Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Celiac Disease
Celiac Disease
College of Nursing
F. Ramos St., Cebu City
A Case Study on Px J.S., 70 years old, Female, diagnosed with Celiac Disease
Submitted by:
Lapera, Ashley Twayne
Laurence, Krystal
Laurente, Joshua Ed
Liu, Allyzsa May Pearl
Submitted to:
Mrs. Rose Angelyn Meneses San Pedro - Calunsag RN, MSN(c)
INTRODUCTION
Celiac disease is a genetic, immune, digestive disorder that causes problems in your small intestine caused by eating foods that have
gluten. Gluten is a protein found in the grains, wheat, rye, and barley. It may also be in other products like vitamins and supplements,
hair and skin products, toothpastes, and lip balm.
In people who have celiac disease, gluten causes the immune system to attack the small intestine which causes damage. When this
happens, your body doesn’t absorb or get the important nutrients it needs. These include vitamins, calcium, protein, carbohydrates, and
fats. Your body can’t work well without these nutrients.
● This is a continuing symptom of persistent symptoms, elevated antibodies or small intestinal damage even after
following a strict gluten-free diet for six to 12 months. This is common in both children and adults.
● Some people with celiac disease don't respond to what they consider to be a gluten-free diet. Nonresponsive celiac
disease is often due to contamination of the diet with gluten. Working with a dietitian can help you learn how to avoid
all gluten.
● In recent years, endoscopy and biopsy studies have shown that non-responsive celiac disease includes a larger group of
patients than previously thought. While current scientific literature indicates that about 30% of patients have non-
responsive celiac disease, there is evidence the number is closer to 50% when those who don’t have symptoms but
continue to have damage to the intestine, called mucosal atrophy, are included.
B. Refractory Celiac Disease
● Refractory celiac disease is marked by a lack of response to a strict gluten-free diet after six to 12 months, with
symptoms, intestinal damage and an abnormal population of white blood cells in the GUT. This is believed to be
independent of gluten since the gluten-free diet is not effective in preventing the lymphocytes from increasing.
● These cells, called abnormal intraepithelial lymphocytes, are unique immune cells found in the lining of the small
intestine. Their presence is the distinguishing and disturbing characteristic of refractory celiac disease because they can
be the beginning of cancer.
● A patient is classified as having refractory celiac disease Type I or II based on the proportion and characteristics of the
intraepithelial lymphocytes. For diagnosis, the cells are counted by a flow cytometer, an instrument that analyzes the
chemical and physical properties of particles. Patients with less than 20 percent of the abnormal lymphocytes have Type
I refractory celiac disease, and those with more than 20 percent, Type II.
● Most cases of both types of refractory celiac disease occur in older patients who are not diagnosed until later in life.
Typically, they suffer symptoms for many years until severe pain develops and abnormalities such as severe anemia are
discovered. Finally, celiac disease is pinpointed as the cause. Refractory celiac disease only appears in patients who have
not been on a gluten-free diet or have not followed the diet correctly for decades.
Celiac disease, in general, affects each person differently. Symptoms may occur in the digestive system, or in other parts of the body.
One person might have diarrhea and abdominal pain, while another person may be irritable or depressed. Irritability is one of the most
common symptoms in children. Some people have no symptoms.
Some people with celiac disease don’t notice or have symptoms. But most people do have symptoms. Symptoms includes:
In teenagers
● Digestive issues such as diarrhea and constipation.
● Delayed puberty.
● Slowed growth and short height.
● Hair loss.
In adults
● Digestive symptoms, such as diarrhea or constipation (less likely than children).
● General feeling of poor health, including fatigue and bone or joint pain.
● Irritability, anxiety, and depression.
● Missed menstrual periods in women.
● Osteoporosis(loss of calcium from the bones) and anemia.
Other common symptoms in people of any age with celiac disease include:
● Lactose intolerance: A problem digesting milk products.
● Dermatitis herpetiformis: An itchy, blistery skin problem.
● Canker sores in the mouth.
Doctors and researchers don’t know exactly what causes celiac disease. It’s more common in people who:
● If you have a family member with celiac disease. If 1 member of your family has it, about 1 out of 10 other family members likely
has it.
● Have an autoimmune disease. This could include type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune thyroid or liver disease,
Addison’s disease, or Sjogren’s syndrome.
● Have a genetic disorder such as Down syndrome or Turner syndrome.
Celiac disease can be hard to diagnose. Its symptoms are similar to other digestive disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome. But
blood tests can help the doctor diagnose this disease. If your blood test indicates that you might have celiac disease, an intestinal biopsy
is often done. Using a thin tube, this takes a small piece of tissue from your small intestine. Positive biopsy results will confirm you have
celiac disease. Diagnosis of dermatitis herpetiformis with a positive blood test will also confirm it.
