hrg h dksurhrg k rrhppartk

hppartk ibg ik saja
crh La`y g Ybh`aw, qugsth â mh vgrh `kccgrgjzh
`kccgrgjzh iaj m‛Hjhmksk Pgijkih Imhsskih.

Mh Ihj`gmstkie sk dksurhja iaj mh `kccgrgjzh `k vhmark

Ihj`gmh Sgr`g a Majn ’ Ybh`aw Yupgrkarg ? G‛ mh `kccgrgjzh crh Ibkusurh g Dhsskda

Ihj`gmh \assh a Ybart ’ Ybh`aw Yupgrkarg ?G‛G‛ mh

mh `kccgrgjzh
`kccgrgjzh crh
crh Hpgrturh
Hpgrturh gg Dkjkda
Dkjkda
Ybh`aw Kjcgrkarg ?
Dhsskda
Ybh`aw Kjcgrkarg ? G‛ mh `kccgrgjzh
`kccgrgjzh crh Ibkusurh g Dkjkda

La`y ? G‛ mh `kccgrgjzh crh Hpgrturh g Ibkusurh

\hjng ? G‛ mh `kccgrgjzh crh km Dkjkda g km Dhsskda

Xuhj`a sk nuhr`h ujh ihj`gmh lksanjh kddhnkjhrg mh `kjhdki

`kjhdkih
h ibg m‛bh pra`atth

88
 V\KJIKVHMK VHPPG\J @‛KJSG\YKAJG

BHDDG\ & KJSG\PG@ BHDDG\

Yaja Vhttgrj `‛Kjvgrskajg Majn g sk travhja hmmh ckjg `k uj Prgj` Ybart

Yk gjtrh Majn saprh km Dhsskda g sk paskzkajh ma Ytap satta km Dkjkda kj tuttg g `ug k ihsk

YBAAPKJN YPH\ & BHJNKJN DHJ

Yaja Vhttgrj `‛Kjvgrskajg Ybart g sk travhja hmmh ckjg `k uj Prgj` Majn

Yk gjtrh Ybart satta hm Dkjkda g sk paskzkajh ma Ytap saprh km dhsskda kj tuttg g `ug k ihsk

8<
GJNWMCKJN LGH\KYB & GJNWMCKJN LWMMKYB

Xuk km iamarg `gvg gssgrg sgdprg appasta

app asta hm Prgj`
\assa hmmh ckjg `k uj Prgj` Majn Sgr`g hmmh ckjg `k uj Prgj` Ybart
Mh ihrhttgrkstkih `k qugsta Vhttgrj â ibg m‛umtkdh ihj`gmh `gvg sgdprg kjnmalhrg qugmmh prgig`gjtg
qukj`k Dhsskda pkû Hmta g Dkjkda pkû Lhssa g sk gjtrh kj kjvgrskajg.

@H\E IMAW@ IASG\ & VKG\IKJN MKJG

H `kccgrgjzh `gnmk Gjnumckjn

Gjnumckjn qugsta Vhttgrj jaj rkgsig
rkgsig h` hj`hrg saprh hm Dhsskda a satta hm Dkjkda
Dkjkda
dh sama h ibku`grg hm 76 % `gmmh ihj`gmh prgig`gjtg.
Xukj`k mh @hre Imau` Iavgr sk travh sgdprg hmmh ckjg `k uj Prgj` Majn iaj km iamarg appasta hm Prgj` g
ibku`g satta hm 76 % `gmmh prgig`gjtg sk gjtrh satta km Dkjkda g sk paskzkajh ma Ytap saprh hm Dhsskda.
Dgjtrg mh Vkgrikjn Mkjg sk travh sgdprg hmmh ckjg `k uj Prgj` Ybart iaj km iamarg appasta hm Prgj`
g ibku`g saprh km 76 % `gmmh prgig`gjtg sk gjtrh saprh km Dhsskda g sk paskzkajh ma Ytap satta hm Dkjkda.

89
 AYIKMMHPA\K & KJ@KIHPA\K

KJ@KIHPA\G â uj Hmnarktda ibg asikmmh kj uj \hjng prgsthlkmkta

AYIKMMHPA\G â uj Hmnarktda ibg asikmmh kj uj \hjng sthlkmkta ibg `k samkta â 6 ’ 866

Vassaja gssgrg

MGH@KJN vkgjg `hm tgrdkjg Mgh`gr iamuk ibg kj quhmibg da`a nuk`h, hjtkikph (hjtkikphtarg)

MHNNKJN Ogt mhn, schshdgjta, rkthr`a

rkthr`a (rkthr`hthrka)

KJ \GHMPH‛ MH NKWYPH KJPG\V\GPH_KAJG G‛

YK WPKMK__HJA YGDV\G IADG CKMP\A DHK IADG

I ADG YGNJHMG

NWH\@HJ@A YGDV\G MG IAJ@K_KAJK @‛KVG\IADV\HPA G @‛KVG\SGJ@WPA

80
 DG@KH DALKMG

Mh Dg`kh Dalkmg â m‛ujkajg `gk Imasg, patrgllg gssgrg hjibg m‛Apgj `gk
Dhsskdk g Dkjkdk dh `k samkta â `gk Imasg g m‛arkzzajtg tgdparhmg su iuk â
sgtthth sk ibkhdh @ADKJKA

Mg Vraprkgtæ `gmmg Dg`kg Dalkmk saja `k Hiigmgrhzkajg g `k Httrhzkajg

Mh pgiumkhrktæ `k anjk Dg`kh Dalkmg â `k gssgrg `h uj mhta Httrhttkvh qukj`k quhj`a km prgzza
`kvgrng damta `hmmh Dg`kh Dalkmg tgj`g h tarjhrg vgrsa km vhmarg dg`ka g qugsth sk ibkhdh
Vraprkgtæ `k Httrhzkajg.
Ygdlrh phrh`asshmg pgr uj vhmarg dg`ka, gssgj`a dg`ka `avrgllg travhrsk sgdprg kj dgzza
hm vhmarg `gm prgzza, kjvgig quhsk dhk km prgzza iakjik`g iaj mh dg`kh trhjjg kj rhrksskdk ihsk.
Xukj`k sg â vgra ibg km prgzza jaj iakjik`g quhsk dhk iaj mh dg`kh g mg paibg ibg vamtg ibg
iakjik`græ iaj gssh â damta pralhlkmg ibg sg jg hmmajthjgræ sulkta g qukj`k vgrræ kddg`khthdgjtg
kj quhmibg da`a rgspkjta g qugsth sk ibkhdh Vraprkgtæ `k Hiigmgrhzkajg.

87
Apgrhtkvhdgjtg mg iasg `h assgrvhrg jgmmh Dg`kh Dalkmg saja?

8- M‛KJIMKJH_KAJG IBG DKYW\H MH SGMAIKPH‛ @GM V\G__A

Xukj`k thjta pkû mh Dg`kh â kjimkjhth thjta pkû sastgrræ km Prgj` kj htta,
chigj`a `h supparta kj uj Prgj` Majn g rgskstgjzh kj uj Prgj` YbaYbart
rt

<- MH IAJIHSKPH‛ IBG DKYW\H M‛HIIGMG\H_KAJG @GK V\G__K

9- VAYK_KAJHDGJPA @GK V\G__K \KYVGPPA HMMH DG@KH

IBG DKYW\H KM V\G__A YWM XWGM @HPA A\K__AJPG PGDVA\HMG
Vgr gsgdpka su ujh Dg`kh h <6 pgrka`k sg k prgzzk saja saprh mh dg`kh km trgj` â majn
dgjtrg sg k prgzzk saja satta mh dg`kh km trgj` â sbart, qugsta prkjikpka â vhmk`a pgr
anjk dg`kh.
Yg k prgzzk saja kjvgig saprh ujh dg`kh g satta h` uj‛hmtrh jaj sk apgrh.

0- A\@KJHDGJPA @GMMG DG@KG

Ykjtgsk `gk 9 pujtk prgig`gjtk
Anjk Dg`kh â `kvgrsh `hmm‛hmtrh
Anjk Dg`kh dksurh km Prgj` su qugm @adkjka
Xukj`k sg saja ar`kjhtg km Prgj` â ujkcardg

83
 DHI@

M‛Kj`kihtarg Mhnnkjn dksurh km Prgj` g bh < tkpk `k sknjkckihta g `k usa

Prgj` `k Lrgvg Vgrka`a ibg â `hta `hmm‛kjiraika `gmmh suh dg`kh

Xuhj`a km DHI@ kjiraikh mh suh Dg`kh hm rkhmza km ckmtra sum trgj` â Majn
Xuhj`a km DHI@ kjiraikh mh suh Dg`kh hm rklhssa km ckmtra sum trgj` â Ybart

Prgj` `k Mujna Vgrka`a

Xuhj`a km DHI@ â saprh mh zgra mkjg km Prgj` `k mujna â Majn
Xuhj`a km DHI@ â satta mh zgra mkjg km Prgj` `k mujna â Ybart

Xukj`k quhj`a km Prgj` â `k lrgvg pgrka`a sk nuhr`hja nmk kjiraik iaj mg Dg`kg
Xuhj`a km Prgj` â `k Mujna pgrka`a sk nuhr`h sg km DHI@ sth saprh a satta ma zgra

8>
 LHJ@G @K LAMMKJNG\

Mg Lhj`g `k Lammkjngr saja ujh dksurh `gmmh Samhtkmktæ

Mh Samhtkmktæ sk `gckjksig mh `ksthjzh trh mg Lhj`g g` â mh vgmaiktæ `gm Vrgzza

Yummg Lhj`g `k Lammkjngr sk hppmkihja < Vrkjikpk

8 ’ Yg k prgzzk saja su ujh Lhj`h tgj`grhjja h` hj`hrg summ‛hmtrh

82
< - Yg k Vrgzzk vhjja kj Prgj` su ujh Lhj`h
Lhj`h tgj`grhjja h rkdhjgrik

Xukj`k gssgj`a mg Lhj`g uj‛kj`kihtarg ibg sk ush iadg ckmtra g jaj iadg sgnjhmg
sk passaja ckmtrhrg Vhttgrj Ihj`gmstkie trhdktg mg Lhj`g, qukj`k mg Lhj`g `kvgjtgrgllgra
ujh da`hmktæ pgr hj`hrg h quhmkckihrg Vhttgrj Ihj`gmstkie.

8;
 MA YPAIHYPKIA

Km Vrkjikpka `k uj Prgj` Yhja â sg k Imasg tgj`aja h paskzkajhrsk vkikja hk Dhsskdk sg km Prgj` â majn
sg k Imasg tgj`aja h paskzkajhrsk vkikja hk Dkjkdk sg km Prgj` â Ybart

Ma Ytaihstkia dksurh km paskzkajhdgjta kj pgrigjtuhmg `gm Imasg rkspgtta hm \hjng

sg ma Ytaihstkia â vkikja h zgra vuam `krg ibg km Imasg â vkikja hk Dkjkdk
sg ma Ytaihstkia â vkikja h 866 vuam `krg ibg km Imasg â vkikja hk Dhsskdk

Xukj`k ma Ytaihstkia â uj asikmmhtarg ibg dksurh kj pgrigjtuhmg iadg sk paskzkajh km Imasg rkspgtta hm \hjng g
qukj`k ik sth `hj`a ujh quhmktæ `gmmh carzh `gm Prgj` kj htta.
Xukj`k sg uj dgrihta shmg iaj uja Ytaihstkia ibg jaj sth vkikja h 866 vuam `krg ibg sth shmgj`a ”dhmg—
dgjtrg sg uja Ytaihstkia sigj`g dh jaj â vkikja h zgra vuam `krg ibg sth sigj`gj`a ”dhmg— qukj`k â pkû
pralhlkmg ibg vh`h kj kjvgrskajg.

IIK

IIK â uj Mgh`kjn iadg ma Ytaihstkia pgrü jaj â uj asikmmhtarg dh uj kj`kihtarg g

qukj`k kj quhmibg da`a â hjibg skdkmg hm DHI@ qukj`k â ujh sarth `‛klrk`a
ibg sth h dgtæ crh k `ug, kj pkû m‛hmtrh
m‛hmtrh phrtkiamhrktæ â ibg â sthta sgtthta su
uj `adkjka ibg â mh dgtæ rkspgtta hmma Ytaihstkia.

Ygtthnnka ? Ytaihstkia
Ytaihstkia 80
IIK 2

G qukj`k ik `hræ `gnmk gmgdgjtk `k vhmuthzkajg ibg saja `kccgrgjtk skh `hmma Ytaihstkia ibg `hm DHI@

<6
 HJHMKYK PGIJKIH AVG\HPKSH

WJ DA@GMMA SHMK@A YK IAYP\WKYIG YIGNMGJ@AJG WJA VG\ IHPGNA\KH

Sgjnaja ushtk `apa hvgr igrihta sum Vrgzza `gmmg rhnkajk pgr gjtrhrg hm dgrihta Majn a Ybart
iadg iajcgrdg, k sgtthnnk sk mhsikhja sthj`hr` (pgribë mh dhnnkar phrtg jaj mk sgtth)

<8
 Gsgdpka? Yg travkhda uj Vhttgrj Ybart ma Ytaihstkia `gvg sthrg h +26, vkigvgrsh pgr ckmtrhrg pasktkvhdgjtg
sg travkhda uj Vhttgrj Majn ma Ytaihstkia `gvg sthrg h -<6 , hj`khda hm iajtrhrka `gmm‛Kj`kihtarg/Asikmmhtarg
pgribë nuhr`a mg rhnkajk `gmm‛Kpgriadprhta
`gmm‛Kpgriadprhta g Kpgrvgj`uta.

Km sgiaj`a usa ibg sg jg puü chrg g nuhr`hrg mg @kvgrngjzg ibg irghja iaj km Vrgzza
ibg passaja gssgrg @krgttg a Kj`krgttg

@KSG\NGJ_H @K\GPPH
Kj uj Prgj` Majn bh Dhsskdk pkû hmtk `gk Vrgzzk iarrks
iarrkspaj`aja
paj`aja Dhsskdk pkû hmtk summ‛Asi
summ‛Asikmmhtarg
kmmhtarg
Kj uj Prgj` Ybart bh Dkjkdk pkû lhssk `gk Vrgzzk iarrkspaj`aja Dkjkdk pkû hmtk summ‛Asikmmhtarg
Xugsta tkpa `k @kvgrngjzh tk ch gjtrhrg iajtra Prgj`.

Yg skhda kj prgsgjzh `k uj trgj` majn ibg bh dhsskdk `k swkjn saja hssaikhtk dhsskdk pkû lhssk summ‛asikmmhtarg,
qugsth sk ibkhdh `kvgrngjzh `krgtth crh dhsskdk `gk prgzzk g dhsskdk `gmm‛asikmmhtarg.
G‛ ibkhra ibg pgr iadg mh `kvgrngjzh `krgtth â sthth iastrukth jgk nrhckik `k hjhmksk tgijkih imhsskih `avrgdda
sgdprg hj`hrg kj kjvgrskajg, pgribë kj qugsta ihsa km trgj` `k caj`a â majn, mh `kvgrngjzh ik vh h ckmtrhrg
uj‛kjvgrskajg qukj`k `avrgdda hj`hrg sbart, qukj`k iajtra km trgj` prkjikphmg g jak kjvgig `allkhda hj`hrg
iajtra km lrgvg h chvarg `gm mujna, qukj`k jak mh `kvgrngjzh `krgtth jaj mh `avrgdda ushrg dhk.
Kj rghmtæ jak hllkhda attkdkzzhta qugsta prkjikpka g hj`khda kjvgig h igrihrg `kvgrngjzg `krgttg su uj
rktrhiikhdgjta `k uj trgj` `k lrgvg g qukj`k sgdprg h chvarg `gm trgj` `k mujna.

<<
 @KSG\NGJ_H KJ@K\GPPH A KJSG\YH

Kj uj Prgj` Majn bh Dkjkdk pkû hmtk sum Vrgzza iarrkspaj`aja Dkjkdk pkû lhssk summ‛Asikmmhtarg
Kj uj Prgj` Ybart bh Dhsskdk pkû lhssk sum Vrgzza iarrkspaj`aja Dhsskdk pkû lhssk summ‛Asikmmhtarg.

G‛ ibkhra ibg quk hj`khda sgdprg h chvarg `gm trgj` `k caj`a pgr `gckjkzkajg.
Xukj`k kj attkih imhsskih mh `kvgrngjzh `krgtth mh trh`khda iajtra trgj` dgjtrg qugmmh kjvgrsh mh trh`khda h
chvarg `k trgj`, jak attkdkzzhj`a mh `kvgrngjzh `krgtth passkhda ushrg
ushrg gjtrhdlg pgr hj`hrg
hj`hrg sgdprg iajtra km
trgj` `k lrgvg g h chvarg `gm trgj` `k mujna.

<9
 @AVVKA DKJKDA KJ APPKIH AVG\HPKSH

Imhsskihdgjtg sk gjtrhvh hmmh ratturh `gm Dhsskda `k Ywkjn ibg â iadprgsa crh k `ug Dkjkdk
iaj ma Ytap satta hk dkjkdk, dgjtrg kj attkih apgrhtkvh sk igrih uj Vhttgrj h ihvhmma `gm prgig`gjtg Dkjkda sk
paskzkajh ma Ytap satta hk dkjkdk g km 8¶ Phrngt â km Dhsskda `k Ywkjn `avg prkdh imhsskihdgjtg sk gjtrhvh g km
<¶ Phrngt â mh prakgzkajg `gmma Ywkjn.

@AVVKA DHYYKDA KJ APPKIH AVG\HPKSH

Jgm @appka Dhsskda sk igrih uj Vhttgrj h ihvhmma `gm prgig`gjtg Dhsskda sk paskzkajh ma Ytap saprh hk
dhsskdk g km 8¶ Phrngt â km Dkjkda `k Ywkjn `avg prkdh imhsskihdgjtg sk gjtrhvh g km <¶ Phrngt â mh prakgzkajg
`gmma Ywkjn.

<0
 YP\HPGNKH AVG\HPKSH

DHK KJ P\GJ@ MAJN GJP\H\G YWM L\GHE AWP @GM DHYYKDA @K Y^KJN G SKIGSG\YH

Yg km Prgj` â Majn, k Dkjkdk `k Ywkjn saja sgdprg pkû hmtk, qukj`k igrihrg `k gjtrhrg
hm prasskda Dkjkda `k Ywkjn ibg sk patræ vgrkckihrg kj uj‛hrgh ibg â iadprgsh crh
crh km prgig`gjtg Dkjkda g km prgig`gjtg Dhsskda `k Ywkjn (Hrgh Nkhmmh), kj qugst‛hrgh igrihrg uj
Vhttgrj pgr hj`hrg Majn.

KM P\H@G VG\CGPPA YH\H‛ YGDV\G IAJPGDVA\HJGHDGJPG IAJP\A KM P\GJ@ @K L\GSG

H CHSA\G @GM P\GJ@K @K

@K MWJNA

<7
 IH\HPPG\KYPKIBG @K WJ P\GJ@ MAJN IAJP\AKJPWKPKSG G JAJ IAJSGJ_KAJHMK

Mh carzh g mh quhmktæ `k uj trgj` majn sk puü vhmuthrg

v hmuthrg hjibg iaj irktgrk `k tkpa jaj iajvgjzkajhmg quhj`a?

- Km dgrihta sdgjtksig uj phttgrj `‛kjvgrskajg (Bhddgr, Bhjnkjn Dhj) pgr gsgdpka kj uj trgj` majn mh ihj`gmh
suiigsskvh hm phttgrj vh prkdh satta km dkjkda `gm phttgrj, httkvhj`ama, dh pak ma jgnh iajtkjuhj`a km trgj`
majn, qukj`k rghmdgjtg jaj saja uj sgnjhmg ibg km dgrihta sth kjvgrtgj`a dh saja ujh iajcgrdh `gm trgj` kj
htta.

- Mh vamhtkmktæ `gvg gssgrg `girgsigjtg rkspgtta hm trgj`, qukj`k iaj m‛HP\ sgtthta h 7 pgrka`k sum `hkmy jatkhda
ibg quhj`a km prgzza shmg, mh vamhtkmktæ sigj`g g vkigvgrsh, qugsta vhmg saprhttutta pgr nmk kj`kik.
Xugsta â iajtrakjtuktkva pgribë jgmm‛hjhmksk imhsskih sg mh vamhtkmktæ
vamhtkmkt æ sigj`g i‛â mh iajvkjzkajg ibg hjibg km prgzza
sigj`h, kjvgig km dgrihta iajtkjuhrg h shmkrg, dh kj da`a strhja, ibg kj ngrna vkgjg `gckjkta iadg uj dgrihta
ibg ”hrrhjih—, kj prhtkih cardh thjtg ihj`gmg pkiiamg iaj paia la`y ibg iajtkjuhja pkhja, pgrü h shmkrg hjibg
ngjgrhj`a phttgrj `‛kjvgrskajg g qukj`k `hj`a m‛kdprgsskajg ibg sk stkh pgr gshurkrg dgjtrg kj rghmtæ â pkû cartg.

- Km dgrihta irgh g jgnh `kvgrngjzg sunmk asikmmhtark ibg jaj saja uj sgnjhmg `‛kjvgrskajg dh uj sgnjhmg `k
carzh.

Xukj`k jgmmh vhmuthzkajg `k uj trgj` su tkdg crhdg hmtk lksanjgræ ibkg`grsk?

