S.

H JONDHALE POLYTECHNIC DOMBIVLI (WEST)

ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024

TOPIC:- CONVERSATION OF NUMBER SYSTEM

SUBMITTED BY :-
922. SAHIL RANGREZ
940.OMKAR KHADE
951.DEVENDRA PANDE

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF :- Mr. D.D.Shelke

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE

DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER ENGINEERINGMAHARASHTRA
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

WE WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS OUR

SPECIAL THANKS OF GRATITUDE TO OUR
SUBJECT TEACHER Mr. D.D.Shelke
WHO GAVE US THE
OPPORTUNITY TO DO THIS PROJECT ON

“MICROPROJECT ON CONVERSATION OF NUMBER

SYSTEM”

WHICH ALSO HELPED US

IN DOING A LOT OF RESEARCH AND WE
CAME TO KNOW ABOUT MICROPROCESSOR 8086
WE ARE REALLY THANKS TO OUR PARENTS AND
GROUP MATES TO FINALIZING
THIS PROJECT WITHIN THE LIMITED TIME FRAME
 CERTIFCATE

This is to certify that Mr. / Ms. Group

Name/Roll no. 933. Pratik Gaikar ,940.Nitin Pawar, 951.
Krushna Zate of Second Semester of Diploma in Computer
Engineering of Institute, S.H.Jondhale Polytechnic.
Dombivli (W) has completed the Micro Project satisfactorily
in subject “microprocessor” for the academic year 2023-2024
as prescribed in thecurriculum

Place: Dombivli Date:

Subject teacher Principal Head Of the Department

 INDEX

SR.NO.
Topic
1. Introduction

2 Information about microprocessor

3 Advantages and disadvantages of microprocessor

4 Information about number system

5 Types of number system

6 Conversation method

7 Why number system is use in microprocessor

8 Conclusion

9 Reference

INTRODUCTION
 A Microprocessor is an important part of a computer architecture
without which you will not be able to perform anything on your
computer. It is a programmable device that takes in input performs
some arithmetic and logical operations over it and produces the desired
output. In simple words, a Microprocessor is a digital device on a chip
that can fetch instructions from memory, decode and execute them
and give results.
Basics of Microprocessor –

A Microprocessor takes a bunch of instructions in machine language

and executes them, telling the processor what it has to do.
Microprocessor performs three basic things while executing the
instruction:
It performs some basic operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, and some logical operations using its Arithmetic
and Logical Unit (ALU). New Microprocessors also perform operations
on floating-point numbers also.
It has a Program Counter (PC) register that stores the address of the
next instruction based on the value of the PC, Microprocessor jumps
from one location to another and takes decisions.

INFORMATION ABOUT MICROPROCESSOR

A microprocessor is a programmable integrated circuit that processes
digital data. It serves as the brain of a computer system, executing
instructions and performing arithmetic and logic operations.
Microprocessors contain an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control unit,
and registers, all interconnected by a bus.

Key components of a microprocessor include:

1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): The ALU performs arithmetic operations

(addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) and logical operations
(AND, OR, NOT) on binary data.

2. Control Unit: The control unit manages the flow of data and
instructions within the microprocessor. It fetches instructions from
memory, decodes them, and coordinates the execution of operations.

3. Registers: Registers are small, high-speed storage units within the

microprocessor used to store data temporarily during processing.
Common types include accumulator, program counter, and instruction
register.

4. Bus: The bus is a communication system that transfers data between

various components of the microprocessor, such as the ALU, registers,
and memory.
 Microprocessors are used in a wide range of devices, including
computers, smartphones, embedded systems, and microcontrollers.
They come in different architectures, such as x86, ARM, and MIPS, each
tailored for specific applications and performance requirements.

Block diagram of 8086 microprocessor

The Intel 8086 microprocessor, introduced in 1978, revolutionized

the computing industry and laid the foundation for modern x86
architecture. Here's a comprehensive overview of its features and
applications:

1. Architecture: The 8086 is a 16-bit microprocessor with a 20-bit

address bus, capable of addressing up to 1 MB of memory. It has
16-bit data bus width, allowing it to process 16 bits of data at a
time.
2 .Clock Speed: The original 8086 operated at a clock speed of 5
MHz, although later versions and derivatives were developed with
higher clock speeds.

3. Registers: It features four 16-bit general-purpose registers (AX,

BX, CX, DX) and four 16-bit index and pointer registers (SI, DI,
BP, SP). Additionally, it includes the instruction pointer (IP)
register and the flags register, which stores the status of the ALU

operations.

PIN DIAGRAM OF 8086 MICROPROCESSOR

4. Instruction Set: The 8086 instruction set includes a wide range

of operations for arithmetic, logic, data transfer, and control flow.
It supports various addressing modes, allowing for efficient
memory access and manipulation.

