CHAPTER - II 2. CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER 2.1. DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS Dimensional analysis is a mathematical method which makes use of the study of the dimensions for solving several engineering problems. This method can be applied to all types of fluid resistances, heat flow problems and many other problems in fluid mechanics and thermodynamics. 2.1.1. Dimensions aT In dimensional analysis, the various physical quantities used in fluid phenomenon can be expressed in terms of fundamental quantities. These fundamental quantities are mass (M), length (L), time (T), and temperature (6). The dimensions of commonly used quantities in heat transfer analysis is listed in Table 2.1 with reference to MLOT where M = Mats; — L = Length, 8 = Temperature, T =?) Tine. For example, ee meno nedgnitous Velocity V = Distance =k 5: x 105 > Turbulent flow "1 aie, m/s, ‘Length, m, v Kinematic viscosity, m/s. where U nn2.24 _Heat and Mass Transfer f “A 7 For Flat Plate Laminar Flow : 2 ai [From HMT data book;-Page’No.112 (Sixth Edition)] 1. Local Nusselt Number, Nu, =. 0,332 (Re)®5 (Pr)9333 where Pr — Prandtl number. 2. Local Nusselt Number, hu * k where fh, — Local heat transfer coefficient, W/m*K, L — Length, m, k — Thermal conductivity, W/mK. 93.) Average heat transfer coefficient, - “ol ait aeeh 4. Heat transfer Q = hA cee te) where A —- Average heat transfer coefficient, W/m?K A — Area, m?, T,, ~) Plate surface temperature, °C, T,, —) Fluid temperature, °C. 5. Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness, Sy = 5xxx (Re) 5 f 6. Thermal boundary layer thickness, a a br, ae 5, (Pry 938? . 7. Local friction coefficient, fa Cen 0.664 (Re)- 5 8. Average friction coefficient, * Cy a eer Re ott ich? titi a oe i i Jt aSen 211Convective Heat Transfer. 2.25 For Flat Plate, Turbulent Flow (Fully Turbulent from leading edge) [From HMT data book, Page No.113 (Sixth Edition)] 1. Local Nusselt Number, Nu, = 0.0296 (Re)°8 (Pr)9333 Nn Local Nusselt Number, A,L Nu, = % where h, — Local heat transfer coefficient, W/m?K, L — Length, m, k — Thermal conductivity, W/mK. 3. Average heat transfer coefficient, 4. Heat transfer Q = hA(T,,—T,,) where h — Average heat transfer coefficient W/m2K, A — Area, m2, T,, — Plate surface temperature, °C, T,, — Film temperature, °C. 5. Boundary layer thickness & = 0.37xxx (Rey 02 6. Local skin friction coefficient =~ Cy, = 0.0576 (Re)> 02 \ For Flat Plate, Turbulent Fl [From HMT data book, Page No, 114 (Sixth Edition)} (Laminar, Turbulent combined ~ constant wall temperature) 1. Average Nusselt Number, Nu = Pr333 [0.037 (Re)°* - 871 ] ak 5 now2.26 Heat and Mass Transfer 2. Average Nusselt Number N Al u k where hi Average heat transfer coefficient W/mK, I Length, m, : k Thermal conductivity, W/mK. 3. Average friction coefficient, Coy 0.074 (Re)-92 — 1742 (Re) 1° 2,84. Problems on Flat Surfaces — Forced Convection _ i Air at 20°, at a pressure of 1 bar is flowing over a flat plate at a velocity of 3 m/s. If the plate is maintained at 60, calculate the heat transfer per unit width of the plate. f Assuming the length of the plate along the flow of air is 2 m. f Given :Fluid temperature, T,, .= 20°C, Pressure, P = 1 bar, / Velocity, U..