- Xugsta trgj` irgh `kvgrngjzg, irgh `gk phttgrj ibg iasthjtgdgjtg jgnh1

- Xugsta trgj` hvvkgjg kj `kdgjskajk `k vamhtkmktæ1

<3
 \KYE DHJHNGDGJP

Xugsth cardumh pgrdgttg `k hjjkgjthrg mg pgr`ktg, ikaâ ibg km iajta `h 866 jaj hrrkvk dhk h 6,
6,
hjzk jaj sama jaj hrrkvk dhk h 6, dh jaj hrrkvk dhk h` ujh pgrigjtuhmg thmg ibg skh kdpassklkmg `h
rgiupgrhrg.
Yg pgr`khda km 76% `gm Ihpkthmg hllkhda lksanja `k chrg + 866 % pgr hrrkvhrg `h `avg grhvhda phrtktk.
Ykiiadg i‛â ujh skddgtrkh `gmmg pgrcardhjig, `k chtta, quhj`a chiikhda Prh`kjn,
ckja h` uj <6/<7 % pkû a dgja `allkhda chrg mh stgssh
stgssh pgrigjtuhmg pgr tarjhrg kj phrk,
sg pgr`gsskda km ;6 % `avrgdda chrg km ;666 % pgr tarjhrg kj phrk,
sg pgr`gsskda km ;; % `avrgdda chrg km ;;66 % pgr tarjhrg kj phrk,
qukj`k gssgj`aik qugsth skddgtrkh `gmmg pgr`ktg, hutadhtkihdgjtg sg hppmkibkhda qugsth cardumh,
qugsth iash jaj ik patræ dhk hiih`grg.

Xukj`k sg dgttkhda h rhpparta km \ksibka, ikaâ quhjta ik hssudkhda `k rksibka iaj ma Ytap (Gs.<66₭)
crhtta m‛Hiiaujt ikaâ qugmma ibg kj qugm
qugm dadgjta i‛â `kspajklkmg sum Iajta `k Prh`kj
Prh`kjn,
n,
sg km rksumthta `k qugsta rhpparta â kjcgrkarg hm < % sg chiika Kjtrh`hy a sg â kjcgrkarg hm 9% sg chiikhda
Dumtk `hy hmmarh passkhda chrg km Prh`g, hmtrkdgjtk jaj ma chiikhda.
Xugsta `k rhpparta â km rksibka dhsskda, ibg jaj vuam `krg ibg `allkhda iarrgrg km rksibka dhsskda,
(pak m‛hlkmktæ sthræ hjibg jgm dkjkdkzzhrg qugsta rksibka), dh sg â supgrkarg h qugstg sanmkg jaj passkhda chrg
km trh`g.
Wj‛hmtrh iash ibg jaj sk `gvg dhk chrg â vhrkhrg mh quhjtktæ pgribë jaj sk puü shpgrg iaj quhmg quhjtktæ sk
nuh`hnjh g iaj quhmg quhjtktæ sk pgr`g.
Xukj`k mh quhjtktæ jaj sk da`kckih dhk.

P\H@G DHJHNGDGJP

Ik saja 0 iasg ibg lksanjh vhrg prkdh `k chrg uj Prh`g

8 ’ Ygtup ibg saja m‛kjskgdg `k iaj`kzkajk, prgmkdkjhrk hmm‛gjt

hmm‛gjtrhth
rhth hm dgrihta,
`k chtta k datkvk pgr iuk gjtrkhda a varrgdda gjtrhrg hm dgrihta.

< ’ Gjtry km mkvgmma gccgttkva `k prgzza kj iuk vanmkhda gjtrhrg hm dgrihta g sg ma taiih gjtrkhda.

9 ’ Ytap km mkvgmma `k prgzza kj iuk vanmkhda ibku`grg km Prh`g sg km dgrihta ik vh iajtra.

0 ’ Phrngt km mkvgmma `k prgzza kj iuk vanmkhda ibku`grg ujh a pkû phrtk

phrtk `gm Prh`g hj`hta kj nhkj.

<>
 DAJG[ DHJHNGDGJP

Jgssuja sh km prgzza `avg hj`ræ dh tuttk passkhda `krg pgr gsgdpka ibg m‛GW\/WY@ hrrkvgræ h 8,96
g skiurhdgjtg prkdh a pak ik hrrkvgræ, dh jaj shppkhda quhj`a g saprhttutta km pgriarsa ibg chræ
pgr hrrkvhrik, sg skhda Majn g prkdh
prkdh `k hrrkvhrg h 8,96 sigj`g, hvrgda k sam`k jgigs
jgigsshrk
shrk pgr tgjgrg mh
paskzkajg1

Xukj`k km Phrngt shræ `avg hj`ræ g ma Ytap shræ pgr `avg jaj phssgræ.
K thssgmmk caj`hdgjthmk su iuk lhsh km dajgy dhjhngdgjt saja?

- Jgssuja sh `avg hj`ræ km prgzza, uskhda pgr qugsta datkva km dajgy dhjhngdgjt.

- Xugmma ibg `avrgdda qukj`k tgjthrg `k chrg â `h uj mhta â dkjkdkzzhrg km rksibka, qukj`k igrihrg `k
pgr`grg km dgja passklkmg g `hmm‛hmtra dhsskdkzzhrg km pracktta. Km pracktta sk dhsskdkzzh `gckjgj`a `gk
thrngt g ushj`a k Ytap/Vrackt pgribë sg usikhda g km prgzza vh hjiarh `hmmh jastrh phrtg jaj rkusikhda
h nuh`hnjhrg `k pkû.
Xukj`k `allkhda `gckjkrg skh k Phrngt skh ushrg k Ytap/Vrackt.

Xukj`k quhm â mh prkdh iash `h chrg1

- K`gjtkckihrg nrhckihdgjtg km rksibka

@apa ibg hllkhda `giksa nrhckihdgjtg `avg sk `avræ ibku`grg mh paskzkajg h qugm pujta sk vgrkckih
v grkckih mh
iadphtklkmktæ.
- K`gjtkckihrg hmdgja uj phka `k Phrngt iaj irktgrk sthvamth ibg skhja appastk, passaja gssgrg hjibg
giajadkik, dh `gvaja gssgrg iadphtklkmk hm mkvgmma nrhckia.
Xugsta rhpparta `gvg gssgrg hmdgja 8?8 sg nuh`hnjkhda 866 hm dhsskda passkhda rksibkhrg 866.
Xukj`k iaj km prkda Phrngt (P8) hj`rgda h rgdujgrhrg km rksibka, quhj`a km jastra rksibka/stap â 866
g stkhda nuh`hnjhj`a 866, jardhmdgjtg hm prkda Phrngt (P8) mkquk`khda dgtæ paskzkajg, hmzkhda ma
stap kj phrk g quhj`a km nuh`hnja patgjzkhmg jgm laae â unuhmg hm rksibka mkquk`a, rhnnkujta km sgiaj`a
thrngt (P<), mkquk`khda tutth mh dkh paskzkajg.
Xugsta g ma sibgdh lhsg `gm dajgy dhjhngdgjt ibg sk ibkhdh < x 8.

<2
 IAYG @H CH\G V\KDH @K CH\G P\H@KJN

HJHMKYK N\HCKIH
Iaj m‛ Hjhmksk Nrhckih hj`rgda h` hjhmkzzhrg k Pkdg Crhdg phrtgj`a sgdprg `hm pkû hmta
Dajtbmy ^ggemy @hkmy

G su su anjk uja `k qugstk tkdg crhdg lksanjgræ k`gjtkckihrg < iasg

8- Km Prgj` m‛hjhmksk `gmmg sgqugjzg `k swkjn
<- Mg Hrgg Ygjsklkmk k mkvgmmk sthtkik g `kjhdkik
Mg hrgg sgjsklkmk saja gssgjzkhmdgjtg `gk mkvgmmk `k prgzza g ik saja 3 da`k
d a`k prgiksk g` gshttk
pgr k`gjtkckihrg qugstg hrgg

Vgr gsgdpka kj uj trgj` majn kjiadkjikhda trhiikhj`a ujh Prgj` Mkjg suk dkjkdk, vkigvgrsh kj uj trgj` sbart
sk trhiigræ suk dhsskdk, mh pravh pgr vg`grg sg m‛hllkhda trhiikhtg iarrgtthdgjtg sk ch prakgtthj`a mh trgj`mkjg
`hk dkjkdk hk dhsskdk kj uj trgj` majn g vkigvgrsh kj uj trgj` sbart g vg`grg sg kj mkjgh `k dhsskdh iakjik`g g
mh ibkhdkhda \gturj mkjg.
Kj ihsa giigzkajhmk `avg mg rgturj mkjg jaj iakjik`aja, passkhda trhiikhrmg hmm‛appasta kj uj trgj` majn `hk
dkjkdk hk dhsskdk g vkigvgrsh, sg hjibg iasí jaj rksumthja cujzkajhmk mk hribkvkhda g hj`khda h` ushrg k mkvgmmk
sthtkik (suppartk g rgskstgjzg) hvgj`a km irktgrka `k trhiikhrg k mkvgmmk pkû vkikjk
vk ikjk passklkmg hk prgzzk ibg ik patrhjja
skiurhdgjtg kjtgrgsshrg.
Km iajsknmka â `k chrg sgdprg qugsta mhvara pgr hcckjhrg mh jastrh ihphiktæ `k vhmuthrg mh `kjhdkih `gk prgzzk.
Vak trhiikhda km trgj` iaj m‛hjhmksk `gmmg sgqugjzg `k swkjn ibg cardhja mh iajnkujzkajg crh m‛hjhmksk
tgijkih imhsskih g qugmmh gvamuth httrhvgrsa mg Kjtgrruzkajk `k Ygqugjzg 8¶ iajigtta `k hjhmksk tgijkih
gvamuth.

<;
 HJHMKYK PGIJKIH GSAMWPH

KJPG\\W_KAJK @K YGXWGJ_H

8¶ IAJIGPPA @K HJHMKYK PGIJKIH GSAMWPH

Mg Kjtgrruzkajk
Hjhmksk Pgijkih`k Ygqugjzh
Imhsskih sastktuksiaja
g tuttk phttgrj `k gO.\ass
attkdkzzhja
O.\ass tuttk k da`gmmk `‛kjtgrhzkajg `k
(8,<,9,Wjikja)
Yk `gckjksig Kjtgrruzkajg `k sgqugjzh, kj uj trgj` majn `avg hllkhda ujh sgqugjzh ar`kjhth `k swkjn, quhj`a
sk cardh km prkda dkjkda pkû lhssa a km prkda dhsskda pkû lhssa dgjtrg kj uj trgj` sbart quhj`a sk cardh km
prkda dhsskda pkû hmta g km prkda dkjkda pkû hmta.

Xukj`k sg kj uj trgj` ik saja tuttg kjtgrruzkajk `k sgqugjzg `k 8¶ mkvgmma passkhda `gckjkrg km trgj` hjiarh kj
htta.
Mg kjtgrruzkajk `k sgqugjzh bhjja < rgnamg

8¶- \gnamh Jaj passkhda dhk trh`hrg kjtgrruzkajk `k sgqugjzh `k mkvgmma

mkvgmma 8

Xukj`k jaj sk `gvg dhk hj`hrg sbart satta hm lrgheaut `gm dkjkda `k swkjn kj uj trgj` majn, jghjibg sg i‛â
uj phttgrj summh vkamhzkajg `gm dkjkda `gm phttgrj g vkigvgrsh jaj sk `gvg dhk hj`hrg majn sum lrgheaut `gm
dhsskda `k swkjn kj uj trgj` sbart, jghjibg sg i‛â uj phttgrj summh vkamhzkajg `gm dhsskda `gm phttgrj.

Mg datkvhzkajk pgr iuk jaj lksanjh chrma â pgribë km trgj` `k caj`a â sgdprg iajtrhrka, kj `ug ihsk hjibg km
trgj` `k lrgvg â iajtrhrka g kj `ug ihsk sk trh`grgllg uj lrgheaut.
Xukj`k kj `ug ihsk su quhttra sk sth trh`hj`a uj lrgheaut g kj `ug ihsk su quhttra sk sth trh`hj`a hjibg iajtra
km trgj` `k lrgvg.

96
<¶- \gnamh passkhda trh`hrg qugmmg `k mkvgmma supgrkarg
supgrkarg h 8 h phtta ibg jaj skhja
skhja uj lrgheaut

Kj qugsta ihsa mh 8¶ kjtgrruzkajg `k

sgqugjzh â uj dkjkda pkû lhssa kj uj
trgj` sbart g qukj`k trh`grgda sama mg
sgqugjzg phrk (<,0,3) g jaj trh`grgda
dhk k lrgheaut, pgr `gckjkzkajg jaj
passkhda trh`hrg mh 8 g jaj passkhda
trh`hrg mh 9 g mh 7 pgribë saja
lrgheaut.

Dgjtrg kj uj trgj` majn kj iuk mh

8¶ kjtgrruzkajg `k sgqugjzh cassg uj
dhsskda pkû lhssa, pgr `gckjkzkajg mh
8 jaj mh passkhda trh`hrg g mh <, mh 0
g mh 3 jaj mg passkhda trh`hrg pgribë
saja Lrgheaut trh`grgda qukj`k sama
mg `ksphrg mh 9, mh 7 g mh >.

Dgjtrg sg km dgrihta `apa mh prkdh kjtgrruzkajg `k sgqugjzh jaj cardh mh sgiaj`h kjtgrruzkajg dh iajtkjuh
km trgj` kj htta majn g rkiadkjikh h lrgeehrg dhsskdk g iajsamk`hrg hm `k saprh `k gssk, tuttk k dkjkdk ibg vgjnaja
iadprhtk mk rkmajnbkhda pgribë mg rgskstgjzg `kvgjthja suppartk.
Xukj`k ckjibâ km dgrihta iadprh dkjkdk g iadprh dhsskdk jak iajtkjukhda kj lrghekj h iadprhrg dkjkdk iaj
uj thrngt kjkzkhmdgjtg suk dhsskdk jgm ihsa k lrgheaut jaj cujzkajhssgra g dhjtgjgj`a sgdprg uj iajtrhtta
sg vkigvgrsh k lrgheaut cujzkajhssgra `hj`aik mh passklkmktæ `k mhsikhrg m‛apgrhzkajg hpgrth pgr pkû nkarjk.

98
 YP\HPGNKG AVG\HPKSG

Kj uj trgj` sbart mg sgqugjzg saja tuttg jgnhtkvg pgribë saja ar`kjhtk jgnhtkvhdgjtg dkjkdk g dhsskdk, `apa
ibg km prgzza vkamh m‛umtkda dkjkda g qukj`k jaj shprgda sg iajtkjuh h sigj`grg a shmkrg cardhj`a ma swkjn.
Vrgj`khda qukj`k iadg rkcgrkdgjta km dhsskda `gmm‛umtkda swkjn g m‛umtkda dkjkda kj qugmm‛ksthjtg `avg jaj
shppkhda hjiarh iash chræ km prgzza, dh ibg rktgjkhda gssgrg m‛umtkda swkjn sg km prgzza rkshmg g ik rkihvkhda
uj‛hrgh.
H qugsta pujta pgr gssgrik uj‛kjtgrruzkajg `k sgqugjzh km prgzza `gvg shmkrg ckja h chrg uj dhsskda pkû hmta
ibg `kvgjth m‛kjtgrruzkajg `k sgqugjzh `k mkvgmma 8, pgribë tuttk k dhsskdk prgig`gjtk grhja tuttk pkû lhssk g
h`gssa pgr mh prkdh vamth i‛â uj dhsskda pkû hmta.
Xugst‛umtkdh gssgj`a uj‛kjtgrruzkajg `k sgqugjzh `k mkvgmma 8, mh rgnamh vuamg ibg jaj `allkhda trh`hrmh dhk,
pgribë gjtrhj`a hmmh ratturh `gm dhsskda prgig`gjtg sthrgda h chvarg `gm trgj` `k lrgvg g iajtrhrk hm trgj`
`k caj`a, qukj`k `allkhda hspgtthrg mh cardhzkajg `k uj patgjzkhmg dkjkda pkû hmta pgr gjtrhrg majn igrihj`a
uj phttgrj `‛kjnrgssa kj qugmm‛hrgh ibg ik grhvhda rkihvhtk hm prkjikpka, iaj thrngt sum dhsskda `k swkjn pkû
hmta, qugsth shræ mh cuturh kjtgrruzkajg `k sgqugjzh `k mkvgmma <, pgr pak iajtkjuhrg iaj mh 0 g iaj tuttg mg
sgqugjzg supgrkark h 8 h phtta ibg jaj skhja uj lrgheaut.

Dgjtrg jaj trh`grgda kjtgrruzkajk `k sgqugjzh < sg

uj trgj` sbart svkmuppgræ m‛umtkda dkjkda, qukj`k mh
m‛kjtgrruzkajg 8 jaj mh passkhda trh`hrg g` â hjibg uj
lrgheaut, m‛kjtgrruzkajg < unuhmdgjtg majn â uj
lrgheaut, passkhda hspgtthrg uj phttgrj jgmm‛hrgh `gm
prgig`gjtg swkjn pgr gjtrhrg majn hmmh patgjzkhmg
cardhzkajg `gmm‛kjtgrruzkajg 9 iaj thrngt sum
prgig`gjtg dhsskda.

9<
Pgsth & Yphmmg
Kj qugsta ihsa jaj sk puü dhk trh`hrg sbart mh sphmmh `gstrh, pgribë sg mh jgiemkjg â pasktkvh,
mh sphmmh `gstrh â sgdprg kjtgrruzkajg `k mkvgmma 8.
Xukj`k kj qugsta ihsa m‛kjtgrruzkajg `k sgqugjzh `k mkvgmma 8 pgr rgnamh jaj sk puü trh`hrg,
m‛kjtgrruzkajg `k sgqugjzh `k mkvgmma < jaj sk puü trh`hrg pgribë shrgllg uj lrgheaut g qukj`k
jaj passkhda hj`hrg sbart, m‛ujkih iash ibg sk puü chrg â hj`hrg MMajn
ajn summ‛kjtgrruzkajg `k sgqugjzh
`k mkvgmma 9 ibg shrgllg m‛gjjgskda dhsskda pkû lhssa.
Xukj`k iaj mh jgiemkjg pasktkvh jaj sk â dhk hnnrgsskvk summh sphmmh dh sk trh`h sgdprg
m‛kjtgrruzkajg `k sgqugjzh `k mkvgmma 9.

Ckjkth m‛hjhmksk nrhckih kj attkih apgrhtkvh ibg ik bh kmmustrhta uj quh`ra ngjgrhmg, utkmkzzgrgda pak m‛hjhmksk
gvamuth pgr hvgrg ujh vkskajg pkû ibkhrh g jktk`h g kj phrtkiamhr da`a usgrgda km iajigtta supgrgvamuta `gmmg
hrgg `h `kcgj`grg ibg ik pgrdgttgrhjja `‛kjtgrvgjkrg kj dhjkgrh ibkrurnkih.

99
 H\GG @H @KCGJ@G\G
@KCGJ@G\G

Vgr `gckjkzkajg mg hrgg `h `kcgj`grg (H@@) saja uj iajigtta gvamuta k`ghta `h Nkhjvkta @‛Hjngma
@‛H jngma
â uj iajigtta gvamuta `gmm‛Apgj Kjtgrgst sk trhtth `k hrgg `k prgzza `avg i‛â sthth mh dhsskdh
hpgrturh `k apgrhzkajk hm dgrihta `gk iadprhtark a `gk vgj`ktark gvk`gjzkhta `h uj‛hiigmgrhzkajg
`gm prgzza, `hm cujzkajhdgjta `gk Lrgheaut g `kdastrhta `h ujh gvk`gjzh nrhckih `k iuk km dgrihta
iajsgrvh dgdarkh g `k iajsgnugjzh tgjtgræ `k `kcgj`grg.
Km mkvgmma ngjgrhta susiktgræ pkû kjtgrgssg quhjta â pkû hmta km tkdg crhdg g quhj`a km prgzza pravgræ

h tarjhrg su qugstg hrgg patrgdda kj`kvk`uhrg pujtk `‛gjtrhth a alkgttkvk `k prgzza.

Mg H@@ â uj ‒gvamuzkajg `gm iajigtta `k apgj kjtgrgst ikaâ mh saddh `k tuttk k iajtrhttk jaj hjiarh
ibkusk h` uja spgikckia dadgjta tgdparhmg g qukj`k hj`khda amtrg km iajigtta `k vamudk pgribë sg
pgr gsgdpka su uj mkvgmma kj uj `gtgrdkjhta pgrka`a
pgrka`a `k tgdpa (tkdg crhdg) saja sihdlkhtk pgr
gsgdpka 866 iajtrhttk g su uj hmtra mkvgmma 86 iajtrhttk, jaj â ibg km mkvgmma `avg saja sthtk sihdlkhtk
866 iajtrhttk â pkû kdparthjtg `gm mkvgmma `avg saja sthtk sihdlkhtk 86 iajtrhttk, pgribë dhnhrk sum
mkvgmma `avg bhjja hpgrta paskzkajk majn g sbart k 86 iajtrhgjtk â `k qugsta mkvgmma ibg km dgrihta hvræ
dgdarkh dhsskdh, pgribâ tuttk saja hpgrtk sum qugm mkvgmma g qukj`k tuttk nuh`hnjgrhjja a
pgr`grhjja sg km prgzza sth saprh
saprh a satta qugm mkvgmma.
Yg kjvgig sum mkvgmma `avg bhjja sihdlkhta pkû iajtrhttk dhnhrk bhjja tuttk ibkusa paskzkajk g `k
qugm mkvgmma km dgrihta jaj hvræ dgdarkh, pgribë su qugm mkvgmma jgssuja bh hpgrta paskzkajk.

