SHREE SAMARTH POLYTECHNIC

MHASANE PHATA.
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

(PUBLIC HEALTH ENGINEERING 22504)

A MICRO-PROJECT REPORT ON

“Understand different sewerage systems with their merits”

FOR THE AWARD OF

DIPLOMA IN ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(CIVIL ENGINEERING- SEM V)

2023-2024

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Prof. Malshikare Sir.

SUBMITTED BY

Shrimandilkar Shubham Dattatray - 2114660143

TITLE OF MICRO-PROJECT : “Understand different sewerage
systems with their merits”
(1.0) Aim of Project :
1. To learn the the information regarding vehicular poullution.

2. To learn importance of environment.

(2.0) Course Outcomes :

1) We have studied the concept of vehicular pollution.

2) Study the effect occurs due to vehicular pollution due to environment .

(3.0) Action Plan
Sr.no. Details of activity Planned start Planned Finish Name of Responsible
Date Date Student.
1 Finding out resources
of micro-project.
2 Getting information
about micro-project
3 Making report on
micro-project
4 Final soft copy seens
our teacher and selected
project.
5 Then our Project is
making factor affecting
visibility at night
Literature review
1. We have collected the information about vehicular pollution on in tech-max and
nirali publication book .

2. We take information of vehicular pollution in Nirali publication

3.We take the information of importans of clean the environments in from internet.

(4.0) Resources Required :

Sr.No. Name of Resources Specification Quantity Remark
1 Internet 01
2 Laptop/Computer Word 2013 01
3 Relative Book 01

Sr.No. Name group member En.No. Signature

01
 INDEX

Sr. No. TOPIC

1) Sewerage system Sewage

Design of sewers
2)

Properties of circular sewer section

3)

Infiltration of ground water

4)

5) Design of the sewer

6) Hydraulic elements graph for circular sewers

7) REFERENCE
 Sewerage system Sewage –
• Sewage: municipal wastewater (domestic sewage, storm water and infiltrated
ground water)

• Sewerage: system for the collection and conveyance of municipal wastewater to

the STP or the point of disposal

• Sewer: conduit carrying the sewage – Sanitary sewers, storm sewers and combined
sewers – Sanitary sewers carry sewage

• Residential, commercial and institutional sewage

• Industrial wastewater

•Infiltration water and some storm wate

Sewerage system Sewers
• Conduit carrying the sewage mostly by gravity

• Asbestos cement, ductile iron, reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, PVC,

vitrified clay material are used in sewer manufacturing

• Sewerage is converging network of sewers (building connections, lateral sewers,

main sewers, trunk sewers and intercepting sewers) Building sewers/building
connections begins beyond a building foundation conveying sewage from the
building to (lateral) sewer Lateral/branch sewer first element of the sewerage system
receives sewage from buildings and conveys to main sewers Main sewer receives
sewage from lateral sewers and conveys to trunk sewers or intercepting sewers
Trunk sewers large sewers conveying sewage from main sewers to STP or disposal
facilities or to large intercepting sewers – Intercepting sewers large sewers used to
intercept a number of main or trunk sewers and convey sewage to STP/disposal
facilities.

Design of sewers
• Design involves finding slope and diameter of the sewer Slope for ensuring self-
cleaning velocity for present peak flows Diameter to run partially full (d/D=0.8!) at
the design peak flow

• Manning’s formula used in the design of sewers

• Nomographs for the use of manning’s equation are available for the sewer design
These relate discharge (Q) and flow velocity (V) with the sewer diameter (D) and
slope for different Manning’s n values when circular sewer is flowing full

• Hydraulic elements curves developed from Manning’s equation for circular sewers
are used for obtaining the following when the sewer is not flowing full for the known
flow (q) velocity (v), depth of flow (d), hydraulic radius (R), flow cross sectional
area (a) and even the Manning’s n value
Infiltration of ground water
• Ground water infiltrates through sewer joints Depends on the workmanship in
laying the sewers and the level of ground water table For sewers laid above the
ground water table sewage may lost from the sewers Sewers require hydraulic testing
after laying

• Suggested infiltration rates for sewers laid below the groundwater table – 5-50
m3/ha/day or – 0.5-5 m3/km.day or – 0.25 to 0.5 m3/manhole/day.
Properties of circular sewer section
Properties of circular sewer section Flow through sewer is open channel flow
Parameters of interest are

• Breadth of flow (b)

• Depth of flow (d)

• Diameter of the sewer (D) Breadth of flow is needed for the calculation of the risk
of H2S generation Derived parameters

• Angle of flow () in radians

• Area of flow (a)

• Wetted perimeter (P) Escritt’s definition of hydraulic radius.