Sadly, this is a serious disease and there is no way to prevent this disease but there are ways to treat this. Fortunately, you can control
the disease by following a gluten-free diet. This means you remove gluten completely from your diet. By doing this, you can reverse the
damage caused by celiac disease. Symptoms come back once the person starts to intake gluten foods.
The digestive system is uniquely designed to turn the food you eat into nutrients,
which the body uses for energy, growth and cell repair.
The mouth is the beginning of the digestive tract. In fact, digestion starts here as soon
as you take the first bite of a meal. Chewing breaks the food into pieces that are more
easily digested, while saliva mixes with food to begin the process of breaking it down
into a form your body can absorb and use.
The throat, also called the pharynx, the throat is the next destination for food you've
eaten. From here, food travels to the esophagus or swallowing tube.
The esophagus is a muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach. By
means of a series of contractions, called peristalsis, the esophagus delivers food to the
stomach. Just before the connection to the stomach there is a "zone of high
pressure," called the lower esophageal sphincter; this is a "valve" meant to keep food from passing backwards into the esophagus.
The stomach is a sac-like organ with strong muscular walls. In addition to holding the food, it's also a mixer and grinder. The stomach
secretes acid and powerful enzymes that continue the process of breaking down the food. When it leaves the stomach, food is the
consistency of a liquid or paste. From there the food moves to the small intestine.
The small intestine is made up of three segments, the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, the small intestine is a long tube loosely coiled in
the abdomen (spread out, it would be more than 20 feet long). The small intestine continues the process of breaking down food by using
enzymes released by the pancreas and bile from the liver. Bile is a compound that aids in the digestion of fat and eliminates waste
products from the blood. Peristalsis (contractions) is also at work in this organ, moving food through and mixing it up with digestive
secretions. The duodenum is largely responsible for continuing the process of breaking down food, with the jejunum and ileum being
mainly responsible for the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.
Three organs play a pivotal role in helping the stomach and small intestine digest food:
● Pancreas. Among other functions, the oblong pancreas secretes enzymes into the small intestine. These enzymes break down
protein, fat, and carbohydrates from the food we eat.
● Liver. It makes and secrete bile, and it cleanses and purifies the blood coming from the small intestine containing the nutrients
just absorbed.
● Gallbladder. This is a pear-shaped reservoir that sits just under the liver and stores bile. Bile is made in the liver then if it needs
to be stored travels to the gallbladder through a channel called the cystic duct. During a meal, the gallbladder contracts, sending
bile to the small intestine. Once the nutrients have been absorbed and the leftover liquid has passed through the small intestine,
what is left of the food you ate is handed over to the large intestine, or colon.
The colon is a 5- to 6-foot-long muscular tube that connects the cecum (the first part of the large intestine to the rectum (the last part of
the large intestine). It is made up of the cecum, the ascending (right) colon, the transverse (across) colon, the descending (left) colon,
and the sigmoid colon (so-called for its "S" shape; the Greek letter for S is called the sigma), which connects to the rectum.
Stool, or waste left over from the digestive process, is passed through the colon by means of peristalsis (contractions), first in a liquid
state and ultimately in solid form as the water is removed from the stool. A stool is stored in the sigmoid colon until a "mass movement"
empties it into the rectum once or twice a day. It normally takes about 36 hours for stool to get through the colon. The stool itself is
mostly food debris and bacteria. These bacteria perform several useful functions, such as synthesizing various vitamins, processing waste
products and food particles, and protecting against harmful bacteria. When the descending colon becomes full of stool, or feces, it
empties its contents into the rectum to begin the process of elimination.
The rectum (Latin for "straight") is an 8-inch chamber that connects the colon to the anus. It is the rectum's job to receive stool from the
colon, to let you know there is stool to be evacuated, and to hold the stool until evacuation happens. When anything (gas or stool)
comes into the rectum, sensors send a message to the brain. The brain then decides if the rectal contents can be released or not. If they
can, the sphincters (muscles) relax and the rectum contracts, expelling its contents. If the contents cannot be expelled, the sphincters
contract and the rectum accommodates, so that the sensation temporarily goes away.
The anus is the last part of the digestive tract. It consists of the pelvic floor muscles and the two anal sphincters (internal and external
muscles). The lining of the upper anus is specialized to detect rectal contents. It lets us know whether the contents are liquid, gas, or
solid. The pelvic floor muscle creates an angle between the rectum and the anus that stops stool from coming out when it is not
supposed to. The anal sphincters provide fine control of stool. The internal sphincter keeps us from going to the bathroom when we are
asleep, or otherwise unaware of the presence of stool. When we get an urge to go to the bathroom, we rely on our external sphincter to
keep the stool in until we can get to the toilet.
CASE SCENARIO:
Ms. JS is 5 foot 2 inches tall and weighs 90 pounds. She arrives at the CVGH emergency department from a home for the aged where she
had been staying for five years. She has an elevated temperature and a decreased blood pressure and heart rate from her baseline. She
is a 70-year-old woman with a history of: Malabsorption syndrome (celiac disease); chronic wounds; pancreatitis with a pancreatic
resection; and depression. Her oxygen saturation is 87% on room air. A stage III pressure ulcer on her coccyx is also noted. She is allergic
to erythromycin, tetracycline, tape, pneumococcal polysaccharide (pneumonia) vaccine.