Jardhmdgjtg tuttk ik rkiar`khda km mkvgmma `avg hllkhda hpgrta g jaj `avg hllkhda ibkusa, hm
dhsskda ik rkiar`khda `gmmh gvgjtuhmg pgr`kth a nuh`hnja.
Yg pgr gsgdpka km prgzza vh su uj mkvgmma `avg skhda hj`htk h thrngt jaj â ibg jak chiikhda
quhmiash pgribë skhda cmht dgjtrg pgr gsgdpka sg km prgzza prkdh vh `hmmh jastrh phrtg g pak ik vh
iajtra parthj`aik kj pgr`kth, qugsta irggræ skiurhdgjtg ujh prgsskajg pskiamankih ibg skiurhdgjtg
ik chræ prgj`grg ujh `gikskajg g qukj`k km dgrihta `k qugm mkvgmma hvræ dgdarkh dhsskdh g qugsta
â km iajigtta `k hrgg `h `kcgj`grg.
Mg H@@ sk kj`kvk`uhja nuhr`hj`a `avg i‛â sthta km dhsskiika kjnrgssa hm dgrihta `gk iadprhtark
a `gk vgj`ktark dh tuttk jgmmh stgssh `krgzkajg g pkû prgikshdgjtg sama `avg bhjja cujzkajhta k
lrgheaut g `gvaja gssgrg trhiikhtg sama quhj`a i‛â uj‛gvk`gjzh nrhckih.
M‛k`gh ibg i‛â `kgtra mg H@@ â kj`kvk`uhrg qugstg hrgg pgribâ qugstk saja mkvgmmk ibg pgr nmk hjhmkstk
imhsskik jaj gskstaja g ibk ch hjhmksk tgijkih ujh vamth ibg km prgzza bh vkamhta uj mkvgmma

(suppartk a rgskstgjzg)
ik `æ mh passklkmktæ `k ujqugm mkvgmma
gjtry jaj bh pkû
pkû spgikckih sgjsasg`kkmgskstgrg
appurg dgjtrgikkj`kvk`uhrg
trgj` ihdlkh qugstk mkvgmmk
pgrdgttg `‛k`gjtkckihrg
k prkdk thrngt, pgribë km dgrihta hvræ dgdarkh `k qugk mkvgmmk.
90
 Vrhtkihdgjtg pgr gsgdpka sg km dgrihta
dgr ihta sigj`g g vgj`g dhsskdk pak iadkjikh h vgj`grg hjibg
dkjkdk `k iajsgnugjzh hiigmgrh hm rklhssa, hm iajtrhrka sg km dgrihta â rkhmzksth iadprgræ dkjkdk g
iadprgræ dhsskdk g hiigmgrh hm rkhmza, appurg
appurg iadprh < dkjkdk a iadprh < dhsskdk, m‛kdparthjtg
â ibg chiikh qugstg < iasg hjibg sg jaj mg ch iajsgiutkvhdgjtg.
Apgrhtkvhdgjtg hj`khda h vg`grg tuttk k mkvgmmk saprhttutta nmk umtkdk < `avg saja gjtrhtk
anngttkvhdgjtg kj dhssh k majn a k sbart g km mkvgmma `gvg gssgrg gvk`gjzkhta g hnnkusthta
summ‛umtkda mkvgmma kj sgjsa irajamankia, phrtgj`a `hm tkdg crhdg Dajtbmy hj`rgda h vg`grg mg
umtkdg ihj`gmg iaj rhjng hdpk g `avg bhjja cujzkajhta k lrgheaut g sgnjgrgda < mkvgmmk sbart
sg km trgj` â sbart (H@@ sbart) g < mkvgmmk majn sg km trgj` â majn (H@@ Majn).
\kpgtgrgda m‛hjhmksk suk tkdg crhdg wggemy g `hkmy g hnnkusthj`a km mkvgmma hmm‛umtkda tkdg crhdg
`hkmy sg saja vkikjk iajsk`grhj`a ibg k suk dgrihtk hdgrkihjk k mkvgmmk saja 9, h qugsta pujta
igribgrgda mh jastrh gjtrhth a thrngt kj`kvk`uhja k dkjkdk g k dhsskdk `hkmy.
Xuhj`a uj‛hrgh â sthth siajcktth hutadhtkihdgjtg jaj â pkû uj mkvgmma g jaj mh passkhda
pkû iajsk`grhrg g qukj`k `avrgdda kjiadkjikhrg
kjiadkjikhrg h iajsk`grhrg m‛hrgh appaappasth,
sth,
pgr gsgdpka sg â sthth siajcktth
siajcktth uj‛hrgh sbart `avrgdda iajsk`grhrg
iajsk`grhrg pak mg hrgg majn.
Km dgrihta irgh uj‛kdpumsa rkhmzksth a rklhssksth g jaj sk puü `gckjkrg uj rktrhiikhdgjta quhj`a pgr rgnamh
siajcknng < hrgg `h `kcgj`grg.

\kihpktamhj`a m‛hjhmksk nrhckih, utkmkzzhj`a tuttk k iajigttk Hjhmksk Pgijkih

Pgijkih Apgrhtkvh (trgj`mkjg g mkvgmmk sthtkik),
ik `gmkdkth km rhnnka `‛hzkajg kj iuk ik `allkhda duavgrg g sk iadpmgth suiigsskvhdgjtg iaj m‛Hjhmksk Pgijkih
Gvamuth, httrhvgrsa ma stu`ka `gmmg Kjtgrruzkajk `k Ygqugjzh ibg saja m‛hjgmma `k nkujzkajg trh mg `ug hjhmksk g km
iajigtta supgrgvamuta `gmmg Hrgg `h @kcgj`grg ibg ik parth h kj`kvk`uhrg prgikshdgjtg k mkvgmmk `k gjtrhth a `k
thrngt scrutthj`a km prkjikpka `k hrrkvhrg su uj supparta nkæ sbart g `k hrrkvhrg su ujh rgskstgjzh nkæ majn.

Vgribë uja `gk mkdktk `gmm‛hjhmksk tgijkih apgrhtkvh jgmmh imhsskckihzkajg `gm trgj`, pgr gsgdpka kj uj trgj` majn
ibg bh ngjgrhta ujh prkdh kjtgrruzkajg `k sgqugjzh iaj uj dkjkda pkû lhssa, ngjgrhj`a pak uj rkhmza g ujh
sgiaj`h kjtgrruzkajg `k sgqugjzh iaj uj dhsskda pkû lhssa, patrgllg kj`urik h pgjshrg hmm‛kjvgrskajg `k uj
trgj` g m‛kjkzka `k uj juava trgj` sbart.
Dh httrhvgrsa ma stu`ka `gmmh `kjhdkih `gk prgzzk, uj hmtra iajigtta `gmm‛hjhmksk tgijkih gvamuth, passkhda vg`grg
ibg sg â uj dkjkda iadprhta, `kvgjth mh prkdh pravh `k uj trgj` hjiarh kj htta pur hvgj`a uj dkjkda `k swkjn
pkû lhssa.

97
Kj attkih gvamuth sk `gckjksig uj trgj` majn quhj`a iadprh dkjkdk g iadprh dhsskdk .

93
 @KJHDKIH @GK V\G__K

Xuhmg arkzzajtg tgdparhmg â dknmkarg pgr chrg trh`kjn Yihmpkjn, Kjtrh`hy a Dumtk`hy1
Anjk trh`gr sk â chtta hmdgja ujh vamth qugsth `adhj`h, qugmma ibg passkhda skiurhdgjtg gmkdkjhrg â ma
Yihmpkjn g km datkva â damta sgdpmkig, sg sama jak chigsskda 7 apgrhzkajk hm nkarja pgr 86 dgsk
d gsk g
phnhsskda sama 7 ₭ h` gsgnukta spgj`grgdda
spgj`grgdda kj 86 dgsk 86666 ₭ kj iaddksskajk, dhnhrk pkû `gm
ihpkthmg ibg hllkhda sum iajta.
Xugsta â uja `gk datkvk
d atkvk pgribë mg pgrsajg pgr`aja sam`k, pgribë sattavhmuthja k iastk.
Xukj`k mh vgrh `adhj`h ibg ik `allkhda chrg h prgsikj`grg ibg sk chiikh Kjtrh`hy a Dumtk`hy,
sk puü `hvvgra prgvg`grg iash chrhjja k prgzzk1
Mh rkspasth â YK
Vgribë â sk, pgribë kj rghmtæ km truiia â damta sgdpmkig g` â qugmma `k chrg prgvkskajk
h` ujh samh ihj`gmh, ikaâ jak ibg iash `allkhda chrg, `allkhda hj`hrg h` hjhmkzzhrg `gikjg
h vamtg igjtkjhkh `k ihj`gmg dh chigj`a mh prgvkskajg sgdprg h ujh ihj`gmh.
Xugsta supgrckikhmdgjtg patrgllg sgdlrhrg uj mkdktg, pgribë hmmarh jak ibg chiikhda passkhda shpgrg sama
qugmma ibg suiig`g `adhjk g jaj qugmma ibg suiig`g `apa`adhjk.
Kj rghmtæ mh samuzkajg â damta sgdpmkig pgribë sg jak vamgsskda shpgrg iash hiih`ræ
- crh < ’ 7 nkarjk lhsth chrg m‛hjhmksk
m‛hjhmksk sum tkdg crhdg ^ggemy
-
crh < ’ 0 sgttkdhjg lhsth chrg m‛hjhmksk
m‛hjhmksk sum tkdg crhdg Dajtbmy
- crh < ’ 9 dgsk lhsth chrg m‛hjhmksk
m‛hjhmksk sum tkdg crhdg Prkdgstrhmg g iask vkh.
Xukj`k kj rghmtæ jak chrgda sgdprg apgrhzkajk h` ujh ihj`gmh, sama ibg hmzhj`a km tkdg crhdg, nuhr`grgda
sgdprg pkû hvhjtk jgm tgdpa, qukj`k pgr chrg trh`kjn chrgda hjhmksk suk tkdg crhdg Dajtbmy, ^ggemy g @hkmy
dh pak mh strhtgnkh pgr chrg trh`kjn Kjtrh`hy mh chrgda sum @hkmy g igribgrgda m‛gjtrhth sum tkdg crhdg h 96
dkjutk g qukj`k `allkhda trh`hrg kj attkih dumtk crhdg.

9>
Xukj`k dgjtrg kj Hjhmksk Pgijkih Apgrhtkvh skhda rkusiktk h skjtgtkzzhrg 766 phnkjg `k dhjuhmg
Kj 0 smk`g kj Hjhmksk Pgijkih Gvamuth sk passaja skjtgtkzzhrg kj 8 samh smk`g.

Xugsth â mh passklkmg cardh ihj`gmh `k `adhjk g quhmskhsk iash hiih`ræ mh ihj`gmh `k `adhjk

Hssadknmkgræ cartgdgjtg h 8 `k qugstg 0 g jaj patræ

patræ ibg chrg hmtrg iasg.
Jgmmh ihj`gmh `k tkpa

H Km dgrihta hprg suk dkjkdk pak shmg g ibku`g suk dkjkdk.

L Km dgrihta hprg suk dhsskdk pak sigj`g g ibku`g suk dhsskdk.

I Km dgrihta hprg suk dkjkdk g ibku`g suk dhsskdk.

@ Km dgrihta hprg h dgtæ rhjng, sigj`g pak shmg g ibku`g dh jaj shppkhda gshtthdgjtg
m‛hj`hdgjta `gm prgzza, patrgllg hjibg hvgr chtta km iajtrhrka ikaâ hvgr hpgrta g
prkdh hvgr chtta km dhsskda pak km dkjkda g pak bh
bh ibkusa, iadujqug kj tuttg k `ug

ihsk bh svkmupphta pkû `k < tgj`gjzg.

Xugsta ik ch ihpkrg ibg iadujqug nkrh ibg tk rknkrh km dgrihta anjk nkarja dhjkcgsth
8 a < tgj`gjzg `adkjhjtk su iuk vhmg mh pgjh chrg trh`kjn.
Xukj`k anjk nkarja kj anjk ujktæ `k tgdpa sk dhjkcgsthja sgdprg
8 a < tgj`gjzg `adkjhjtk ibg â passklkmg scrutthrg g ibg km jastra
alkgttkva shræ chrg thjtg apgrhzkajk quhjtg shrhjja mg tgj`gjzg
`adkjhjtk.
Xukj`k kj tgrdkjk prhtkik vuam `krg ibg sg nuhr`khda km tkdg crhdg
`hkmy chrgda dg`khdgjtg 8 a < apgrhzkajk, sg nuhr`khda km tkdg
crhdg wggemy 8 a < apgrhzkajk h sgttkdhjh, sg nuhr`khda km tkdg
crhdg dajtbmy 8 a < apgrhzkajk hm dgsg g iask vkh.

92
 @H[ & JKNBP
IMAYG GCCGPPKSA
GCCGPPKSA IMAYG WCCKIKHMG
WCCKIKHMG & AVGJ @GM JWASA NKA\JA
<¶ IAJIGPPA @K HJHMKYK PGIJKIH GSAMWPH
Vgr vhmuthrg m‛gcckihikh `gm jastra trh`kjn ik `avrgdda phrhdgtrhrg hmmh vamhtkmktæ d
dg`kh,
g`kh,
ibg kj tgrdkjk prhtkik vuam `krg ibg shrgda sthtk lrhvk sg hvrgdda ihtturhta hmdgja km 76 %
`gm rhjng dg`ka.

Arh iajsk`grkhda ibg m‛ Hjhmksk Pgijkih Gvamuth bh uj rgj`kdgjta, qukj`k ujh dhnnkarg pgrcadhjig
`gm 766 % kj pkû rkspgtta hmm‛Hjhmksk Pgijkih Imhsskih g uja `gk dhttajk caj`hdgjthmk
`gmm‛Hjhmksk Pgijkih Gvamuth â km Imasg Wcckikhmg ibkhdhta hjibg Vrgzza `k \kcgrkdgjta.
Xugsta Imasg Wcckikhmg â ujh sarth `k Imasg ibg sk `kccgrgjzkh `hm Imasg Gccgttkva ibg jardhmdgjtg
â qugmma ibg sk dgttg kj tuttg mg ihj`gmg kjtrh`hy, qukj`k pgr iajvgjzkajg
jgmmg ihj`gmg kjtrh`hy travgrgda sgdprg km Imasg Gccgttkva
dgjtrg jgmmg ihj`gmg `hm `hkmy kj sû travgrgda sgdprg pgr ` gckjkzkajg km Imasg Wcckikhmg.
`gckjkzkajg

Xukj`k km Imasg Gccgttkva â km prgzza `gmm‛umtkda sihdlka jgmm‛ujktæ `k tgdpa dgjtrg

Km Imasg Wcckikhmg â mh dg`kh `gk prgzzk paj`grhth sihdlkhth jgk 96/06 sgiaj`k prkdh ibg km sattasthjtg ibku`h,
qugsth â mh `gckjkzkajg.
Xugsta ihdlkh `h dgrihta h dgrihta pgribë pgr
gsgdpka sg nuhr`khda
k Dgrihtk Hdgrkihjk Km Imasg ucckikhmg i‛â m‛bhjja hmmg arg
<<?66
mg Shmutg hmmg arg <8?66,
km @HR hmmg arg 8>?96
km Luj` hmmg arg 8>?87,
anjk dgrihta bh mh suh pgiumkhrktæ pgr quhjta rknuhr`h
km Imasg Wcckikhmg.

 iask kdparthjtg pgribë kj lhsg h qugsta vhmarg ibg km nkarja `apa sk ihmiamh mh vhrkhzkajg pgrigjtuhmg.

9;
M‛hmtra vhmarg caj`hdgjthmg kj attkih Gvamuth â M‛AVGJ @GM JWASA NKA\JA

Vgribë `h qugsta `kpgj`g km iamarg `gmmh ihj`gmh `k annk sg km prgzza vh saprh m‛ Apgj mh ihj`gmh â Sgr`g dh sg
km prgzza iadkjikh h` hj`hrg satta m‛Apgj mh ihj`gmh `kvgjth \assh.
Xukj`k dgjtrg kj attkih Apgrhtkvh mhvarhvhda summg sgqugjzg `k Ywkjn, kj attkih Gvamuth ma chrgda httrhvgrsa
m‛hjhmksk `gm Imasg `k Kgrk g `gmm‛Apgj `k Annk g qugstk < vhmark dk sgrvkrhjja pgr `gckjkrg km Prgj`.
Mh prkdh `gckjkzkajg ibg `hrgda `k trgj` â ujh `gckjkzkajg `k tkpa sthtkia sknjkckih ibg `gckjkhda km trgj` kj

lhsg h `av‛â km prgzza quhj`a hprkhda mh pkhtthcardh.

Yg pgr gsgdpka quhj`a hprkhda mh
pkhtthcardh km prgzza sk travh
skh saprh km Imasg g skh saprh m‛Apgj kj zajh
++ km Prgj` â Majn
sg hm iajtrhrka km prgzza sk travh
skh satta km Imasg skh satta m‛Apgj km kj zajh
- - km Prgj` â Ybart,
sg kjvgig km prgzza sth trh m‛Apgj g km Imasg
jaj rkusikhda h `gckjkrg km Prgj` g qukj`k
sthrgda Cmht.

Xugsta iajigtta kj attkih Gvamuth sk ibkhdh @hy & Jknbt g `gckjksig km Prgj` kj lhsg hmmh paskzkajg `gm prgzza
rkspgtta h` Apgj g Imasg.
Km @&J â mh `kjhdkih `k lhsg ibg sth hmmh lhsg `gmmh tgijkih gvamuth, tuttk k dgrihtk svkmupphja km @&J trhjjg
kj ihsk rhrksskdk g tuttg mg jastrg strhtgnkg, tgijkibg g pujtk `k gjtrhth tgjthja pgr mara jhturh `k hj`hrg h
prgj`grg k ihdlkhdgjtk `k sthta.
Dh kj rghmtæ h jak pkû ibg ujh `gckjkzkajg
`k tkpa Ythtkia kjtgrgssh ujh `gckjkzkajg `k
tkpa @kjhdkia, pgribë k dadgjtk dknmkark
pgr scrutthrg k nrhckik saja quhj`a km
dgrihta phssh `h `appkh pasktkvktæ h
`appkh jgnhtkvktæ a vkigvgrsh, ikaâ ch
qugsta tkpa `k davkdgjta
hprg g vh kj zajh ++ g pak bh mh carzh `k
sigj`grg kj zajh - - saja sihrsg mg
pralhlkmktæ ibg tarjk kj zajh ++ iadg purg
sg hprg g vh kj zajh - - g pak bh mh carzh `k
shmkrg kj zajh ++ saja unuhmdgjtg si
sihrsg
hrsg
mg pralhlkmktæ ibg tarjk kj zajh - -

Xukj`k sg skhda lrhvk h vg`grg lgjg mg paskzkajk g h paskzkajhrg ma Ytap quhj`a phssh `h `appkh
Vasktkvktæ h `appkh Jgnhtkvktæ â damta `kcckikmg ibg dg ma prgj`h.
Xukj`k nuhr`hj`a km imasg ucckikhmg su tkdg crhdg Dajtbmy g wggemy patrgdda kj`kvk`uhrg km trgj`
sum tkdg crhdg `hkmy.

06
Vrhtkihdgjtg pgr kj`kvk`uhrg km imasg ucckikhmg jgm `hkmy lhstgræ hj`hrg sum tkdg crhdg h 8 dkjuta g
nuhr`hrg km imasg `gmmg <<?66 pgr k dgrihtk hdgrkihjk, km imasg ucckikhmg â iadprgsa jgm rhjng `k
qugmmh ihj`gmh g shræ damta vkikja hm imasg gccgttkva.
G qugsth â mh `gckjkzkajg `k Prgj` @kjhdkih.