Design of the sewer

Find initial and final (at the start and at the end of the design period) peak sewage
flow rates If the flow is <1.5 L/Sec., then use 1.5 L/Sec. as peak flow Using the
initial peak sewage flow rate, for the minimum tractive tension required, find
minimum slope required Ka and Kr should correspond to d/D = 0.2 at which tractive
tension is minimum Required tractive tension for simplified sewers is 1 Pa For
sanitary sewers it is 1-2 Pa and for storm sewers and combined sewers

Design of the sewer Find sewer diameter using the Gauckler-Manning equation Here
final peak sewage flow rate is taken as q Ka and Kr values corresponding to d/D=0.8
are considered The sewer diameters calculated may not be always commercially
available – then chose the next larger diameter sewer commercially available
Minimum sewer diameter considered in simplified sewerage is 100 mm
Hydraulic elements graph for circular sewers

Self cleansing velocity • In a sewer sufficient velocity (self cleansing velocity)

should be developed on a regular basis ensuring self cleansing • Self-cleansing
velocity can be found by Camp’s formula • SG is specific gravity of the particle • dp
is particle size • Ks is constant and its value is taken as 0.8 • Recommended self-
cleansing velocity is 0.6 m/sec. • Ensures transport of sand particles of 0.09 mm size
and 2.65 specific gravity without allowing settling • For preventing deposition of
sand and gravel 0.75 m/sec. velocity is recommended • Self-cleansing velocity of
0.8 m/sec. at design peak flow and 0.6 m/sec. at present peak flow are often
suggested • Velocity in the sewer is recommended not to exceed 3 m/sec. for
avoiding damage to sewers from erosion
elf cleansing velocity

• In a sewer sufficient velocity (self cleansing velocity) should be developed on a

regular basis ensuring self cleansing • Self-cleansing velocity can be found by
Camp’s formula • SG is specific gravity of the particle • dp is particle size • Ks is
constant and its value is taken as 0.8 • Recommended self-cleansing velocity is 0.6
m/sec. • Ensures transport of sand particles of 0.09 mm size and 2.65 specific
gravity without allowing settling • For preventing deposition of sand and gravel
0.75 m/sec. velocity is recommended • Self-cleansing velocity of 0.8 m/sec. at
design peak flow and 0.6 m/sec. at present peak flow are often suggested •
Velocity in the sewer is recommended not to exceed 3 m/sec. for avoiding damage
to sewers from erosion • Flow velocity for the present peak flow should be >0.6
m/sec. and for the design peak flow it should be <3.0 m/sec. ( )  2 1 6 1 1 1 pS
dSGKR n V −=

Slope and diameter of sewers • For sewers running partially full for a given flow
and slope, flow velocity is little influenced by pipe diameter • Slope of sewer is
first fixed for the present peak flow, then pipe diameter is decided on the basis of
design peak flow and permissible depth of flow • For ensuring a minimum velocity
of 0.6 m/sec., slope of the sewer can be • Minimum practical slope considered for
construction
 Sewer ventilation
• Sewers are preferably run partially full (d/D <0.8) for facilitating ventilation

• Sewer ventilation is needed to avoid – Dangers of asphyxiation of maintenance

personnel – Buildup of odorous gases

– Development of explosive mixture of sewer gases (methane and oxygen)

• Hydrogen sulfide can be generated in the sewer specially when laid at minimum
slope

– H2S can cause odour problems, precipitates trace metals as sulfides, and
deteriorates cement containing materials

REFERENCES :-
• Search in intrernet.

https://www.britannica.com/technology/sewer
https://www.directindustry.com/prod/kubota-steel-pipe/product-
22032-382998.html
https://www.portlandoregon.gov/water/article/230327
• Various books

• Teacher help
REFERENCES :-
• Search in intrernet.

https://www.britannica.com/technology/sewer
https://www.directindustry.com/prod/kubota-steel-pipe/product-
22032-382998.html
https://www.portlandoregon.gov/water/article/230327
• Various books

• Teacher help