Stn-00-Z20-V-Yp-0002 - P03 - en - Cathodic Protection Philosophy

COMPANY TECHNICAL STANDARD
DOCUMENT NUMBER: REVISION: REVISION DATE:
STN-00-Z20-V-YP-0002 P03 December 2021
DIRECTORATE CONTENT CODE DISCIPLINE TYPE OF DOCUMENT

General - 00 Z20-Materials & V - Materials & YP - Philosophy
Corrosion Corrosion
Cathodic Protection Philosophy Onshore, Offshore Structures

and Pipelines
Abstract
This specification covers the methodology and design criteria that will be adopted for the detailed design
of the cathodic protection systems for onshore and offshore assets (pipelines, tanks, underground piping
in plant areas, sheet piles, barges, etc.). Cathodic protection material types are outlined, with the minimum
technical requirements for design as well as for pre-commissioning and commissioning.
COMPANY STANDARD ALIGNMENT MANDATE

This document supersedes document Nos “GE00-AKS-V10-
YP-0005-000”, “GE00-AKS-V10-YP-0006-000”, “KE01-00-
940-KD-V-YP-0004-000”for new (future) NCOC N.V. Projects.
Template: TSM-C30-FR-0001-000_A08
Approval Record
Document Originator Verifier Approver
Full Name Issatay Urazaliyev Zhongping Zhang Darren Bonney/Herlihy John Daniel
Title Lead Materials & Corrosion Lead Corrosion Engineer / TA2 General Manager
Engineer (Operations Technical)/Technical
Services Manager
Date
Signature
This document is the property of North Caspian Operating Company N.V. (NCOC N.V.).
It must not be reproduced or transmitted to others without Company’s authorization.
NORTH CASPIAN OPERATING COMPANY N.V. STN-00-Z20-V-YP-0002
Rev. P03– December 2021
Information Classification: Internal Page 2 of 46
Approvals Terms
The Originator of this document shall be responsible for writing of STN. The Originator acts as the technical custodian
O and focal point for questions relating to the content and meaning of an STN and is responsible for any changes to STN.
Verifier. It is the responsibility of TA’s to verify the technical content of this STN. TA’s is involved during STN creation,
V revision and the provision of on-going feedback.
A Approver. Line manager/ Functional Manger responsible to ensure this STN, within their areas of authority.
Consulted List
The following lists those individuals who have been consulted prior to approval of this document.
Date Name of Consultee / Job Title Role
November 2021 Adilzhan Yerzhanov – Head of Mechanical Static & Pipeline Engineering IFR
November 2021 Andrew Paul Briggs – Lead Project Execution Readiness Engineer IFR
November 2021 Zhumassulu Bissekenova – Materials & Corrosion Team Lead IFR
November 2021 Vassiliy Skripko – Maintenance Superintendent (Offshore) IFR
November 2021 Lim Aun Ming – HVAC Maintenance Engineer IFR
November 2021 Miras Uap – Civil/Structural Engineer IFR
November 2021 Nurbolat Kuanysh – Head of Quality Control IFR
November 2021 Tatyana Pak – Project Engineering Lead IFR
November 2021 Paolo Prestini – Technical Services Team Lead (Mechanical/Piping) IFR
November 2021 Saken Urazgaliyev – Civi l& Structural Inspection Engineer IFR
November 2021 Siddiqui Majid Aman – Technical Safety Engineering Team Lead (Operating Phases) IFR
November 2021 Elvira Nauryzkyzy– Pipeline Engineer IFR
November 2021 Zhong Guodong – Lead Technical Support Engineer IFR
November 2021 Zhongping Zhang– Lead Corrosion Engineer IFR
IFR – issued for review
Revision Change Summary

Rev. Date Section Description of Change
P01 10/2017 Preliminary Issue
P02 05/2018 Issued for review
A01 06/2018 Approved version
P03 12/2021 1.4 Removed cancelled standards and added supersitions
3.2 Reduced design life for ICCP systems to 25 years
3.3.2 Added 4 Para
3.4.2 Added Para after Table 1
4.2.1 Updated Para 4 and 10
Information Classification
Code Description of Information Classification
INTERNAL Information that is only sensitive outside the Company. Generally available to employees and approved non-
employees. This includes all contractors. Unauthorized access to information may cause minor damage and/or
inconvenience to the organization.
Cathodic Protection Philosophy Onshore, Offshore Structures and Pipelines

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE 7
1. INTRODUCTION 8
1.1 SCOPE 8
1.2 PURPOSE 8
1.3 SPECIFIC TERMS, DEFINITIONS, ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 8
1.3.1 General NCOC N.V. Terms & Definitions 8
1.3.2 Specific STN Terms, Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Definitions 8
1.4 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 10
1.5 ORDER OF PRECEDENCE 11
2. CORROSION CONTROL METHODS 11

2.1 GENERAL 11
2.2 COATING SYSTEM 11
2.2.1 Pipelines Onshore and Offshore 11
2.2.2 Structures in Plant Areas (Tanks, Vessels, Buried Piping) 12
2.2.3 Offshore Structures (Sheet Piles, Foundation Piles, Barges) 12
2.3 CATHODIC PROTECTION 12
2.3.1 Pipelines Onshore and Offshore 12
3. CATHODIC PROTECTION DESIGN CRITERIA 12

3.1 GOVERNING STANDARDS 12
3.1.1 Onshore Pipelines 12
3.1.2 Offshore Pipelines 12
3.2 DESIGN LIFE 13
3.3 PROTECTION CRITERIA 13
3.3.4 Offshore Structures 14

3.4 CURRENT REQUIREMENTS, CURRENT DENSITIES AND COATING BREAKDOWN FACTORS14

4. CP DESIGN CONSIDERATION 16
4.1 ONSHORE PIPELINES 16
4.1.1 CP System Type and Configuration 16
4.1.2 Potential Attenuation 16
4.1.3 Anode/ Groundbed Resistance 17
4.1.4 Electrical Isolation 17
4.1.5 Onshore Cased Crossings 17
4.1.6 Foreign Service Crossings 17
4.1.7 Directional drilling 18
4.1.8 Parallelisms with High Voltage AC 18
4.1.9 Interfaces 18
4.2 STRUCTURES IN PLANT AREAS (TANKS, VESSELS, BURIED PIPING) 18
4.2.1 Above Ground Tank Bottoms (External Side) 18
4.2.2 Reinforcement Steel and Electrical Earthing Material (Uninsulated Copper or Steel) 19
4.2.3 Cathodic Protection of Buried in Plant Piping 20
4.2.4 Internal Tank Protection 20
4.2.5 Electrical Continuity and Isolation 20
4.2.6 Current Drain 20
4.3 OFFSHORE PIPELINES 20
4.3.1 General 20
4.3.2 Anodes Number and Spacing 21
4.3.3 Anode Resistance 21
4.3.5 Temperature Consideration 21
4.3.6 Directional Drilling 22
4.3.7 Anode Connection Methods 22
4.3.8 Offshore Riser Construction 23
4.3.9 Interfaces 23
4.4 OFFSHORE STRUCTURES (SHEET PILES, FOUNDATION PILES, BARGES) 23
4.4.1 Cathodic Protection System Types 23
4.4.2 Galvanic Anodes CP Design 25
4.4.3 Impressed current CP design 27
4.4.4 Electrical Continuity and Insolation 27
5. MONITORING 27


5.1.1 General 27
5.1.2 Remote Monitoring 28
6. MATERIALS 29
6.1.1 Anode Material 29
6.1.2 Impressed Current Anodes 29
6.1.3 Reference Electrodes and Corrosion Coupons 29
6.1.4 Sacrificial Anodes 29
6.1.5 Cables 30
6.1.6 Transformer Rectifiers 30
6.1.7 Overvoltage Protection Devices 30
6.1.8 Junction Boxes 31
6.1.9 Test Stations 31
6.2.1 Anode Materials 31
6.2.3 Reference Electrodes 32
6.2.4 Galvanic Anodes 32
6.2.5 Cables 32
6.2.6 Transformer Rectifier 32
6.2.7 Junction Boxes 32
6.2.8 Test Stations 32
6.3.1 Sacrificial Anodes 32
6.4.1 Anodes Materials 32
6.4.4 Reference Electrodes 34
7. INSTALLATION AND TESTING 34

7.1.1 General 34
7.1.2 Cable Connections 34
7.1.3 Groundbed Construction 34


7.1.5 Temporary CP 34
7.2.1 Cable Connections To a Buried Piping and Tank Bottom 34
7.2.2 Power Sources 35
7.2.3 Groundbed Construction 35
7.3.1 General 35
7.3.2 Bracelet Anodes 35
7.3.3 Cable Connections 35
7.4.1 Anode Distribution 35
7.4.2 Anode Structural Integrity 35
7.4.3 Anode Installation 36
8. PRE-COMMISSIONING/ COMMISSIONING 36
8.1.1 Pre-commissioning 36
8.1.2 Commissioning 37
8.1.3 Close Interval Potential Survey (CIPS) and Direct Current Voltage Gradient Survey (DCVG) 37
8.3.3 Offshore pipeline cathodic protection survey 38
8.4.1 Pre-commissioning/Commissioning 39
ANNEX A. 40
SKETCH 1 40
SKETCH 2 41
SKETCH 3 42
SKETCH 4 43
ANNEX B. ROK CODE COMPLIANCE 44

PREFACE
NCOC N.V. Company Technical Standards (STNs) are developed and implemented to set rules and common
principles and characteristics in regard to technical work describing specifications, common terminology and
specific criteria reflecting essential project requirements in compliance with RoK legislative requirements.
The objective of the STNs is to establish fit-for-purpose design and engineering requirements, based on
experience and good engineering practices acquired by NCOC N.V. personnel during their involvement with the
design, construction, operation and maintenance of NCOC N.V. assets as well as the experience of co-venture
companies. Where appropriate STNs are based on or reference is made to, International, Regional, National
and Industry Standards.
This content of this STN shall be reviewed, updated / revised (as required), and re-issued no later than 5 years
from the last Revision Date.
Subject to any particular terms and conditions as may be set forth in specific agreements with users, NCOC N.V.
disclaims any liability of whatsoever nature for any damage (including injury or death) suffered by any company
or person whomsoever as a result of or in connection with the use, application or implementation of any STN,
combination of STN or any part thereof, even if it is wholly or partly caused by negligence on the part of NCOC
N.V. The benefit of this disclaimer shall inure in all respects to NCOC N.V. and/or any company affiliated to the
companies that may issue STN or require the use of STN.
Without prejudice to any specific terms in respect of confidentiality under relevant contractual arrangements,
STN shall not, without the prior written consent of NCOC N.V., be disclosed by users to any company or person
whomsoever and the STN shall be used exclusively for the purpose for which they have been provided to the
user. They shall be returned after use, including any copies, which shall only be made by users with the express
prior written consent of NCOC N.V.
The copyright of STN vests in NCOC N.V. Users shall arrange for STN to be held in safe custody and NCOC
N.V. may at any time require information satisfactory to them in order to ascertain how users implement this
requirement.
This STN is developed in accordance with NCOC N.V. Technical Standards Management process. Comments
to this STN should be sent to C&S Group at Codes&StandardsNV@ncoc.kz mail box.