= 3 m/s, i Plate surface temperature ,T,, = 60°C, i Width, W. = 1m, Length, L =.2m. To find : Heat transfer (Q). Solution : We know that, Film temperature, 'T, = we ; Te : 0+ 20 areConvective Heat Transfer __ 2.27 Prope rties of air at 40 OC: [From HMT data book, Page No. 33 (Sixth Edition)} Density, p = 1,128 kg/m? Thermal conductivity, k = 0.02756 6 W/mK, 16.96 x 10-6 m/s 4 Kinematic viscosity, v Prandtl number, Pr = 0.699 We know that, L Reynolds number Re = ee ‘ ¥ 3x2 be: ‘ : 16.96 x 10°6 4 WAMBO S09 1A nBS.3TTALO4 = 35377 109S 5X 10> Reynolds number value is Jess than 5 x 105. So, this is laminar flow. Pat a sae jOW. For Flat plate, Laminar se aie Local Nusselt Number Nu, ei. 332 gen 3 (Pr)0333 rom _ data book Page No. 112 (Sixth Edition)] = 0.332 (35. 377 x ‘owes x (0. a We know that, n2.0-= ¥. in (O) bevistens h. 4 1 0 y wolinlo Local Nusselt Number Nu, = oes ' Ts mat A. x2 0.02756 1a wl lena i, | Local rp cient, h, = 2.415 W/m?K - ae > 28 #CE1175.272.28 Heat and Mass Transfer We know, Average heat transfer coefficient h ou Ry hoe 2x%2415 [h_= 483 W/ Heat transfer Q = AA(T,~T,,) = 4/83 « 2 (60 - 20) [: Area = Width x Length = 1x2=2] Q = 386.4 Watts |" Result: Heat transfer Q = 386.4 Watts Air at 25°C flows over a flat plate at a speed of \§ mé and heated to 135°C. The plate is 3 m long and 1.5 m wide. ‘/ Calculate the local heat transfer coefficient at x = 0.5 m and the heat transferred from the first 0.5.m of the plate. Given: Fluid temperature, T,, = 25°C Plate surface temperature, T,, = 135°C Velocity, U = 5 m/s Length, L = 3m Wide, Wo= 1.5m Distance, eo Om To find : 1. Local heat transfer coefficient (h,) at x = 0.5 m, 2. Heat transferred (Q)at x = 0.5m. . ° 3 Solution : We know that, wes Ty Film temperature, T; =. ~ 3 135 25 a TS gee]Convective Heat Transfer 2.29 Properties of air at 80°C : [From HMT data book, Page No. 33 (Sixth Edition)} p = kg/m v =. 21.09 x 10% m/s Pr = 0.692 k = 0.03047 W/mK Reynolds Niimber; Re . = at [x= L=0.5 m] uM 5x05 21,09 x 10-6 a =. 18 x 105 Re =_ 1.18 x 105<5 x 105 Since Re <5 x 105, flow is laminar. For flat plate, laminar flow, Local Nusselt Number Nu, = 0.332 (Re)®5 (Pr)9333 | (From HMT data book, Page No, 112 (Sixth Edition)] = 0.332, (1.18 x 105)95 (0.692)0333 [Na = 1009] hex L We know, Nu, = mee h, X05 5 100.9 = 0,03047 [+ x=L=0.5 m] tom heat transfer coefficient, h, = 6.14 Wink Average heat transfer coefficient, m2 h. W200 F u n= 2 x 6,14 = 12.29 Wik Heat til Q@ = AAC) OT.) floos sotaus Q 12.29'« (1.5 0.5 x (135 -25)q \ singer Local heat transfer coefficient, hy = 6.14 W/mK, Heat transferred, Q = 1013.9 W. Air at 20°C at atmospheric pressure i If the plate is 1 m wide é 2 : 746 — a2.32 Heat and Mass Transfer. 3. Local Friction Coefficient : Cy = 0.664 (Re)- 05 0.664 (5.01 x 104)-95 [¢ 10° | : 4. Average friction coefficient : Ch = 1.328 (Rey = 1,328 (5.01 x 104)-95 | = 59x 103 Cp, = 5.9% 107 5. Local heat transfer coefficient (h,) : Local Nusselt Number Nu, = 0.332 (Re)°5 (Pr)2333 = 0,332 (5.01 x 104)25 (0.698333 Nu, = 65.9 We know, Local Nusselt Number Noyy% “ss . hy, x 0.3 65.9 = 9.02826 [v x=L=03 m) > h, = 6.20 W/m?K 6. Average heat transfer coefficient (h): h = 2Xxh. = 2x 6.20 h_=_ 12.41 Wim?K4.444 Heat and Mass Transfer xD Umax a Reynolds Number, Re = 5 aS Nusselt Number, Nu = 1.13 x (Pr)®33.[C Re"] [From HMT data book, Page No. 122 (Sixth Edition)] 2.10.2. Solved Problem In a surface condenser, water flows through staggered tubes while the air is passed in cross flow over the tubes. The temperature and velocity of air are 30°C and 8 ms respectively. The longitudinal and transverse pitches are 22 mm and 20 mm respectively. The tube outside diameter is 18 mm and tube surface temperature is 90°C. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient. Given: Fluid temperature, Te = 30°C Velocity, U.