08
 DA\JKJN LAR
KM VHPPG\J @GMMH IHJ@GMH IBG JAJ GYKYPG
9¶ IAJIGPPA @K HJHMKYK PGIJKIH GSAMWPH
Jhsig jgk prkdk hjjk <666 `hmm‛assgrvhzkajg `k ujh pkhtthcardh, ibg arh jaj gskstg jghjibg pkû,
ibg dastrhvh sgdprg ujh ihj`gmh kj pkû sum nrhckia `hkmy, km mujg`k dhttkjh quhj`a hprkvh km dgrihta,
qugsta pgribë, pgr gsgdpka sum nrhckia `hkmy mh mkjgh `gm ihdlkhdgjta `k `hth `h uj nkarja h` uj
hmtra jaj sthvh sum cusa arhrka `k Ibkihna ibg sth > arg kj dgja rkspgtta h jak dh sth sum NDP 8 ibg
shrgllg km jastra cusa arhrka \adh ’ Lgrmkja.
Xukj`k km nrhckia dastrhvh sgdprg ujh ihj`gmh kj pkû, pgribë kj rghmtæ, quhj`a km dgrihta
hprkvh h dgzzhjattg arh Kthmkhjh, kj rghmtæ h Ibkihna grhja mg arg 8>?66 `gm padgrknnka g qukj`k grh
hjiarh @adgjkih g qukj`k mh pkhtthcardh chigvh vg`grg km nrhckia nkusta dh iaj km cusa arhrka `k
Ibkihna ibg phrh`asshmdgjtg â qugmma slhnmkhta g` â qugsta km datkva pgr iuk sum nrhckia i‛grh ujh
ihj`gmh `hkmy kj pkû, pgribë dastrhvh mh ihj`gmh `hmmg arg 8>?66 h dgzzhjattg.
Kj rghmtæ qugsta schshdgjta `gm cusa arhrka i‛â tuttk k nkarjk g qugsta vuam `krg ibg tutta ikü ibg
hiih`g trh dgzzhjattg g mg sgttg arh kthmkhjh â hppujta mh `kccgrgjzh `k arhrka crh k `ug muanbk
ibg hj`khda h ibkhdhrg Darjkjn Lax, ibg shrgllg km dhsskda g km dkjkda `gmmg prkdg sgttg arg `gm nkarja.
Vgr `gckjkzkajg mh Darjkjn Lax â ujh da`hmktæ `k hnnkusthdgjta `gm @ & J, pgribë sg `avgsskda trhiikhrg k
mkvgmmk `gm @ & J ikaâ km imasg `gm nkarja prgig`gjtg g m‛a
m‛apgj
pgj `gm juava nkarja, hvrgdda `gk mkvgmmk trappa vkikjk
quhsk iakjik`gjtk g qukj`k km prgzza jaj patrgllg chrg uja a hm dhsskda `ug ihdlkhdgjtk `k sthta, `k
iajsgnugjzh k mkvgmmk `k darjkjn lax `kvgjthja mh da`hmktæ `k hnnkusthdgjta `gm @ & J, pgribë k ihdlkhdgjtk
`k sthta hvvgjnaja jaj quhj`a km dgrihta shmg saprh a sigj`g satta m‛apgj g km imasg pgribë qugk mkvgmmk saja
quhsk iakjik`gjtk dh quhj`a shmg saprh a satta mh darjkjn lax.

Kj qugsta da`a ik skhda rkihvhtk < mkvgmmk giigzkajhmk ibg damtk jaj iajasiaja, sg km dgrihta pak
`hmmg arg >?66 hmmg arg 2?66 hnnkarjhssg qugk dhsskdk a qugk dkjkdk, ka hnnkarjgrü hjibg k dkjkdk g
k dhsskdk `gmmh Darjkjn Lax.

Xukj`k saprh mh darjkjn lax â + + g satta mh darjkjn lax â - -, qukj`k trh`hrg k rkhssarlkdgjtk `gmmh darjkjn
lax vuam `krg `k chtta pravhrg h trh`hrg patgjzkhmk ihdlkhdgjtk `k sthta.

0<
Kj tgrdkjk prhtkik summh pkhtthcardh lksanjh ihmiamhrg `h dgzzhjattg k dkjkdk g k dhsskdk `gmmg prkdg
80 ihj`gmg h dgzz‛arh a 83 ihj`gmg sg km dgrihta hnnkarjh g qugstg jaj saja hmtra k dkjkdk g k
dhsskdk `gmmh Darjkjn Lax g `h ikü `gckjkhda mg hrgg sgjsklkmk Gvamutg.

09
 H\GG YGJYKLKMK
YGJYKLKMK GSAMWPG
- Dkjkdk g Dhsskdk `k kgrk
- Dkjkdk g Dhsskdk `gk nkarjk prgig`gjtk
- Imasg Wcckikhmg `k kgrk
- Dkjkdk g Dhsskdk `gmmh Darjkjn Lax
- \hnkajhrg kj attkih Dumtklax

Kj attkih gvamuth sk ushja pgr kj`kvk`uhrg k mkvgmmk `k Gjtry (iadphtklkmk

( iadphtklkmk iaj mh strhtgnkh) a
iadg Phrngt (phrzkhmg a tathmg).

Yg suiig`g ibg pgr ihsa hmiujg Hrgg Ygjsklkmk saja damta vkikjg trh mara h` gsgdpka
k dhsskdk `k kgrk iaj k dhsskdk `gmmh darjkjn lax, i‛â uj irktgrka `k `kccgrgjzkhzkajg
`k hrgg sgjsklkmk vkikjg.

Yg km prgzza vkgjg `hm lhssa gmkdkja g jaj trh`a mh pkû lhssh

sg km prgzza vkgjg `hmm‛hmta gmkdkja g jaj trh`a mh pkû hmth
Vgr gsgdpka sg k dkjkdk `k darjkjn lax g k dkjkdk `k kgrk saja damta vkikjk sg k prgzzk
vgjnaja `hmm‛hmta jaj tgjna iajta `gk dkjkdk `k darjkn lax.

Xukj`k skhda rkusiktk kj attkih gvamuth h `gckjkrg skh km trgj` ibg mg hrgg sgjsklkmk arh `allkhda
Kdphrhrg h iastrukrg ujh strhtgnkh g qugsta ma chrgda hj`hj`a h stu`khrg qugmmk ibg sk ibkhdhja
Vhttgrj Nrhckik ibg stu`kgrgda g` hj`rgda h` assgrvhrg sama su Pkdg Crhdg
Dajtbmy, ^ggemy g @hkmy.

00
 VHPPG\J

Wjh strhtgnkh sk iastruksig httrhvgrsa ma stu`ka `gk Vhttgrj nrhckik `h igrihrg jgk sgnugjtk
Pkdg Crhdg Dajtbmy, ^ggemy, @hkmy g dhk kj Kjtrh`hy pgribë k stgssk phttgrj su lhsg Kjtrh`hy
jaj cujzkajgrgllgra hmma stgssa da`a g iadujqug hjibg sg cujzkajhssgra hvgj`a mg ihj`gmg
uj rhjng dg`ka pkû pkiiama k nuh`hnjk shrgllgra damta gsknuk.
Ma stu`ka `k qugstk phttgrj iadujqug ik sgrvg gsimuskvhdgjtg pgr ngjgrhrg strhtgnkg g jaj pgr `gckjkrg

pujtk `k gjtrhth kjtrh`hy.

Xugstk phttgrj saja gsimuskvhdgjtg `k < tkpk?
- Vhttgrj `k Iadprgsskajg `k vamhtkmktæ ibg saja K@J\0, J\> g Laadgr

- Vhttgrj `‛Kjvgrskajg ibg saja 26/<6, Iajjars ’ \hsieeg, Aaps, ^kmmkhds

VHPPG\J @K IADV\GYYKAJG

K phttgrj `k iadprgsskajg sk lhshja summ‛hj`hdgjta `gmmh vamhtkmktæ g jaj `gm prgzza,

mh vamhtkmktæ g uj cgjadgja ikimkia, ibg vuam `krg ibg h dadgjtk `k hmth vamhtkmktæ sgnukrhjja
sgdprg dadgjtk `k lhssh vamhtkmktæ g iask vkh.

Xukj`k qugstk phttgrj igrihja

qugstg phrtk `gmmh iurvh, ikaâ
quhj`a mh vamhtkmktæ sk sth
hllhsshj`a, dhnhrk hjiarh jaj â
damta lhssh dh iadujqug â kj
chsg ihmhjtg appurg dadgjtk kj
iuk sth shmgj`a dh jaj â hjiarh
hmtksskdh.

K@\J0
Kjsk`g @hy Jhrraw \hjng 0

@gckjkzkajg? G‛ ujh ihj`gmh kjsk`g

rkspgtta hmmh prgig`gjtg â hjibg mh
pkû pkiiamh `gmmg 9 prgig`gjtk

07
J\>
Jhrraw \hjng >

@gckjkzkajg? G‛ ujh ihj`gmh jaj jgigsshrkhdgjtg kjsk`g rkspgtta hmmh

prgig`gjtg dh pkû pkiiamh `gmmg 3 prgig`gjtk

LAADG\

@gckjkzkajg? G‛ ujh ihj`gmh kjsk`g `k uj‛kjsk`g

03
 26/<6

M‛ 26/<6 â ujh ihj`gmh damta `krgzkajhmg chtth `h tutta la`y g pkiiamg a quhsk jummg sbh`aw g
cardhmdgjtg sk `kig ibg sg km dgrihta
dgrihta hprg satta km <6 % g ibku`g saprh m‛26 % `gm rhjng a
vkigvgrsh hprg saprh km <6 % g ibku`g satta m‛26 % `gm rhjng qugmmh â ujh ihj`gmh `k sgtup 26/<6
qugsth â mh `gckjkzkajg.

Vgr apgrhrg km sgtup 26/<6 km nkarja `apa `gm sgtup

`gvaja hvvgjkrg 9 iasg, iadg kj qugsta ihsa
Km dgrihta `gvg hprkrg jgm rhjng (hprg),
Km dgrihta `gvg radpgrg k dhsskdk `k kgrk (radpg),
Km dgrihta `gvg rkhssarlkrg k dhsskdk `k kgrk
(rkhssarlg).
Kj qugsta ihsa qukj`k sk gjtrh sbart satta k dhsskdk
`k kgrk iaj ma stap paskzkajhta saprh km dhsskda
`k annk.

AAVY!

M‛AAVY! â uj ihsa phrtkiamhrg `k 26/<6, mh `kccgrgjzh kj tgrdkjk `k `kjhdkih `gm prgzza â

ibg jaj bh lksanja `k ujh phrtkiamhrg ihj`gmh `k sgtup, m‛ujkih iash kdparthjtg hcckjibâ
ik skh uj AAVY! â ibg km dgrihta km nkarja `apa hprh kj NHV, ikaâ hm `k cuark `gm rhjng `k kgrk,
sg km dgrihta hprg hm `k cuark `gm rhjng `k kgrk hmmarh igrthdgjtg ba uj sgtup AAVY!
g qukj`k iadg kj qugsta ihsa sg km dgrihta rkhssarlg k dkjkdk `k kgrk sk gjtrh majn
saprh k dkjkdk `k kgrk iaj ma stap paskzkajhta satta km dkjkda `k annk.

0>
 @KCCG\GJ_H P\H NHV G MHV

Km Nhp sk bh quhj`a m'hpgrturh `k ujh ihj`gmh â

supgrkarg hm dhsskda `gm nkarja prkdh ( Nhp up)
appurg kjcgrkarg hm dkjkda `gm nkarja prkdh ( Nhp
@aw) dh cuark `hm rhjng `k kgrk.

Km Mhp sk bh quhj`a m'hpgrturh `k ujh ihj`gmh ë

kjcgrkarg (Mhp `awj) a supgrkarg (Mhp up) hmmh
ibkusurh `gm nkarja prkdh, dh `gjtra km rhjng `k
kgrk.

Km chtta ibg rkdhjnh hpgrta jaj `gvg gssgrg uj kj`kig ibg `gvg gssgrg rkiapgrta, pgr gsgdpka
sg km nhp â `awj hmmarh hj`khda majn, km chtta ibg jaj ma rkiaprh â uj kj`kig ibg km dgrihta â rklhssksth
(uj sgnjhmg jgnhtkva ik `kig ibg mh sktuhzkajg â jgnhtkvh) g jaj ma vuamg rkiaprkrg.
Wj Nhp jaj rkiapgrta â uj tkpkia sgnja ibg km dgrihta â `krgzkajhmg g mh `krgzkajg â jgm vgrsa `gm
Nhp, km Nhp â @awj km Prgj` â @aw
@ aw (Ybart).

02
 L\GHEKJ L\GHEAWP & VWMMLHIE

Vgr `gckjkzkajg

Km Lrghekj sk bh quhj`a km prgzza radpg uj dkjkda a uj dhsskda g pak ma rkhssarlg

rkhssarlg g puü gssgrg
gssgrg a
uj Lrghe kj `gk dkjkdk a uj Lrghekj `gk dhsskdk.
Vgr trh`hrg uj lrghe kj lksanjh hspgtthrg ibg km mkvgmma vgjnh sparihta `k 3/2 tkie g pak jaj sk gjtrh
dhk sum mkvgmma dh 8 tkie saprh km mkvgmma sg hj`khda majn a 8 tkie satta km mkvgmma sg hj`khda sbart.
Mh phrtkiamhrktæ `gm lrghe kj â ibg jak gjtrkhda `avg nmk hmtrk sk ”stapphja—.

Km Lrgheaut sk bh quhj`a km prgzza radpg uj dkjkda a uj dhsskda.

d hsskda.

Km Vummlhie sk bh quhj`a km prgzza radpg km mkvgmma g pak ik rkta

rktarjh
rjh taiihj`ama pgr pak prasgnukrg
iaj km trgj` kj htta.
Kj attkih apgrhtkvh sk igrih uj sgtup `k gjtrhth (phttgrj Ybaatkjn sthr, Bhjnkjn dhj gti) quhj`a vh
h rktaiihrg km mkvgmma.

Xugsta puü chrg km prgzza rkspgtta h` uj mkvgmma a ch uj lrghe kj a ch uj lrghe aut a uj pummlhie g
jaj puü chrg hmtra.

0;
 L\GHE AWP

M‛grrarg tkpkia ibg chjja tuttk â ibg nuhr`hja km la`y, kjvgig `k nuhr`hrg km rhjng
dgjtrg kjvgig lksanjh nuhr`hrg km rhjng ibg iadg shppkhda â mh `kccgrgjzh trh dkjkda g dhsskda,
dgjtrg km la`y â mh `kccgrgjzh trh apgj g imasg.
Ytrhtgnkg apgrhtkvg h prgsikj`grg `hm skjnama phttgrj

8- Yg km dgrihta radpg km dhsskda gjtrkhda

majn (Lrghe aut).
<- Yg km dgrihta radpg km dkjkda gjtrkhda sbart
(Lrghe kj).
9- Yg km dgrihta radpg km dhsskda g skhda
gjtrhtk majn g pak sigj`g g ik prgj`g ma stap, pak
`avrgdda rkgjtrhrg hmmh ratturh `gm dkjkda iaj
ujh paskzkajg sbart.
0- Yg km dgrihta radpg km dkjkda g skhda gjtrhtk
sbart g pak shmg prgj`gj`aik ma stap, `avrgdda
rkgjtrhrg pak hmmh ratturh `gm dhsskda iaj ujh
paskzkajg majn.

G‛ ibkhra ibg hppmkihrg qugsta da`gmma hm trh`kjn `k annk shrgllg iadpmkihta g qukj`k hllkhda chtta `gmmg
da`kckibg chigj`a `ug kpatgsk
- Kpatgsk `k 8¶ Lrgheaut
- Kpatgsk `k <¶ Lrgheaut
Vgribë `allkhda chrg qugsta, jak shppkhda ibg km lrgheaut â uj gvgjta jaj crgqugjtksskda pgr iuk
â damta pralhlkmg ibg km dgrihta mh prkdh vamth ibg radpg uj mkvgmma
mkv gmma â pkû pralhlkmg ibg jaj ma
radph g qukj`k da`kckibkhda mh jastrh apgrhtkvktæ g iasí quhj`a km dgrihta htthiih mh prkdh vamth
kjvgig `k dgttgrg ma stap su tutta km rhjng, dgttkhda ma stap h dgtæ rhjng.
8- Vaskzkajg sbart hmmh ratturh
`gm dkjkda dh ma stap jaj shræ `k
tutta km rhjng dh sk paskzkajgræ h dgtæ
d gtæ
rhjng.
<- Vaskzkajg majn dh quhj`a km
dgrihta nkrh g ik prgj`g ma stap jak
rkgjtrkhda sbart hmmh ratturh `gm
dkjkda dh skiiadg km dgrihta â mh
sgiaj`h vamth ibg tgjth `k radpgrg uj
mkvgmma, ma stap jaj vh paskzkajhta h
dgtæ rhjng dh su tutta km rhjng.
9- Vaskzkajg majn km dgrihta
patrgllg hprkrg, pravhrg
pravhrg h radpgrg g
tarjhrg kj`kgtra prgj`gj`aik ma stap pgr pak tarjhrg `k juava su dh kj qugsta ihsa jaj gjtrkhda sum vgiibka
mkvgmma `k lrgheaut dh gjtrkhda summh vkamhzkajg `gm juava mkvgmma g paskzkajgrgda ma stap h dgtæ rhjng.

76
 \GNAMG VG\ GJP\H\G KJ L\GHE AWP

8 ’ Yg k lrghe aut cujzkajhja quhj`a jaj `gvaja cujzkajhrg g cujzkajhja quhj`a cujzkajhja k Lrghe kj vuam
`krg ibg â ujh nkarjhth `krgzkajhmg

< ’ Ibg skhda h chvarg `k strhtgnkh ikaâ ibg mh nhdlh ibg stkhda trh`hj`a skh pgr `gckjkzkajg ujh Nhdlh
@adkjhjtg, jaj trh`khda dhk k lrgheaut `k nhdlh jaj `adkjhjtg.

9 ’ Ma Ytap `gvg gssgrg sastgjklkmg h dgtæ rhjng iadphtklkmdgjtg km mkvgmma `k strgss ibg ik iadparth, `h jaj
`kdgjtkihrg m‛apgrhzkajg jaj ik `gvg dhk ihushrg strgss.
0- @gvg hvvgjkrg hssamuthdgjtg kj arhrka ibg cujzkajhja k Lrghe aut.

Ihmiama Phrngt Lrghe aut

K Phrngt ibg sk `kvk`aja kj

Phrngt 8 ibkhdhta Lax Phrngt ibg â mh prakgzkajg `gm rhjng lax

Phrngt < ibkhdhta Ywkjn Phrngt ibg â mh prakgzkajg `gmma swkjn

78
 VG\IGJPWHMG @K L\GHE AWP G L\GHE KJ

@urhjtg m‛arhrka `gmmh nkarjhth ik saja `gnmk arhrk kj iuk k lrghe aut saja dgja pralhlkmk g
`gnmk arhrk kj iuk saja pkû pralhlkmk g `gnmk arhrk kj iuk km pkû `gmmg vamtg cujzkajhja k Lrghe kj.

<0?66 ’ 62?66 Mg pgrigjtuhmk `gk Lrghe aut saja damta lhssg g qukj`k hm iajtrhrka cujzkajhja damta lgjg k
Lrghe kj g` kj qugsth chsikh arhrkh ibg uskhda mh tgijkih Nmalgx.
6;?66 ’ 88?66 Xuhj`a hprg m‛Guraph mg pgrigjtuhmk `k Lrghe aut kjkzkhja h shmkrg g `apa
mg 86?66 kjkzkhja h sigj`grg ckja h` hrrkvhrg hmm‛arh `k prhjza.
80?96 ’ 83?96 Xuk i‛â km pkiia `gk Lrghe kj g m‛hpgrturh `gmmh Larsh Hdgrkihjh g kj qugsth chsikh arhrkh uskhda
mh Pgijkih `gmmg 87?96 ibg â ujh tgijkih
t gijkih gxtrh-strhtgnkh ikaâ kj`kpgj`gjtg `hmmh strhtgnkh prgvksth.
83?96 ’ 82?66 Xuk tgrdkjhth mh prkdh arh `k iajtrhtthzkajg `hmm‛hpgrturh Hdgrkihjh g ibkusurh `gmmg Larsg
Gurapgg mg pgrigjtuhmk `k Lrghe aut rkiadkjikhja h shmkrg ckja h` hvgrg km pkiia dhsskda hmmg arg 8>?96/82?66.

Yunmk arhrk i‛â ujh `kccgrgjzh `h iajsk`grhrg

summh lhsg `gnmk strudgjtk kj iuk `gik`khda `k

apgrhrg.
Vgr mg Iadda`kty g Shmutg mg pgrigjtuhmk `k
Lrghe aut h chvarg kjkzkhja hmg arg 6>?66 h
shmkrg dgjtrg pgr km nmk Kj`kik sk hspgtth
m‛hpgrturh `gm Ihsb hmmg arg 6;?66/6;?96,
pgribë nmk Kj`kik Hzkajhrk bhjja lksanja ibg mg
hzkajk hprhja g ibg phssk hmdgja dgzz‛arh
qukj`k `hmmg arg 6;?96 kj pak.
Mg Shmutg jaj `gvaja hspgtthrg jgssujh
hpgrturh g jaj bhjja lksanja `k uj ihsb ibg
hprg pgribë km sattasthjtg â sgdprg hpgrta g
qukj`k k Lrghe aut patrgllgra cujzkajhrg `h prkdh, qugsta jaj vuam `krg ibg k Lrghe aut cujzkajhja `k pkû,
pgribâ km Lrghe aut jaj â jkgjt‛hmtra ibg uj Lrghe kj hj`hta h luaj ckjg.

7<
 Xukj`k sg `avgsskda trh`hrg kj lrgheaut hj`khda h
ckmtrhrg apgrhzkajk pgr gsgdpka summg Shmutg `hmmg b
6>?66 hmmg b 86?96 g `hmmg b 83?96 hmmg b 8;?66 kj iuk k
lrghe aut saja pkû pralhlkmk rkspgtta hnmk arhrk b
<0?66 ’ 6>?66 kj iuk kjvgig k lrghe aut jaj saja
pralhlkmk, dgjtrg sunmk Kj`kik nmk arhrk ihdlkhja
mgnngrdgjtg.
Xukj`k ik shrhjja `gk dadgjtk kj iuk iajvkgjg
apgrhrg kj Lrghe aut (Sgr`k) g `gk dadgjtk kj iuk
iajvkgjg apgrhrg kj Lrghe kj (Nkhmmk).

