Session 1 : Unit cell, Space lattice, Crystal structure gs INTRODUCTION: ‘The elements and their chemical compounds occur in nature in three states = the solid stale, the liquid state and the gaseous state. In solids, the constituent atoms or molecules are very NEY packed and strongly bonded to each other. Solids constitute a very large proportion of materials used in engineering and technology. Therefore, it is necessary to study their properties. The solid state of matter is divided in two broad categories on the basis of their structure — Crystalline solid and Non crystalline (Amorphous) solid. In engineering studies,.we will be dealing mainly with crystalline solids. A detail study of crystal structure and its relationship with properties of materials is very useful in choosing appropriate materials for specific applications and also in fabricating the materials with desired propertics. CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS AND AMORPHOUS SOLID! CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS AMORPHOUS SOLIDS 1. In crystalline solids, the atoms are 1, Thé substances which possess properties arranged in a regular manner forming a of solids, but do not have any definite three dimensional pattern, This pattem <’varrangement of atoms in them are called can be obtained by a three dimensional \ <> repetition of a certain pattern unit. This. ) repetition thus represents cettait. periodicity. ow ‘as amorphous solids. ° ° ° °}. ° 000000 900000 000000 000000 000000 ° Crystalline Solids Amorphous Solids 3. CrystallineySolids have sharp melting 3. Amorphous solids do not have sharp point, «S melting point. 4. Crystalline solids can be cleaved along 4. Amorphous solids undergo irregular definite planes. breakage. 5, -A8 crystalline solids may have different 5. Amorphous solids do not have <2 spatiodie arrangements|_in different directional properties and therefore they ‘> “directions, physical properties may vary. are called isotropic. with direction and therefore they are called anisotropic. 6. e.g. copper, silver, aluminium, silicon 6. eg, silicate glass, fibre glass, Teflon, naphthelene Prepared by — Sanjiv Badhe Page | of 6 @ scanned with OKEN ScannerCRYSTALLOGRAPITY Why to Study Crystal Physies ? AL the inital stage o re form, This could ache oS their physica! properties were atibued 10 ther ext However, with the deen ot limited success in explaining various properties of materia theory of solids Rae oemeM of quantum mechanics and advances made inthe energy b mechanical, thera ce corlaton of the simctre of erysils could be developed with the developing now ates and magnetic properties of solids. This knowledge has resulted in technological ayant cs With varied and’ more remarkable and use properties, for The study of crystal physics ai the propose “a Physi aims at interpreting the macroscopic properties of solids in terms of The science of crystal eee patiles and their interaetions in context ofthe erysa structure Properties ofcrystaliing erst deals with the study of geometrical forms and other physical ine solids by using X-rays, electron beams, neutron beams ete, TE) wae Oa IN CRYSTAL PHYSICS : ; ‘ms used in crystal physics are defined as follows — Unit Cen: Atoms in a crystal i ; nse ao ang in a periodic way. It is possible'to iSolate a representative unit cell ndamental building unit having definite arrangement of atoms, ions or molecules whi enol ic is repeated to form a crystal is called as the unit cell. The entire crystal can be }epeated transnational repetition of unit cell in three dimensions. Unit Cell 2000 2000 eo 00000 ‘Two dimensional consideration ‘Three dimensional consideration Space Lattice And Atomic Basis : ‘Atoms 02 folecules are periodically arranged in a crystal. We can look at it in two ways- SCN) Physical view (In this, we consider actual atoms or molecules) ii) Geometrical view (In this, we consider arrangement of atoms or molecules) ‘Thus we can write — Crystal = [An arrangement of points] + (Atom or group of atoms associated with each point) Prepared by — Sanjiv Badhe Page 2 0f6 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner‘We define Space lattice as the regular ordered arrangement of points. Atomic basis is defined as the atoms or group of atoms that is associated