Laboratory tests in the emergency department reveal Ms. JS’s white blood cell (WBC) count is 13,000 cells/mm3, red blood cell (RBC)
count is 3.16 million/mm3, hemoglobin (Hgb) 8.9 g/dL, hematocrit (Hct) 25.7%, mean cell (or corpuscular) volume (MCV) 70.8 μm3,
mean cell (or corpuscular) hemoglobin (MCH) 20 pg, ferritin 7 mg/L, iron (Fe) 30 μg/L, total iron binding capacity (TIBC) 496 μg/ dL, and
transferrin 195 mg/dL. Her potassium (K+) is 1.7 mEq/L, sodium (Na2+) 128 mEq/L, chloride (Cl2) 79 mmol/L, calcium (Ca2+) 7.8 mg/dL,
and protein 4.0 g/dL.
Ms. JS is admitted to a private room at PPS 3rd Floor, room 303. She is started on 5 liters of oxygen by the nasal cannula. Her oxygen
saturation improves to 95%. A regular diet is prescribed, with strict intake and output documentation and calorie counts. Because she
will be primarily on bed rest, compression boots, graduated compression stockings (TEDs), and heel protectors are prescribed. Her
dressing change documentation for the wound on her coccyx indicates that during each shift, the wound is to be gently irrigated with
250 mL of normal saline (NS), Mesalt rope moistened with NSS is to be packed in the wound and in the areas of undermining, and then
the entire wound is to be covered with Mesalt gauze dressings.
Client J.S., 70 years old, female, widowed, Roman Catholic, General Appearance
Filipino, born on January 9, 1951, and is currently residing in Casa Px seen on bed awake, alert, conscious, responsive, afebrile, with
sa Gugma home for the aged, Barrio Luz, Mabolo, Cebu City. She nasal cannula in place. Vital signs of:
was admitted at Cebu Velez General Hospital last February 25,
2021 via ambulance accompanied by a caretaker from the home Vital Signs
for the aged. She was admitted to the CVGH emergency with an BP = 110/70 mmHg
elevated temperature and a decreased blood pressure and heart HR = 66 bpm
rate, and her oxygen saturation is 87% on room air. Px is admitted RR = 14 cpm
to a private room at PPS 3rd Floor, room 303. T = 36.2 °C/axilla
O2 Sat. = 95%
History of Present Illness:
Client J.S. Past health history includes malabsorption syndrome Height: 5 foot 2 inches
(celiac disease), chronic wounds, pancreatitis with a pancreatic Weight: 90 lbs. or 40.8 kg
resection, and depression. She has been staying in the home for IBW: 116 lbs. or 52.7 kg
the aged for five years with stage III pressure ulcer on her coccyx. BMI Interpretation: Underweight (16.5 BMI)
She is allergic to erythromycin, tetracycline, tape, pneumococcal
polysaccharide (pneumonia) vaccine. Skin
Px has fair skin color with age spots noted. Skin is warm, slightly
Laboratory tests in the emergency department shows signs of rough to with few wrinkles , thin but callused, and cracks on the
infection with the different altered levels of the cbc results with: plantar area. Senile tugor noted. Stage lll pressure ulcer at coccyx
WBS count - 13,000 cells/mm3 area is noted.
RBC count - 3.16 million/mm3
Hgb - 8.9 g/dL Scalp and Hair
Hct - 25.7% Brown with gray/white roots with thinning patches at crown area.
Mean cell (or corpuscular) volume (MCV) 70.8 μm3 Scalp has no lesions, no lice infestation, no patches with minimal
Mean cell (or corpuscular) hemoglobin (MCH) 20 pg sparse dandruff.
Ferritin - 7 mg/L
Nails
Iron (Fe) - 30 μg/L
Nails are naturally pink in color, well-trimmed, clean and the hard
Total iron binding capacity (TIBC) 496 μg/ dL
palate is firmly attached to the nail bed. Nail beds return to pink
Transferrin - 195 mg/dL
in less than 2 seconds after the nail is blanched, no clubbing
Potassium (K+) - 1.7 mEq/L
noted.
Sodium (Na2+) - 128 mEq/L
Chloride (Cl2) - 79 mmol/L Head and Face
Calcium (Ca2+) - 7.8 mg/dL Head is normocephalic, erect at midline, hard and smooth. Face is
Protein - 4.0 g/dL symmetrical, no abnormal facial movements noted.