Xugsta vhmg skh pgr mg vhmutg ibg pgr nmk Kj`kik.

Nmk Kstktuzkajhmk jaj trh`hja dhk k lrghe aut pgribë ikrih km >6% `gk lrghe aut `k samkta chmmksig g
qukj`k sk trhscardh kj cheg aut. Xugsta pgribë kj pskiamankh
pskiamankh km iadparthdgjta `k uj skjnama
jaj â passklkmg prgvg`grma kjvgig qugmma `k uj nruppa sk, g` â qugmma ibg sgrvg h jak,
h jak sgrvg prgvg`grg jaj km iadparthdgjta `k uj skjnama dh qugmma `gm nruppa iadg saddh
`k iadparthdgjtk skjnamk g qukj`k nmk kstktuzkajhmk iash chjja scrutthja praprka qugstk dgiihjksdk
pskiamankik ibg sk lhshja?
Yummh Vhurh
ibg puü gssgrg `k < tkpk?
`k pgr`grg sam`k ibg â qugmmh ibg ik kdpg`ksig `k apgrhrg g
`k pgr`grg aiihskajk ibg â qugmmh phurh ibg ik ch sattastkdhrg k rksibk g ik ch gjtrhrg sgdprg hjibg quhj`a
jaj ik saja k nkustk sgtup.

Yumm‛Hvk`ktæ ibg vuam `krg jaj shpgrsk hiiajtgjthrg g` â km crutta `gm jaj hvgrg ujh prgiksh strhtgnkh g` uj
prgiksa pkhja apgrhtkva.

79
 P\H@H\G KM MKSGMMA A KM VHPPG\J

- Jgm 8¶ ihsa vksta ibg jaj i‛â km lrghe kj k j dh i‛â km mkvgmma ibg km prgzza pgrü jaj taiih, igribkhda uj phttgrj
pgr gjtrhrg (sg jaj i‛â, jaj trh`khda).
trh`khda).
- Jgm <¶ ihsa trh`khda km phttgrj, pgribë hjibg kj qugsta ihsa km prgzza jaj taiih km mkvgmma dh ik prgj`g ma
stap vkamhj`a km mkvgmma `k 3/2 tkie, qukj`k h qugsta pujta rkgjtrkhda trh`hj`a km mkvgmma kj lrghe kj.
- Km 9¶ ihsa km prgzza vkamh km mkvgmma `gk tkie jgigsshrk, qukj`k trh`khda km mkvgmma kj lrghe kj.
- Km 0¶ ihsa km prgzza vkamh tuttg g `ug k mkvgmmk, km prkda `gk 3/2 tkie jgigsshrk pgr gjtrhrg, dgjtrg jaj ma ch
iaj km sgiaj`a, hmmarh jaj hspgttkhda mh cardhzkajg `k uj phttgrj sum qugm mkvgmma pgr gjtrhrg sum
rkhssarlkdgjta ibg ik rgj`grgllg ma stap trappa hdpka pgribë h qugm pujta patrgdda trh`hrg
`krgtthdgjtg km mkvgmma, kjvgig hj`rgda h igrihrg mh cardhzkajg `k uj phttgrj crh k `ug mkvgmmk, kj attkih `k
dkjkdkzzhzkajg `gmma stap g `k ujh gjtrhth pkû gcckikgjtg.
- Jgm 7¶ ihsa km prgzza vkamh gjtrhdlk k mkvgmmk `gk tkie jgigsshrk pgr gjtrhrg kj lrghe kj g qukj`k passkhda
trh`hrg gjtrhdlk, dh mh jastrh sigmth rkih`ræ rk ih`ræ sum sgiaj`a mkvgmma pgribë pkû iajvgjkgjtg.

70
 YP\HPGNKG

Puttk pgjshja ibg km dgrihta anjk nkarja passh hvgrg dkmkajk `k hj`hdgjtk `kccgrgjtk, anjk ihj`gmh
jaj sk rgputh dhk k`gjtkih h qugmmh suiigsskvh, dh kj rghmtæ jaj â iask pgribë mh dhnnkar phrtg
`gmmg vamtg km dgrihta svkmupph `h 8 h 9 tgj`gjzg su anjk ujktæ tgdparhmg (Pkdg Crhdg) ibkhdhtg
kj ngrna NHDLG.

@GCKJK_KAJG @K YP\HPGNKH
Km dgrihta ngjgrh ujh nhdlh quhj`a vh `krgtthdgjtg h kjcrhjngrg uj Dhsskda a uj Dkjkda
a quhj`a ngjgrh uj Dhsskda ibg vkamh uj Dkjkda a
quhj`a ngjgrh uj Dkjkda ibg vkamh
vk amh uj Dhsskda.
Jgmmh prhtkih sk trh`hja nhdlg patgjzkhmk, pgribë h vamtg sk trh`h ujh nhdlh ibg pak
sk patrgllg rkmgvhrg jaj mh nhdlh ibg sk pgjshvh ibg cassg g shppkhda ibg km dgrihta
bh ngjgrhta ujh nhdlh sama quhj`a km dgrihta vh vkamhrg iaj qugmmh nhdlh uj dkjkda a
uj dhsskda appurg pgribë ngjgrh uj dkjkda a uj dhsskda kjsk`g ibg pak vhjja h vkamhrg
uj dkjkda a uj dhsskda `hkmy.

@k chtta kj uj dgrihta Majn km prgzza

puü shmkrg samhdgjtg kj 9 da`k
- Vrkdh sigj`g g pak shmg.
- Vgribë kjkzkhmdgjtg km dgrihta ch uj
Cheg aut dh pak ch ujh nhdlh
@adkjhjtg.
- Vgribë cujzkajhja k Lrghe aut g chræ
mh stgssh iash kj dhjkgrh spgiumhrg kj
uj dgrihta sbart.

@gckjkrgda mh nhdlh H strhtgnkh < nhdlg, mh nhdlh L strhtgnkh h 9 nhdlg g mh nhdlh I strhtgnkh h` 8
nhdlh `krgzkajhmg majn hm iajtrhrka @, G g C strhtgnkg sbart.

77
Xukj`k kj trgj` rkhmzksth patrgdda prgvg`grg ibg sg km dgrihta ch strhtgnkg h < nhdlg majn jak sbart jaj ik
hj`khda g qukj`k mh jastrh strhtgnkh shræ nhdlh 8 jaj `adkjhjtg JA, dgjtrg nhdlh < `adkjhjtg YK.
Dgjtrg sg chræ strhtgnkh h 9 nhdlg
majn jak nhdlh 8 jaj mh trh`khda,
dgjtrg hj`khda sbart su nhdlh <
jaj `adkjhjtg, hjibg gssgj`a km
dgrihta `k caj`a rkhmzksth sigj`g
pgribë i‛â ibk rktkrh k prackttk `apa km
lrghe aut g ibk â gjtrhta su nhdlh 8
kjkzkh h pgr`grg g pgr phurh ibku`g mg
paskzkajk g qugsta ch hiigmgrhrg km
prgzza hm rklhssa.
@k iajsgnugjzh jak hj`rgda sbart sum
lrghe kj `gk dhsskdk (nhdlh <),
hj`hj`a h prakgtthrg km rksibka pkû a
dgja hmmh ckjg `k nhdlh 8 `avg tuttk
bhjja ibkusa ihpkthmkzzhj`a pgr`ktg
pgr jak shrhjja nuh`hnjk g h qugsta
pujta shrgda cmht pgr trh`hrg nhdlh
9 Majn `adkjhjtg.

73
 HJHMKYK @GMMG
@GMMG YP\HPGNKG

M‛Hjhmksk `gmmg nhdlg sk ch pgr anjk arkzzajtg tgdparhmg phrtgj`a `hm Pkdg Crhdg pkû hmta
Dajtbmy ? m‛kj`kvk`uhzkajg `gmmg nhdlg sum tkdg crhdg dajtbmy sk ch hjhmkzzhj`a mg sgttkdhjg ibg
iadpajnaja km dgsg, sg kj`kvk`ukhda 8 samh nhdlh vuam `krg ibg `hmm‛kjkzka `gm dgsg ckja hmmh ckjg km dgrihta
a shmg a sigj`g samhdgjtg.

Yg kj`kvk`ukhda < nhdlg, pgr gsgdpka kj uj dgrihta sbart jgmmh K¶ sgttkdhjh (nhdlh), sk hvræ uj rkhmza `gm
prgzza ibg puü hrrkvhrg
hrrkvhrg dhsskda h >/2 nkarjk mhvarhtkvk (avvkhdgjtg) g pak ik `
`avræ
avræ gssgrg m‛kjvgrskajg
m‛kjvgrskajg ibg dk
parth h dhjkcgsthrg uj trgj` sbart.
sbart.
Yg kjvgig kj`kvk`ukhda 9 nhdlg, pgr gsgdpka kj uj dgrihta sbart mh K¶ sgttkdhjh (nhdlh) shræ avvkhdgjtg
sbart pak hvrgda mh KK¶ sgttkdhjh (nhdlh) sgdprg jaj `adkjhjtg majn â kjckjg `avrgdda hvgrg ikrih 89/87
nkarjk mhvarhtkvk (< sgttkdhjg) `avg km prgzza â sasthjzkhmdgjtg sbart.

Yg saja 9 tgj`gjzg su tkdg crhdg ^ggemy

skiurhdgjtg mh nhdlh jaj `adkjhjtg mh chræ
trh dhrtg`k g dgriamg`k.

7>
@hkmy? m‛kj`kvk`uhzkajg `gmmg nhdlg sum tkdg crhdg `hkmy sk chræ kjtrh`hy, qukj`k vgrsa mg arg 6>?66/62?66
hllkhda nkæ pralhlkmdgjtg nhdlh 8 pak `hmmg 6>?66/62/66 hmmg 8<?66/89?66 sk cardgræ nhdlh < g `hmmg
8<?66/89?66 hmmg 8>?66/82?66 ckja hmmh sgrh stkhda pralhlkmdgjtg su nhdlh 9.
Vak `kpgj`g damta `h quhj`a ch nhdlh 8 g avvkhdgjtg `h quhjtg nhdlg ch kj uj nkarja sg jg svkmuppgræ 8,
< a 9.
Yg ch < nhdlg â pralhlkmg ibg m‛kjvgrskajg hvvgjnh pkû thr`k `gmmg 8<?66/89?66 g dgjtrg sg ch < nhdlg g jaj
ch km Nmalgx â damta pralhlkmg
pralhlkmg ibg m‛kjvgrskajg hvvgjnh crh m‛arh `k prhjza g m‛hpgrturh `gmmg Larsg Hdgrkihjg.
Xukj`k hllkhda `gckjkta km iajigtta `k Nhdlh kj sg, rkchigj`aik hm iajigtta `k Ywkjn, pgribë lksanjh hvgrg
sgdprg < pujtk `k rkcgrkdgjta g qukj`k quhj`a hj`khda h rhnkajhrg g h rkiastrukrg kjtrh`hy mg nhdlg ibg
hllkhda kpatkzzhta jgmmh jastrh strhtgnkh `hkmy, `allkhda hvgrg iadg pujtk `k rkcgrkdgjta km dkjkda g km
dhsskda g qukj`k sk rhnkajh kj tgrdkjk `k Ywkjn.
Jaj iajsk`grkhda pkû km dkjkda g km dhsskda sama pgr mh nhdlh `adkjhjtg, ibg pgr `gckjkzkajg â
mh nhdlh ibg `gvg chrg uj davkdgjta pkû hdpka `gmm‛umtkdh nhdlh ibg bh chtta.

\kihpktamhj`a mh jastrh apgrhtkvktæ prkdh kj uj trgj` majn

grh qugsth gjtrhvhda majn ik prgj`gvh ma stap h dgtæ `gm rhjng
g pak rkgjtrhvhda hm lrgheaut `gm dhsskda prgig`gjtg .

H`gssa hllkhda siapgrta ibg summh prkdh

prkdh nhdlh majn jaj ik hj`khda g jaj
prgj`khda ma stap ibg kj prgig`gjzh
prgig`gjzh prgj`gvhda, `k iajsgnugjzh jaj pgr`khda
sam`k, dh sg mh jastrh vkskajg rkdhjg majn, jaj gjtrkhda iadg prkdh sum lrghe aut
`gm dhsskda dh damta prkdh sum lrghe kj g sg hllkhda slhnmkhta vkskajg g` gssgrg
gjtrhtk sbart su nhdlh < hllkhda sgdprg nuh`hnjhta.

Xukj`k sg dhnhrk prgj`khda 2 strhtgnkg su 86 mg < ibg slhnmkhda damta spgssa jaj pgr`khda,
pgribë hjibg sg slhnmkhda h `gckjkrg
`gckjkrg mh nhdlh `adkjhjtg rkusikhda iadujqug h nuh`hnjhrg
summg nhdlg dkjark, kj ngrna jaj `adkjhjtk.
Xukj`k trh`hrg mh stgssh `kjhdkih `gk prgzzk kj Attkih Apgrhtkvh g trh`hrmh kj Attkih Gvamuth
â iadpmgthdgjtg `kccgrgjtg g `h qugsta jg `ksigj`g m‛umtkda iajigtta `gm iahibkjn kjtgjskva
ibg â km prkjikpka `k Ytrhtgnkh Gvamuth.
72
 V\KJIKVKA @K YP\HPGNKH GSAMWPH

Km prkjikpka `kig ibg `htk < Mkvgmmk (Hrgg Ygjsklkmk) g `hth ujh strhtgnkh, kddhnkjkhda
ibg mh strhtgnkh pgr `adhjk skh majn, km prgzza pgr `adhjk patræ shmkrg sama kj <
da`hmktæ, a shmg kj cujzkajg `gk lrghe aut h igrtg iaj`kzkajk, ujh `k qugmmg shræ
skiurhdgjtg kj iuk nmk arhrk `gk lrghe aut cujzkajhja (da`hmktæ iajsgrvhtkvh) ibg km pkû
`gmmg vamtg jaj rkspgttgræ, a shmkræ sum lrghe kj `gk dkjkdk (da`hmktæ hnnrgsskvh) `avg
jak gjtrgrgda, gsimu`gj`a ma sbart summh prkdh nhdlh.
Xukj`k Ja Ybart, Ja Majn Iajsgrvhtkva dh Yk Majn Hnnrgsskva.

Vgrü hjibg kj qugsta ihsa jaj hvrgda mh igrtgzzh `k gssgrg su nhdlh <, pgribë km dgrihta patrgllg
chrg uj kdpumsa ibg ngjgrh km lrghe kj uj dgrihta
dgrihta rkhmzksth, dh pak iajtkjuhrg h si
sigj`grg
gj`grg
chigj`a cujzkajhrg k lrghe aut
aut g hvrgdda trh`hta pgjshj`a casscassgg nhdlh < dh kj rghmtæ grh
uj rktrhiikhdgjta g qukj`k hjiarh nhdlh 8, ik skhda slhnmkhtk g skhda hj`htk kj stap.
Xugsta ik ch ihpkrg ibg mh dhnnkar phrtg `gmmg vamtg kj iuk pgr`khda, kj rghmtæ hllkhda slhnmkhta
mh strhtgnkh.
Giia pgribë jak pravkhda sgdprg h gjtrhrg `k juava `apa km prkda stap, pgribë sg hjibg mh sgiaj`h
vamth ik prgj`g ma stap, sgjzh jghjibg rgdujgrhrg km rksibka, hmmarh hllkhda slhnmkhta nhdlh g
strhtgnkh g h qugm pujta ik cgrdkhda iasí hllkhda pgrmadgja mkdkthta mg pgr`ktg g hj`khda
su uj hmtra dgrihta.
Xugsta ik pgrdgttg `k `hrg `gmmg rgnamg hmmg strhtgnkg?

- Yg mh jastrh strhtgnkh â nkusth, m‛gjtrhth â nkusth g iadujqug km dgrihta ik â hj`hta iajtra

dhj`hj`aik kj stap g vg`khda uj‛hmtrh gjtrhth iajcardg hmm‛apgrhtkvktæ `allkhda sgdprg
rkpravhrik, sgdprg rkspgtthj`a km < % `gm jastra dajgy dhjhngdgjt.

- Km ckmtra arhrka vhmg sama pgr mh nhdlh jaj `adkjhjtg dgjtrg pgr mh nhdlh `adkjhjtg jaj sgrvg, mh
nhdlh `adkjhjtg sk trh`h sgdprg sgjzh ckmtra arhrka.

- Nhdlh 8 jaj sk trh`h dhk g nhdlh 9 gskstg pgribë quhj`a km prgzza rkphrtg a vh saprh km prgig`gjtg
dhsskda kj uj dgrihta rkhmzksth a quhj`a rkphrtg vh satta km prgig`gjtg dkjkda kj uj dgrihta rklhssksth
g sg jaj ma ch â uj rktrhiikhdgjta.

@h qugsta sk gvkjig ibg jak trh`khda nhdlg patgjzkhmk g ibg quhj`a mg trh`khda, skiiadg saja sama
Kjcardhzkajk, jaj shppkhda sg kj gccgttk saja mg nhdlg ibg pgjskhda ibg skhja.

7;
 IAJIGPPA CAJ@HDGJPHMG @K YP\HPGNKH
Mh iash kdparthjtg jgmm‛kj`kvk`uhzkajg `gmmg strhtgnkg g igrihrg `k prgj`grg dhira davkdgjtk ibg ik
pgrdgtthja `k prgj`grg hmdgja km 76 % `gm rhjng.
rhjng.
Mg nhdlg passaja gssgrg 9, damta spgssa saja < g km <6 % `gmmg vamtg â sama 8 mh imhsskih nkarjhth
`krgzkajhmg ibg ch cujzkajhrg k lrghe aut, pgr gsgdpka mh ihj`gmh `k sgtup 26/<6 ibg â ujh ihj`gmh
`krgzkajhmg ibg â cardhth `h tutta la`y iaj pkiiamg a hssgjtk sbh`aw.

Hjhmkzzhj`a mg ihj`gmg passa jathrg ibg mg ihj`gmg

ihj`gmg ibg jaj bhjja sbh`aw jg kjc kjcgrkark,
grkark, jg supgrkark,
saja damta paibg g` giia iadg sk vgrkckih kj dhjkgrh gdpkrkih km chtta ibg 8 a hm dhsskda < ihj`gmg su 86
saja `krgzkajhmk, qukj`k mh dhnnkar phrtg `gmmg vamtg km dgrihta hvræ sama < a 9 nhdlg.
Yg pgr gsgdpka km dgrihta hprg kjsk`g hmm‛kjtgrja `gmma swkjn (dhx g dkj `k kgrk) ckjibë sth `gjtra
stkhda su nhdlh 8 g mh ihj`gmh kjsk`g pgr `gckjkzkajg jaj ik pgrdgttg `k chrg ujh strhtgnkh.
Apgrhj`a suk dgrihtk hdgrkihjk, quhj`a ik hmzkhda mh dhttkjh hllkhda mh nhdlh 8 nkæ cardhth ibg pgr
rgnamh jaj sk trh`h dhk g qukj`k ik `h mh passklkmktæ `k trh`hrg mh cardhzkajg `k nhdlh < ibg shræ `adkjhjtg
sg mh strhtgnkh â h < nhdlg a shræ nhdlh < jaj `adkjhjtg sg mh strhtgnkh â h 9 nhdlg.
Vrhtkihdgjtg pgr cardhrg nhdlh < km dgrihta pgr gsgdpka `avrgllg shmkrg saprh km dhsskda `k kgrk g pak
pravhrg h rkhssarlkrg.
Vasskhda hvgrg mh igrtgzzh `k gssgrg su nhdlh <,
sama quhj`a pgr gsgdpka km dgrihta hprg, ngjgrh

mh darjkjn lax g pak ngjgrh uj dkjkda ibg jaj

vh satta km dkjkda `k kgrk dh vh satta km dkjkda `k
darjkjn lax g pak rkhssarlg, ngjgrhj`a uj
dhsskda ibg supgrh km dhsskda `k kgrk. Kj qugsta
ihsa qukj`k passkhda hvgrg mh igrtgzzh ibg qugsth
skh nhdlh < pgribë bh chtta uj dkjkda Kjtrh`hy
g uj dhx `k swkjn.

Hvgrg pgrü mh igrtgzzh `k gssgrg su nhdlh <

`adkjhjtg hmma stgssa tgdpa pgrü jaj ik iajsgjtg
`k hvgrg uj‛gjtrhth hmthdgjtg gcckikgjtg, pgribë
`avrgdda trh`hrg ujh nhdlh iaj uja stap
gjardg g qukj`k jaj ik tutgmh `hm pujta `k vksth
`gmmh pgr`kth pak shppkhda ibg k lrghe aut jaj
cujzkajhja mh dhnnkar phrtg `gmmg vamtg g qukj`k km
phrh`assa shræ ibg amtrg h rksibkhrg `k hvgrg ujh
pgr`kth iajskstgjtg pgr vkh `gmma stap nrhj`g,
hvrgda hjibg ujh pralhlkmktæ `k rkusikth pgr vkh
`gmm‛kjgcckikgjzh `gk lrghe aut g qukj`k km rksumthta
shræ ibg `avrgdda gvkthrg `k chrg km trh`g.
JA GJP\[ JA MAYY.