5. Memory Management: The 8086 utilizes segmented memory

addressing, dividing memory into segments of up to 64 KB each.
It employs a combination of segment registers (CS, DS, SS, ES)
and the instruction pointer to access memory.

7. Applications: The 8086 microprocessor found widespread use

in early personal computers, embedded systems, industrial
automation, and scientific instrumentation. Its compatibility with
existing software and hardware made it a popular choice for a
wide range of applications.
Overall, the Intel 8086 microprocessor played a pivotal role in
shaping the landscape of computing and remains a significant
milestone in the history of technology.
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
MICROPROCESSOR

The Intel 8086 microprocessor, introduced in 1978, had several

advantages and disadvantages:
Advantages:
1. 16-bit Architecture: The 8086 was one of the earliest
microprocessors with a 16-bit architecture, allowing it to process data
and instructions in larger chunks, leading to faster processing compared
to its predecessors.

2. Backward Compatibility: It retained compatibility with software

written for earlier Intel processors like the 8080, making it easier for
developers to transition to the new platform.

3. Segmented Memory Model: While it may seem like a disadvantage

now, the segmented memory model of the 8086 was actually an
advantage at the time because it allowed addressing of more memory
than the 8-bit processors of its era.
4. Wide Range of Peripheral Support: The 8086 supported a wide range
of peripherals, which made it versatile for various applications.

Disadvantages:
1. Complex Instruction Set: The 8086 had a complex instruction set
architecture (CISC), which made programming more challenging and
often resulted in longer code sequences compared to simpler
instruction sets.

2. Limited Memory Addressing: Although the 8086 had a segmented

memory model, its addressing scheme limited the amount of accessible
memory directly to 1 MB, which was a limitation in applications
requiring larger memory spaces.

3. High Power Consumption: The 8086 consumed more power

compared to later microprocessors, making it less suitable for battery-
powered devices or applications where power efficiency was crucial.
4. Higher Cost: At the time of its release, the 8086 was relatively
expensive, which could be a barrier for adoption in cost-sensitive
applications.

Overall, while the 8086 laid the foundation for modern x86 architecture
and played a significant role in the development of personal computing,
it had both strengths and weaknesses

INFORMATION ABOUT NUMBER SYSTEM

 Number System is a method of representing numbers on the number
line with the help of a set of Symbols and rules. These symbols range
from 0-9 and are termed as digits. Let’s learn about the number system
in detail, including its types, conversion.

Number System i
Number system is a writing system for expressing numbers. It is a
mathematical notation for representing numbers of a given set, using
digits or other symbols in a consistent manner. It allows us to perform
arithmetic operations
Hexadecimal and Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) are two different number
systems used in computing and digital electronics. Here's a brief
overview of each:

1. Hexadecimal (Base-16):
- Base: Hexadecimal is a base-16 number system, meaning it uses 16
symbols to represent numbers. These symbols are 0-9 for values 0 to 9
and A-F for values 10 to 15.
- Representation: Hexadecimal is commonly used in computing as a
more human-readable representation of binary data. Each hexadecimal
digit corresponds to four binary digits (bits), making it easier to
represent and work with binary data.
-Example: In hexadecimal, the number 15 is represented as F, and the
number 30 is represented as 1E.
 2. Binary Coded Decimal (BCD):
- Representation: BCD is a way of representing decimal numbers using
binary bits. In BCD, each decimal digit is represented by its 4-bit binary
equivalent.

- Example: The decimal number 25 is represented as 0010 0101 in

BCD. Here, each digit (2 and 5) is represented by its 4-bit binary
equivalent (0010 and 0101, respectively).

- Advantages: BCD allows easy conversion between binary and

decimal without the need for complex arithmetic operations. It's
commonly used in applications where decimal arithmetic is required,
such as in financial and numeric data processing.

- Disadvantages: BCD requires more bits to represent each decimal

digit compared to pure binary representation, which can lead to
inefficient use of storage space.

In summary, hexadecimal is a base-16 number system commonly used

in computing for its compact representation of binary data, while
Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) is a way of representing decimal numbers
using binary bits, often used in applications requiring decimal
arithmetic.
 TYPES OF NUMBER SYSTEM

There are several types of number systems, each with its own base and
set of digits. Here are some common types:

1. **Binary (Base-2)**: Uses only two digits, 0 and 1. It's fundamental

in computing and digital electronics.
Binary (Base-2) :
- Number: 10011010010

2. **Decimal (Base-10)**: The most familiar number system, which

uses ten digits: 0 through 9. It's used in everyday arithmetic and
mathematics.
Decimal (Base-10) :
- Number: 1234

3. **Octal (Base-8)**: Uses eight digits: 0 through 7. It's less common in

modern computing but was historically used in some systems due to its
ease of conversion from binary.
Octal (Base-8) :
- Number: 2327
 4. Hexadecimal (Base-16): Uses sixteen digits: 0 through 9, and A
through F (representing 10 through 15). It's widely used in computing,
particularly in low-level programming and data representation.
Hexadecimal (Base-16) :
- Number: 4D2

