Phys 102 Unit I Waves - Acoustics

Unit I
Waves and Acoustics
PowerPoint® Lectures for

University Physics, Thirteenth Edition
– Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman
Lectures by Wayne Anderson

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
Reference
Chapter 14 and Chapter 15 of University Physics 13th
Edition

Introduction
• Why do dogs walk faster than humans? Does it have
anything to do with the characteristics of their legs?
• Many kinds of motion (such as a pendulum, musical

vibrations, and pistons in car engines) repeat themselves. We
call such behavior periodic motion or oscillation.

The Wave Model
The wave model describes the basic properties
of waves and emphasizes those aspects of
wave behavior common to all waves.
A traveling wave is an organized disturbance
that travels with a well-defined wave speed.
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Mechanical Waves
Mechanical waves are waves
that involve the motion of the
substance through which they
move. The substance is the
medium.
A disturbance is a wave that
passes through a medium,
displacing the atoms that make
up the medium from their equilibrium position.
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Mechanical Waves
A wave disturbance is created
by a source.
Once created, the disturbance
travels outward through the
medium at the wave speed v.
A wave does transfer energy,
but the medium as a whole
does not travel.
A wave transfers energy, but it does not
transfer any material or substance outward
from the source.
Electromagnetic and Matter Waves
Electromagnetic waves are waves of an
electromagnetic field. They include visible light,
radio waves, microwaves, and x rays.
Electromagnetic waves require no material
medium and can travel through a vacuum.
Matter waves describe the wave-like
characteristics of material particles such as
electrons and atoms.

Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
Most waves fall into two general classes:

transverse and longitudinal.
Text: p. 472

Most waves fall into two general classes:
transverse and longitudinal.
Text: p. 472

The two most important types of earthquake
waves are S waves (transverse) and P waves
(longitudinal).

The P waves are faster, but the S waves are
more destructive.

What causes periodic motion?
• If a body attached to a
spring is displaced from
its equilibrium position,
the spring exerts a
restoring force on it,
which tends to restore the
object to the equilibrium
position. This force
causes oscillation of the
system, or periodic
motion.
• Figure 14.2 at the right
illustrates the restoring
force Fx.
Characteristics of periodic motion
• The amplitude, A, is the maximum magnitude of displacement
from equilibrium.
• The period, T, is the time for one cycle.
• The frequency, f, is the number of cycles per unit time.
• The angular frequency, w, is 2π times the frequency: w = 2πf.
• The frequency and period are reciprocals of each other:
f = 1/T and T = 1/f.
• Follow Example 14.1.

Example Problem
A fisherman notices that his boat is moving up and down periodically, owing to
waves on the surface of the water. It takes 2.5 s for the boat to travel from its
highest point to its lowest, a total distance of 0.62 m. The fisherman sees that
the wave crests are spaced 6.0 m apart. (a) How fast are the waves traveling?
(b) What is the amplitude of each wave? (c) If the total vertical distance traveled
by the boat were 0.30 m but the other data remained the same, how would the
answers to parts (a) and (b) be affected?

Example Problem
Provided the amplitude is sufficiently great, the human ear can respond to
longitudinal waves over a range of frequencies from about 20.0 Hz to about
20.0 kHz.
(a) If you were to mark the beginning of each complete wave pattern with a red
dot for the long-wavelength sound and a blue dot for the short-wavelength
sound, how far apart would the red dots be, and how far apart would the blue
dots be?
(b) Suppose you repeated part (a) in water, where sound travels at 1480 m/s.
How far apart would the dots be in each set?

Problem Set 1
1. On December 26, 2004, a great earthquake occurred off the coast of Sumatra and
triggered immense waves (tsunami) that killed some 200,000 people. Satellites observing
these waves from space measured 800 km from one wave crest to the next and a period
between waves of 1.0 hour. What was the speed of these waves in m/s and in km/h?
2. Sound having frequencies above the range of human hearing (about 20,000 Hz) is called
ultrasound. Waves above this frequency can be used to penetrate the body and to
produce images by reflecting from surfaces. In a typical ultrasound scan, the waves travel
through body tissue with a speed of 1500 m/s. For a good, detailed image, the
wavelength should be no more than 1.0 mm. What frequency sound is required for a good
scan?
3. (a) Audible wavelengths. The range of audible frequencies is from about 20 Hz to 20,000
Hz. What is the range of the wavelengths of audible sound in air?
(b) Visible light. The range of visible light extends from 400 nm to 700 nm. What is the
range of visible frequencies of light?
(c) Brain surgery. Surgeons can remove brain tumors by using a cavitron ultrasonic surgical
aspirator, which produces sound waves of frequency 23 kHz. What is the wavelength of
these waves in air?
(d) Sound in the body. What would be the wavelength of the sound in part (c) in bodily fluids
in which the speed of sound is 1480 m s but the frequency is unchanged?