M‛gjtrhth pkû gcckikgjtg shræ quhj`a km dgrihta pgr gsgdpka hprg vh satta km dkjkda `k kgrk, rkhssarlg
g vh kj lrghe-kj g qukj`k stkhda sgdprg trh`hj`a ujh patgjzkhmg nhdlh < dh kj dhjkgrh pkû prackiuh pgribë
hvrgda uja stap pkû pkiiama a hnnrgsskvh ibg â pak km prkjikpka `k strhtgnkh gvamuth

36
 YP\HPGNKG IAJP\HVVAYPG

@k samkta mg strhtgnkg iajtrhppastg sk dgttaja kj htta kj prgsgjzh a kj vkikjhjzh `k uj supparta a

`k ujh rgskstgjzh ikaâ `k uj mkvgmma nrhckia rkmgvhjtg.
Yk `gckjksiaja iajtrhppastg pgribë sg ujh strhtgnkh â majn, qukj`k pgr gsgdpka kj prgsgjzh `k ujh
rgskstgjzh sg prkdh sigj`g passkhda trh`hrg majn, kjvgig sg prkdh shmg passkhda trh`hrg sbart dgjtrg m‛hmtrh
strhtgnkh â sbart g qukj`k pgr gsgdpka kj prgsgjzh `k uj supparta sg prkdh shmg passkhda trh`hrg pak sbart
dgjtrg sg prkdh sigj`g passkhda trh`hrg pak majn.

38
 @KCCG\GJ_H P\H NHDLG VAPGJ_KHMK G NHDLG GCCGPPKSG

Xuhj`a km dgrihta radpg mh darjkjn lax g pak mh rkhssarlg (cheg aut), ngjgrhj`a uj dhsskda ibg vh satta km
dkjkda `k kgrk qugsth sk puü `gckjkrg nhdlh <.
Yg pgrü jak `gckjkhda nhdlh qugm davkdgjta ibg vh h
radpgrg uj dkjkda a uj dhsskda `hkmy, km davkdgjta ibg
prkdh hllkhda `gckjkta nhdlh 8 `kvgjth kjsknjkckihjtg.
Mh skjtgsk ibg passkhda chrg â mh `kccgrgjzh ibg i‛â trh nhdlg
patgjzkhmk g nhdlg gccgttkvg.
Xuhj`a hm dhttkja stkhda trh`hj`a km cheg aut (lrghe kj)
`gmmh darjkjn lax m‛k`gh ibg ik skhda chttk â ibg stkhda
trh`hj`a ujh patgjzkhmg nhdlh <, pgribë km dgrihta
patrgllg jaj sama hrrkvhrg hm dkjkda `k kgrk dh sigj`grg
hjiarh cardhj`a mh nhdlh < `adkjhjtg gccgttkvh.
Kj qugsta ihsa pgrü ujh vamth vkamhta km dkjkda `k kgrk bh chtta
pak uj lrghe kj ibg bh ngjgrhta uj davkdgjta ibg â hrrkvhta
h vkamhrg km dhsskda `k kgrk ngjgrhj`a ujh nhdlh 9.
Kj qugsta dadgjta pgrü ik rgj`khda iajta ibg rkshmgj`a km
dgrihta jaj bh chtta ujh nhdlh < `adkjhjtg g qukj`k km
prkda davkdgjta `gmmh nkarjhth (patgjzkhmg nhdlh 8) â
kjsk`g â qukj`k krrkmgvhjtg hk ckjk `gmmh strhtgnkh.
Xukj`k `urhjtg mh nkarjhth pgjshvhda h` ujh patgjzkhmg strhtgnkh h 9 nhdlg, dh h ckjg nkarjhth quhj`a km
dgrihta â hj`hta prkdh h vkamhrg k dkjkdk g pak k dhsskdk kjtrh`hy patrgdda `krg iaj igrtgzzh ibg annk km
dgrihta bh ngjgrhta ujh strhtgnkh h < nhdlg.
Xukj`k `k chtta hllkhda trh`hta nhdlh < ibg kj rghmtæ grh nhdlh 8 g nhdlh 9 ibg `k chtta grh nhdlh <.
JGM P\H@KJN JAK P\H@KHDA
P\H@ KHDA JAJ P\H@KHDA NHDLG GCCGPPKSG DH NHDLG VAPGJ_KHMK.

Gsgrikthzkajg? Hj`hrg h vg`grg kj`kgtra jgm tgdpa g trhiikhrg suk nrhckik mg nhdlg gccgttkvg
sgiaj`a mg rgnamg g kpatkzzhrg mg strhtgnkg pgr k nkarjk cuturk trhiikhj`a mg nhdlg patgjzkhmk
3<
 IAYH IADG XWHJ@A

Yg pgr gsgdpka `allkhda chrg mh strhtgnkh hjjuhmg sum <6<6, ibkusa km <68;, kj qugsta dadgjta (Dhnnka
<6<6) â h `ug nhdlg, qukj`k mh Kh K¶ nhdlh m‛bh nkæ chtth g ik travkhda h`gssa su nhdlh < `adkjhjtg (sum
tkdg crhdg nkarjhmkgra passkhda gvk`gjzkhrg uj tgsth & sphmmg).
Kj attkih gvamuth â sthth `kcgsh uj‛hrgh `k `ug hjjk ch g qukj`k qugmmh g `kvgjthth mh vgrh ”`ghtb mkjg—, sg
qugmm‛hrgh vkgjg vgj`uth (ibg `k chtta saja k dkjkdk `gm iarajhvkrus) a vh rkvg`grg k dkjkdk `‛kjkzka hjja a
cujzkajh mh strhtgnkh g hrrkvh suk dhsskdk
dhsskdk starkik g qugsta â kdparthjtksskda `h shpgrg.
Vgribë qugmma ibg vg`khda quhj`a chiikhda mh strhtgnkh, vhmg hjibg summ‛hjjuhmg, iasí pgr gsgdpka iadg km ;
dhnnka â prgsta rkspgtta hm dgsg, hmma stgssa da`a km dgsg `k dhnnka â prgsta rkspgtta hmm‛hjja.

Xukj`k kj attkih gvamuth pgr jak â kdparthjtg

- Iash ch km prgzza
- Iadg ma cæ (sg vh prkdh prgj`grg uj dkjkda a prkdh uj dhsskda)
- Xuhj`a ma ch
Yaprhttutta km quhj`a pgribë thjta pkû prgsta km dgrihta vh h prgj`grsk uj mkvgmma, thjta pkû â pralhlkmg ibg mh
nhdlh ibg sth dgttgj`a kj gssgrg jaj â qugmmh `adkjhjtg.
Xukj`k k jastrk phrhdgtrk `k rkcgrkdgjta `gvaja gssgrg km dgsg, ik `allkhda ibkg`grg quhj`a sth chigj`a mh
nhdlh k prkdk `gm dgsg a h dgtæ dgsg.
Vgr gsgdpka sg uj dgrihta mh K¶ sgttkdhjh `gm dgsg vh h prgj`grsk sulkta uj dkjkda, mg pralhlkmktæ ibg ma
scark saja lhssksskdg pgribë k lrghe aut jaj cujzkajhja, â uj mkvgmma ibg hj`rgda sulkta h majnhrg g vkigvgrsh
sg â uj dhsskda h sbarthrg.
Yg hllkhda strhtgnkg sbart dajtbmy, km prgzza patræ chrg pgr gsimuskajg sama strhtgnkh h 9 nhdlg, pgribë sg
cassg h < nhdlg shrgllg prkdh shmkta
shmkta g pak sigsa g mg pralhlkmktæ ibg skh `krgzkajhmg saja sihrsksskdg.
Xukj`k iadg kj qugsta ihsa sg ch sulkta nhdlh 8, patrgdda trh`hrg mh sgiaj`h nhdlh `k lrgvg ibg kj attkih
dajtbmy puü `urhrg nkarjk a sgttkdhjg g quhj`a cardgræ mh patgjzkhmg nhdlh 9 k jastrk thrngt phrzkhmk
shrhjja k lrgheaut, ibg sg cujzkajhssgra mhsigrgda iarrgrg km P9 ibg â m‛ujkia da`a `k nuh`hnjhrg.
”M‛ujkia da`a `k nuh`hnjhrg sunmk kj`kik kgrk g annk grh gssgrg nkæ `gjtra—

”Vgr m‛Hjhmksk Pgijkih Imhsskih â kdparthjtg samthjta km IAYH, dgjtrg pgr m‛Hjhmksk Gvamuth â kdparthjtg km IADG
g saprhttutta â pkû kdparthjtg km XWHJ@A pgribë km XWHJ@A kjik`g sum IADG.—

39
 NHKJ VAPGJ_KHMG

Prgj` majn `urhta 7 nkarjk!

Apgrhtkvhdgjtg

m‛gjtrhth â sthth sum lrghe kj `gk dkjkdk sum

sgtup AAVY!

Gssgj`a uj‛gjtrhth jatturjh, kj hmtgrjhtkvh

sk patgvh gjtrhrg kj attkih Dumtk lax sum

mkvgmma pkû iajvgjkgjtg.

Xukj`k ujh vamth rgdujgrhta km rksibka g rhnnkujta hjibg km P< iaj km P9 h ckjg nkarjhth vg`khda ibg km dgrihta
ibku`g suk dhsskdk, km nkarja `apa, `k jattg cujzkajhja k lrghe aut g km Nmalgx ja, ik rgj`khda iajta ibg km
dgrihta â `krgzkajhmg g quhj`a rktrhiikh m‛kj`kihzkajg ibg ik `h â ibg jaj sthjja gjtrhj`a k sbart dh qugk
rktrhiikhdgjtk saja ibkusurg `k paskzkajg majn (prgsg
( prgsg `k pracktta).

30
 DWMPKLAR

Km Dumtklax jaj â ujh tgijkih pgr gjtrhrg h dgrihta dh ujh da`hmktæ pgr rgj`grg pkû gcckikgjtg
ujh gjtrhth h dgrihta g `gvg sgdprg rkspgtthrg h dajtg mg patgjzkhmk strhtgnkg ibg hllkhda
pkhjkckihta.
Vrhtkihdgjtg â m‛hnnkarjhdgjta `gm dhsskda a dkjkda `gmmh Darjkjn Lax sg hvvkgjg uj juava
dhsskda a dkjkda jgk vhrk arhrk `k sgnukta gmgjihtk.

Yum tkdg crhdg h 96 dkjutk jardhmdgjtg jak irgkhda ihmiamhj`a km judgra `k ihj`gmg x lax

- Km K¶ Lax ibg vh `hmmg b 66?66 hmmg 6>.66 â uj hnnkusthdgjta `gm imasg `gm nkarja prkdh g mh ibkhdkhda
DA\JKJN LAR (80 ihj`gmg)

- Km KK¶ Lax vh `hmmg b 6>?66 hmmg 62?66 sg ik saja dhsskdk kjcgrkark a dkjkdk supgrkark hk mkvgmmk prkdh
iajsk`grhtk `gmmh Darjkjn Lax. gstgj`khda km lax ckja hmmg arg 62?66 pgribë h qugst‛arh hmiujk
strudgjtk kjkzkhja h chr cujzkajhrg k lrghe aut g qukj`k iajsk`grhj`a sgdprg mh strhtgnkh,
iajsk`grkhda km mkvgmma `gmmg 62?66 uj mkvgmma ibg vh hnnkusthrg mh Darjkjn Lax.
(< Ihj`gmg)

-
Km KKK¶ Lax sk iastruksig hmmg b 6;?66 arh `k hpgrturh `gk Dgrihtk Gurapgk ckja hmmg b 86?66
(< Ihj`gmg)

- Km KS¶ Lax sk iastruksig `hmmg b 86?66 prkdh arh `k iajtrhtthzkajg `gmmh Larsh Gurapgh ckja hmmg b 80?96
`avg quatk`khjhdgjtg prgj`khda k mkvgmmk pgr trh`hrg `apa m‛gjtrhth `gm Ihsb WYH
(; ihj`gmg)

- Km S¶ Lax sk iastruksig `hmmg b 80?96 hmmg b 87?96

87?9 6 (< Ihj`gmg)

- Km SK¶ Lax sk iastruksig `hmmg b 87?96 arhrka `k hpgrturh `gk Dgrihtk

Dgrihtk Hdgrkihjk ckja hmmg b 83?96 (<
Ihj`gmg)

-
Km SKK¶ Lax sk iastruksig hmmh prkdh arh `k iajtrhtthzkajg `gm Dgrihta WYH b 83?96 ’ b 8>?96
(< Ihj`gmg)

37
@apa mg b 83?96 sk trh`h suk mkvgmmk `gk lax prgig`gjtk.

\gnamh ? Puttk k mkvgmmk ibg saja kjsk`g hm lax prgig`gjtg jaj jg `allkhda tgjgrg iajta, giigtta k mkvgmmk `k
darjkjn lax ibg mk uskhda iadg thrngt, k mkvgmmk irghtk saja mkvgmmk pkû gcckikgjtk pgr mh dkjkdkzzhzkajg `gmma stap
rkspgtta hmmh darjkjn lax a hk dkjkdk g hk dhsskdk.

Km iajigtta `k dumtklax iadg hjibg hm iajigtta `k darjkjn lax sk httuh skh hk dgrihtk hdgrkihjk ibg hk dgrihtk
gurapgk, pgrü dgjtrg k dgrihtk hdgrkihjk pgr km cusa arhrka, passkhda trh`hrmk `k jattg, kj Guraph jajasthjtg km
@hx skh hpgrta `k jattg, mh dhnnkar phrtg `gmmg pkhtthcardg jaj `hjja pgrü m‛hiigssa hk `htk, pgribë skh mg
lhjibg ibg k lraegr pgr sama vg`grg k `htk `gvaja phnhrg uj iasta hm IDK, iasta ibg jaj rgiupgrhja pgribë `k
jattg nmk gurapgk jaj trh`hja g hjibg hvgj`a m‛kjcardhtkvh `gk `htk, anjk apgrhzkajg hvrgllg uj‛umtgrkarg
iasta g qukj`k h` annk km @hx `k jattg jaj bh vamudk h `kccgrgjzh `gk dgrihtk `gk dgrihtk hdgrkihjk ibg hjibg
sg `k jattg bhjja uja sprgh` dhnnkarg, sk rkgsig h` apgrhrg g qukj`k bh sastgjgrg km iasta.
Xukj`k hmmh muig `k qugsta `k qugsta apgrgrgda suk dgrihtk gurapgk iadg sg jaj cassgra hpgrtk `k jattg.

33
 DA@GMMA WMP\HGSAMWPA

IBH\P YGPPKJN

Dg`kh Dalkmg h 0 Vgrka`k (iamarg \assa)

- Dg`kh Dalkmg h 866 Vgrka`k (iamarg Hzzurra)
- Dg`kh Dalkmg h <66 Vgrka`k (iamarg Sgr`g)

- Yupgrtrgj` `k Lrgvg (sgtthta h 86?9)

- Yupgrtrgj` `k Mujna (sgtthta h 86?3)

- Kj`kihtarg HP\ (sgtthta h 7 pgrka`k) kj`kih mh Samhtkmktæ

Apgrhtkvhdgjtg qugsta da`gmma ik sgrvg pgr ngjgrhrg sgnjhmk `k gjtrhth hm dgrihta.

YWVG\P\GJ@

Km Yupgrtrgj` â uj ‒kj`kihtarg `k tgj`gjzh `gm prgzza g ik hkuth h `gckjkrg km Prgj`.

Km Prgj` â Majn kj attkih apgrhtkvh quhj`a tuttg mg dg`kg saja ar`kjhtg hm `k satta `gm prgzza, dgjtrg kj attkih
gvamuth â quhj`a iadprh dkjkdk, quhj`a iadprh dhsskdk g quhj`a iadprh uj dkjkda g uj dhsskda hjibg
jaj iajsgiutkvk.
Km Prgj` â Ybart kj attkih apgrhtkvh quhj`a tuttg mg dg`kg saja ar`kjhtg hm `k saprh `gm prgzza, dgjtrg kj attkih
gvamuth â quhj`a vgj`g dkjkdk, vgj`g dhsskdk, vgj`g uj dkjkda g uj dhsskda hjibg jaj iajsgiutkvk.
Jgm da`gmma umtrhgvamuta uskhda `ug supgrtrgj` uja `k mujna g uja `k lrgvg pgr ckmtrhrg mg apgrhzkajk
sgnugj`a hmiujg rgnamg h sgiaj`h `gk ihsk?

- 8¶ Ihsa ’ Yg kj uj trgj` majn k `ug supgrtrgj` saja majn passkhda trh`hrg km lrghe kj `gk dkjkdk
sgdprg g sgjzh ckmtrk.
Dgjtrg km lrgheaut `gk dhsskdk (majn) jaj gssgj`a uj‛gjtrhth gcckikgjtg ma passkhda chrg h iaj`kzkajg
ibg
- Mh jastrh strhtgnkh skh majn
- M‛arhrka `gvg gssgrg chvargvamg hk lrgheaut
- Ma stap `gvg hj`hrg h dgtæ rhjng g jaj `gvg supgrhrg mh sanmkh `gm < % `gm dajgy dhjhngdgjt.

Kpatkzzhj`a `k trh`hrg ujh nhdlh jaj `adkjhjtg iaj `ug supgrtrgj` (ckmtrk) iajtrhrk shræ jgigsshrka
nuhr`hrg uj hmtra ckmtra ibg â mh `ksthjzh `hm supgrtrgj`
supgrtrgj` sg â succkikgjtg hmdgja pgr rgdujg
rgdujgrhrg
rhrg km
rksibka, passkhda trh`hrg pgr gsgdpka uj sgtup D0 dh â damt
damtaa rksibkasa.

3>
 - <¶ Ihsa ’ Yg kj uj trgj` sbart k `ug supgrtrgj` saja sbart passkhda trh`hrg sgdprg km lrghe kj `gk
dhsskdk sgjzh ckmtrk.
Dgjtrg km lrgheaut `gk dkjkdk(sbart)
d kjkdk(sbart) passkhda trh`hrma sgdprg h iaj`kzkajg ibg
- Mh jastrh strhtgnkh skh sbart
- M‛arhrka `gvg gssgrg chvargvamg hk lrghe aut
- Ma stap `gvg hj`hrg h dgtæ rhjng g jaj `gvg supgrhrg mh sanmkh `gm < % `gm dajgy dhjhngdgjt.
G passkhda trh`hrg km lrghe kj `gk dkjkdk dh mk ckmtrgrgda iaj mh `ksthjzh `hm supgrtrgj`.

- 9¶ Ihsa ’ Yg km supgrtrgj` `k mujna â majn dgjtrg km supgrtrgj` `k â sbart

Kj qugsta ihsa `avrgdda `h uj mhta prkvkmgnkhrg k majn pgribë km supgrtrgj` `k mujna â majn g pgr
`gckjkzkajg â pkû kdparthjtg `gm supgrtrgj` `k lrgvg, dh kj rghmtæ sk patrhjja trh`hrg skh km lrghe kj
`gk dhsskdk ibg km lrghe kj `gk dkjkdk g mh stgssh iash vhmg hjibg sg km supgrtrgj` `k mujna â sbart g km
supgrtrgj` `k lrgvg â majn kj qugsta ihsa sk passaja trh`hrg km lrghe kj `gk dhsskdk hjibg pgribë saja
jardhmdgjtg sum tkdg crhdg h 0 b mg hrgg `h `kcgj`grg.

Jgmmh prhtkih qugmma ibg iajth â ibg ik skhja iakjik`gjzg trh mg hrgg `h `kcgj`grg g k supgrtrgj` h 0 b
pgribë, sg ik saja, qugmm‛hrgh
qugmm‛hrgh ibg iakjik`g hvræ pkû vhmarg g qukj`k mh prkvkmgngrgda pgrpgr trh`hrg k lrghe kj.
Xukj`k ik vuamg sgdprg ujh iarrgtth hjhmksk nrhckih g pak uj‛hjhmksk `k tkpa gvamuta supgrtrgj` g
dg`kg, sg pgr gsgdpka km trgj` sth saprh km supgrtrgj` g mg dg`kg sthjja satta km prgzza g k supgrtrgj`
â ibkhra ibg km trgj` â majn g qukj`k lksanjgræ prkvkmgnkhrg k lrghe kj `gk dkjkdk g k lrghe aut `gk
dhsskdk.
Xuhj`a kjvgig k supgrtrgj` saja appastk g mg dg`kg ik phsshja httrhvgrsa qukj`k jaj i‛â trgj`
cujzkajhja damta lgjg k lrghe kj sum tkdg crhdg
crhdg h 0 b iaj rhjng damta hdpk.