5. Binary Coded Decimal (BCD):Representation: BCD is a way of

representing decimal numbers using binary bits. In BCD, each decimal
digit is represented by its 4-bit binary equivalent.
Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) :
- Number: 0001 0010 0011 0100

These number systems vary in their applications, with binary being

foundational to digital electronics and computing, decimal being used
in everyday arithmetic, and hexadecimal being prevalent in low-level
programming and data representation. Other systems like octal have
more specialized applications and are less commonly used in
mainstream computing.
 CONVERSATION METHOD

To convert a hexadecimal number to Binary Coded Decimal (BCD), you

can follow these steps:
Convert the hexadecimal number to its binary equivalent.
Group the binary digits into sets of 4.
If the number of digits is not a multiple of 4, add leading zeros to make
it so.
Each group of 4 binary digits represents a decimal digit in BCD.
For example, if you have the hexadecimal number "3A", you would first
convert it to binary (0011 1010) and then group the binary digits into
sets of 4 (0011 1010). This would give you the BCD representation of
the hexadecimal number "3A".
EXAMPLE:
To convert (213AFE)H to BCD, first it has to be converted to binary
which gives (2177790)D. Now each digit is converted to its BCD code
which gives (0010 0001 0111 0111 0111 1001 0000)BCD.

Another way is to convert the hex value to binary which gives (0010
0001 0011 1010 1111 1110)B and then do BCD adjust by adding 6 to
each digit greater than 9 as follows:
 0010 0001 0011 1010 1111 1110
+ 0110 0110 0110
-----------------------------
0010 0001 0100 0001 0110 0100 -> 35092368D
The final result in the processes above are different.

To convert BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) to hexadecimal:

you can group the BCD digits into groups of four and then convert each
group to its corresponding hexadecimal digit. Here is an example:Let's
say you have the BCD number 1101 1000 1010. You can group the digits
into 1101 1000 and 1010. Then you can convert each group to its
corresponding hexadecimal digit:1101 1000 = D8 in hexadecimal
1010 = A in hexadecimalSo the BCD number 1101 1000 1010 is
equivalent to the hexadecimal number D8A.
EXAMPLE:
(1011001)BCD = (__?__)16

Solution: (1011001)BCD = (____)16

1. Convert BCD to decimal

(1011001)BCD = (______)10
 0101 1001
5 9

.•.(1011001)BCD = (59)10

2. Convert decimal to hexadecimal (59) 10 = ()16

.•.(59) 10 = (3B)16
.•.(1011001)BCD = (3B)16
 WHY NUMBER SYSTEM IS USE IN
MICROPROCESSORS

Number systems are fundamental to microprocessors for several

reasons:

1. Data Representation: Microprocessors process and manipulate data

in the form of binary digits (bits). Different number systems provide
alternative ways to represent this binary data in a human-readable
format. For example, hexadecimal is commonly used in programming
and debugging to represent binary data in a more compact and
readable form.

2. Instruction Encoding: Instructions executed by microprocessors are

encoded using binary numbers. Different number systems, such as
hexadecimal, are used to represent these instructions in assembly
language programming. This simplifies programming and debugging
tasks by providing a more concise and human-readable representation
of machine instructions.

3. Addressing Memory: Memory addresses in microprocessors are

typically represented in binary form. However, hexadecimal is often
used to represent memory addresses in programming and debugging
tasks due to its compactness and ease of conversion from binary. This is
especially useful when dealing with large memory spaces.

4. Arithmetic Operations: While microprocessors primarily perform

arithmetic operations using binary numbers internally, they can also
perform conversions between different number systems when
required. For example, microprocessors can convert binary-coded
decimal (BCD) MIC JECT numbers to binary for arithmetic operations
and vice versa for data representation.

5. Peripheral Communication: Microprocessors communicate with

external devices, such as input/output (I/O) devices and memory
modules, using binary-encoded data. Different protocols and interfaces
may use specific number systems for data representation and
communication, and microprocessors must be able to work with these
representations.

In summary, number systems are essential in microprocessors for data

representation, instruction encoding, memory addressing, arithmetic
operations, and communication with external devices. They provide a
standardized and efficient way to work with binary data in a variety of
computing tasks.

CONCLUSION
 We Have studied as about –

1. Use of microprocessors

2. Advantages and Disadvantages of microprocessors

3. Number system and their types

4. Conversation of number system

5. Why we use number system in microprocessors

REFERENCE
 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/microprocessor/
microprocessor_8086_overview.htm
 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/number-system/
 https://atozmath.com/example/NumToBaseConv.aspx?b1=234&b2=16
 https://chat.openai.com/c/85ec5fd2-b688-44af-8390-97575d36c598