Achilles +2 +2
V. Cognitive - Perception
A. Cognitive Pattern Brachioradialis +1 +2
Px is able to read, write, comprehend instructions, and could
recall some long-term memories especially those significant to Grading Deep Tendon Reflexes
her. +4 - Hyperactive, very brisk, rhythmic oscillations
(clonus); abnormal and inactive disorder
Px is multilingual. She speaks Filipino, English, and a little bit of
Spanish. She has been speaking bisaya since she grew up in Cebu. +3 - More brisk and active than normal, but not
indicative of disorder
Px is a cum laude graduate of BS Business and Management at +2 - Normal, usual response
UST and has been working in the HR Department in a private +1 - Decreased, less active than normal
company here in Cebu. 0 - No response
B. Vision
Px is dissatisfied with her vision because she already needs
reading glasses for her to be able to see and read the texts. But
once her glasses are on, she can clearly see them and it doesn’t
make it hard for her to read the texts. She just finds it slightly
annoying since she sometimes forget where she would place her
glasses thus she needs to make it a necklace. She doesn’t like
accessories much which is why she finds the glasses quite
irritable.
Since the client lives in the home for the aged, she doesn’t need
to wear sunglasses. But previously, during her teenage years, she
wears them out of fashion to match her outfit especially when
she goes to the beach.
The px’s last eye exam was January 5, 2020 because of the change
of her grade. She experienced lightheadedness and headache that
opted her to visit an ophthalmologist to see what’s going on. Her
eyesight is 20/40.
C. Hearing
Px is satisfied with her ability to hear. So far, she could still hear
sharply even if it is not as sharp as when she was still younger.
She is happy that she doesn’t need any hearing aid considering
her age.
Px uses cotton buds to clean the outside of her ears after she
takes shower. There were a lot of times wherein she tried ear
candles to remove the wax inside.
Upon waking up she feels tired and has no energy. This is because
she is no longer able exercise due to osteoporosis, one of the
symptoms of Celiac disease causing her to feel fatigue and bone
or joint pain.
For her, her greatest strength is that she is flexible that is why
despite the pressure in time to meet the deadlines, she is able to
do them on time. She is also good in personal relations which is
probably the reason why she chose to work in the HR
Department.
Her weakness could have been that she is not able to express her
negative feelings towards other people because she prefers
keeping it on her own.
She is not easily angered but she is easily anxious over small
matters that have to be presented in large crowds. Her greatest
fear is height, which is why when she is using an elevator or
escalator, she doesn’t look down. This is also the reason why she
is not fond of going to amusement parks.
Px does not have suicidal thoughts as she believes that life is a gift
and we have no right to take it away.
In the family, the decision lies between her and her husband. But
since her husband died and her daughter had grown, the decision
is addressed to themselves.
During family conflict, they usually prefer to not talk about and
leave it unresolvedSince they do not like confrontations and
prefer to keep negative feelings on their own. Her daughter has
not been visiting her in the home for the aged for the last 5 years
causing severe sadness. She wished to resolve the issues with her
daughter and be able to restore their relationship especially that
she is getting old.
APPENDIX B: Ecomap
Since she doesn’t track her period using any mobile application
because it was nonexistent during her time, she usually notice
that everytime her period is about to start she will have pimples
on her face, shoulders, and chest area; dysmenorrhea; picky-eater
but at the same time craves for certain foods; and is very
sensitive to things. When her period starts, she experiences
dysmenorrhea at times but usually just more sensitive than she
usually is.
X. Coping/Stress Tolerance
Px defined stress as something disrupting in her life that affects
life’s different aspects. She is able to recognize stress which
affects her greatly. She becomes worried and anxious that
disrupts her sleep and loses appetite.
Her long-term and current stressor has always been her medical
conditions. Ever since she started to have these diseases, it has
not ended and her treatment keeps going and going. The
symptoms she feels have not been easy for her to handle and has
been giving her pain, headache and much stress ever since. It has
reached the point that she becomes powerless and all she can do
is go to church and pour her heart out. She prefers keeping her
problems on her own because she doesn’t want to add to the
problems and stress of others.. Although she understands that
this is not healthy for her, she is a woman of principle and she will
do what it takes to not disturb others.
The px practices hilot because ever since she was young, she has
been introduced to that and as she grows older, it becomes
innate to her.
Px prays rosary every night, goes to church every Sunday, and was
a former choir member during her teenage years. Before she
could do fasting every April but she couldn’t practice that any
longer due to her health issues.
Overall, her relationship with God has always been strong. In fact,
her relationship grew a bit stronger when she had this disease
because it is only to Him that she could pour her heart out.
APPENDIX A: Family Genogram
APPENDIX B: Ecomap
LABORATORY AND DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
1. Celiac Disease Antibody Tests
a. Description: Celiac disease antibody tests help diagnose and monitor the disease and a few other gluten-sensitive
conditions. These tests detect autoantibodies in the blood that the body produces as part of the immune response.
b. Purpose: To help diagnose celiac disease and to evaluate the effectiveness of a gluten-free diet.
c. Normal Findings: Negative.
d. Significant Findings: Positive. Candidate for biopsy.
e. Nursing Care:
i. Before:
● Explain test procedure.