with each point in space lattice. Thus, we can write Crystal = Space lattice + Atomic Basis Basis ec oe oc c c % % & SA) % % % &% %%%%D & % % &% Space Lattice Crystal Space lattice and Atomic Basis We can obtain different cryst Points. If atomic basis co basis consists of two ator tals from same space lattice by assdciating different atomic basis with nsists of only one atom, the crystal is sdid to be monatomic. If the atomic ms, the crystal is called diatomic.and so on. Crystal Axes Or Lattice Axes : A three-dimensional space lattice is characttrized\by three axes — X, Y and Z. These axes are called as lattice axes or crystal axes. Thé'tiansnational vectors a,b and @ joining two nearest Points along given axis are called as basis Vectors. They are independent and non-coplanar. They are shown in the following fig, — : x @,5 and’ are basis vectors along 3 axes Prepared by ~ Sanjiv Badhe Page 3 of 6 @ scanned with OKEN ScannerFollowing figure shows a unit cell ofa thre Lattice parameters of the unit colt : | imensional crystal lattice- | | Lattice parameters of unit cell A lattice unit cell can be and y between them, T; obtained by a repeated o} interfacial angles c B a size of the unit cell can completely described by the three vectors di, é anid (he three angles cf ing any lattice point as the origin, all other. points, on the lattice can he Peration of the lattice veetors di, and @. The lattice vectors db, @ and the ind Y constitute the lattice parameters of (he Unit cell, The actual form and be determined if these lattice parameters are known. CRYSTAL SYSTEMS AND BRAVAIS LATTICES (no question) Space lattice of ac Co-ordinate axes ¢ tystal is described by means of a 3-directional co-ordinate system in which the oincide with any three edges'of.the crystal intersecting at one point, Based on the relative values ofa, b, cand angles 0, B and ythere arise only seven different crystal systems, Bravais showed mathemati ally that there are only 14 different ways of arranging laitice points in & Space lattice so that each point gets an identical Surrounding. These 14 different ways are called 8s Bravais lattices. Following table: shows these seven” bas ic crystal systems with their characteristic features and bravais space lattice types occurring in each one of them. Sr x No. _| Crystal system | Sides bravais Iattice | Examples Cubic ola ‘Simple, Po, Ww Body Centered, | Li, Na, Cr Face Centered. | Ni, Cu, Ag a=b#e Simple, Body Centered, Jn Sa a¥b¥e Simple, Body Centered, | Ga, P,S, Base Centered, KNOs Face Centered. Monoclinic a#bec [a=B=90%,y#90" | Simple, Base Centered. | _ Pts CaSOs Triclinic atbec |aeBpey#90" Simple. CuSOx Trigonal (/ = #90" Simple. Hg, Bi Hexagonal a=bee = 90°, y= 120" | Simple. Zn, Mg, Cd Crystal Systems and Bravais lattices Prepared by — Sanjiv Badhe Page 4 0f6 5 @ scanned with OKEN ScannerRELATION BETWEEN MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND DENSITY: | Let volume of unit cell = v Let_ p= density of the crystal = Mass of each unit cell = p-V — Let ‘n" be the number of atoms per unit cell 2M’ be the molecular weight “Na be the Avagadro number Mass of each molecule = From (1) and (2), we get pv ° Molybdenum has BCC structure, Caleulat@-atomic radius and mass densi Given that lattice constant a=3.15 Atomic weight of Mo = 95.94 and Avogadro’s Number = 6.023 x 10° )kg-mole. n=2 (BCC structure)” Na= 6.023 x 10 / kg-mole. Sa'= 315A = 3.1510" m x 3.15 x 10°" 4 364 10" m 2x 95.94 6.023 x 10 x G15 x 10%) ___ 191.88 © 18.825 x 10° = 1.0193 x 104 kg/m? 6 Prepared by— Sanjiv Badhe Page Sof @ scanned with OKEN Scanner2. Aluminium has density 2.7 gni/et ts atomic weight is 27 and lattice parameter is 4.05 4", Determine the type of crystal structure followed by Aluminium. Na- 6.023 x 10” / gm-mole. (4.05 x 10°) x 2:7 x 6,023 x 10" 7 001= 4 Thus n indicates that Aluminium has FCC structure. 3. Calculate density of GaAs using following data : Atomic weight of Ga = 69 Atomic weight of As = 74 Lattice constant for GaAs = 5.6 x 10° em» Number of molecules per unit cell=4™. Avogadro’s Number = Na = 6.023 x 108 mole Molecular weight of GaAs = Weknow, SO” x. BM A PONG a © 6023 x 10 x Box10°) xs = 72_ = 5.408 gm/om’ oS 105.77 w ye A: CN Wy Page 6 of 6 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner