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Chương Soap and Detergent
Chương Soap and Detergent
- Amphoteric dispersing
polymers of the types
shown below have also
been reported to be good
clay and particulate
dispersants in certain
laundry detergent
formulations.
- Cationic dispersants are less commonly used although some amphiphilic
structures have been described as effective dispersants in high salt content
media.
- Nonionic polymers include polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, and random
and block ethoxy propoxy copolymers. Graft copolymers of polyalkylene
oxide and vinyl acetate are reported to be effective antiredeposition agents for
hydrophobic surfaces like polyester fabric.
4.2.3. Builder and complex
- Metal ion control is a common need in many detergent formulations. For example,
in aqueous cleaning applications the presence of Ca2+ in the water can lead to the
precipitation of anionic surfactant reducing the effective concentration available for
cleaning.
- Fatty acids can precipitate as calcium soaps resulting in the formation of soap scum
on hard surfaces, and many soils, especially inorganic clays, will precipitate with
calcium leading to redeposition of the soil onto the surface being cleaned.
- Builders—a generic term used to refer to any number of materials whose primary
function is the removal of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions from aqueous solutions—and
chelants are widely used in the formulation of various detergents.
- Sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) is among the best
known and widely used detergent builder.
- In laundry detergent formulations it serves not only
as an extremely effective calcium control agent but
also provides dispersion, suspension, and anti-
encrustation benefits.
- However, environmental concerns associated with
large-scale release of phosphates into the
environment lead to the development of a number of
substitutes.
- Citric acid and sodium nitrilotriacetate are
representative of soluble detergent builders .
- Sodium carbonates and noncrystalline sodium silicate form sparingly soluble
precipitates with calcium and are frequently used in powdered detergent
formulations where they also provide a source of alkalinity.
- To avoid encrustation of the calcium carbonate/silicate onto surfaces these
building agents generally are co-formulated with a dispersing polymer like the
polyacrylate/maleic acid copolymers described above and crystal growth inhibitors
like HEDP (1-hydroxyethane diphosphonic acid).
- Insoluble builders include the zeolites and layered silicates, which bind calcium
via an ion exchange mechanism. Zeolite A, Na12(AlO2)12(SiO2)12.27H2O, is the
principal alternative to phosphate as a detergent builder. The Na+ ions are
exchangeable for Ca2+ while the larger hydration shell around Mg2+ tends to
impede exchange.
- Citric acid is also an excellent chelant for metal ions other than calcium and can be
employed where the removal of transition metals such as copper, zinc, and iron is
important
Other commonly used detergent chelants include ethylenediaminetetraacetate
(EDTA) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (DTPA)
4.2.4. Bleaching polymer
- Bleaches are common components of laundry, automatic dish wash, and hard
surface cleaning detergent formulations where they act to destroy chromophoric
groups responsible for color in soils via oxidative attack.
- Four basic technology approaches have been taken to deliver bleaching in these
products—chlorine-based bleaches, peroxide-based bleaches, activated peroxide
systems, and metal catalysts.
- Chlorine-based systems are common in some powdered abrasive hard surface
cleaners and automatic dishwashing products.
- Typically, hypochlorite bleach is delivered via precursor like sodium
dichloroisocyanurate according to the reaction:
Peroxide-based bleaches either use hydrogen peroxide directly or appropriate
precursors like perborate monohydrate, which generate peroxide according to the
reaction:
- The two most common activators used in laundry detergents are N,N’’-
tetraacetylethylene diamine (TAED) and nonanoyloxybenzene sulfonate
(NOBS).
- In an aqueous environment TAED undergoes perhydrolysis with the
perhydroxyl anion from peroxide to generate peracetic acid. NOBS reacts in
much the same way but generates the more hydrophobic pernonanoic acid.
4.2.5. Solvent
- The selection of solvents for use in detergent formulation depends on the nature of
the actives being formulated, the intended application of the detergent, and
economics.
- Water is the dominant solvent in most household and industrial cleaning
formulations.
- Water-based detergents are less toxic, more environmentally friendly, cheaper,
more surface compatible, and easier to handle than petroleum-based solvents.
However, many common detergent actives have limited solubility in water requiring
formulation of a co-solvent and/or hydrotrope.
- Typical co-solvents used in household cleaning formulations include ethanol,
glycerol, and 1,2-propanediol.
4.2.6. Performance Enhancing Minor Ingredients
Chương 4: Soap and Detergent
4.2. Công thức của một vài sản phẩm tẩy rửa đại diện (Representative Detergent
Formulation)
4.2.1. Công thức sp tẩy rửa quần áo (Laundry detergent formaunations)
4.2.2. Công thức sp tẩy rửa chén bát (Diswash detergent formulations)
4.2.3. Công thức sp tẩy rửa bề bề mặt cứng (Hard surface cleaning formulations)
4.2.4. Công thức các sản phẩn tẩy rửa chăm sóc cá nhân (Personal care detergent
formulations)
4.2.5. Công thức các sản phẩm tẩy rửa chăm sóc miệng (Oral care detergent
formulations)