● Explain that slight discomfort may be felt when the skin is punctured.
● Encourage to avoid stress if possible because altered physiologic status influences and changes normal
hematologic values.
● Explain that fasting is not necessary.
ii. During:
● Use standard precaution /sterile technique as appropriate.
● Provide emotional and physical support to the patient.
● Monitor vital signs.
● Ensure correct labeling and transportation of specimen.
iii. After:
● Apply manual pressure and dressings over the puncture site on removal of dinner.
● Monitor the puncture site for oozing or hematoma formation.
● Instruct to resume normal activities and diet.
2. Genetic Testing
a. Description: Genetic testing is a type of medical test that identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins. The
results of a genetic test can confirm or rule out a suspected genetic condition or help determine a person's chance of
developing or passing on a genetic disorder.
Genetic testing can be done by blood test, saliva test or cheek swab.
b. Purpose: Genetic testing for human leukocyte antigens (HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8) can be used to rule out celiac disease.
c. Normal Findings: Negative
d. Significant Findings: Positive
e. Nursing Care:
Blood test
i. Before:
● Explain test procedure
● Explain that slight discomfort may be felt when the skin is punctured.
● Encourage to avoid stress if possible because altered physiologic status influences and changes normal
hematologic values.
● Explain that fasting is not necessary.
ii. During:
● Use standard precaution /sterile technique as appropriate.
● Provide emotional and physical support to the patient.
● Monitor vital signs.
● Ensure correct labeling and transportation of specimens.
iii. After:
● Apply manual pressure and dressings over the puncture site on removal of dinner.
● Monitor the puncture site for oozing or hematoma formation.
● Instruct to resume normal activities and diet.
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Gluten-free diet
● Celiac disease is a condition in which gluten triggers immune system activity that damages the lining of the small intestine. Over
time this damage prevents the absorption of nutrients from food. A gluten-free diet is essential for managing signs and
symptoms of celiac disease and other medical conditions associated with gluten. Following a gluten-free diet requires paying
careful attention to food selections, the ingredients found in foods, and their nutritional content.
When you are buying processed foods, you need to read labels to determine if they contain gluten. Foods that contain wheat, barley, rye
or triticale — or an ingredient derived from them — must be labeled with the name of the grain in the label's content list. Keeping a
strict gluten-free diet is a lifelong necessity for people with celiac disease. Following the diet and avoiding cross-contamination results in
fewer symptoms and complications of the disease.
● Azathioprine (Imuran)
○ Classification:
● Immunosuppressants
○ Action:
● Azathioprine (AZA) is an immunosuppressive agent that acts through its effects as an antagonist of purine
metabolism, resulting in the inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis.
○ Indication:
● RA
● Kidney transplantation
● Ulcerative colitis
● Lupus
● Crohn disease
○ Contraindication:
● Hypersensitivity
● Pregnancy, lactation
● Rheumatoid arthritis
● Bad infection
● Significant anemia
● Decreased blood platelets; severe decrease in white blood cells
● Blood clot in a vein of the liver
● Acute inflammation of the pancreas
○ Adverse Reaction:
● Abdominal pain
● Alopecia
● Arthralgia
● Bacterial, fungal, protozoal, viral infections
● Bone marrow suppression
● Diarrhea
● Fever
● Hepatotoxicity
● Macrocytic anemia
● Myalgia
● Nausea or vomiting
● Rash
● Thrombocytopenia
○ Nursing Responsibilities:
● BLACK BOX WARNING: Monitor blood counts regularly; severe hematologic effects may require the
discontinuation of therapy; increases risk of neoplasia.
● Patient should be informed of the necessity of periodic blood counts while they are receiving the drug and
should be encouraged to report any unusual bleeding or bruising to their physician.
● Inform the patient of the danger of infection while receiving IMURAN and ask him/her to report signs and
symptoms of infection to their physician.
● Careful dosage instructions should be given to the patient, especially when IMURAN is being administered in the
presence of impaired renal function
● Provide safety measures (e.g. adequate lighting, raised side rails, etc.) to prevent injuries.
● Educate the patient on drug therapy to promote compliance.