= 8 m/s Longitudinal pitch, S, = 22mm = 0.022 m Transverse pitch, S, = 20mm = 0.020 m “Diameter, D = 18mm = 0.018m Tube surface temperature, T,, = 90°C To find: \. Heat transfer coefficient. Solution: We know that, T tad 2 90 + 30 2 Film temperature, T, Properties of ainat'60°C «> e : . [From HMT data book, Page No. 33 (Sixth Edition) p = 1.060 kg/m3 totity Seay,2.126 — Heat and Mass Transfer. = We know, Nusselt Number, Nu = 1.13 (Pr)°333_[ C (Re)" ] [From HM T data book, Page No. 122 (Sixth Edition)) 1.13 x (0.696)9333 x [0.518 x (7.5 x 104)? 556) [Nu = 266.3 h Nusselt Number, Nu = hx 0.018 28.96 x 10-3 Heat transfer coefficient, h_ = 428.6 W/m?K Result : v7 428.6 W/m2K SY) . FLOW THROUGH A CYLINDER — INTERNAL FLOW | =. Nae S 266.3 W Heat transfer coefficient, h Similar to the flow over a flat plate, a fluid of uniform velocity entering a tube is retarded. near the walls and the boundary layer begins to develop as shown in Fig. 2.5 by dotted lines. Boundary layer . Fully developed Unestablished flow established flow * B wie) WZ 1 ,AGOC as ~ Entrance length (L.) Fig. 2.5. Flow throtigh a cylinderCUNVELIIVE eu) Laver 2.127 f The thickness of the boundary layer is limited to, the pipe | radius because of the flow being within a confined passage. | Boundary layers from the pipe walls meet at the centre of the pipe | and the entire flow acquires the characteristics of a boundary layer. Once the boundary layer thickness becomes equal to the radius of ; the tube there will not be any further change in the velocity distribution, This invariant velocity distribution is called fully developed velocity profile. i.¢., Poiseulle flow. 1. ‘Bulk mean temperature : Tn - te CW ‘4 ¥ Tn . 2 where Inlet temperature °C, Outlet temperature °C. 2. Reynolds Number, Re eae rt dt i If Reynolds number value is less than. is laminar. If Reynolds number values is’ greater than 2300, flow is turbulent. 4 ‘ 3. Laminar Flow: §; jj >. | Nusselt Number, Nu_ = 3.66 {From HIMT data book, Page No. 123 (Sixth Edition)] 4. Turbulent Flow (General Equation) ~ Nusselt Number, Nu = 0.023 (Rey?® (Pry" sO sak _n = 0.4 ~ Heating process n = 0.3 ~ Cooling process [From HMY data book, Page No. 125 (Sixth Edition)]| | onvective Heat Transfer___ 2.129 where, Tube wall temperature °C, I I Inlet temperature °C, Mean teniperatuire °C, Tyo =, Outlet temperature °C 8. Mass flow rate inh = pxAxU kgs where p — Density, kg/m}, A -_ Area, 7D? me, U - Velocity, m/s. 2.11.2. Solved Problems — Flow through Cylinders (Internal Flow) Water flows inside a tube of 20 mm diameter and 3 m long at a velocity of 0.03 m/s. The water gets heated from 40T to 120°C while passing through the tube. The tube wall is maintained at constant temperature of 160°C. Find heat transfer. Given: Diameter of tube, D, = 20mm = 0.020m Length, uy u 3m ; Velocity, U = 0.03 m/s ° Inner temperature Bestater, J, ‘mide, 40°C Outer temperature of water, Tee 120°C Wall temperature, Ty, : 160°C To find : Heat transfer (Q)., ' ‘ Solution : We know that, h 17 Taw, Bulk mean temperature, T,, | et pay £5.28 40+ 120 2b8 i O™adieng oll | Wee T = 3c0 Heat.and Transfer Properties of water at 80°C: o )» afFrom HMT data book. Page No: 21 ee Editiony ph = 1974 kein ahs \ 8 01964'X 10° m/s ai Pe = 2.22 ~ “0.6087 Wimk foigd iene q scimmeiaeas Sat <0 A Reynolds Number, Re = ~~ if aim ylivola¥ —WO AN De I 23.66_Heat and Mass Transfer — 3.2 Heat Exchangers 3.2.1 Introduction A heat exchanger is defined as an equipment which trans thehos from ant Suid sag geld St H_OCLR 3.2.2 Types of Heat Exchanger There are several, types of heat exchangers which classified on the basis of . | i _ Nature of heat exchange process Il, Relative direction of fluid motion “a. este ao ‘constructional features “olV.