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 SCOPE
This document covers the design basis that shall be applied to the detailed design of the cathodic
protection systems for the onshore and offshore structures (as defined in clause 1.2 of this section).
1.2 PURPOSE
The detailed design, procurement, pre-commissioning, commissioning, testing and reporting of the
cathodic protection systems will be carried out as part of the detailed design contract.
The requirements in this document apply to:
• Onshore structures,
• Pipelines
• Structures in plant areas:
• Above ground storage tanks
• In-plant buried piping.
• Offshore structures
• Pipelines
• Sheet piles
• Flare jacket base support
• Foundation piles of barges or interconnecting structures
• Barges hull and ballast tank, pedestal crane post, foundation piles supporting
interconnecting bridges, ship collision piles, etc.
1.3 SPECIFIC TERMS, DEFINITIONS, ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
1.3.1 General NCOC N.V. Terms & Definitions

The following is a list of general NCOC N.V. terms commonly used in the NCOC Technical Standards
NCOC N.V. Term Explanation / Definition
Company North Caspian Operating Company N.V. (NCOC N.V.)
The Contractor is the party who has entered into a written agreement with Company to carry
Contractor out all or part of the design, engineering, procurement, construction, commissioning and/or
management of a project, operation or maintenance of a facility.
The Supplier is a Manufacturer or Vendor that provides equipment, materials, and/or services
Supplier
to Company or the Contractor.
RoK Republic of Kazakhstan
SRS Company Intranet based Standards Reference System
STN North Caspian Operating Company N.V. Technical Standard
Shall The word shall is used to indicate that a provision is mandatory
1.3.2 Specific STN Terms, Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Definitions

The following is a list of specific terms, acronyms, abbreviations, and definitions used in this document
Term / Abbreviation Explanation / Definition

 Anode electrochemical efficiency
 Environmental resistivity
E Driving Voltage
ac Alternating current
Ag/AgCl Silver/Silver Chloride/Seawater (Reference Electrode)

Term / Abbreviation Explanation / Definition

ASTM American Society for Testing Materials
AWS American Welding Society
BVS Block Valve Station
CIPS Close Interval Potential Survey
CP Cathodic Protection
Cu/CuSO4 Copper/Copper Sulphate (Reference Electrode)
DC Direct Current
DCVG Direct Current Voltage Gradient
DnV Det Norske Veritas
EA Anode Potential
EP Protection Potential
fi Initial Coating Breakdown Factor
fc Final Coating Breakdown Factor
fm Mean Coating Breakdown Factor
HISC Hydrogen Induced Stress Cracking
Hv Vickers Hardness
I Protection Current
IA,F Final anode current output
IA,I Initial anode current output
iC,B Required current density to protect coated/bare surfaces
ICCP Impressed current cathodic protection
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
II Initial protection current demand
IJ Isolation Joint
IM Maintenance (average) protection current demand
IR Ohmic drop
IR Re-polarization protection current demand
ISO International Organization for Standardization
L Anode length
m Single net anode mass
Mg Magnesium
MMO Mixed Metal Oxide
MT Total net anode mass
NACE National Association of Corrosion Engineers
ND Number of anodes based on mass demand (durability)
NDB Negative Distribution Box
NI Number of anodes based on the protection current demand
PCR Polarization Cell Replacement
PDB Positive Distribution Box
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
PVDF Polyvinylidene Fluoride
r Anode radius
RA Anode resistance
Rv Anode groundbed resistance
SC,B Total coated/bare surface area to be protected
SCADA Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition
SF Safety factor on surfaces to be protected
SRB Sulphate Reducing Bacteria
t dl Design Life (Years)
u Anode utilization factor
V Volt
VAC Volts Alternating Current
XLPE Cross linked polyethylene
Zn Zinc
f Average Yearly Increase in Coating Breakdown Factor
3LPE Three Layer Polyethylene
3LPP Three Layer Polypropylene

1.4 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

The following is a list of documents that are referenced within this standard. Unless specifically designated by date, the latest edition
of each publication shall be used. Together with any amendments, supplements, or revisions thereto.
Ref. Document Number / Link Title / Description
(1) STN-00-Z22-V-SP-0001 Specification for Internal Lining of Vessels, Tanks and Field Erected Tanks
(2) STN-00-Z22-V-SP-0002 Coating Specification for Buried and Under Ground Piping and Fitting – in Plant
(3) STN-00-Z22-V-SP-0003 Specification for External Coating - Onshore/Offshore
(4) STN-00-Z22-V-YP-0001 External Coating Selection Philosophy – Onshore/Offshore
(5) STN-00-Z40-L-SP-0006 Pipeline Material/Coating Specification
(6) FIM-T30-SP-0001-000 Specification for Offshore Cathodic Protection Surveys
(7) ASTM B 418 Standard Specification for Cast and Wrought Galvanic Zinc Anodes
(8) AWS D3.6M Underwater Welding
Maritime Works - Part 1-1: General - Code of Practice for Planning and Design
(9) BS 6349-1-1
for Operations
(10) BS 6349-1-2 Maritime Works - Part 1-2: General - Code of Practice for Assessment of Actions
(11) BS 6349-1-3 Maritime Works - Part 1-3: General - Code of Practice for Geotechnical Design
(12) BS 6349-1-4 Maritime Works - Part 1-4: General - Code of Practice for Materials
(13) BS EN 13636 Cathodic Protection of Buried Metallic Tanks and Related Piping
(14) BS EN 15112 External Cathodic Protection of Well Casings
(15) DNVGL-RP-B401 Cathodic Protection Design
(16) DNVGL-RP-F103 Cathodic Protection of Submarine Pipelines
Design of Duplex Stainless Steel Subsea Equipment Exposed to Cathodic
(17) DNVGL-RP-F112
Protection
(18) EN 13509 Cathodic Protection Measurement Techniques
(19) EN 14505 Cathodic Protection of Complex Structures
Unified System of Corrosion and Ageing Protection. Underground Constructions.
(20) GOST 9.602-2016
General Requirements for Corrosion Protection
(21) IEC 60076 Power Transformers
Fluids for Electrotechnical Applications – Mineral Insulating Oils for Electrical
(22) IEC 60296
Equipment
(23) IEC 60529 Degrees of Protection Provided by Enclosures (IP Code)
(24) IEC 60726-11 Power transformers - Part 11: Dry-type Transformers
(25) IEC 60947 Low Voltage Switchgear and Control Gear
Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries -- Pipeline Transportation Systems -
(26) ISO 13847
Welding of Pipelines
Petroleum & Natural Gas Industries – Materials for Use in H2S Containing
(27) ISO 15156
Environments in Oil and Gas Production
Petroleum, Petrochemical and Natural Gas Industries – Cathodic Protection of
(28) ISO 15589-1
Pipeline Systems – Part 1: On-land Pipelines
Petroleum, Petrochemical and Natural Gas Industries – Cathodic Protection of
(29) ISO 15589-2
Pipeline Transportation Systems – Part 2: Offshore Pipelines
Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries – External Coatings for Buried or
(30) ISO 21809-1 Submerged Pipelines used in Pipeline Transportation Systems – Part 1:
Polyolefin Coatings (3-Layer PE and 3-Layer PP)
Control of External Corrosion on Underground or Submerged Metallic Piping
(31) NACE SP 0169
Systems
Mitigation of Alternating Current and Lightning Effects on Metallic Structures and
(32) NACE SP 0177
Corrosion Control Systems
(33) NACE SP 0193 External Cathodic Protection of on Grade Metallic Storage Tank Bottoms
Galvanic Anode Cathodic Protection of Internal Submerged Surfaces of Steel
(34) NACE SP 0196
Water Storage Tanks
External Corrosion Control of Underground Storage Tank Systems by Cathodic
(35) NACE SP 0285
Protection
(36) NACE SP 0286 Standard Practice - Electrical Isolation of Cathodically Protected Pipelines

Ref. Document Number / Link Title / Description

Metallurgical and Inspection Requirements for Cast Galvanic Anodes for
(37) NACE SP 0387
Offshore Applications
Impressed Current Cathodic Protection of Internal Submerged Surfaces of Steel
(38) NACE SP 0388
Water Storage Tanks
(39) NACE SP 0492 Metallurgical and Inspection requirements for Offshore Pipeline bracelet anodes
Design, Installation, Operation and Maintenance of Impressed Current Deep
(40) NACE SP 0572
Ground Beds
Guidance on Cathodic Protection of Steel Structures, Offshore Hydraulics
(41) RD 31.35.07-83
Structures in the Underwater Zone
(42) SN RK 2.01-01-2013 Construction Structures Corrosion Protection
(43) SN RK 3.05-01-2013 Main Pipelines
Instruction for Cylindrical Vertical Steel Oil and Oil Products Tanks Design,
(44) SN RK 3.05-24-2004
Production and Erection.
(45) ST RK GOST R 51164-2005 Steel Pipe Mains. General Requirements for Corrosion Protection
(46) VSN 51-3-85 Designing of Field Steel Pipelines
1.5 ORDER OF PRECEDENCE

Unless stated otherwise in project specific documentation, technical requirements are defined in
accordance with the following Order of Precedence:
1. This NCOC Technical Standard (STN)
2. Other Company Standards (Explicitly Referenced in this STN)
3. Industry Standards (Explicitly Referenced in this STN)
4. Other Normative Industry or RoK Standards (Not Explicitly Referenced in this STN)
Any interpretation of precedence, unresolved conflicts or discrepancies between the requirements
defined in this NCOC Technical Standard and other applicable Codes, Standards, Laws, Regulations or
Project Specific Documents shall be advised to Company and clarified.
2. CORROSION CONTROL METHODS
2.1 GENERAL
The corrosion control methods for onshore and offshore structures shall consist of:
• cathodic protection
• high integrity coatings
• corrosion allowance (to be specified in material selection during detail design).
The detailed design, procurement, pre-commissioning, commissioning, testing and reporting of the
cathodic protection systems will be carried out as part of the detailed design contract and shall be in
compliance to the RoK Code Compliance requirement of Annex B.
2.2 COATING SYSTEM

2.2.1 Pipelines Onshore and Offshore
The coating system type selected for below grade pipelines within the Kashagan field will generally be
based on the two systems outlined below, and will be selected on the basis of suitability for the operating
conditions, with an appropriate field joint system.
• 3-Layer Polyethylene (3LPE)
• 3-Layer Polypropylene (3LPP)
For the same coating thickness the 3LPP coating will offer superior mechanical protection and better
elevated temperature performance compared with 3LPE coating. The 3LPE is generally limited to a
maximum operating temperature of 80°C compared with 3LPP which can operate up to 110°C.
Details of pipeline coatings systems are given in Ref. (5).

2.2.2 Structures in Plant Areas (Tanks, Vessels, Buried Piping)

Cathodic protection is applied generally in combination with painting and coating systems as follows:
• steel tank internals and process vessels if a corrosive water phase exists;
• in-plant external tank bottoms in contact with sand/soil in presence or in absence of secondary
containment;
• in-plant buried steel piping.
All coating shall be in accordance with Ref. (5).
2.2.3 Offshore Structures (Sheet Piles, Foundation Piles, Barges)
Coating systems for different typologies of offshore submerged structures shall be selected in
compliance with applicable Company Specifications.
Surface preparation and protective coating application shall be carried in accordance with applicable
Company Specifications.
2.3 CATHODIC PROTECTION

2.3.1 Pipelines Onshore and Offshore
The cathodic protection systems will be based on:
• impressed current systems (supplemented by galvanic anodes) for the onshore pipelines;
• galvanic anodes for the offshore pipelines.
The design methodology for CP of onshore and offshore lines are outlined in the following sections.
Cathodic protection is applied generally in combination with painting and coating systems as follows:
• steel tank internals and process vessels if a corrosive water phase exists;
• in-plant external tank bottoms in contact with sand/soil in presence or in absence of secondary
containment;
• in-plant buried steel piping.
The design methodology for CP of structures in plant area is outlined in the following sections.
Cathodic protection shall be foreseen for corrosion control of:
• steel structures immersed in seawater;
• steel structures buried in seabed soil or in filling soil (piles, flare jacket base, sheet piling
structural components buried in the filling soil);
CP of submerged concrete structures is not required, unless in presence of galvanic couplings or
sections with differential aeration conditions (presence of empty cavities).
Either galvanic anodes or impressed current cathodic protection systems can be evaluated case by case,
as further detailed in paragraph 4.4.1.
3. CATHODIC PROTECTION DESIGN CRITERIA
3.1 GOVERNING STANDARDS

3.1.1 Onshore Pipelines
Onshore pipeline CP design shall be in accordance with ISO 15589-1 Ref. (28) and with applicable RoK
regulations.
3.1.2 Offshore Pipelines
Offshore pipeline CP design shall be in accordance with ISO 15589-2 Ref. (29).