● Prednisone
○ Classification:
● Corticosteroids
○ Action:
● Elicits mild mineralocorticoid activity and moderate anti-inflammatory effects; controls or prevents
inflammation by controlling rate of protein synthesis, suppressing migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes
(PMNs) and fibroblasts, reversing capillary permeability, and stabilizing lysosomes at cellular level
○ Indication:
● Arthritis
● Blood disorders
● Breathing problems
● Severe allergies
● Skin diseases
● Cancer
● Eye problems
● Immune system disorders
○ Contraindication:
● Untreated serious infections
● Documented hypersensitivity
● Varicella
● Pregnancy, lactation
○ Adverse Reaction:
● Bradycardia, cardiac arrest, cardiac arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, fat embolism
● Acne, allergic dermatitis, facial erythema
● Fluid retention, potassium loss, hypertension, hypokalemic alkalosis
● Arthropathy, loss of muscle mass, muscle weakness, osteoporosis
● Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite/increased appetite and weight gain
● trouble sleeping, increased sweating
○ Nursing Responsibilities:
● Inform patient to take with meal or snack
● High-dose glucocorticoids may cause insomnia
● Assess history of: Infections; renal or liver disease, hypothyroidism, inflammatory bowel disease, CHF,
hypertension, thromboembolic disorders, osteoporosis, seizure disorders, diabetes mellitus; hepatic disease;
lactation
● Increase dosage when the patient is subject to stress.
● WARNING: Taper doses when discontinuing high-dose or long-term therapy to avoid adrenal insufficiency.
● Do not give live virus vaccines with immunosuppressive doses of corticosteroids.
● Dapsone
○ Classification:
■ Antileprotics
○ Action:
■ inhibits the synthesis of dihydrofolic acid by competing with para-aminobenzoic acid for the active site
of dihydropteroate synthetase in susceptible organisms. Its mechanism of action in the treatment of
acne vulgaris is still unknown; however, it may be a result from both of its anti-inflammatory and
antimicrobial effects.
○ Indication:
● Dermatitis herpetiformis: (D.H.)
● Leprosy: All forms of leprosy except for cases of proven dapsone resistance.
○ Contraindication:
● Hypersensitivity to dapsone
● Severe anaemia
● Porphyria
● severe G6PD deficiency
● Congenital or idiopathic methaemoglobinaemia (topical)
○ Adverse Reaction:
● Dry, red skin
● Peeling skin
● Allergic reaction
● Joint swelling or pain
● Belly pain
● Lightheadedness
● Symptoms of hemolytic anemia (dapsone):
○ Weakness
○ Paleness
○ Shortness of breath
○ Dark urine
○ Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes
○ Nursing Responsibilities:
■ Monitor for therapeutic effectiveness that may not appear for leprosy until after 3–6 months of therapy. Skin
lesions respond well; recovery from nerve involvement is usually limited.
■ Lab tests: Perform baseline then weekly CBC during the first month of therapy, at monthly intervals for at least 6
months, and semi annually thereafter.
■ Determine periodic dapsone blood levels.
■ Perform liver function tests in patients who complain of malaise, fever, chills, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and
have jaundice. Dapsone therapy is usually suspended until etiology is identified.
■ Monitor severity of anemia. Nearly all patients demonstrate hemolysis. Manufacturer states that Hgb level is
generally decreased by 1–2 g/dL; reticulocytes increase by 2–12%; RBC life span is shortened; and
methemoglobinemia occurs in most patients receiving dapsone.
■ Monitor temperature during the first few weeks of therapy. If fever is frequent or severe, leprosy reactional
state should be ruled out. Reduction of or interruption of therapy may be sufficient for improvement.
■ Report cyanotic appearance or mucous membranes with brownish hue to physician as possible
methemoglobinemia.
○ Action: Binds with high affinity to the soluble and transmembrane form of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) thereby
inhibiting binding of TNF-α to its receptors
○ Indication:
● Rheumatoid arthritis
● Fistulising Crohn’s disease
● Ankylosing spondylitis
● Plaque psoriasis
● Psoriatic arthritis
● Ulcerative colitis
● Refractory celiac disease
○ Contraindication:
● Tuberculosis
● Sepsis
● Abscesses
● Moderate or severe heart failure (NYHA class III or IV)
● Special precaution in:
○ Mild heart failure (NYHA class I or II)
○ History of blood dyscrasias
○ Chronic or recurrent infection
○ Children
○ Pregnancy and lactation
○ Adverse Reaction:
● Chills
● Fever
● Dyspnea
● Chest pain
● Hypertension or hypotension
● Urticaria
● Pruritus
● Nausea and vomiting
● Diarrhea
● Abdominal pain
● Fatigue
● Dizziness
● Headache
● Signs of an allergic reaction:
○ Hives
○ Chest pain, difficult breathing
○ Fever, chills, severe dizziness
○ Swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat
○ Nursing Responsibilities:
● Monitor vital signs every 2-10mins if reaction is noted during infusion.
● Perform hepatitis B virus screening prior to and hepatitis B virus carriers during and after several months after
therapy.
● CBC with differential
● Liver function tests
● Assess px if s/he has:
○ an active infection (fever, cough, flu symptoms, open sores or skin wounds);
○ heart failure or other heart problems;
○ diabetes;
○ a weak immune system;
○ liver failure, hepatitis B, or other liver problems;
○ chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD);
○ heart problems;
○ cancer;
○ seizures;
○ numbness or tingling anywhere in your body;
○ a nerve-muscle disorder, such as multiple sclerosis or Guillain-Barré syndrome;
○ phototherapy for psoriasis;
○ vaccination with BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin); or
○ if scheduled to receive any vaccines.