>Physicalstatsiof fluids: > I Riamee'of heat bxchange process On the basis of the nature of heat exchange process, ets are classified as : ’ a. Direct contact heat exchangers or Open heat exchangers: _) -b. Indirect contact heat pees: a. Direct Contact heat exchangers or 12 heat exchangers Jn direct contact heat exchanger, the heat exchange takes plac iy direct mixing of hot and cold fluids: This heat transfer is usually accompanied by mass transfer. ° . » Examples Cooling towers, Direct contact feed heaters 1916 lio 91 is f Ladap VEE WA SSS: HFsadoxe tear to oqui.cidt x9 Isod wolt lollmed .s catia 4 3.5 Direct contact heat exchangerHeat Exchangers 3.69 >, hot and cold fluids move ie parallel but opposite Cold fluid |3./U Heat and Mass 1ransjt) ILL. Design and constructional features a On the basis of design and constructional features, the heat exchangers are classified as follows. wl aie! a, Concentric tubes b, Shell and tube ¢. Multiple shell and tube passes d. Compact heat exchangers a, Concentric tubes In this type, two concentric pipes, each carrying one of the fluids, used as a heat exchanger. The direction of flow may be parallel or cou 5, Shell and tube 7 In this type of heat exchanger, one of the fluids move through: bundle of tubes enclosed’ by a shelly The other fluid is forced through shell and it moves over the outside surface of the tubes. 3 * Hot fluid i bia tic basi alee & (out) y I i VZA, j M 2 J LZ, VZZLA i] ZZ. ARS LI | ZZ ZZ 4 aj Cold fluid Cold fluid (out) (in) Fig 3.9 Shell and tube heat exchanger) Heat Exchans c. Multiple shell and tube passes In order to increase the over all heat transfer, multiple shell and tube passes are used. In this type, the two fluids traverse the exchanger more than one time. This type of exchanger is preferred due to its low cost of manufacture, and easy to repair. a. Compact heat exchangers There are many special purpose heat exchangers called compact heat exchangers. They are generally employed when convective heat transfer co-efficient associated with one of the fluids is much smaller than that associated with the other fluid. TV. Physical state of fluids Based_on the physical state of fluids inside the exchanger, heat exchangers are classified as ‘a, Condensers» b. Evaporators. a. Condensers In acondenser, the condensing fluid remains at constant temperature throughout the exchanger while the temperature of the colder fluid gradually increased from inlet to outlet. It is shown in fig 3.10, Lvs In other words, the hot fluid loses latent heat which is accepted by the cold fluid. b. Evaporators - Ina evaporator, the cold fluid remains at constant temperature while the temperature of hot fluid gradually decreases from inlet to outlet. It is shown in fig 3.11. © ; i« Meee3.2.8 Effectiveness by using Number of Transfer Units (1 {G)- Q = UA (Tm 113x103 = 340xAx 288 A = 1154m Result: 1, Heat exchanger area, A = 11.54 m? 2. Heat transfer rate, Q = 113 x 103 W.wort 22R) rod her otuiat any 1 te Fy ont i x Sib } Number of transfer units, Wie: = ue 3 3 19% i ‘min [From HMT data book page no. 15) : ru = 1100 «0.30 ma * 245 Atiw OOH = 0 ) NTU = 1.34 saolfl To find effectiveness e, refer HMT data book page nlf : Cc Curve> ——- = Corresponding Y axis Value is 64% Foy