CP design of structures in plant areas shall be in accordance with applicable Company Specifications.
Offshore pipeline CP design shall be in accordance with DNVGL-RP-B401 Ref. (15).
3.2 DESIGN LIFE

• Permanent impressed current CP systems: 25 years;
• Temporary galvanic anodes CP systems: 2 years.
40 years.
• Temporary CP systems: 2 years;
• Temporary CP systems for tank internals: 5 years.
• Permanent galvanic anode CP systems: 40 years;
• Temporary CP systems for barges during outfitting stage: 2 years (outfitting period
where the barge will be in contact with seawater).
3.3 PROTECTION CRITERIA

The effectiveness of the cathodic protection systems shall be based on IR free potential value
measurements.
IR free potential onshore shall be measured by means of a potential probe (which is a device composed
of a corrosion coupon and a built-in fixed reference electrode) or by the on-off technique (after
disconnection of all bonds and sacrificial anodes), immediately after the switching off of all transformer
rectifiers.
The IR free potential value for protection conditions shall be:
• Soil in aerobic conditions: - 0.85 V vs. Cu/CuSO4
• Soil in anaerobic conditions and with SRB: - 0.95 V vs. Cu/CuSO4
To avoid detrimental effects to the external pipeline coating due to overprotection, the most negative IR
free potential allowed shall be - 1.15 V vs. Cu/CuSO4. Excess overprotection, that is, values significantly
more negative than those given above, should generally not be allowed to occur.
Natural or native potential of buried steel should be taken equal to - 0.55 V vs. Cu/CuSO4.
The effectiveness of the cathodic protection systems shall be based on IR free potential value
measurements.
IR free potential onshore shall be measured by means of a potential probe (which is a device composed
of a corrosion coupon and a built-in fixed reference electrode) or by the on-off technique (instant off
potential), when applicable.
The IR free potential value for protection conditions shall be:
• Soil in aerobic conditions: - 0.85 V vs. Cu/CuSO4
• Soil in anaerobic conditions and with SRB: - 0.95 V vs. Cu/CuSO4

It should be noted that polarized potential criteria of -850 to -950mV CSE can be difficult to achieve
particularly in plant and where large bare steel areas are being protected (e.g. some tank bases). A
100mV shift if properly measured is a more appropriate measure of the degree of protection.
Overprotection conditions, which is potentials values more negative than - 1.15 V vs. Cu/CuSO4, should
generally not be allowed to occur.
For in-plant areas, where a combination of different materials often exists, the on-off technique is not
applicable because equalising currents start flowing after current interruption due to the presence of
bimetallic contact (for instance with copper grounding). Accordingly, potential measurements by means
of corrosion coupons or potential probes are recommended. In absence of corrosion coupons, CP
effectiveness shall be verified through ON potential measurements (EON).
For the specific case of the bottom of the above ground storage tanks (external side), assessment of CP
conditions is based on the ON potential. CP conditions are achieved when the ON potential is within the
range: -1.50 V vs. Cu/CuSO4 < EON < -0.90 V vs. Cu/CuSO4.
The CP system for the offshore pipelines should be capable of polarising the structure within the following
ranges:
• Steel in seawater: - 0.80 to -1.10 V vs. Ag/AgCl
• Steel in marine sea-sediments: - 0.90 to -1.10 V vs. Ag/AgCl
3.3.4 Offshore Structures
The CP system for the offshore structures should be capable of polarising the structures within the
following ranges:
• Steel in seawater: - 0.80 to -1.10 V vs. Ag/AgCl
• Steel in marine sea-sediments: - 0.90 to -1.10 V vs. Ag/AgCl
In presence of duplex stainless steel components, potential values in accordance with the norm DNVGL-
RP-F112 Ref. (17) shall be observed, to prevent Hydrogen Induced Stress Cracking (HISC). Commented [KA1]: По возможности ознакомиться
3.4 CURRENT REQUIREMENTS, CURRENT DENSITIES AND COATING BREAKDOWN FACTORS

Protection current shall be calculated with the following formula:
Itot = J·2 ·  ·r· L·k

Where:
J = Design Current Density for coated steel (mA/m2)
r = Outer Radius of Pipeline (m)
L = Length of Pipeline (m)
K = Contingency factor (1.25)
If electrical isolation of the pipeline from other buried metallic structures is not possible, then the cathodic
protection design shall provide for sufficient current, including also current drained by other structures
(earthing systems or steel reinforcement in concrete).
In these cases the pipeline together with the other structures constitute a complex structure, according
to EN 14505 Ref. (19).
Current Density
Design current density for 3LPE/3LPP coated pipelines shall be selected according to ISO 15589-1 Ref.
(28).

This standard, Table 3, recommends for conservative CP design of 3LPE/3LPP coated pipelines, current
density values in the range from 0.05 to 0.2 mA/m2. For design life of 40 years, a protection current
density of at least 0.125 mA/m2 is recommended.
Where the pipelines are not isolated from other buried metallic structures, current densities reported in
Table shall be used to estimate the current drained by the other buried metallic structures.
The protection current for all structures will be determined taking into account the applicable protection
current density, the surface area and geometry of the structure and any allowances for current drainage
to other metallic items in the vicinity of the structure intended to be protected.
The use of the coating systems on the structures will result in a low protection current demand at cathode
surfaces in the initial phases of the life of the structure and this will facilitate polarisation of the structure.
Towards the latter stages of the structures’ life the current demand will increase due to coating
breakdown, anode distribution shall take this condition into account.
Current Density
Recommended values for the protection current density to be used in the design of cathodic protection
systems of in-plant structures are reported in Table .
Table 1: Protection Current Densities for Structures in Plant Areas.
Current Density Current Density

Structure
2 2
Uncoated Steel (mA/m ) Coated Steel (mA/m )
At grade tank bottoms

20 min10
(external)
Plant piping 20 2.5 ÷ 5
30 (fresh water) 3
Water tank internal
65 (seawater/produced water) 6.5
Steel reinforcement in
concrete (where 2 N/A
applicable)
40 (galvanised steel or copper N/A

Electrical earthing
rod) 150 (copper cable) N/A
if the current density is increased in accordance with the specified formula, the total current for larger
tanks may be impractical. We therefore suggest hot sulphur and asphalt tanks operating at 140/150°C
whose bases are normally bare, current density of 30mA/m2 to be used in calculation. Where the
maximum operating temperature for tanks rises above 30 °C, protection current density (external and
internal) shall be increased by 2.5% for each 1 °C rise above 30 °C to compensate for increased cathode
temperature.
In the case of at grade tank bottoms where a relatively thin film paint system may be used and for plant
piping where a tape applied coating may be used, the protection current density should be set at the
higher level as the expected coating breakdown is envisaged to be highest at end of life.
The expected coating breakdown in water tank internals will be typically in the range 5-10% and it is
assumed that the coating will be regularly maintained to ensure that the exposed steel in these tanks is
always considerably less than 10% of the overall wetted tank area.
Protection current shall be calculated with the following formula:

IC = AC . FC . iC
Where:
IC = Current demand for a specific pipeline section (A)
Ac = Total surface area for a specific pipeline section (m2)
ic = Current density selected for mean and final conditions (A/m2)
Fc = Coating breakdown factor (calculated for mean and final conditions)
Current Density
The current densities for non-buried pipelines, in accordance with ISO 15589-2 Ref. (29), shall be
assessed from the following figure.
4. CP DESIGN CONSIDERATION
4.1 ONSHORE PIPELINES

4.1.1 CP System Type and Configuration
For cathodic protection of onshore pipelines impressed current systems should be used wherever
possible:
Impressed current anode groundbed can consist in:
• Shallow vertical or horizontal anodes groundbeds
• Deepwells anode groundbed.
Shallow anodes groundbed can be used when:
• soil resistivity at the surface is low (indicatively lower than 10 ohm·m)
• a minimum distance between the groundbed and the pipeline can be guaranteed, in order to
achieve a uniform current distribution along the pipeline itself (typical distance is 150 m).
• a minimum distance between the groundbed and other structures can be maintained, in order to
minimize risk of causing interference on other structures (typical distance is 150 m).
Deep anode groundbed are used:
• when soil resistivity at the surface is higher than the one of the deeper soil layers
• in congested areas, where it is not possible to maintain a minimum distance between the
groundbed, the pipeline to be protected and the other buried metallic structures.
Sacrificial anodes are used for short sections of non-hydrocarbon pipelines and for protection of steel
casing pipes (see section 4.1.5).
4.1.2 Potential Attenuation
The design of the impressed current system for a pipeline shall include the verification of the potential
attenuation along the pipeline.
Starting from the point of electric current drainage, usually located close to the groundbed, the potential
along the pipeline is subject to attenuation, as a consequence of the ohmic drop caused by the return
current flowing within the pipeline itself. Therefore, the calculation of potential attenuation shall be
performed in order to verify that even the remotest sections of the pipeline will be adequately protected.
Calculation of the potential attenuation shall be carried out based on the following main data:
• pipeline sizes
• coating insulation resistance at highest degradation expected conditions (end of life)
• protection potential limits.
Potential attenuation calculation shall be done according to the procedure reported in ISO 15589-1,
Annex E Ref. (28).

4.1.3 Anode/ Groundbed Resistance

Single vertical anode or deep ground bed resistance shall be calculated according to Dwight’s formula
(reported here below) or other appropriate formula (according to NACE Corrosion Engineer’s Reference
Book, 3rd Edition, or other documented reference).
  8L  
RV =  ln  − 1 ()
2L  d  
Where:
Rv(ohm) = anode groundbed resistance
ρ (ohm.m) = environmental resistivity
L (m) = length of anode or active groundbed
d (m) = diameter of anode/groundbed
4.1.4 Electrical Isolation
All onshore pipelines shall be electrically isolated from onshore plant, foreign structures/pipelines, above
ground installations (including block valves and offshore islands) and any electrical/instrument earthing
systems. Commented [KA2]:
This will prevent unintentional current drain to any external un-associated metallic surfaces and facilitate
control of pipeline potentials.
Sections of onshore pipelines to be protected shall be electrically isolated from other sections (offshore
and in plant) using monolithic isolation joints (IJ). Commented [KA3]:
All isolation joints shall be provided with surge protection and with test facilities. Commented [KA4]:
At block valve station where electrical equipment, such as motor operated valves have to be grounded,
grounding connections shall be made through a solid state polarisation cell (PCR) in order to prevent
unnecessary current drain and local underprotection of the pipeline. Consideration should also be given
to use of galvanised steel earth rods in lieu of copper and sheathed earth cabling for grounding systems
in order to reduce likelihood of interaction further.
If electrical isolation is not possible, then the cathodic protection design shall provide for sufficient current
and effective current distribution to ensure that the pipeline is cathodically protected without adverse
effect on other structures.
4.1.5 Onshore Cased Crossings
Cased crossings should be avoided wherever possible as they may interfere with the performance of the
CP system. Where there is a mandatory requirement of the local regulatory authority to use cased
crossings for certain applications these should incorporate the following:
• Suitable non-metallic spacers attached to the casing pipe (pipeline) at regular intervals within
the annular space to electrically isolate the pipeline from the casing
• Proprietary end seals which incorporate bolt tensioning devices to effect a positive seal against
water entering at the ends of the casing
• Zinc ribbon sacrificial anode installed locally to protect the carrier pipe within the casing
• Sacrificial anodes installed locally to protect the casing pipe
4.1.6 Foreign Service Crossings
At all locations where a buried line crosses existing metallic and buried foreign services, facilities should
be installed to allow testing to determine whether resistive bonding is required.
Bonding facilities, if necessary, shall include resistors or diodes and current measuring shunts.
Given the high integrity of the coating system to be applied on the pipelines, bonding to foreign pipelines
should only be undertaken if all other mitigation measures are found to be ineffective. If such bonding is