Describing Simple Harmonic Motion
1. The mass starts at its maximum
positive displacement, y = A. The
velocity is zero, but the
acceleration is negative because
there is a net downward force.
2. The mass is now moving

downward, so the velocity is
negative. As the mass nears
equilibrium, the restoring force—
and thus the magnitude of the
acceleration—decreases.
3. At this time the mass is moving
downward with its maximum
speed. It’s at the equilibrium
position, so the net force—and
thus the acceleration—is zero.
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4. The velocity is still negative but its
magnitude is decreasing, so the
acceleration is positive.
5. The mass has reached the lowest
point of its motion, a turning
point. The spring is at its
maximum extension, so there is a
net upward force and the
acceleration is positive.
6. The mass has begun moving
upward; the velocity and
acceleration are positive.
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7. The mass is passing through the
equilibrium position again, in the
opposite direction, so it has a
positive velocity. There is no net
force, so the acceleration is zero.
8. The mass continues moving

upward. The velocity is positive
but its magnitude is decreasing, so
the acceleration is negative.
9. The mass is now back at its
starting position. This is another
turning point. The mass is at rest
but will soon begin moving
downward, and the cycle will
repeat.
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The position-versus-time graph for oscillatory
motion is a cosine curve:
x(t) indicates that the position is a function of

time.
The cosine function can be written in terms of
frequency:
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The velocity graph is an upside-down sine function
with the same period T:
The restoring force causes an acceleration:
The acceleration-versus-time graph is inverted from

the position-versus-time graph and can also be
written
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Example 14.2 Motion of a glider on a spring
An air-track glider oscillates

horizontally on a spring at a
frequency of 0.50 Hz.
Suppose the glider is pulled
to the right of its equilibrium
position by 12 cm and then
released. Where will the
glider be 1.0 s after its
release? What is its velocity
at this point?
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Example 14.2 Motion of a glider on a spring (cont.)
PREPARE The glider

undergoes simple harmonic
motion with amplitude 12 cm.
The frequency is 0.50 Hz, so
the period is
T = 1/f = 2.0 s. The glider
is released at maximum
extension from the
equilibrium position, meaning
that we can take this point to
be t = 0.
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Example 14.2 Motion of a glider on a spring (cont.)
SOLVE 1.0 s is exactly half
the period. As the graph
of the motion in the figure
shows, half a cycle
brings the glider to its left
turning point, 12 cm to the
left of the equilibrium
position. The velocity at
this point is zero.
ASSESS Drawing a graph
was an important step that
helped us make sense of
the motion.
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Example Problem
A 500 g block is attached to a spring on a
frictionless horizontal surface. The block is
pulled to stretch the spring by 10 cm, then
gently released. A short time later, as the block
passes through the equilibrium position, its
speed is 1.0 m/s.
• What is the block’s period of oscillation?
• What is the block’s speed at the point where the
spring is compressed by 5.0 cm?
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Connection to Uniform Circular Motion
Circular motion and simple

harmonic motion are
motions that repeat.
Uniform circular motion
projected onto one
dimension is simple
harmonic motion.
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The x-component of the circular motion when the
particle is at angle ϕ is x = Acosϕ.
The angle at a later time is ϕ = ωt.
ω is the particle’s angular velocity: ω = 2πf.
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Therefore the particle’s x-component is expressed
x(t) = A cos(2pft)
This is the same equation for the position of a mass on a

spring.
The x-component of a particle in uniform circular
motion is simple harmonic motion.
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The x-component of the velocity vector is
vx = -v sin ϕ = -(2pf )A sin(2pft)
This corresponds to simple harmonic motion if we
define the maximum speed to be
vmax = 2pfA
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The x-component of the acceleration vector is
ax = -a cos ϕ = -(2pf )2A cos(2pft)
The maximum acceleration is thus
amax = (2pf )2A
For simple harmonic motion, if you know the amplitude

and frequency, the motion is completely specified.
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Text: p.
447
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Simple harmonic motion (SHM)
• When the restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement from
equilibrium, the resulting motion is called simple harmonic motion (SHM).
• An ideal spring obeys Hooke’s law, so the restoring force is Fx = –kx, which
results in simple harmonic motion.

Simple harmonic motion viewed as a projection
• Simple harmonic motion is the projection of uniform
circular motion onto a diameter, as illustrated in Figure
14.5 below.

Characteristics of SHM
• For a body vibrating by an ideal spring:

k
w= m f=w = 1 m
k T = 1 = 2p = 2p m
2p 2p f w k
• Follow Example 14.2 and Figure 14.8 below.

Displacement as a function of time in SHM
• The displacement as a
function of time for SHM
with phase angle f is
x = Acos(wt + f). (See
Figure 14.9 at the right.)
• Changing m, A, or k changes
the graph of x versus t, as
shown below.

Graphs of displacement, velocity, and acceleration
• The graph below • The graphs below show x, vx,
shows the effect of and ax for f = π/3.
different phase angles.

Behavior of vx and ax during one cycle
• Figure 14.13 at the
right shows how vx
and ax vary during
one cycle.
• Refer to Problem-
Solving Strategy 14.1.