32
 HP\

M‛kj`kihtarg Hvgrhng Prug \hjng (HP\) â uj‛kj`kihtarg ibg sgrvg prkjikphmdgjtg h dksurhrg mh
vamhtkmktæ `k uj dgrihta kj uj hria tgdparhmg spgikckia.
M‛HP\ sk duavg vgrsa m‛hmta a vgrsa km lhssa kj lhsg hmm‛hj`hdgjta `gm prgzza `k uj hssgt?
Wj HP\ hmta sk trh`uig iadg dhnnkarg vamhtkmktæ `gm dgrihta sattasthjtg, dgjtrg uj HP\ lhssa
rhpprgsgjth m‛gshtta iajtrhrka.
Mh vamhtkmktæ â kjvgrshdgjtg praparzkajhmg iaj km prgzza ikaâ quhj`a km prgzza shmg mh vamhtkmktæ
sigj`g g quhj`a km prgzza sigj`g mh vamhtkmktæ shmg, qugsta prkjikpka vhmg sama pgr nmk Kj`kik g mg
Hzkajk g jaj vhmg pgr mg Shmutg.
Jgm da`gmma umtrh gvamuta m‛HP\ â sgtthta h 7 pgrka`k ma utkmkzzkhda iadg vhmarg sum tkdg crhdg
`hkmy `gm nkarja prgig`gjtg rkspgtta hm nkarja jgm quhmg apgrkhda, ik `h uj rhjng dg`ka `k
gsiurskajg `gm prgzza `gnmk umtkdk 7 nkarjk g ma utkmkzzkhda saprhttutta pgr iajtrammhrg mh jastrh
darjkjn lax .
Jgm sgjsa ibg sg mh darjkjn lax kj qugm nkarja â `k uj vhmarg kjcgrkarg hm 96 % rkspgtta hm nkarja
prgig`gjtg , mh iajsk`grkhda trappa pkiiamh
pkiiamh pgr gssgrg trh`hth.
Vgr gsgdpka kj uj trgj` `k caj`a majn jgm dgrihta \ussgm, mh darjkjn lax â `k 7 pujtk dgjtrg
m‛HP\ â <7, kj pgrigjtuhmg â km <6 %, qukj`k km rhjng â damta strgtta g jaj passkhda utkmkzzhrg mh
darjkjn lax pgr apgrhrg majn sum lrghe kj `gk dkjkdk.
Vgribë `k jattg k vamudk saja damta lhssk g nmk hskhtkik apgrhja sama suk mara dgrihtk g jaj su qugmmk
hdgrkihjk g qukj`k km rksibka â `k hj`hrg damtg vamtg kj stap prkdh ibg km dgrihta vh`h `gckjktkvhdgjtg
majn, pgribë bh lksanja `k uj rhjng pkû hdpka.
Xukj`k hllkhda lksanja `k qugsta ckmtra pgr ihpkrg quhjt‛â km rhjng `gmmh darjkjn lax sg â dgja
`k 8/9, iadg kj qugsta ihsa, jaj gjtrkhda h dgrihta majn dh hm iajtrhrka gjtrkhda sbart sum lrghe kj
`gk dhsskdk su nhdlh < jaj `adkjhjtg g vkigvgrsh kj uj trgj` `k caj`a sbart trh`khda nhdlh < jaj
`adkjhjtg majn.
Kjamtrg iarrgmhj`a km rhjng `k stap `k uj judgra `k apgrhzkajk pgr uj pgrka`a `k tgdpa iaj m‛HP\ sk
attkgjg quhjta shræ dhnnkarg ma stap kj tkie iaj uj uj‛ HP\ hmta g qukj`k quhjta shræ pkû hmta km
rksibka ibg `avrgdda prgj`grik.
Mh samuzkajg pgr avvkhrg h qugsth hmth vamhtkmktæ shræ a jaj gjtrhrg a chrg apgrhzkajk ibg pgr
rkspgtthrg km < % `gm dajgy dhjhngdgjt `avrhjja hvgrg dgja iajtrhttk.

3;
>6
 DG\IHPK

Y&V 766
Jhs`hq
@aw Oajgs
\ussgm <666
Gura @ammhra
Lrktksb Vauj`
Hustrhmkh @ammhr
Ihjh`khj @ammhr
Crhjia Yvkzzgra
[gj Nkhppajgsg
Ara
Vgtramka

K Dgrihtk ibg sgnukhda jgmmh jastrh apgrhtkvktæ saja ikrih 8< g anjk nkarja kj ikhsiuja `k qugstk dgrihtk
ihpkthja pkû `k uj sgtup `‛gjtrhth kj pkû `k uj dgrihta, qukj`k `allkhda hvgrg `gk irktgrk `k ckmtrhnnka, irktgrk `k
sigmth, ibg saja?
-

Carzh \gmhtkvh
- Ytap
- \kse dhjhngdgjt
Mh carzh rgmhtkvh â km rhpparta kj pgrigjtuhmg ibg i‛â crh pkû dgrihtk g mh rgnamh vuamg ibg kj uj trgj` majn
hj`khda h signmkgrg km pkû cartg dgjtrg kj uj trgj` sbart signmkhda km pkû `glamg a km dgja
d gja cartg.

Lksanjh chrg httgjzkajg quhj`a sunmk kj`kik travkhda su uja uj sgtup majn g su uj‛hmtra uj sgtup sbart, sg
suiig`g lksanjh cgrdhrsk pgribë a â uj‛hjadhmkh appurg hllkhda slhnmkhta quhmiash.
Jgm ihsa skhja tuttg g `ug jgnhtkvg g jak stkhda igrihj`a uj sgtup sbart hj`rgda h trh`hrg km dgja `glamg
kj qugsta ihsa km ’ 3 %, damtk kjtuktkvhdgjtg chrgllgra km iajtrhrka, pgribë `krgllgra km sgtup sbart hj`khda
sbart su ’ 6,< % pgribë sk `gvg hj`hrg h` hmmkjghrg hmm‛hmtra kj`kig ibg ch ’ 6,3 %, jaj â iasí sk sbarth km pkû
`glamg a km dgja cartg.
Yg nuhr`khda km + 6,< % g km + 6,3 % km dgja cartg â km + 6,< % jaj bh sgjsa `krg km pkû `glamg pgribë â iadujqug
ujh vhrkhzkajg pasktkvh, qukj`k `krg ibg â `glamg jaj â iarrgtta, kj qugsta ihsa lksanjh `krg ibg stkhda
trh`hj`a sbart km dgja cartg.

>8
Lksanjh rhnkajhrg gshtthdgjtg hm iajtrhrka jgm ihsa stkhda igrihj`a uj sgtup majn crh + 6,< % g + 6,3 %
hj`khda majn su + 6,3 %, dgjtrg sg hllkhda uj sgtup majn lksanjh hj`hrg majn su qugmma ibg bh dhjkcgsthta
dgja `glamgzzh kj qugsta ihsa ’ 6,< %,, kjvgig sg ihpkth uj sgtup majn su kj`kik ibg sthjja pgrcardhj`a
jgnhtkvhdgjtg iadujqug prgj`khda qugmma ibg bh dhjkcgsthta dgja `glamgzzh.
Httgjzkajg km sgtup g mg vhrkhzkajk pgrigjtuhmg saja `ug iasg tathmdgjtg sthiihtg sg pgr gsgdpka su `ug kj`kik
hllkhda `ug vhrkhzkajk jgnhtkvg - 6,< % g - 6,3 % g pgr vhrk datkvk, quhmk mg strhtgnkg g mg tgijkibg pgjskhda
`k hj`hrg majn jaj â pgribë sth chigj`a vhrkhzkajk jgnhtkvg majn jaj ik passkhda hj`hrg a vkigvgrsh sg sth
chigj`a vhrkhzkajk pasktkvg jaj passkhda hj`hrg
hj`hrg sbart, pgribë jaj sa saja
ja kj hmiuj da`a iarrgmhtk.
Yg hm dadgjta kj iuk `gik`khda `k gjtrhrg iaj uj sgtup sbart k dgrihtk sthjja quathj`a + 6,< % g + 6,3 % ik
iajigjtrkhda sum dgrihta ibg ch pgrigjtuhmdgjtg + 6,< %, h qugsta pujta hj`khda h vhmuthrg mh jastrh
gjtrhth g siaprkhda ibg dhmnrh`a chiikhda mh quhjtktæ dkjkdh, kddhnkjkhda 8 iajtrhtta, qugsta stap skh
`k 966,66 ₭ g sum iajta hllkhda 9666,66 ₭ kj pgrigjtuhmg â uja stap kddgjsa.
Xukj`k â vgra ibg mh carzh rgmhtkvh ik `kig `k signmkgrg km sgtup sbart `gmm‛kj`kig ibg ch km + 6,< %, dh â hjibg
vgra ibg sg jaj ig m‛ba passkhda pgrdgttgrg, pgribë jaj â iarrgtta `hm pujta `k vksth `gmm‛hssujzkajg `gm
rksibka, hj`rgda h signmkgrg m‛kj`kig ibg ch + 6,3 % a uj hmtra kj`kig ibg ik `æ ma stap pkû sastgjklkmg pgr km jastra
dajgy dhjhngdgjt.
Vrhtkihdgjtg lksanjh kjtgrchiikhrg km ckmtra `gmmh carzh rgmhtkvh iaj km ckmtra `gmma stap g iaj km ckmtra `gm rkse
dhjhngdgjt, irktgrk lhskmhrk pgr ckmtrhrg mg apgrhzkajk h prgsikj`grg `hm sgtup.
Xukj`k mh carzh rgmhtkvh g km iasta `gmma stap saja `ug iajigttk ibg `allkhda sgdprg kjtgrchiikhrg, jaj puü
gskstgrg sama uja sgjzh m‛hmtra.

><
 IKIMK P\KDGYP\HMK @GM DG\IHPA

Ythtkstkihdgjtg km dgrihta `urhjtg m‛hjja sk duavg ikimkihdgjtg, ngjgrhj`a hj`hdgjtk pgr anjk trkdgstrg
Km K¶ Prkdgstrg â hssaikhth ujh `ksigsh
Km KK¶ Prkdgstrg â hssaikhth ujh shmkth
Km KKK¶ Prkdgstrg â hssaikhth ujh `ksigsh
Km KS¶ Prkdgstrg â hssaikhth ujh shmkth
H mkvgmma ikimkia k trkdgstrk jaj iakjik`aja pgrcgtthdgjtg iaj k trgj` g avvkhdgjtg jaj nuhr`khda mg vhrkhzkajk
kj vhmarg hssamuta, nuhr`khda mh tgj`gjzh, pgribë patrgdda hvgrg ujh shmkth ibg hjtkikph mh `ksigsh.
Xukj`k nuhr`khda qugstk hj`hdgjtk kj qugsta da`a, pgr gsgdpka?
km 8¶ Ngjjhka hj`khda sbart iash â suiigssa h Dhrza1
Km 8¶ Dhrza hj`khda majn iash â suiigssa h Nkunja1 g iask vkh.
Xukj`k nuhr`khda m‛hj`hdgjta rgmhtkva hm trkdgstrg jaj kj rgmhzkajg hk trkdgstrk prgig`gjtk.
Hmiujk hjjk km dgrihta puü jaj rkspgtthrg qugstk
qugstk hj`hdgjtk trkdgstrhmk, qukj`k pgr gsgdpka pu
puü
ü shmkrg
jgm K¶ Prkdgstrg ckja h dgtæ `gm KK¶ Prkdgstrg pgr pak sigj`grg pgr km rgsta `gmm‛hjja, iadg km <687.
<687 .
Yg ik saja mg prgsk`gjzkhmk m‛hjja â samkthdgjtg pasktkva pgribë phrmkhda `k pamktkih, vathzkajk g qukj`k
m‛kdprkjtkjn `gvg gssgrg pasktkva, qugsta avvkhdgjtg sunmk kj`kik hdgrkihjk.

IA\\GMH_KAJK

Gskstg ujh iarrgmhzkajg kjvgrsh crh GW\/WY@ g Kj`kik Hdgrkihjk,

quhj`a m‛GW\/WY@ shmg, mg Larsg g nmk Kj`kik Hdgrkihjk sigj`aja g vkigvgrsh.
Mh stgssh iarrgmhzkajg gskstg iaj km Crhjia Yvkzzgra, vksta iadg m‛ A\A iadg uj lgjg rkcunka,
sg mg larsg g nmk Kj`kik Hdgrkihjk sigj`aja m‛ara g km Crhjia svkzzgra shmnaja.
Dgjtrg saja iarrgmhtk `krgtthdgjtg GW\/WY@ g HW@/WY@ sg shmg uja shmg hjibg m‛hmtra g vkigvgrsh.

>9
 PGIJKIBG AVG\HPKSG

D0
Km Pkdg Crhdg h 0 b â uj nrhckia kdparthjtg g jgmm‛hria `k uj nkarja sk svkmupphja paibksskdg ihj`gmg,
saja samthjta 3 ihj`gmg, qukj`k â uj tkdg crhdg damta hcck`hlkmg ibg ik bh pgrdgssa `k iastrukrg uj da`gmma
apgrhtkva (\kdkjk <68;).

Mg dg`kg h 866 g h <66

<6 6 pgrka`k bhjja mh ihrhttgrkstkih `k jaj kjtgrsgihrg k prgzzk g h nrhj`k mkjgg `h
chrg `h supparta a `h rgskstgjzh
rgskstgjzh `kjhdkih, iakjik`aja rhrhdgjtg iaj k prgzzk g qugmmh vamth ibg
suiig`g â pgribë bhjja mh praprkgtæ `k httrhzkajg g `k hiigmgrhzkajg, qukj`k sk hvvkikjhja g sk
hmmajthjhja iasthjtgdgjtg `hk prgzzk.
H `kccgrgjzh `gmmh dg`kh h 0 pgrka`k ibg kjtgrsgih
kjtgrsgih sgdprg k prgzzk h` giigzkajg `k hmiujg vamtg
ibg ujh ihj`gmh sth tutth saprh a tutth satta mh dg`kh.
Mh `gckjkzkajg `k qugsth ihj`gmh â?
Xuhj`a ujh ihj`gmh rkspgtth mh iaj`kzkajg `k hvgrg km dhsskda g km dkjkda satta hm imasg `gmm‛umtkda
vhmarg a sg km dkjkda g km dhsskda saja saprh hm imasg `gmmh dg`kh dalkmg (0 pgrka`k) kj qugm pujta
shræ patgjzkhmdgjtg ujh ihj`gmh `k sgtup pgribë kj`kibgræ ujh sarth `k giigssa ibg pak kj quhmibg
da`a `avræ gssgrg rkhssarlkta (jgutrhmkzzhta).
Xuhj`a km prgzza vh kj trgj`, km dgrihta ngjgrh ihj`gmg ibg saja tuttg hm `k saprh a tuttg hm `k satta

`gmmh dg`kh,
gsgdpka kj ujqugmmg
trgj`saja
majntuttg patgjzkhmk
`avgssg radpgrg
radpgrgihj`gmg `k sgtup,
km dkjkda g jajpatgjzkhmk pgribë
km dhsskda, sg vkamhzkajg
qugmmh mh ihj`gmh`gm
pgrdkjkda
shrgllg uj pujta `avg gjtrhrg sbart iaj ma stap saprh km dhsskda `gmmh ihj`gmh., qukj`k km rhjng `gmmh
ihj`gmh h 0 B ibg `h km sgtup `kvgjtgrgllg `k chtta km patgjzkhmg pujta `k gjtrhth g km patgjzkhmg pujta `k stap.
Avvkhdgjtg jaj tuttg mg ihj`gmg `k patgjzkhmg sgtup saja `h iajsk`grhrg, mh ihj`gmh `k sgtup
`gvg rkspgtthrg hmiujg rgnamg?

- 8 ’ Mh prkdh ihj`gmh `gm nkarja â ujh ihj`gmh `gm nkarja jaj â dhk ujh ihj`gmh
jg ujh ihj`gmh `k sgtup jg ujh `k gjtry (b 66?66 ’ 60?66)

- < ’ Mh sgiaj`h ihj`gmh `gm nkarja â ujh ihj`gmh `k sgtup dh jaj `k gjtry (b 60?66 ’ 62?66)
62?6 6)
`k chtta mg prkdg `ug ihj`gmg sum tkdg crhdg h 0 B `gm nkarja `gckjksiaja mh darjkjn lax.

- 9 ’ Dgjtrg `hmmh tgrzh ihj`gmh `gm nkarja kj pak saja sama ihj`gmg `k gjtry h` giigzkajg
`gmm‛umtkdh ibg iadg mh prkdh jaj â jg ujh ihj`gmh `k sgtup g jg `k gjtry

K ckmtrk arhrk pgr hj`hrg h` apgrhrg iaj mh tgijkih D0 saja b 62?66 - b 8<?66 ’ b 83?66

>0
 G‛ ibkhra ibg sg km dgrihta vkamh km dkjkda
a km dhsskda `gmmh ihj`gmh `k sgtup,
m‛gjtrhth shræ pkû hnnrgsskvh g shræ kj
lrghe kj `gm mkvgmma vkamhta (ihj`gmh `k
sgtup) iaj ma stap satta km dkjkda a saprh
km dhsskda `k annk.

Iadg hjibg sg mh dhttkjh (b ;?66) km prgzza ch km lrghe aut `gmmh darjkjn lax majn g sk â cardhth
mh ihj`gmh `k sgtup kj D0 passkhda hj`hrg sum nrhckia h 96 dkjutk g igrihrg uj pujta `k gjtry
gcckikgjtg ibg jaj skh jgigsshrkhdgjtg uj lrghe aut `gk dhsskdk dh puü gssgrg hjibg uj lrghe kj
`gk dkjkdk.

>7
 NMALGR

M‛ hspgtta caj`hdgjthmg pgr utkmkzzhrg qugsth tgijkih â quhj`a hllkhda uj imasg cartg km nkarja
prkdh, quhj`a km dgrihta ibku`g damta vkikjk hk dhsskdk
dhsskdk a damta vkikja hk dkjkdk â ibkhra ibg mg
pralhlkmktæ, ibg vh`h h rktaiihrg km mkvgmma, `hta ibg
ibg bh ibkusa damta vkikja, saja hmtg.
K dgrihtk hdgrkihjk bhjja imasg gccgttkva, imasg ucckikhmg ibg saja quhsk sgdprg hmmkjghtk.
Xukj`k `h dgzzhjattg hmmg b 69?66 prgj`khda iadg mkvgmma `‛gjtrhth km dkjkda a km dhsskda `gm
nkarja prgig`gjtg g prgikshdgjtg 8 tkie satta km mkvgmma iaj ma stap paskzkajhta < tkie saprh km
dhsskda `k annk sg gjtrkhda sbart g 8 tkie saprh km mkvgmma iaj ma stap paskzkajhta < tkie satta km
dkjkda sg gjtrkhda majn.
Iadg sgdprg iaj km thrngt 8 rgdujgrkhda km rksibka dgjtrg km thrngt < shræ uj tkdg thrngt
Prh mg b 6>?66 g mg b 62?66 `gm dhttkja pgribë mg pralhlkmktæ ibg kj qugsta arhrka chiikh uj dhsskda
a uj dkjkda saja damta hmtg g qukj`k hmmg b 6>?96 sk ibku`g mh paskzkajg.
Mh rhtka `k qugsth tgijkih â ibg skiiadg kj qugsth chsikh arhrkh k lrghe aut jaj cujzkajhja,
jak trh`khda gshtthdgjtg kj `krgzkajg appasth ikaâ kj lrghe kj.

Vasskhda iajsk`grhrg hjibg km rkhssarlkdgjta `k uj dhsskda a `k uj dkjkda

dkjkd a `gk nkarjk prgig`gjtk,
pgribë km Nmalgx patrgllg hjibg gssgrg
gssgrg uj‛AAVY! g qukj`k pgr gsgdpka km dg
dgrihta
rihta patrgllg hprkrg
nkæ hm `k saprh `gk dhsskdk vksta ibg km imasg â cartg g `k iajsgnugjzh sbartkhda `krgtthdgjtg km
lrghe kj `gk dhsskdk.

>3
Xugsth tgijkih cujzkajh hmm‛kjikrih m‛ 26 % `gmmg vamtg, quhj`a mh paskzkajg prgj`g ma stap â pgribë
km dgrihta bh chtta cujzkajhrg k lrghe aut ibg `k jattg jaj cujzkajhja dhk g qukj`k â kdprajthta
kd prajthta h`
gssgrg `krgzkajhmg kj qugm nkarja.

>>
 PGIJKIH 87?96

Mh tgijkih `gmmg 87?96 ibkhdhth iasí pgr vkh `gmm‛arhrka, k`ghth pgr km Jhs`hq dh mh uskhda hjibg
sunmk hmtrk kj`kik hdgrkihjk g hjibg su hmtrk strudgjtk.
Yk lhsh sum pralhlkmg rkhmmkjghdgjta trh m‛apgj `gm ihsb hdgrkihja g km imasg ucckikhmg qugmma
`gmmg b <<?66 `gm nkarja prgig`gjtg.
Hvvkgjg quhj`a km prgzza jgmm‛kjtgrvhmma `k tgdpa ibg vh `hmmg b 80?96 hmmg b 83?96 (ckmtra arhrka)
rhnnkujng km dhsskda a km dkjkda kjtrh`hy appurg km dhsskda a km dkjkda `gm nkarja prkdh a `k
hmiujk nkarjk prkdh, scrutthj`a m‛arhrka h chvarg `gk lrghe kj, ujh vamth vkamhta km mkvgmma gjtrkhda kj
lrghe kj kj `krgzkajg `gm imasg ucckikhmg.
Xukj`k â prgcgrklkmg ibg km prgzza stkh damta majthja `hm imasg pgr pak rkhmmkjghrsk h` gssa g jak
gjtrgrgda kj lrghe kj majn sg kj qugmm‛hria tgdparhmg km prgzza stkh satta km imasg dgjtrg gjtrgrgda kj
lrghe kj sbart sg kj qugmm‛hria tgdparhmg km prgzza sk travh saprh km imasg g qukj`k pgr rkhmmkjghrsk `gvg
sigj`grg.
Xukj`k pgr gsgdpka sg km prgzza qugm nkarja sk hmmajthjh `hm imasg hm rklhssa passkhda kddhnkjhrg
ibg iadg uj gmhstkia, kj qugmm‛hria tgdparhmg sk rkhmmkjgk hm imasg.
G‛ ujh tgijkih ibg vh gxtrh strhtgnkh ikaâ ibg â kj`kpgj`gjtg `hmmh strhtgnkh ibg hllkhda pgr qugm
nkarja, sg pgr gsgdpka kj qugm nkarja hllkhda ujh strhtgnkh dhrihthdgjtg sbart jaj â
kjiadphtklkmg a kjiagrgjtg hj`hrg majn summh tgijkih `gmmg 87?96, jaj tkgjg iajta `gmmh jastrh
strhtgnkh, sgdpmkigdgjtg mh knjarh.
Vgribë km sua prkjikpka â sama `k hj`hrg h chrg km rkhmmkjghdgjta trh prgzza httuhmg g vgiibka imasg â
ibkhra ibg sg pgr ihsa km prgzza amtrg h` hj`hrg vgrsa km imasg â hjibg su ujh nhdlh `adkjhjtg,
igribgrgda `k hj`hrg amtrg km tgrza thrngt (P9) kj attkih dumtk`hy.
\khssudgj`a m‛gjtrhth h dgrihta â kj lrghe kj kj `krgzkajg `gm imasg `gm nkarja prgig`gjtg iaj 8 tkie
satta km mkvgmma g ma stap saprh km dhsskda `k < tkie sg hj`khda sbart a iaj 8 tkie saprh km mkvgmma
`‛gjtrhth g ma stap `k < tkie satta km dkjkda sg hj`khda majn, ngstgj`a iadg sgdprg k thrngt iaj
thrngt 8(P8) rgdujgrhzkajg `gm rksibka g thrngt < (P<) sum dkjkda a dhsskda kjtrh`hy.