carried out consideration should be given to the possibility of over protection from existing CP systems
that may be providing high current outputs to old or poorly coated pipeline systems.
4.1.7 Directional drilling
For corrosion prevention of sections of pipelines installed through directional drilling, the following
requirements apply:
• The pipeline and the casing shall be electrically insulated
• The casing shall be filled with cement grouting with pH>12.6.
• The external surfaces of the casing shall be cathodically protected with a dedicated CP system,
different from the one for the pipeline
• The casing shall be sealed.
Corrosion prevention of the pipeline inside the casing is guaranteed by the alkalinity of the cement
grouting, even in case of failure of the sealing. No cathodic protection system for the pipelines inside the
casing is required.
4.1.8 Parallelisms with High Voltage AC
Interaction at points where pipelines run parallel with other services such as high voltage overhead power
transmission lines (>11kV) will also be addressed in line with requirements of NACE SP 0177 Ref. (32).
This interaction due to induced AC or short term interference effects (e.g. grounding fault) can lead to
safety concerns with regards to personnel subject to electric shocks, accelerated corrosion of the pipeline
and damage to the coating.
As the pipeline coatings will be of high integrity it should be anticipated that induced AC may be
problematic. AC interference effects should be investigated by survey to estimate the magnitude of the
effects. If such surveys in conjunction with calculations demonstrate that there is a possibility of harmful
voltages then mitigation measures should be provided. These mitigation measures may consist of one
or a combination of the following:
• Dedicated pipeline earthing such as zinc ribbon;
• Installation of ground mats and/or dead front test stations for personnel protection at above
ground test facilities and appurtenances;
• Installation of solid state polarisation cells (PCR’s) to allow AC current to flow (low impedance
to AC) to earthing devices but to prevent flow from DC current (high resistance) from CP
systems;
• Installation of buried steel coupons in the affected section.
4.1.9 Interfaces
Management of Interfaces between onshore pipelines (including tie ins to existing or third party plant,
onshore and offshore pipelines and their CP associated systems) shall be considered and addressed in
a stand alone report.
4.2 STRUCTURES IN PLANT AREAS (TANKS, VESSELS, BURIED PIPING)

4.2.1 Above Ground Tank Bottoms (External Side)
At grade storage tank bottoms (external side) will be protected by means of coating in combination with
cathodic protection. The coating system will improve current distribution and decrease current demand.
The coating system should be of epoxy type applied prior to tank construction. Bituminous sand or
asphaltic layers between the tank floor and the foundation surface shall not be used because of the risk
of reduced anode current output. Commented [KA5]: Не совсем верно. В текущей практике
защиты резервуаров где используют анодное поле под
Where the tank base will be constructed on thermal insulation material or full concrete pad foundations, днищем, покрытие имеет ключевую роль. И во всех других
the need for CP is to be reviewed on a case-by-case basis. случаях
CP system for the external coated bottom surfaces of at grade storage tanks shall be typically by
impressed current anodes, using closely distributed linear mixed metal oxide (MMO) titanium anode or
grid systems, consisting of primary anode and titanium current distributor (secondary anode), installed
beneath tank bottom and within design limits tank foundation.

Alternatively, the so called ‘piggy back wire anode’ can be used, consisting in MMO titanium wire
assembled with anode feed cable. The piggy back wire anode is typically installed in loops or spirals
below the tank bottom. The spacing between loops or spirals shall in any case guarantee an adequate
current and potential distribution all over the tank bottom surface. Maximum spacing between either type
of anode should be 1m. The anode fill between the coated tank bottom and the foundation surface should Commented [KA6]:
be a sweet sand layer typically 300mm - 400mm thick. Design with piggy back wire anode and relevant Commented [KA7]:
spacing shall be approved by written by the Company. An insulating barrier shall be installed at least
100mm beneath the anode to prevent current loss to external structures and earthing Commented [KA8]:
For small tanks, typically less than 5 ÷ 8 m in diameter or for tanks located remotely from the main plant
area, galvanic anode systems could be considered. The galvanic anodes shall be preferably installed
below the tank bottom or, alternatively, at its periphery. Design shall adequately take into account the
anode consumption and, if needed, regular anode replacement during the design life. Electrical isolation
from connected piping by means of isolating joints or flanges, and from earth ground system by means
of polarisation cells, shall also be evaluated.
The type of cathodic protection system, by impressed current or by galvanic anodes, the calculations of
current requirements, the anode type, the final location and configuration of the anodes, the
interconnection of tanks by bond cables and the use of electrical isolation devices, shall be addressed
within the detailed design considering of the referenced codes and standards and due recognition of the
service conditions likely to be encountered.
For impressed current cathodic protection systems, calculations shall be addressed within the detailed
design of the ohmic drop in the anode system (grid/ribbon and secondary anode or piggy back wire
anode and cables).
Monitoring of the effectiveness of the CP systems shall be by potential measurement.
The minimum number of reference electrodes for monitoring of the external tank base cathodic protection
systems are detailed in the Table here below for various tank diameter ranges.
Table 2: No. of Permanent Reference Electrodes to be installed underneath the tank bottom
Minimum number of reference
Tank Diameter (m) electrodes to be installed
Up to 15 3
15 - 35 7
> 35 12
As an integral part of the permanent monitoring system, slotted PVC tubes shall be installed across the
tank 45-225 degrees and 135 to 315 degrees. These pipes shall be fitted with a pull string to permit a
portable reference electrode to be drawn across the diameter of the tank in order to obtain a potential
profile. PVC access tubes as details in Annex 1, Sketch 3 should be provided at 0, 90, 180 and 270
degree positions. PVC access pipes can be also installed below the tank bottom with the end close to
the permanent reference cells; by this configuration the access pipes can be used to take potential
readings of the tank bottom in correspondence to the position of the permanent reference electrode and
also to irrigate the permanent reference electrodes.
4.2.2 Reinforcement Steel and Electrical Earthing Material (Uninsulated Copper or Steel)
Where steel reinforcement of concrete foundations and grounding material are connected to structures
protected by an ICCP system, current drain shall be considered in the design.
To avoid interference corrosion due to stray current effects, the steel reinforcement and electrical
grounding shall be made deliberately continuous with the tank. Commented [KA9]: Возможно Противоречие с
требованием устанавливать поляризационные ячейки на
To minimise current drainage and cathodic shielding galvanised steel or stainless steel earthing rods заземлении
shall be used rather than copper rods or copper earthing grids. Wherever possible, a proximity distance
of 6 metres shall be maintained between earthing rods and protected steel structures and earthing rods

and anodes. Under no circumstances shall earthing electrodes be installed between anodes and the
structures they are intended to protect. Commented [KA10]: Важное примечание
4.2.3 Cathodic Protection of Buried in Plant Piping

It is recommended that buried in-plant piping should be cathodically protected using a distributed
cathodic protection arrangement, by means of distributed anodes with close proximity to any buried
piping. As a guideline, the anodes should be located at a depth of 2 – 3 m and 1.5 – 3 m from the pipe,
will reduce current losses to other extraneous structures to a minimum. The actual anode placement
shall be determined by calculation in detailed design.
To ensure that a fully functional cathodic protection system is installed, and that shorting does not occur,
electrical isolation in plant will not be applied. Electrical continuity between all buried items will ensure
that there are no locations, where under protection occurs. However, a fully bonded cathodic protection
system will result in current drain to earthing, rebar, foundations etc, which will be accounted for in the
detailed design.
Monitoring of the effectiveness of the CP systems shall be by potential measurement using permanent
reference electrodes or potential probes installed as close as possible to the piping. Because grounding
system is connected to the piping, on-off technique shall not be used.
Test stations shall be installed every 100-150 meters of piping.
4.2.4 Internal Tank Protection
Water storage tanks, except demineralised water tanks and sour water feed tanks, shall be corrosion
protected by combination of coating and cathodic protection. Cathodic protection can be applied by
impressed current or by galvanic anodes. Type of galvanic anode (aluminium, zinc or magnesium alloy)
shall be selected based on water resistivity.
For hydrocarbons storage tanks where a water phase could be expected to separate at the bottom of
the tank, internal corrosion protection of the bottom shall be foreseen by combination of coating and
cathodic protection. The cathodic protection system shall be designed utilising zinc (for temperature up
to 40 °C) or aluminium galvanic anodes.
Detail design of the cathodic protection systems shall carried out with recognition of the service
conditions and of the applied coatings system and in accordance with the relevant codes and standards.
In all cases where galvanic anodes are installed the method of fixing shall be by bolting.
4.2.5 Electrical Continuity and Isolation
To prevent stray current corrosion, CP system will be based on a fully bonded CP system of buried in-
plant facilities with fully electrical continuity. Flange insulation kits shall not be installed.
For concrete structures, electrical continuity of the reinforcing steel shall be undertaken.
4.2.6 Current Drain
To avoid the effect of interference and stray current corrosion on steel reinforcement, electrical continuity
is mandatory.
4.3 OFFSHORE PIPELINES

4.3.1 General
The design of the sacrificial cathodic protection system, should take into account the following factors:
• Soil / Water Conditions Offshore (salinity);
• Electrical isolation/continuity;
• Temperature Considerations (profile of the pipeline and the effect on current demand, closed
circuit potential, and anode alloy capacity, utilization factor and function of operating
temperatures over 30°C);
• Anode connection methods;

• Installation of pipelines through directional drilling;

• Offshore riser construction (provision of additional anodes on unburied recessed riser sections
- elevated temperature service and confined space conditions).
4.3.2 Anodes Number and Spacing
Design calculations for the CP systems shall demonstrate that the anodes give the pipeline the
necessary current to meet the current density requirements. The anodes shall deliver sufficient current
to meet the mean and final design current demands.
The anode spacing shall be close enough to maintain an adequate protection in the event of mechanical
or electrical loss of a single anode. Maximum spacing can’t exceed 300 m, unless justified by
mathematical modelling.
4.3.3 Anode Resistance
For bracelet anodes used to protect offshore pipelines the McCoy formula should be used:

Ra = 0.315 ()
A
For long slender anodes mounted on sleds for offshore pipelines the following formula should be used:
   4L  
Ra = ln   − 1 ()
2L   r  
Formula abbreviations;
ρ ( .m) = environmental resistivity
L (m) = anode length
d (m) = diameter of anode
H (m) = anode depth
r (m) = radius of anode
s (m) = anode spacing
A (m2) = exposed anode surface area
The offshore sections of the pipelines shall be electrically isolated from the onshore sections using
monobloc isolation joints to isolate the offshore sacrificial anode system from the onshore impressed
current system. All monobloc isolation joints shall be provided with surge protection.
If electrical isolation of a pipeline is not feasible, the consequences related to the lack of isolation shall
be assessed. In particular, the following conditions shall be checked:
• The cathodic protection system of the pipeline shall be capable to provide enough current to
both the pipeline and the foreign buried metallic structures electrically connected to it.
• Any possible interferences between impressed current and galvanic anodes CP systems shall
be evaluated and they shall be negligible.
• Any corrosion phenomena due to galvanic coupling between different metals shall be negligible.
4.3.5 Temperature Consideration
For traditional CP design, it would be recommended that offshore pipelines are fitted with sacrificial
anodes, based on conventional Al-Zn-In half-shell bracelet anodes, fitted around and directly electrically