Energy in SHM
• The total mechanical energy E = K + U is conserved in SHM:
E = 1/2 mvx2 + 1/2 kx2 = 1/2 kA2 = constant

Energy diagrams for SHM
• Figure 14.15 below shows energy diagrams for SHM.
• Refer to Problem-Solving Strategy 14.2.

Energy and momentum in SHM
• Follow Example 14.5 using Figure 14.16.

Vertical SHM
• If a body oscillates vertically from a spring, the
restoring force has magnitude kx. Therefore the
vertical motion is SHM.

Angular SHM
• A coil spring (see Figure 14.19 below) exerts a restoring torque
tz = –kq, where k is called the torsion constant of the spring.
• The result is angular simple harmonic motion.

Vibrations of molecules
• Figure 14.20 shows two atoms having centers a distance r apart,
with the equilibrium point at r = R0.
• If they are displaced a small distance x from equilibrium, the
restoring force is Fr = –(72U0/R02)x, so k = 72U0/R02 and the
motion is SHM.

The simple pendulum
• A simple pendulum
consists of a point mass
(the bob) suspended by a
massless, unstretchable
string.
• If the pendulum swings
with a small amplitude q
with the vertical, its
motion is simple
harmonic. (See Figure
14.21 at the right.)
The physical pendulum
• A physical pendulum is
any real pendulum that
uses an extended body
instead of a point-mass
bob.
• For small amplitudes, its
motion is simple harmonic.
(See Figure 14.23 at the
right.)

Tyrannosaurus rex and the physical pendulum
• We can model the leg of Tyrannosaurus rex as a physical
pendulum.
• Follow Example 14.10 using Figure 14.24 below.

Damped oscillations
• Real-world systems have
some dissipative forces that
decrease the amplitude.
• The decrease in amplitude is
called damping and the
motion is called damped
oscillation.
• Figure 14.26 at the right
illustrates an oscillator with a
small amount of damping.
• The mechanical energy of a
damped oscillator decreases
continuously.

Forced oscillations and resonance
• A forced oscillation occurs if a driving force acts on an oscillator.
• Resonance occurs if the frequency of the driving force is near the
natural frequency of the system. (See Figure 14.28 below.)

Damped Oscillation
An oscillation that runs down and stops is called a
damped oscillation.
For a pendulum, the main energy loss is air
resistance, or the drag force.
As an oscillation decays, the rate of decay
decreases; the difference between successive
peaks is less.
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Damped Oscillation
Damped oscillation causes xmax to

decrease with time as
xmax(t) = Ae-t/τ
where e ≈ 2.718 is the base of

the natural logarithm and A is the
initial amplitude.
The steady decrease in xmax is the

exponential decay.
The constant τ is the time
constant.
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Different Amounts of Damping
Mathematically, the oscillation never ceases,
however the amplitude will be so small that it is
undetectable.
For practical purposes, the time constant τ is the
lifetime of the oscillation—the measure of how
long it takes to decay.
If τ << T, the oscillation persists over many
periods and the amplitude decrease is small.
If τ >> T, the oscillation will damp quickly.
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Driven Oscillations and Resonance
Driven oscillation is the motion of an oscillator
that is subjected to a periodic external force.
The natural frequency f0 of an oscillator is the
frequency of the system if it is displaced from
equilibrium and released.
The driving frequency fext is a periodic external
force of frequency. It is independent of the
natural frequency.
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An oscillator’s response
curve is the graph of
amplitude versus driving
frequency.
A resonance is the large-
amplitude response to a
driving force whose
frequency matches the
natural frequency of the
system.
The natural frequency is often called the
© 2015resonance frequency.
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The amplitude can become exceedingly large
when the frequencies match, especially when
there is very little damping.
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Resonance and Hearing
Resonance in a system means that certain
frequencies produce a large response and
others do not. Resonances enable frequency
discrimination in the ear.
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In a simplified model of the

cochlea, sound waves
produce large-amplitude
vibrations of the basilar
membrane at resonances.
Lower-frequency sound
causes a response farther
from the stapes.
Hair cells sense the vibration
and send signals to the
brain.
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The fact that different

frequencies produce
maximal response at
different positions allows
your brain to very
accurately determine
frequency because a small
shift in frequency causes a
detectable change in the
position of the maximal
response.
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Unit I

Waves and Acoustics

PowerPoint® Lectures for

Lectures by Wayne Anderson

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

• Many kinds of motion (such as a pendulum, musical

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Most waves fall into two general classes:

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

2. The mass is now moving

8. The mass continues moving

x(t) indicates that the position is a function of

The restoring force causes an acceleration:

The acceleration-versus-time graph is inverted from

An air-track glider oscillates

PREPARE The glider

Circular motion and simple

This is the same equation for the position of a mass on a

ax = -a cos ϕ = -(2pf )2A cos(2pft)

The maximum acceleration is thus

amax = (2pf )2A

For simple harmonic motion, if you know the amplitude

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

• For a body vibrating by an ideal spring:

• Follow Example 14.2 and Figure 14.8 below.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Damped oscillation causes xmax to

where e ≈ 2.718 is the base of

The steady decrease in xmax is the

In a simplified model of the

The fact that different

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