>2
>;
 YPAV PH\NGP & DAJG[ DHJHNGDGJP
DHJHNGDGJP GSAMWPK
GSAMWPK

YPAV
Vgr `gckjkzkajg â sgdprg nrhckia g dhk giajadkia dh
`gvg gssgrg iadphtklkmg h mkvgmma giajadkia,
`gvg hj`hrg h rgdujgrhrg km rksibka pgr hvgrg uj patgjzkhmg thrngt g

kjckjg `gvg travhrg iajcgrdh sum nrhckia.

PH\NGP
Mg jastrg gjtrhtg hm dgrihta bhjja sgdprg `hk < hk 9 thrngt

Phrngt 8 ibg rgdujgrh km rksibka g h `kccgrgjzh

`kccgrgjzh `gmm‛hjhmksk apgrhtkvh jaj hmzkhda
dhk ma stap kj phrk

Phrngt < â uj thrngt nrhckia, qukj`k ba uj

uj dkjkda a uj dhsskda kjtrh`hy a `k nkarjk phsshtk

Phrngt 9 â damta rhra hvvkgjg 8 vamth su 86, sk mhsikh ujh

ujh quath `k tutth m‛apgrhzkajg hj`hrg ckja
hm nkarja suiigsskva (Avgrjknbt).
Vgr `gckjkzkajg â km vhmarg pkû hmta crh km 76 % `gm prackt patgjzkhmg g km vhmarg `gm
supgrtrgj` vgmaig.

DAJG[ DHJHNGDGJP
Mh quhjtktæ `k iajtrhttk iaj iuk gjtrkhda h dgrihta sgdprg rkspgtthj`a km < % `gm ihpkthmg puü gssgrg
`k 3 iajtrhttk `k iuk mh dgtæ mh mkquk`grgda hm thrngt 8 pgr rgdujgrhrg km rksibka,
< iajtrhttk vgrrhjja mkquk`htk hm thrngt < g 8 iajtrhtta sk mhsigræ pgr km thrngt 9.
Dgjtrg iaj 0 iajtrhttk mh dgtæ vgrræ sgdprg mkquk`hth h thrngt 8, 8 iajtrhtta h thrngt < g
8 iajtrhtta h thrngt 9.
Yk puü hjibg igrihrg `k jaj sama rgdujgrhrg km rksibka dh nuh`hnjhrg hjibg iaj km P8 gjtrhj`a h dgrihta
iaj dkjkda `k 9 iajtrhttk `k iuk mkquk`khda < iajtrhttk hm P8 g 8 iajtrhtta hm P< a gjtrkhda iaj 7 iajtrhttk `k
iuk jg mkquk`khda < hm P8 g < hm P< g 8 hm P9.
H `kccgrgjzh `gm imhsskia `avg lksanjh chrg km `appka `gm rksibka sastgjuta ` `hmma
hmma stap.

26
 LAAE

Vgr trh`kjn Laae s‛kjtgj`g ngjgrhmdgjtg mh thlgmmh apgrhtkvh trhdktg mh quhmg â passklkmg sgnukrg
m‛hj`hdgjta `gmmg prapastg `k hiquksta g `k vgj`kth jgmmg vhrkg chsk `k dgrihta g` gsgnukrg k praprk
ar`kjk rknuhr`hjtk nmk strudgjtk ckjhjzkhrk quathtk.
Anjk laae prgsgjth ujh sgzkajg Lk` (`gjhra a prgzza hm quhmg uj‛hiqukrgjtg â `kspajklmg h`

gccgttuhrg ma sihdlka)kj
hiigtthrg uj‛accgrth), g ujh sgzkajg
qugstg
Hse (mgttgrh a prgzza hm quhmg uj vgj`ktarg â `kspasta h`
sgzkajk saja prgsgjtk hjibg k mkvgmmk `k ar`kjk prgsgjtk pgr anjk chsikh
`k prgzza g mh quhjtktæ `gnmk umtkdk sihdlk kj`kihth iadg vamudk
v amudk `k dgrihta.
Prhdktg qugsta strudgjta vgjnaja kjsgrktk, rktkrhtk a gsgnuktk nmk ar`kjk `k hiquksta g `k vgj`kth ibg
rgj`aja passklkmk nmk sihdlk trh k `kvgrsk apgrhtark.
Gskstaja < tkpk `k laae

- Sgrtkihmg

- Arkzzajthmg

G‛ prgcgrklkmg ushrg qugmma vgrtkihmg pgribë km laae arkzzajthmg `avg `h uj mhta ik saja prapastg `k
hiquksta g `hmm‛hmtra prapastg `k vgj`kth , mg prapastg `k hiquksta kjkzkhja `h uj prgzza pkû hmta ckja
h sigj`grg h` uj prgzza pkû lhssa dgjtrg summg prapastg `k vgj`kth suiig`g gshtthdgjtg km iajtrhrka
phrtaja `hm prgzza pkû lhssa pgr hrrkvhrg
hrrkvhrg h` uj prgzza pkû hmta g sk duavaja kj iikriama.
kriama.

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Dgjtrg sum laae vgrtkihmg km prgzza sk duavg gshtthdgjtg kj vgrtkihmg pgribë su uj‛hssg hllkhda
km tgdpa g summ‛hmtra hllkhda km prgzza.

G km prgzza sk duavg hmma stgssa da`a iadg jgm nrhckia hjibg jgm laae.

2<
 PKVK @K A\@KJG

Xuhj`a `k sgnukta hm jadg `gm tkpa `k ar`kjg jaj vkgjg spgikckihta jummh sk `æ pgr siajthta ibg skh
uj ar`kjg Ytap Dhregt, vuam `krg ibg nmk stkhda `kigj`a hmmh jastrh pkhtthcardh ibg sg pgr gsgdpka
km prgzza sth h 866 g dgttkhda uj ar`kjg Luy Ytap h 867, quhj`a km dgrihta lhttg qugm prgzza mh
pkhtthcardh `avræ gsgnukrg qugmm‛ar`kjg hm dknmkar prgzza, qukj`k mgk gsgnukræ m‛ar`kj
m‛ar`kjgg `k hiquksta kj
ujh samh vamth, sg kj qugm dadgjta mh quhjtktæ `k iajtrhttk ibg hllkhda rkibkgsta â `kspajklkmg sg
kjvgig hm qugm prgzza i‛â sama ujh phrtg `k iajtrhttk `gmmh quhjtktæ rkibkgsth , nmk hmtrk iajtrhttk mk
hiqukstgræ hm prgzza supgrkarg `k 863 sg ik saja a 86> g iasí vkh ckja hmm‛gshurkdgjta `gk iajtrhttk
ibg vanmkhda hiquksthrg.
Xukj`k quhj`a vkikja h Luy stap jaj â spgikckihta jummh vuam `krg Luy Ytap Dhregt , iadprh hm
dknmkar prgzza hm dadgjta stgssa ibg km dgrihta lhttg, iadg jgmm‛gsgdpka hm prgzza `k 867.
Mh stgssh iash vhmg pgr Ygmm Ytap sg jaj â spgikckihta jummh shræ Ygmm Ytap DKP (Dhregt Kc Pauibg`)
g qukj`k mh pkhtthcardh gsgnukræ m‛ar`kjg hm dknmka prgzza quhj`a km dgrihta lhttg km prgzza ar`kjhta.
Xukj`k sg pgr gsgdpka dgttkhda m‛ar`kjg Ygmm Ytap hm prgzza `k ;7 gssh ma patræ gsgnukrg hjibg h ;0,
;9 g iask vkh.
Dh sg jak vanmkhda gjtrhrg hm qugm prgzza spgikckia pgribë hmtrk prgzzk patrgllgra iadpradgttgrg km
jastra rhpparta `k \ksibka/\gj`kdgjta, passkhda ibkg`grg hmmh pkhtthcardh `k gsgnukrg km jastra
ar`kjg sama h qugm prgzza g qukj`k dgttkhda uj ar`kjg Luy Ytap Mkdkt a Ygmm Ytap Mkdkt ikaâ km
mkdktg `gm prgzza h iuk vanmkhda gjtrhrg â sama qugmma rkibkgsta.
Dh kj qugsta ihsa puü suiig`grg ibg km dgrihta skh chst (vgmaig) a paia mkquk`a g sum qugm mkvgmma `k
prgzza ik skhja pgr gsgdpka sama < iajtrhttk
iajtrhttk ibg saja nkæ sthtk hiquksthtk a vgj`u
vgj`utk
tk prkdh `k jak g
qukj`k rkdhjkhda gsgnuktk jgm Laae ikaâ m‛ar`kjg shmth g dhnhrk grh m‛apgrhzkajg iaj iuk hvrgdda
nuh`hnjhta.
Vgr rkdg`khrg h qugsta passkhda `hrg hmmh jastrh pkhtthcardh uj dhrnkjg `‛grrarg ibkhdhta
Ymkpphng, qukj`k m‛ar`kjg shræ pgr gsgdpka Ygmm Ytap Mkdkt h ;7 iaj smkpphng 8 Pkie qukj`k ;0,
qukj`k mh pkhtthcardh patræ gsgnukrg m‛ar`kjg h ;7 dh hjibg h ;0 g lhsth sg iasí jaj rkgsig
rkdhrrgdda gsgnuktk jgm laae.

29
Xukj`k pgr `gckjkzkajg
- Vgr vgj`grg h` uj prgzza pkû lhssa `gm prgzza httuhmg uskhda ar`kjg Ygmm Ytap Mkdkt iaj
Ymkpphng 8 Pkie
- Vgr hiquksthrg h` uj prgzza pkû hmta `gm prgzza httuhmg uskhda ar`kjg Luy Ytap Mkdkt iaj
Ymkpphng 8 Pie
Xukj`k jgm jastra ihsa vh lgjg sg vanmkhda trh`hrg uj lrghe aut, pgr gsgdpka `k ujh rgskstgjzh

paskzkajhth
m‛ar`kjg shræhmLuy
prgzza
stap`k ;7, hpgr
mkdkt ;3rgnamh jaj gjtrkhda
iaj smkpphng gjt8rkhda dhk sum
tkie qukj`k ;> mkvgmma
;>, dh sgdprg
, avvkhdgjtg 8 Pkie saprh
m‛apgrhzkajg shræg qukj`k
spgiumhrg sg vanmkhda hj`hrg sbart sg vanmkhda trh`hrg km lrghe aut `k uj supparta paskzkajhta pgr
gsgdpka hm prgzza `k 26, m‛ar`kjg shræ Ygmm stap mkdkt h >; > ; iaj smkpphng 8 tkie qukj`k >2, qukj`k
8 tkie a h``krktturh < tkie satta km mkvgmma
mkvgmm a ibg vanmkhda trh`hrg.
Dgjtrg sarng km pralmgdh sg vanmkhda trh`hrg uj lrghe kj. pgribë sg pgr gsgdpka vanmkhda trh`hrg km
Lrghe kj `gk dkjkdk, jak kpatkzzkhda `k chrma quhj`a km prgzza â hjiarh saprh qugm mkvgmma,
prkdh ibg sigj`h g mh pkhtthcardh h qugm prgzza prgzza ik ch dgttgrg sama ar`kjk Mkdkt a Dkt g qukj`k sg pgr
ihsa km dgrihta pgr quhmibg datkva ch cujzkajhrg k lrghe aut jak majn jaj ik vanmkhda pkû hj`hrg.
Xukj`k `k iajsgnugjzh pgr dgttgrg m‛ar`kjg `allkhda hspgtthrg ibg km prgzza sigj`h hm `k satta `gm
mkvgmma kj iuk vanmkhda gjtrhrg kj lrghe kj,h qugsta pujta mh pkhtthcardh ik pgrdgttg `‛kjsgrkrg
m‛ar`kjg pgribë stkhda iadprhj`a h` uj prgzza pkû hmta `gm prgzza httuhmg.
H qugsta pujta km jastra ar`kjg shræ Luy Luy stap mkdkt iaj smkpphng 8 Pkie dgjtrg km dgrihta sth
chigj`a km cheg aut ibg jgm pgnnkarg
pgnnkarg `gk ihsk â `k hmdgja 2 tkie, pak `kpgj`græ `hm dgrihta,
dgrihta,
`hmmh vamhtkmktæ dh rkdhjg km chtta ibg passkhda kjsgrkrg m‛ar`kjg Luy stap mkdkt iaj smkpphng 8 tkie t kie
sama quhj`a km dgrihta vh satta km mkvgmma ibg hllkhda kj`kvk`uhta.
Vgr gsgdpka sg vanmkhda gjtrhrg hm prgzza `k ;7 passkhda kjsgrkrg m‛ar`kjg hm prgzza `k 2> g shræ
Luy stap mkdkt ;3 iaj smkpphng 8 tkie ;>, hmma stgssa da`a kj dhjkgrh spgiumhrg shræ trh`hrg km
Lrghe kj `gk dhsskdk g kj qugsta ihsa m‛ar`kjg shræ Ygmm stap mkdkt iaj smkpphng 8 tkie.
M‛kdparthjzh `k iajsk`grhrg hmdgja 2 tkie â `h kdputhrg hm jastra dajgy dhjhngdgjt,
`kchttk jaj dgttgrgda dhk stap ibg supgrkja km < % `gm jastra ihpkthmg, qukj`k ckj `h sulkta
`allkhda ihmiamhrg `avg km prgzza `avræ hrrkvhrg pgr jaj scarhrg km jastra < %, hmtrkdgjtk km trh`g
jaj ma chiikhda.
Vgr gsgdpka sg kj lhsg hk jastrk ihmiamk ik passkhda prgj`grg <6 tkie `k stap g vanmkhda gjtrhrg hm
prgzza `k ;3 su uj lrghe kj `gk dkjkdk(majn), shppkhda ibg passkhda dgttgrg m‛ar`kjg hmdgja hm
prgzza `k 2> (2 tkie), dh sg sigj`g hjiarh, passkhda
passkhda dgttgrg m‛ar`kjg hm dhsskda hm prgzza
prgzza `k >7,
pgribë sg vh pkû nkû sckarh km jastra
jastra < % g km trh`g jaj ma passkhda ch chrg.
rg.

A\@KJK L\HIEGP
Nmk ar`kjk kj Larsh saja sgdprg nmk stgssk dh mh tkpamankh `k iadg vgjnaja kjihstrhtk sk ibkhdh
Lrhiegt, kj Kthmkhja sk patrgllg trh`urrg ”Kdlrhihturh—, qukj`k uj ar`kjg lrhiegt bh `gk lkjhrk lgj
prgiksk.
Xukj`k sgtthj`ama iaj 86 tkie `k prackt g 86 tkie `k stap, pgr gsgdpka sg vanmkhda gjtrhrg hm prgzza
`k ;3, mh pkhtthcardh dgttgræ km theg h 863 g ma stap hm prgzza `k 23 g iaj uj sama imkie g 8 sama
ar`kjg pkhzzgræ jgm dgrihta kj iuk vanmkhda apgrhrg 9 ar`kjk, pak kj uj sgiaj`a dadgjta
patrgdda hnnkusthrg ma stap, dhnhrk pkû pkiiama,
pkiiama, prgj`gj`ama `krgtthdgjtg `hmmh pkhtthcardh g
hnnkusthrma `avg vanmkhda.
Mh iash kdparthjtg â ibg ujh vamth kjsgrkta m‛ar`kjg, hnnkustgrgda skiurhdgjtg ma stap pgr rgj`grma
pkû gcckikgjtg dh dhk km thrngt, pgribë m‛ar`kjg
m‛ar`kjg thrngt shræ sgdprg mkdkt ibg vh ssgdprg
gdprg kj irajamankh

20
tgdparhmg, qugsta vuam `krg ibg sg dgttkhda m‛ar`kjg damta prkdh ibg km dgrihta lhttg qugm prgzza,
pgr gsgdpka <6 dkjutk prkdh â pralhlkmg ibg kj qugm dadgjta
dadgjta sum dgrihta ik skhja 26 iajtrhttk g
jak shrgda trh k prkdk h prgj`grmk, qukj`k m‛hiiartgzzh shræ pak `k jaj spasthrg dhk km thrngt
pgribë iasí, skh h sgiaj`h `k
`k quhjtk iajtrhttk saja rkdhstk, skh ibg km dg
dgrihta
rihta â damta mkquk`a, jak
shrgda skiurk `k gssgrg gsgnuktk h qugm prgzza.
Dgjtrg m‛ar`kjg stap â uj ar`kjg ibg vh sgdprg dgssa dhregt, qukj`k shræ uj ar`kjg sgmm stap

dhregt a sgdpmkigdgjtg sgmm stap hjibg sg jaj spgikckihdgjtg kj`kihta ibg ik hj`ræ h` gsgnukrg hm
dknmka prgzza.
Xukj`k pgr gsgdpka sg km dgrihta prgj`g km jastra ar`kjg hm prgzza `k 867 g pak vh h prgj`grg
km jastra ar`kjg sgmm stap hm prgzza `k ;7 mh pkhtthcardh gsgnukræ m‛ar`kjg hm dknmkar prgzza ibg shræ
;0, ;9 g iasí vkh, scrutthj`a iasí mh irajamankh tgdparhmg `hmmh jastrh phrtg.
Vgribë h `kccgrgjzh `gm mkdkt summa stap vanmkhda gssgrg gsgnuktk pgr umtkdk, sgdprg `hm jastra
gsgdpka km dgrihta lhttg km prgzza `k ;3 jak rkusikhda h sthrg hjiarh `gjtra pgribë km jastra ar`kjg
sgmm stap dhregt vkgjg gsgnukta h ;7.
Mh `kccgrgjzh jgm paskzkajhrg dhjuhmdgjtg nmk ar`kjk hm pasta `gm lrhegt sth jgm chtta ibg nmk ar`kjk
paskzkajhtk dhjuhmdgjtg jaj saja hutagsimu`gjtk,
hutagsimu`gjtk, qukj`k sg pgr gsgdpka gjtrkhda kj uj‛a
uj‛apgrhzkajg
pgrhzkajg
majn g `apa 86 tkie `k prackt ibku`khda, m‛ar`kjg sgmm stap rkdhjg g sg kj qugsta ihsa km dgrihta
sigj`g hjibg sg skhda sthtk nkæ gsgnuktk, qugmm‛ar`kjg `kvgjth uj ar`kjg sbart ibg jaj ch phrtg `gm
jastra pkhja g qukj`k ik `allkhda rkiar`hrg `k tanmkgrma, dgjtrg nmk ar`kjk lrhiegt pgr `gckjkzkajg
saja tuttk hutagsimu`gjtk.
Xukj`k mg iarrgttg rgnamg quhj`a dgttkhda uj ar`kjg saja?

- 8¶ Yk gjtrh sgdprg iaj uj ar`kjg Ytap Mkdkt iaj Ymkpphng 8 tkie.

- <¶ Yk gsig sgdprg iaj uj ar`kjg Ytap Dhregt (pgr hvgrg mh igrtgzzh `k usikrg).

- 9¶ Xuhj`a sk paskzkajh uj thrngt mkdkt lksanjh hvgrg m‛hiiartgzzh `k dgttgrg m‛ar`kjg g jaj
tanmkgrma pkû (prkdh ma dgttkhda g dgnmka â).

Xukj`k rkihpktamhj`a m‛ar`kjg sg majn vh dgssa 8 tkie saprh km mkvgmma `k gjtry iaj smkpphng 8 tkie g
ihmiamhrg iaj prgikskajg k thrngt pgr jaj taiihrmk pkû g ma stap sgdprg < tkie satta km mkvgmma.

27
\KCMGYYKAJK

23
 @k
Nkhjvkta @‛Hjngma
Yirktta g Kjtgrprgthta
`h
Dhura Lhrlkgrk

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