● WARNING: Using infliximab may increase your risk of developing certain types of cancer, including a rare fast-
growing type of lymphoma that can be fatal.
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
There is no specific surgical treatment for patients with Celiac Disease. Surgery is not used to treat celiac disease per se but rather to
treat complications of the disease, including bowel obstruction, perforation, hemorrhage, and malignancy (cancer).
CONCEPT MAP
NURSING CARE PLAN
The nursing diagnosis is arranged according to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Prioritization of Risks, and the Airway-Breathing-Circulation
Pattern of the patient.
Diarrhea related to intestinal inflammation After 8 hours of nursing intervention, the Dependent:
secondary to Celiac Disease as evidenced patient will be able to: 1. Administer medications for Celiac
by loose watery stool, abdominal ● Return to a more normal stool Disease as prescribed.
cramping, increased urgency to defecate, consistency and frequency. R: Steroids may be prescribed to treat
and increased bowel sounds. ● Verbalize understanding of intestinal inflammation. Antidiarrheals and
causative factors. antispasmodics may also help.
Scientific Basis: ● Demonstrate appropriate behavior
Diarrhea is the most common symptom in to assist with resolution of Independent:
untreated celiac disease and is present in causative factors. 1. Commence a stool chart. Use a
45-85% of all patients. Diarrhea caused by ● Adhere to the proper food standardized stool assessment tool
celiac disease is due to the maldigestion regimen. such as Bristol Stool Chart.
and malabsorption of nutrients. ● Present understanding of the R: To monitor the px’s bowel pattern.
certain foods to avoid. 2. Encourage to increase oral fluid
Source: intake as tolerated, ideally at least
Gaobel, S. (2019). Celiac Disease (Sprue) 2L per day. Avoid cold drinks.
Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Check if the px is in any fluid
Examination. Retrieved 3 March 2021, restriction before doing so.
from R: To help ensure that the px will not have
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1 dehydration due to severe diarrhea. Cold
71805-clinical#:~:text=Diarrhea%20is drinks can increase intestinal motility.
%20the%20most%20common,gray%2C 3. Help the px to select appropriate
%20and%20oily%20or%20frothy. dietary choices to avoid gluten-
containing foods. Encourage her to
reduce the intake of milk products.
R: To relieve abdominal pain and cramping,
alleviate diarrhea, and to promote healthy
food habits. To avoid flare ups of Celiac
disease. Many pxs with Celiac disease are
also lactose intolerant.
Collaborative:
1. Ensure the px has a gluten-free
diet.
R: A strict gluten-free diet is the number
one ttt for Celiac disease. This includes
avoiding wheat, barley, malt, rye, and
other gluten-containing foods.
2. For severe diarrhea, start the px on
NPO status, and gradually
progress to clear liquids, followed
by bland diet, and low residue diet.
The px can have a low fat/residue,
low fiber diet on a long-term basis,
as recommended by the dietitian.
R: NPO status can help rest the bowel by
decreasing peristalsis. Gradual progression
from NPO up to low fat and low fiber,
gluten-free diet can help manage the
symptoms of Celiac disease.
Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body After 8 hours of nursing intervention, the Dependent:
Requirement related to reduced patient will be able to: 1. Administer supplements of
absorption of nutrients secondary to Celiac ● Verbalize understanding of vitamins as prescribed.
Disease as evidenced by diarrhea, causative factor when known and R: Vitamin and mineral supplementation
abdominal pain and cramping, weight loss, adhering to the necessary may be required for nutritional
nausea and vomiting, and loss of appetite interventions. deficiencies. Some of the vitamins and
● Demonstrate progressive weight minerals recommended for Celiac disease
Scientific Basis: gain towards goal. pxs include: Vit. B12, Vit. D, Vit. K, Zinc,
The impact of nutrient malabsorption ● Display normal laboratory values Copper, Folate, and Iron.
caused from untreated celiac disease is and be free of signs of
well documented. The diet and gluten-free malnutrition. Independent:
products are often low in B vitamins, ● Demonstrate behaviors, lifestyle 1. Explore the px’s daily nutritional
calcium, vitamin D, iron, zinc, magnesium, changes to regain and or to intake and food habits (e.g.:
and fiber. Few gluten-free products are maintain appropriate weight. mealtimes, duration of each meal
enriched or fortified, adding to the risk of session, snacking, etc.).
nutrient deficiencies. R: To create a baseline of the px’s
nutritional status and preferences.
Source: 2. Create a daily weight chart and a
Kupper, C. (2005). Dietary guidelines and food and fluid chart. Discuss with
implementation for celiac disease. the px the short-term and long-
Gastroenterology, 128(4). doi: 10.1053 term nutrition and weight goals
related to Celiac disease.
R: To effectively monitor the px’s daily
nutritional intake and progress of weight
goals.