connected to the pipeline. However, elevated design temperatures will severely impact anode capacity,
utilization, and function. In this regard, the following design options can be adopted:
• To install a thermally insulating layer (e.g. a neoprene sheet) in the inner side of each anode.
Thickness of the insulating layer shall be designed to guarantee a maximum anode temperature
in compliance with ISO 15589-2 Ref. (29). In this case, electrochemical properties of the anode
alloy should be verified through dedicated tests at high temperature.
• Use of remote anode sleds or arrays at the pipeline ends (for short hot buried pipelines).
As an alternative strategy it may instead be possible to locate anode arrays on adjacent structures (e.g.
Hub and Drilling Centre sheet pile walls).
4.3.6 Directional Drilling
For corrosion prevention of sections of pipelines installed through directional drilling, the following
requirements apply:
• The pipeline and the casing shall be electrically insulated
• The casing shall be filled with cement grouting with pH>12.6.
• The external surfaces of the casing shall be cathodically protected with a dedicated CP system,
different from the one for the pipeline
• The casing shall be sealed.
Corrosion prevention of the pipeline inside the casing is guaranteed by the alkalinity of the cement
grouting, even in case of failure of the sealing. No cathodic protection system for the pipelines inside the
casing is required.
4.3.7 Anode Connection Methods
Anode cables connection to the pipeline should be preferably made through pin brazing.
The pin brazing shall be performed and qualified in accordance with the dedicated project specification.
4.3.7.1 Doubler Plates
The use of doubler plates for attachment of the anode cables is not recommended. DNVGL-RP-F103
Ref. (16) specifically preclude the use of doubler plates as a connection method on high strength or
corrosion resistant alloys due to the attendant risk of local stress concentrations and resultant HISC.
It should be noted that installation of doubler plates will also result in an increase in the amount of
damage to the anti-corrosion coating, and increase the amount of coating repair required. Anode
attachment using a doubler plate in conjunction with pin brazing will also be a more laborious and time
consuming method.
Attachment of the leads to a steel pad, itself welded to the line pipe would eliminate the problems
associated with hardness limitations on the pipeline material. However the pads would need to be drilled
to allow welding to take place and the attachment fillet welds subjected to the same hardness limitations
as the main pipeline welds. Furthermore, the drilled hole would need to be sealed for the life of the
pipeline otherwise crevice corrosion could be possible between the pad and the pipeline.
4.3.7.2 Pin Brazing
The pin brazing process relies on electrical resistance heating between the brazed pin and the steel
which melts the silver braze and creates an intimate connection with minimal melting of the steel. The
temperatures achieved in the process do however modify the steel structure adjacent to the brazing and
hardness levels are increased over those of the as supplied pipeline material.
The Project specification that has been developed for Pin Brazing includes a hardness limitation of 275
Hv10. Hardness limitations for pin brazing on sour service pipelines are specified in ISO 13847, Appendix
C Ref. (26) which limits hardness as follows:
• 275Hv10 for wall thickness <9.5mm in sour service
• 300Hv10 for wall thickness >9.5mm in sour service

• 325Hv10 for non-sour service

ISO 15156 Ref. (27) allows a hardness level of 275 Hv10 for the cap of welds on the non-exposed side.
Penetration levels of braze are limited to 1mm from the surface.
If hardness limits as above can be achieved with pin brazing, it is recommended that pads are not used.
If however there are problems achieving these values then pads will be required and details will need to
be developed during FEED to assure integrity of these pads and their connection to the pipeline. Where
pads are installed, the hardness limitations of ISO 13847 Ref. (26) shall be met.
4.3.8 Offshore Riser Construction
The current offshore pipeline vertical riser concept involves pipeline risers located in slots (or recesses)
in the sheet piling of the island walls, protected from ice by a gate which extends all the way down to the
pipeline, forming a lagoon within the slot. This concept enables pipeline expansion to be taken up by the
riser and the horizontal spool piece on the hub topside area.
Given the low salinity environment (which will restrict current output) and elevated service temperatures
(which will further restrict anode capacities), the use of half shell bracelet anodes in the recesses is not
recommended.
Constricted space and shielding considerations in the gated riser recesses will also limit use of remote
sled anodes. The most practical remaining option will be to mount anode arrays directly onto the rear
wall of each recess with anode header cabling run in conduit topside.
4.3.9 Interfaces
Management of Interfaces between onshore pipelines (including tie ins to existing or third-party plant,
pipelines and their CP systems) shall be considered as necessary and addressed in a stand-alone report.
4.4 OFFSHORE STRUCTURES (SHEET PILES, FOUNDATION PILES, BARGES)

4.4.1 Cathodic Protection System Types
Cathodic protection system types, recommended for each type of structure, are reported in Table.
Cathodic protection shall be applied together with protective coating and corrosion allowance to achieve
the project design life.
Table 3: Cathodic Protection System Types
Cathodic
Structure Component Exposure zone Coating
Protection
Refer to
Applicable
External side – Atmospheric not applicable
Project
Specification
Refer to
Applicable
External side – Splash Zone not applicable
Company
Sheet Piles Specification
Frontwall
External side – Seawater Cathodic protection
Immersed Zone with aluminium
galvanic anodes or Not coated
External side – Buried in impressed current CP
Seabed Soil systems
Inner side – Buried in Filling Not required. Current

drained by these Not coated
Soil
surfaces shall be

Cathodic
Protection
considered for the CP
of the tie-rods
Cathodic protection
with Zn anodes or
Anchorwall Buried in soil Not coated
impressed current CP
systems
cathodic protection Refer to

with Zn anodes or Applicable
Tie-rods Buried in Filling Soil
impressed current CP Project
systems Specification
Refer to
Applicable
Atmospheric/Splash not applicable
Project
Specification
Hull
Refer to
cathodic protection
applicable
Barges Sea Water (immersed) with aluminium
Project
galvanic anodes
Specification
Refer to
cathodic protection
Applicable
Ballast Tanks Sea Water with aluminium
Project
galvanic anodes
Specification
Refer to
Applicable
Atmospheric Not applicable
Project
Specification
Jacket
Refer to
Flare Base cathodic protection
Applicable
Support Buried in filling soil with aluminium
Project
galvanic anodes
Specification
cathodic protection
Piles Buried in seabed soil with aluminium Not coated
galvanic anodes
Refer to
Applicable
Atmospheric not applicable
Project
Specification
Refer to
Foundation Application
Splash Zone not applicable
Piles Project
Specification
Refer to
cathodic protection
Applicable
Seawater - Immersed with aluminium
Project
galvanic anodes
Specification

Cathodic
Protection
cathodic protection
Buried in seabed soil with aluminium Not coated
galvanic anodes
4.4.2 Galvanic Anodes CP Design

4.4.2.1 Calculation Procedure
Cathodic protection design shall be performed according to the procedure reported in DNVGL-RP-B401
Ref. (15):
• Calculation of the total current demand to protect each zone, exposed to sea water and to sea
sediments/soil, based on the corresponding values of the protection current density;
• Calculation of initial and final anode resistance, based on seawater resistivity and anodes
dimensions;
• Calculation of anode current output, in the initial and final phase;
• Calculation of required number of anodes based on initial and final anode current;
• Calculation of required number of anodes based on anode consumption;
• Determination of required number of anodes for each section as maximum between above
calculated values.
4.4.2.2 Protection Current Demand
The total protection current demand shall be determined as follows:
I = S C  SF  iC + S B  SF  i B
where:
I protection current (A);
SC,B total coated/bare surface area to be protected (m2);
SF safety factor on surfaces to be protected;
iC,B required current density to protect coated/bare surfaces (A/m2).
The protection current demand is calculated in the initial “II”, final (re-polarization “IR”) and average
(maintenance “IM”) conditions.
4.4.2.3 Anode Resistance Formulae
In accordance with DNVGL-RP-B401, the following formulae shall be used to calculate the anode
resistance for cathodic protection system design.
Long Flush Mounted Anodes
The following formula (Lloyds formula) shall be used to calculate the anode resistance for long flush
mounted anodes:
ρ
RA =
(a + b)
where:
 environmental resistivity [m]
a, b anode width and length [m].

Long Slender Stand-off Anodes

The Dwight formula shall be used to calculate the anode resistance for long slender stand-off anodes:
ρ  4L 
RA =   ln − 1
2πL  r 
where:
 environment resistivity [m];
L length of the anode [m];
r radius of the anode [m].
For anodes with minimum distance from the structure lower than 0.3 m but greater than 0.15 m a factor
1.3 shall be introduced in the above formula.
For non-cylindrical anodes r = C/2 where C is the section periphery.
Anode resistance shall be calculated at the initial conditions and at final conditions under a mass
(volume) reduction due to consumption calculated conservatively by means of the utilization factor in
accordance with DNVGL-RP-B401, Ref. (15) as follows:
mass (final) = mass (initial) x (1 – u)
length (final) = 0.9 x length (initial)
equivalent radius (final) = calculated from final length and volume.
4.4.2.4 Anode Current Output

The current output of each anode shall be determined by dividing the driving voltage for the anode
resistance.
E
IA =
RA
where:
E driving voltage, given by: E = EP - EA (protection potential – anode potential).
The anode current output shall be calculated in the initial and final conditions.
4.4.2.5 Number of Anodes
The required number of anodes shall be calculated based on protection current demand and durability
as here below illustrated.
The number of anodes based on the protection current demand, “NI”, is given by:
 I I 
N I = max  N I , I = I ; N I , F = R 
 I A, I I A, F 

where:
II, IR initial, re-polarization protection current demand;
IA,I, IA,F initial, final anode current output.
The number of anodes based on mass demand (durability), (ND), is given by:

MT
ND =
m
where:
MT total net anode mass (kg);
m single net anode mass (kg).
The total anode mass is calculated as:
IM  DL  8760
MT =
uε
where:
IM maintenance (average) protection current demand (A);
DL design life (year)
u utilization factor (-)
 anode electrochemical efficiency (Ah/kg)
The final anode number NA is assumed as the maximum between NI and ND:
NA = max NI; ND 
4.4.3 Impressed current CP design
4.4.3.1 Calculation procedure
Cathodic protection design shall be performed according to the following procedure:
• Calculation of the total current demand to protect each zone, exposed to sea water and to sea
sediments/soil, based on the corresponding values of the protection current density;
• Definition of anodes number and type;
• Calculation of anode resistance;
• Calculation of cathode resistance;
• Calculation of cable resistance
• Calculation of total circuit resistance (anode resistance + cathode resistance + cable resistance);
• Calculation of minimum feeding voltage;
• Selection of feeder parameters.
4.4.4 Electrical Continuity and Insolation
For offshore electrical continuity shall be applied throughout all facilities including barges, piles,
incoming/outgoing risers and seawater intakes. The use of flange insulation kits, monobloc isolation
joints and polarisation cells is not required.
For concrete structures electrical continuity of the reinforcing steel shall be undertaken.
5. MONITORING

5.1.1 General
Monitoring of the effectiveness of the onshore cathodic protection system should be by potential
measurement carried out at fixed test facilities installed along the pipeline routes and by means of

permanently installed electrodes. Standard test facilities should be installed such that there is a
maximum of 1 km between test stations. According to ST RK GOST R 51164 Ref. (45), maximum
spacing decreases to 500 m if the pipeline crosses areas with stray currents or with low resistivity
(according to GOST 9.602 Ref. (20).
Moreover, test stations shall be installed at the following locations:
• At cathodic protection stations;
• At monolithic IJ’s;
• Coupons (in conjunction with permanent reference electrodes installed at CPS and intermediate
(e.g. BVS) locations;
• At principal road crossings;
• At cased road crossings;
• Each side of significant water course crossings;
• At parallelisms with high voltage AC overhead power;
• At foreign pipeline crossings where bonding may be required. Bonding facilities should be
included in the fixed test stations or bond stations to provide a means of interaction mitigation
should the necessity arise at the time of commissioning;
• At block valve stations.
A test facility schedule should be used in conjunction with pipeline alignment sheets to allocate the type
and spacing of test stations.
Standard test station drawings (as referenced above) shall be used to define the cable connections and
key items of equipment pertinent to the above test station types.
Where pipelines are run within common corridors, and fed CP current from a shared transformer rectifier,
cross bonding of these pipelines shall be carried out within an above ground junction box at maximum
10 km intervals.
5.1.2 Remote Monitoring
Remote monitoring of the onshore pipeline CP systems shall be included as part of the detailed design,
and should monitor transformer rectifier DC output and potential levels at each CPS, and at intermediate
block valve stations (BVS). Transducer based monitoring systems shall be in accordance with Project
requirements. Commented [KA11]: Как реализовать мониторинг на
крановых узлах?
A post-installation survey should be carried out within 12 months of pipeline installation in accordance
with ISO 15589-2 Ref. (29).
As a minimum the complete length of all pipelines should be surveyed by potential measurements.
Trailing wire method and/or voltage gradient technique can be used.

Monitoring requirements for tanks and buried piping are reported respectively in paragraphs 4.2.1 and
4.2.3.

Scope and extent for permanent monitoring facilities shall be established during detailed design.
Permanently installed electrodes should be installed at representative locations including but not limited
to:
• Points furthest from anode installations
• Structure Nodes

• “Shadowed” areas near appurtenances or areas of complex geometry (e.g. riser recesses)
• Areas with highest mechanical stresses
• Areas where overpolarization may be suspected
• Areas of restricted access for portable monitoring
Reference electrodes shall be either zinc or silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl).
6. MATERIALS

6.1.1 Anode Material
CP systems should generally be based on the following anode materials:
Table 4: Anode Materials. Onshore Pipelines
Item to be Anode
Anode Material Backfill
Protected Configuration
ONSHORE PIPELINES (Permanent Systems)
Deepwell, Shallow
Calcined Petroleum
Onshore Pipeline MMO Vertical, or Shallow
Coke
Horizontal Groundbed
Carrier Pipe Within
Zinc Ribbon Surface Horizontal None
Steel Casing
Cast Magnesium or Zinc Surface Horizontal or Bentonite + Gypsum
Steel Casing Pipe
(Pre-Packaged) Vertical + Sodium Sulphate
Buried Valve Stations
ONSHORE PIPELINES (Temporary Systems)
Onshore Pipeline
6.1.2 Impressed Current Anodes

Impressed current anodes for all groundbed applications should be mixed metal oxide (MMO) on a
titanium substrate, in accordance with the Project data sheet.
The anodes should be of the centre connected and sealed tubular type; the anode should be backfilled
with calcined petroleum coke.
Impressed current groundbeds should be designed to dissipate 110% (minimum) of the current capability
of the transformer rectifiers for the duration of design life.
6.1.3 Reference Electrodes and Corrosion Coupons
Permanent reference electrodes should be Cu/CuSO4 or Ag/AgCl or Zn type in accordance with the
Project data sheet. Cu/CuSO4 reference electrodes shall not be installed in chloride contaminated soils.
The electrode should be suitable for a minimum period of 20 years and be supplied by a specialist
supplier who has a proven track record of supplying quality electrodes, which can meet the anticipated
service conditions and design life requirements.
Coupons should be used at regular intervals along the pipeline route to assess adequate polarisation.
Coupons should be installed in conjunction with a reference electrode at each installation.
6.1.4 Sacrificial Anodes
The chemical compositions, anode capacities and closed circuit potentials of galvanic sacrificial anodes
for onshore service shall be in accordance with Project data sheets; and, for zinc and magnesium
materials respectively.

6.1.5 Cables
Impressed current anode cables should be single core multi stranded copper with polyvinylidene fluoride
(PVDF) primary insulation and high molecular weight black polyethylene. All other cables should be
single core multi stranded copper with XLPE/PVC insulation. All cables shall be in accordance with the
project data sheet.
The minimum rating for all cables and wires should be 600/1000 Volt grade. The minimum cable sizes
shall be as follows:
• Offshore bracelet anode connection cables: 16 mm2
• Positive and negative (CPS) cables: 35 mm2
• Equi-potential bonding cables: 16 mm2
• Surge Diverter (OVP) cables: 25 mm2
• Foreign pipeline crossing bonding cables:16 mm2
• Impressed current anode cable tails: 10 mm2;
• Magnesium/Zinc anode cable tail and bonding cable: 10 mm2
• Reference electrode cable tails: 6 mm2
;
• Zinc earthing electrode cable tail and bonding cable:16 mm2
• Monitoring cables:10 mm2
Negative cable shall be black and positive cables shall be red.
All above ground cables shall be suitably identified with stainless steel tags to show their origin and
function. All below ground cables shall be suitably identified with concrete cable markers.
Individual cable sizes shall be calculated at detailed design and a schedule included in the calculation
package for each run.
All cables shall be in accordance with Project data sheet.
6.1.6 Transformer Rectifiers
Transformer rectifier’s (TR’s) and other associated equipment should be installed in non-hazardous
areas.
TR’s should comply with IEC 60076 Ref. (21), IEC 60726-11 Ref. (24) and IEC 60947 Ref. (25). Rectifiers
should be specifically designed for cathodic protection service and should be 3 phase units, 400 VAC ±
5%, 50 Hz ± 5%, or 230VAC ± 5% single phase. TR’s should be oil cooled, and suitable for plinth
mounting and outdoor installation. All units supplied for specific functions should be by the same Supplier
and standardized wherever possible for interchangeability and ease of maintenance. All necessary
hardware should be furnished.
The rectifiers will have the ability for close control over their full range and down to milliampere levels to
allow for the anticipated low initial current demands in the presence of high integrity coatings.
All terminals, connectors, bolts and contact hardware should be of copper, brass or bronze. Locking
devices should be used at all bolted and screwed connections. Units shall be supplied in accordance
with the Project data sheet.
Remote automatic CP monitoring of onshore pipelines should be included as part of the onshore cathodic
protection design where SCADA facilities exists for the pipeline. Monitoring of pipe-to-soil potential and
TR output signals should be effected using transducers located within the TR unit control panel.
6.1.7 Overvoltage Protection Devices
OVP devices should be installed across all IJ’s and should be in accordance with project CP data sheet,
and should be suitable for hazardous areas, with suitability for service in Class I, Division 1 and 2
hazardous locations. Where ac mitigation is a specific concern, Polarisation Cell Replacements (PCR’s)
may be installed as an alternative.

6.1.8 Junction Boxes

Junction boxes including positive, negative and bonding boxes, if used, should be of 316L stainless steel
construction, weatherproofed in accordance with IEC 60529 Ref. (23) requirements to a minimum of
IP65. They should be provided with a 6 mm thick phenolic panel (or equivalent insulating panel) with
appropriate shunts, grid coil resistors, terminals & hardware.
Positive distribution boxes (PDB) and negative distribution boxes (NDB) should provide sufficient room
for heat dissipation (i.e. if resistors fitted) and test equipment. The boxes should be provided with hinged
doors giving access to all internal components. Boxes should be in accordance with the project data
sheet.
6.1.9 Test Stations
Test stations should be of polycarbonate construction with provision to facilitate the termination of up
seven test cables. The test post conduit/support should be fabricated from 75 mm Ø x 3 mm thick
galvanised steel. All cables shall be identified by permanent tags or colour coding.

6.2.1 Anode Materials
Cathodic protection for surfaces in contact with soil or corrosive water shall be based on the following.
Table 5: Anode Materials. Structures in Plant Areas
ANODE ANODE
ITEM TO BE BACKFILL
PROTECTED MATERIAL CONFIGURATION
In-Plant piping MMO Vertical or piggy Calcined petroleum coke

back wire anode or approved equivalent
Linear distributed mesh

At grade storage MMO grid, ribbon or piggy Washed sand
tank bottoms
back wire anode
Mg anodes only:
Firewater Hydrants Mg or Zn Vertical Bentonite clay + Gypsum
+ Sodium sulphate
Internal tanks
Water storage tanks Al-Zn-In N/A
Stand-off or flush
(resistivity < 0.5 m)
Suspended wire
Water storage tanks MMO loops or suspended N/A
(resistivity > 0.5 m) strings of tubular
anodes
Hydrocarbon tanks (With Zn or Al-
Flush mounted N/A
discrete water phase) Zn-In

Impressed current anodes for onshore applications shall be of mixed metal oxide type (MMO) on a
titanium or titanium copper-core (internal tanks only) substrate.
The anodes type shall be as follows:
• Centre connected and sealed tubular type;
• Wire;
• Mesh grid or ribbon.

The MMO anodes shall be in accordance with Project data sheet.

6.2.3 Reference Electrodes
Permanent reference electrodes for application in soil shall be of pure zinc with backfill or copper/copper
sulphate type. For application inside water tanks, pure zinc and silver – silver chloride reference
electrodes are applicable.
The electrode shall be suitable for a minimum period of 20 years and be supplied by a specialist supplier
who has a proven track record of supplying quality electrodes, which can meet the service conditions
and life expectancy.
The reference electrodes shall be in accordance with Project data sheet.
6.2.4 Galvanic Anodes
The chemical composition, capacity and closed circuit potential of the magnesium, zinc and aluminium
galvanic anodes shall be in accordance with Project data sheets.
6.2.5 Cables
According to 6.1.5.
6.2.6 Transformer Rectifier
According to 6.1.6.
6.2.7 Junction Boxes
According to 6.1.8.
6.2.8 Test Stations
According to 6.1.9.

6.3.1 Sacrificial Anodes
Sacrificial anode materials shall be based on Aluminium Indium Zinc (Al-In-Zn) or Zinc formulations.
Anode chemical compositions, capacities, and closed circuit potential of the anodes shall be in
accordance with ISO 15589-2 Ref. (29).

6.4.1 Anodes Materials
Anodes material and configurations shall generally be based on the following.
Table 6: Anode Materials and Configurations. Offshore Structures
Cathodic
Anode
Structure Component protection Anode configuration Backfill
material
type
Frontwall Galvanic Not
Al-Zn-In Stand-off/flush mounted
external side anodes applicable
exposed to
seawater / Impressed Not
sea Ti-MMO Rod/tubular
Sheet current applicable
sediments
Piles
Bentonite
clay +
Galvanic
Anchorwall Zn Vertical/horizontal Gypsum +
anodes Sodium
sulphate

Cathodic
Anode
Structure Component protection Anode configuration Backfill
material
type
Calcined
petroleum
Impressed
Ti-MMO Vertical/horizontal coke or
current Approved
equivalent
Bentonite
clay +
Galvanic
Zn Vertical/horizontal Gypsum +
anodes Sodium
sulphate
Tie-rods
Calcined
petroleum
Impressed
Ti-MMO Wire/canister/vertical/horizontal coke or
current Approved
equivalent
Galvanic Not
Hull Al-Zn-In Flush mounted
anodes applicable
Barges
Galvanic Not
Ballast Tanks Al-Zn-In Stand-off/flush mounted
anodes applicable
Flare Base Jacket and Galvanic Not

Al-Zn-In Stand-off
Support piles anodes applicable
Foundation Galvanic Not

- Al-Zn-In Stand-off/flush mounted/clamps
Piles anodes applicable

Galvanic anode materials for offshore service shall be based on Aluminium Indium Zinc (Al-In-Zn) or
Zinc formulations. Anode chemical compositions, capacities, and closed circuit potential of the anodes
shall be in accordance with ISO 15589-2 Ref. (29).
Manufacturing, testing and installation of anodes shall be in compliance with ISO 15589-2 Ref. (29).
Impressed current anodes should be mixed metal oxide (MMO) on a titanium substrate.
The anodes type shall be as follows:
• Centre connected and sealed tubular type
• Rod
• Wire
• Ribbon

6.4.4 Reference Electrodes

Reference electrodes shall be either zinc or silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl), sourced from a manufacturer
with a proven track record of supply to meet service conditions and design life.
Cable shall be 600/1,000 V grade, copper, multi stranded, with a minimum cross section of 10 mm2.
Sheath and insulation suitable for the installation environment.
7. INSTALLATION AND TESTING

7.1.1 General
Installation guidelines detailed in ISO 15589-1 Ref. (28) should be followed. Installations of test facilities
should comply with the pipeline standard Project drawings.
7.1.2 Cable Connections
Pipeline to cable test and bond connections shall be made via drawn arc pin brazing and M8 direct cable
lug attachment. The pin brazing should be qualified in accordance with the project specifications.
Cadweld or thermic welding should not be used.
Main negative cables shall be directly connected to the pipelines via lugged nut and bolt connections to
welded pads or via M10 threaded pin braze connection.
Impressed current anode cables should be connected to the positive feeder cable in an above ground
positive distribution box to enable current monitoring by means of a shunt. This termination above ground
also allow for disconnection and field tests.
Where current carrying cables run outside of the pipe trench they should be buried in a narrow excavation
and laid on a bed of soft sand, be marked with cable warning tape and the route marked with concrete
cable markers at each point where there is a change of direction and at a minimum of every 30 m. If
cables are to be laid in areas used by vehicular traffic or where earth-moving machinery is used, cabling
should be suitably protected against damage or exposure.
The electrical current rating of a cable will not be exceeded for the temperature of use. Cable cross-
section should be selected to suit the condition of use.
7.1.3 Groundbed Construction
Groundbeds shall be constructed in accordance with standard Project drawings and Company approved
procedures. Drill stem resistance shall be monitored during deepwell drilling.
IJ’s should be tested to establish their functionality in accordance with NACE SP 0286 Ref. (36). All IJ’s
should be protected from voltage transients and ac fault current by means of correctly rated and selected
solid state over voltage protection devices.
Total electrical isolation from onshore facilities shall be ensured, i.e. no short circuits should be allowed
to exist to pipe supports, control piping, or instrumentation etc., unless specified in design documents
(as explained in paragraph 4.1.4).
7.1.5 Temporary CP
Sacrificial anode systems shall be installed as the onshore pipelines in accordance with the standard
project drawing. Test facility schedules shall be completed during detailed design. Commented [KA12]:

7.2.1 Cable Connections To a Buried Piping and Tank Bottom
Connection to buried piping or at grade tank bottom for test, bond and drain cables shall be by means
of either welded doubler plate with welded threaded stud or drawn arc pin brazing.
Cadweld or thermic welding shall not be used.

Impressed current anodes cables shall be connected to positive feeder cables in above ground PDB’s
to enable individual anode control and monitoring by means of grid coil resistors and shunts, and shall
be terminated above ground to allow for current monitoring and disconnection.
Where current carrying cables run outside of the pipe trench they shall be buried in a narrow excavation
and laid on a bed of soft sand. They shall be marked with cable warning tape and the route shall be
marked with concrete cable markers every 30 meters (minimum) and at each point where there is a
change of direction. If cables are to be laid in areas used by vehicular traffic or where earth-moving
machinery is used, cabling shall be suitably protected against damage or exposure.
The electrical current rating of a cable shall not be exceeded for the temperature of use. Cable cross-
section shall be selected to suit the condition of use.
7.2.2 Power Sources
Transformer rectifiers powered from ac supplies shall provide the direct current power supply for the
impressed current system. Rectifiers shall be of the oil-cooled type. The rectifiers shall have the ability
for close control over their full range and down to milliampere levels to allow for the anticipated low
current demands for cathodic protection in the presence of high integrity coatings.
7.2.3 Groundbed Construction
The groundbeds shall be backfilled with calcined petroleum coke breeze except for between at- grade
storage tank bottoms and the foundation where the backfill shall be washed compacted sand.
The galvanic anodes shall be inspected and tested in accordance with NACE SP 0387 Ref. (37) and
Project data sheets.

7.3.1 General
Manufacturing, testing and installation of anodes shall follow ISO 15589-2 Ref. (29).
7.3.2 Bracelet Anodes
Bracelet anodes shall be supplied in two half shell sections, coated internally with epoxy.
For elevated temperature service, a thermal insulation sheet (e.g. neoprene sheet) of adequate thickness
shall be installed in the internal side of the anode. The anode half shells shall be clamped centrally on
the pipe and steel lugs projecting from each half shall be welded together using weld procedure
specification approved by Company prior to commencement of production.
7.3.3 Cable Connections
Upon completion of anode assembly, an area of pipe coating shall be removed in each of the gaps
between anode halves to allow for attachment of electrical bonding cables between half shell lug and
pipeline. The pipe surface shall be power wire brushed and the edges of the existing coating feathered.
Connection of the cable between half shell lug and pipeline shall be performed by pin brazing to a
procedure qualified in accordance with Project procedures.

7.4.1 Anode Distribution
Anodes shall be distributed in proportion to local current demands in such a way as to obtain uniform
current distribution. Special consideration shall be given to areas of complex geometry (e.g. riser recess
and gate arrangements).
7.4.2 Anode Structural Integrity
Anodes should be attached to structures by welding of inserts in such a way as to minimise stresses at
the weld location.
Anode geometry, location, and orientation shall take into account the following:

• Minimisation of wave/current impact (ice scour/stamukhi impact and fatigue damage)

• Likelihood of dropped object damage
• Fabrication considerations (ease of installation)
• Subsequent access for maintenance and operations
7.4.3 Anode Installation
7.4.3.1 Galvanic anodes for offshore service
Welding of anodes to structure shall be performed in accordance with project requirements, and Industry
Codes and, as appropriate. Where anodes are installed prior to piling, anode attachment method shall
take into account any special requirements caused by forces exerted during piling operations.
7.4.3.2 Impressed current for sheet piles
Impressed current anodes for sheet piles shall be rigidly assembled on the structure to be protected.
Accordingly, wall mounted anode with a plastic frame are usually installed.
Typical installation configuration is shown in the figure below:
anode cable
1x25 mmq
25
D=30 mm; L=800 mm plastic frame
1200 1150
hole, D=16 mm
15
50 100 50
100 200
Figure 1: Anode Assembly
8. PRE-COMMISSIONING/ COMMISSIONING

8.1.1 Pre-commissioning
For onshore pipelines during detailed design a pre-commissioning test specification should be generated
which covers all aspects of tests during mechanical completion and pre-commissioning testing. Such
tests should include:
• Trial operation of power sources to their maximum capacity

• Measurements and testing should also be carried out to confirm satisfactory connection of all
cables and circuits and pipe-to-soil potentials/anode current outputs every month during
operation of the temporary CP system
• Resistance to earth testing of groundbeds.
• Calibration of permanent electrodes
• Testing of IJ’s
8.1.2 Commissioning
Commissioning procedures should be produced during detailed design for the approval of the Company.
The purpose of the commissioning procedure should be used to show that the installed systems operate
as specified and that the required design criteria have been met.
The specification should include as a minimum the following:
• Standard forms for recording commissioning results;
• Procedure for disconnection of all temporary sacrificial systems, depolarisation of the pipelines
and measurement and recording of natural potentials;
• Procedure for setting the cathodic protection systems in operation and measuring ON potentials;
• Procedure for measurement of potentials (IR free);
• Procedure for interaction testing;
• Procedure for testing IJ’s.
Contractor selected for detailed design should provide Company with a program for the commissioning
of the cathodic protection systems.
Contractor selected should prepare a commissioning report, which should include all commissioning
results. The report should include a discussion of the results obtained giving conclusions. The report
should also show the Natural ON and instant OFF potentials (onshore pipelines only) at all test stations
in both tabular and graphical formats against pipeline chainage.
8.1.3 Close Interval Potential Survey (CIPS) and Direct Current Voltage Gradient Survey (DCVG)
The nominated Contractor for detailed design should perform a baseline Close Interval Potential Survey
(CIPS) along the route of each new pipeline section.
Before survey execution Contractor shall submit for approval his procedure for the survey and the
proposed report format.
Any features noted during the CIPS, such as local “unprotected” potentials or evidence of short circuits
or coating damage, should be investigated and rectified. The investigation and rectification of any
identified defects may require hand excavation.
The nominated Contractor for detailed design should provide a print out of the survey results with
graphical representation, interpretation and conclusions for submission in report form for approval.
In addition to the CIPS, the execution of a DCVG survey should be evaluated to verify coating integrity.

During detailed design a pre-commissioning test specification shall be generated which covers all
aspects of tests during mechanical completion and pre-commissioning testing for onshore tanks and
buried piping.
Such tests shall include:
• Procedure for testing backfill under tanks (as a minimum chloride content test, size distribution
test (granulometry));

• Trial operation of anodes including individual anode loop resistance to earth immediately after
completion of tank foundation and before tank plates are installed and then after the tank has
been fabricated and power sources to confirm they can deliver their maximum capacity;
• Measurements and testing shall also be carried out to confirm satisfactory connection of all
cables and circuits;
• Resistance to earth testing of all distributed groundbeds;
• Calibration of permanently installed reference electrodes.
8.2.2 Commissioning
Onshore commissioning procedures shall be produced during detailed design for the approval of the
Company. The purpose of the commissioning procedure shall be used to show that the installed systems
operate as specified and that the required design criteria have been met. The specification shall include
as a minimum the following:
• Standard forms for recording commissioning results;
• Procedure for disconnection of all galvanic systems, depolarisation of the piping and
measurement and recording of natural potentials;
• Procedure for setting the cathodic protection systems in operation and measuring ON potentials;
• Procedure for measurement of IR free potentials;
• Procedure for interaction testing with incoming/outgoing piping and pipelines;
• Procedure for balancing CP systems.
Contractor selected for detailed design shall provide the Company with a program for the commissioning
of the cathodic protection systems.
Contractor selected shall prepare a commissioning report, which shall include all commissioning results.
The report shall include a discussion of the results obtained giving conclusions. The report shall also
show the Natural ON and instant OFF potentials at all test stations in both tabular and graphical formats.

For offshore pipelines during detailed design a pre-commissioning test specification should be generated
which covers all aspects of tests during bracelet anode manufacturing, installation and pre-
commissioning testing. Such tests should include measurements and testing to confirm satisfactory
connection of all cables and circuits.
Contractor selected for detailed design should provide the Company with a program for the
commissioning of the cathodic protection systems.
Contractor selected should prepare a commissioning report, which should include all commissioning
results. The report should include a discussion of the results obtained giving conclusions.
A corrosion potential survey of the offshore pipelines should be carried out after installation.
8.3.2 Commissioning
Commissioning procedures should be produced during detailed design for the approval of the Company.
The purpose of the commissioning procedure should be used to show that the installed systems operate
as specified and that the required design criteria have been met.
8.3.3 Offshore pipeline cathodic protection survey
A post-installation survey should be carried out within 12 months of pipeline installation in accordance
with ISO 15589-2 Ref. (29).


8.4.1 Pre-commissioning/Commissioning
Pre-commissioning and commissioning procedures shall be developed during detailed design for
approval by Company. Pre-commissioning procedures should be developed to outline requirements for
mechanical completion, and demonstrate correct installation. Commissioning procedures shall be
produced in order to demonstrate that the installed systems operate as specified and that the required
design criteria have been met. Surveys should be carried out within a year of installation of the structure.
Potentials shall be measured at selected identified and repeatable locations. Measurements shall be
used to record potentials before, during, and after polarisation.

ANNEX A.
SKETCH 1
Typical Tank Bottom Cathodic Protection System with MMO Grid Anode and Titanium Current Distributor
Installed Under Tank Bottom
Note: All anode / conductor bar intersections to be spot welded. Power feed cables and connections are
not shown

SKETCH 2
Typical Tank Bottom Cathodic Protection System – Steel Reinforcement Continuity

SKETCH 3
Access Tube for Monitoring Tank Base Cathodic Protection
PVC access tubes shall be installed at 0, 90, 180 and 270 degree positions on all tanks to facilitate portable
monitoring of the tank base to soil potential adjacent to the ring beam.

SKETCH 4
Schematic Diagram of Tank Internal Sacrificial CP System – Hydrocarbon Tanks

ANNEX B. ROK CODE COMPLIANCE
B 2.2.1
In accordance with the requirements of ST RK GOST R 51164-2005 Ref. (45), construction of pipelines
protective coatings with their underground, underwater (with penetration into the bottom) and onshore (in the
mound) lying, depending on the type of materials and coating conditions, are given in Table 1.
Two types of protective coatings are used: reinforced and normal depending on the diameter and the specific
operation conditions on the pipelines.
The reinforced type of protective coatings shall be used on pipelines with a diameter of 820 mm and more,
regardless of the laying conditions, and on all pipelines of any diameter laid in areas of increased corrosive
hazard:
Protective coatings of a normal type shall be used in all other cases.
In accordance with ST RК GOST R 51164-2005 Ref. (45). Two-or three layer polymer coating and coatings on
the basis of heat shrinking material of basic and factory application shall be used for concrete coated pipe with
diameter 530 mm or more, regardless condition of laying and operation. Polymeric tape coatings, paint
anticorrosive coatings of chromo phosphate compositions of basic and factory application according to regulatory
documentation are used for concrete coated pipe with diametric less than 530 mm.
B 2.2.2
In accordance with GOST 9.602-2016 Ref. (20), application of protective coatings as a basic method of
protection against corrosion regardless from corrosive aggressiveness of the soil for all underground structures
is provided.
B 2.2.3
In accordance with the requirements of norms SN RK 2.01-01-2013 Ref. (42), protection of building
constructions from corrosion shall be carried out by measures of primary and secondary protection, and also
application of cathodic methods.
Primary protection measures include:
• appliance of materials and products, resistant to the influence actual corrosion environment;
• appliance of additives, raising corrosion resistance of the material and its protective capability in regard
to steel reinforcement, bearing bar and connecting elements.
• reduction in permeability of concrete by processing methods.
• observation of additional design and structural requirements when designing structures.
• secondary protection measures include the protection of structural surfaces:
• metal, oxide, paint and coatings, metallization - paint and coatings and mastic coatings;
• adhesive isolation from plate and film materials
• lubricative, lining and plaster coatings on the basis of mineral binder and polymer, soluble glass and
bitumen
• covering with piece and block products made from ceramics, slag-glass ceramic, glasswork, stone
casting, natural stone.
• sealing impregnation of the surface layer of structures with chemically resistant materials.
• treatment with hydrophobizing, antiseptic and biocidal compounds
В 2.3.1
In accordance with the requirements of ST RK GOST R 51164-2005 Ref. (45), all pipelines (except for above-
ground), regardless of operating conditions are subject to cathodic protection.
Cathodic protection shall be provided during the whole period operation continuous cathodic polarization of the
pipeline over entire length (and on entire surface) in such a way that the potentials values on the pipeline are (in
absolute value) not less than the minimum and not more than the maximum values.
Cathodic protection of pipelines against corrosion shall be designed for the pipeline generally, with the
determination of following parameters for the initial and final periods of operation (at least 10 years):

• for cathodic protection installations - the strength of the protective current and output voltage of the
cathode stations (converters), also the resistance of the anode earthing;
• for cathodic protection stations - the strength of the protective current and the resistance of protectors;
• for drainage protection unit – current strength of drainage and resistance of the drainage circuit.
The cathodic protection system includes several cathodic protection units, each of which consists of the following
renewable elements: a power supply source, a cathodic protection station (converter), an anodic earthing and
direct current lines connected to an electrical circuit and, if necessary, adjustable resistors, shunts, polarized
elements, blocks of remote control and regulation of protection parameters.
Cathodic protection station and other external sources of protective current can be used in cathodic protection
unit.
The cathodic protection system includes cathodic protection units consisting of a single, concentrated or
extended protector or their group, connecting wires (cables), also instrumentation stations and, if necessary,
adjustable resistors, shunts and / or polarized elements.
The drainage protection system includes drainage protection unit consisting of no less than one electric drainage,
connecting wires (cables), instrumentation stations, and, if necessary, electrical jumpers, adjustable resistors
and polarized blocks.
Cathodic polarization of pipelines with continuous provision required protective potentials in the areas of stray
currents action of direct current sources shall be carried out using polarized electric drains, including automatic
polarized drains with impedance control of the resistance of the protection circuit by drainage current, as well as
automatic cathodic protection stations with supporting the protective potential and, possibly, reinforced electrical
drainage.
B 2.3.2
In accordance with GOST 9.602-2016 Ref. (20), cathodic polarization shall be provided by cathodic protection
system: such as cathodic protection installations, polarized and reinforced drains, protection stations.
Cathodic protection installations and protection stations are used in the protection of underground structures
against corrosion in soil and ground waters, biocorrosion, corrosion by alternating currents of power frequency,
and corrosion protection by stray DC currents.
In accordance with GOST 9.602-2016 Ref. (20), steel underground pipelines, reservoirs (including trench type)
located in soils of medium and high corrosion aggressiveness and bioagressive soils, in areas of unsafe action
of stray double- currents, are subject to protection by cathodic protection system (cathodic protection units,
drainage protection units, cathodic protection station (galvanic anodes).
B 2.3.3
In accordance with the requirements of standards RD 31.35.07-83 Ref. (41), cathodic protection methods of
underwater parts steel structures of marine hydraulic structures are based on cathodic polarization of the
protected metal with external electric current (cathodic protection) or current of galvanic protector anodes
(cathodic protection).
The type of cathodic protection shall be selected from feasibility study. The appliance of cathodic protection is
most expedient in cases when the protected objects are removed from electric power sources in offshore with
specific electric conductivity of water of not less than 2 Ohm / m.
To protect against corrosion of steel structure’s offshore hydraulic structures shall use single or group anodes
joined by anode circuit. The anodes shall be placed single or in groups (anode packs) on the bottom of the
reservoir along the structure on the soil or in special cassettes at a distance of 10 to 100 meters from the
protected structure in an area where anchors usage during parking or maneuvering ships is less probable. For
protection of metal sheet pile walls, anodes can be installed on the sheetpile structure. In this process, a screen
of electrical insulating material (rubber, plastic, asbestos cement switchboards, etc.) shall be located between
the anode and the wall. The screen area shall be 5 - 6 times more the projection of the anode to the wall.
B 3.3.1
All the project documentation shall specify instrumentation stations required the condition of cathodic protection
in accordance with the requirements of NORM SN RK 3.05-01-2013 Ref. (43). Location for their installation and

requirements for structural design are determined by the requirements of the existing regulatory documents of
the Republic of Kazakhstan regulating cathodic protection of steel trunk pipelines.
The installation of anode earthing and protectors should be provided below depth of soil freezing in places with
a minimum resistivity.
Installation of identification sign must be provided in places drainage cable connection to the anode earthing.
Drainage cable or connection lead to the anode earthing should be calculated for the current maximum value of
cathodic protection station and control the calculation for the allowable voltage drop.
In accordance with ST RK GOST R 51164-2005 Ref. (45), the values of the minimum and maximum protective
potentials, depending on the conditions of laying and operation of the pipeline are given in Tables 4 and 5 in this
document.
In accordance with GOST 9.602-2016 Ref. (20), the cathodic polarization of the structures is carried out in such
a way that the protective potentials of the metal relative to the saturated copper-sulphate reference electrode are
between the minimum and the maximum values (in absolute value) in accordance with Table 4. Other non-
polarizable reference electrodes with reduction measurement results to a saturated copper-sulfate reference
electrode are allowed to use.
B 3.3.2
In accordance with ST RK GOST R 51164-2005 Ref. (45), the values of the minimum and maximum protective
potentials, depending on the conditions of laying and operation of the pipeline are given in Tables 4 and 5.
In accordance with GOST 9.602-2016 Ref. (20), the cathodic polarization of the structures shall be provided in
such a way that the protective potentials of the metal relative to the saturated copper-sulphate reference
electrode are between the minimum and the maximum values (in absolute value) in accordance with Table 4.
Other non-polarizable reference electrodes with reduction measurement results to a saturated copper-sulfate
reference electrode are allowed to use.
In accordance with VSN 51-3-85 Ref. (46), criterion for the protection of underground structures of the section is
the minimum potential difference "structure-earth" U'm, the value of which is established depending on the
particular operating conditions and is equal to: -1.0 V in solonchaks; 0.95 V in the presence of S ions, and in all
other cases it is assumed equal to - 0.85 V with regard to the Copper Sulphate Electrode Comparing (CSEC).
Note to Reader.
It should also be noted that there are other ROK Codes and Standards which address Cathodic
Protection of Structures and Pipelines and for sake of completeness they are listed here in but not
violated. Reference and use of these Codes shall be made based on each specific requirements and
needs.
• SN RK 3.05-01-2013 Main pipelines. Ref. (43)
• SN RK 2.01-01-2013 Construction structures corrosion protection. Ref. (42)
• RD 31.35.07-83 Guidance on cathodic protection of steel structures, offshore hydraulics structures in
the underwater zone. Ref. (41)
• VSN 51-3-85 Designing of field steel pipelines. Ref. (46)
• ST RK GOST R 51164-2005 Steel pipe mains. General requirements for corrosion protection. Ref. (45)
• GOST 9.602-2016 Unified system of corrosion and ageing protection. Underground constructions.
General requirements for corrosion protection. Ref. (20)

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COMPANY TECHNICAL STANDARD

DOCUMENT NUMBER: REVISION: REVISION DATE:

STN-00-Z20-V-YP-0002 P03 December 2021

DIRECTORATE CONTENT CODE DISCIPLINE TYPE OF DOCUMENT

Cathodic Protection Philosophy Onshore, Offshore Structures

COMPANY STANDARD ALIGNMENT MANDATE

Revision Change Summary

Cathodic Protection Philosophy Onshore, Offshore Structures and Pipelines

2. CORROSION CONTROL METHODS 11

3. CATHODIC PROTECTION DESIGN CRITERIA 12

Cathodic Protection Philosophy Onshore, Offshore Structures and Pipelines

3.4 CURRENT REQUIREMENTS, CURRENT DENSITIES AND COATING BREAKDOWN FACTORS14

Cathodic Protection Philosophy Onshore, Offshore Structures and Pipelines

5.1 ONSHORE PIPELINES 27

7. INSTALLATION AND TESTING 34

Cathodic Protection Philosophy Onshore, Offshore Structures and Pipelines

7.1.4 Electrical Isolation 34

ANNEX B. ROK CODE COMPLIANCE 44

Cathodic Protection Philosophy Onshore, Offshore Structures and Pipelines

Cathodic Protection Philosophy Onshore, Offshore Structures and Pipelines

1.3 SPECIFIC TERMS, DEFINITIONS, ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

1.3.1 General NCOC N.V. Terms & Definitions

NCOC N.V. Term Explanation / Definition

Company North Caspian Operating Company N.V. (NCOC N.V.)

RoK Republic of Kazakhstan

SRS Company Intranet based Standards Reference System

STN North Caspian Operating Company N.V. Technical Standard

Shall The word shall is used to indicate that a provision is mandatory

1.3.2 Specific STN Terms, Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Definitions

Term / Abbreviation Explanation / Definition

Cathodic Protection Philosophy Onshore, Offshore Structures and Pipelines

Term / Abbreviation Explanation / Definition

Cathodic Protection Philosophy Onshore, Offshore Structures and Pipelines

1.4 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

Cathodic Protection Philosophy Onshore, Offshore Structures and Pipelines

Ref. Document Number / Link Title / Description

1.5 ORDER OF PRECEDENCE

2. CORROSION CONTROL METHODS

2.2 COATING SYSTEM

Cathodic Protection Philosophy Onshore, Offshore Structures and Pipelines

2.2.2 Structures in Plant Areas (Tanks, Vessels, Buried Piping)

2.3 CATHODIC PROTECTION

3. CATHODIC PROTECTION DESIGN CRITERIA

3.1 GOVERNING STANDARDS

Cathodic Protection Philosophy Onshore, Offshore Structures and Pipelines

3.1.3 Structures in Plant Areas (Tanks, Vessels, Buried Piping)

3.2 DESIGN LIFE

3.3 PROTECTION CRITERIA

Cathodic Protection Philosophy Onshore, Offshore Structures and Pipelines

3.4 CURRENT REQUIREMENTS, CURRENT DENSITIES AND COATING BREAKDOWN FACTORS

Itot = J·2 ·  ·r· L·k

Cathodic Protection Philosophy Onshore, Offshore Structures and Pipelines

Table 1: Protection Current Densities for Structures in Plant Areas.

Current Density Current Density

At grade tank bottoms

Plant piping 20 2.5 ÷ 5

40 (galvanised steel or copper N/A

Cathodic Protection Philosophy Onshore, Offshore Structures and Pipelines

4.1 ONSHORE PIPELINES

Cathodic Protection Philosophy Onshore, Offshore Structures and Pipelines

4.1.3 Anode/ Groundbed Resistance

Cathodic Protection Philosophy Onshore, Offshore Structures and Pipelines

4.2 STRUCTURES IN PLANT AREAS (TANKS, VESSELS, BURIED PIPING)