3. Help the px to select appropriate
dietary choices to avoid gluten-
containing foods. Encourage her to
reduce the intake of milk products.
R: To relieve abdominal pain and cramping,
alleviate diarrhea, and to promote healthy
food habits. To avoid flare-ups of Celiac
disease. Many pxs with Celiac disease are
also lactose intolerant.
Collaborative:
1. Refer the px to the dietitian.
R: To provide a more specialized care for
the px in terms of nutrition and diet in
relation to newly diagnosed Celiac disease.
Fatigue related to the decrease in energy After 8 hours of nursing intervention, the Dependent:
levels secondary to celiac disease. patient will be able to: 1. Review medication regime or other
● Report improved sense of energy. drug use.
Scientific Basis: ● Identify the basis of fatigue and R: many medications have potential side
One study found that 82% of those newly individual area of control. effect of causing or exacerbating fatigue
diagnosed with celiac disease complained ● Perform activities of daily living
of fatigue. Some researchers speculate and participate in desired activities Independent:
that fatigue may be caused by at level of ability. 1. Assess vital signs. Measure the
malnutrition, at least in those with celiac ● Participate in a recommended physiological response to activity
disease—celiac-induced intestinal damage treatment program. (e.g. changes in BP or HR and RR)
can mean your body doesn't absorb R: to evaluate fluid status and
nutrients well. cardiopulmonary response to activity
2. Assess psychological and
Source: personality factors that may affect
Anderson, J. (2020). Do You Get Gluten- reports of fatigue level
Induced Fatigue? Here's How to Cope. R: client can potentially have issues that
Retrieved 3 March 2021, from affect desire to be active, resulting and
https://www.verywellhealth.com/fatigue- over - or underactivity or concerns of
caused-by-gluten-how-you-can-cope- secondary gain from exaggerated fatigue
562318#:~:text=One%20study%20found reports
%20that%2082,doesn%27t%20absorb 3. Determine the presence or degree
%20nutrients%20well. of sleep disturbances
R: fatigue can be a consequence of ,
and/or exacerbated by, sleep deprivation
4. Obtain client or SO description of
fatigue
R: to assist in evaluating the impact on the
clients life
5. Identify the presence of physical
and/or psychological conditions.
R: important information can be obtained
from knowing 1.) if fatigue is a result of an
underlying condition or disease process;
2.)the current status of an exacerbating or
remitting condition; or 3.) whether fatigue
has been present over a long time without
any identifiable cause
6. Ask the client to rate fatigue using
numerical scale and its effect on
the ability to participate in desired
activities
R: fatigue may vary in intensity and is often
accompanied by irritability, lack of
concentration, difficulty on decision-
making, problems with leisure, and
relationship difficulties that can add to
stress levels and aggravate sleep.
7. Accept the reality of client reports
of fatigue and do not
underestimate effect on clients
quality of life
R: fatigue is subjective and often
debilitating
8. Plan interventions to allow
individually adequate rest periods.
Schedule activities for periods
when the clients has the most
energy
R: to maximize participations and energy
9. Encourage the use of assistive
devices
R: to extend active timer conserve energy
for other task encourage nutritionally
dense, easy-to-prepare, easy-to-consume
foods, and avoidance of caffeine and high
sugar foods and beverages
10. Assist the client to identify
appropriate coping behaviors
R: this promotes a sense of control and
improves self esteem.
Collaborative:
1. Evaluate the need for individual
assistance or assistive devices
2. Discuss alternative therapies
R: complementary therapies may be
helpful in reducing muscle tension and
pain to promote relaxation and rest
3. Treat underlying condition where
possible
R: to reduce fatigue caused by treatable
condition
4. Refer to comprehensive
rehabilitation program, physical
and occupational therapy for
programed daily exercises and
activities
R: to improve stamina, strength, and
muscle tone and to enhance sense of well
being
5. Refer to counselling or
psychotherapy
Ineffective Coping related to grief and the After 8 hours of nursing intervention, the Independent
recent change in life situation as evidenced patient will be able to: 1. Assess the current situation
by the lack of appetite. ● Identify ineffective coping accurately.
behaviors and consequences. R: Assessing the current functional
Scientific Basis: ● Verbalize awareness of own coping capacity and noting how it is affecting the
Although celiac disease can be managed by abilities. individual’s coping ability will help in
strict adherence to a gluten-free diet, ● Verbalize feelings congruent with evaluating the needs of the patient.
dietary management can be challenging. behavior. 2. Assess level of anxiety and coping
The Psychological General Well-Being ● Meet psychological needs as on an ongoing basis.
Index and the Brief COPE were used to evidenced by appropriate R: In order to establish a baseline data.
measure the major variables. Results expression of feelings, 3. Determine alcohol intake, drug
indicated that problems outside the home identification of options, and use use, smoking habits, sleeping and
interfere with dietary adherence. of resources. eating patterns.
R: These mechanisms are often used when
Reference: an individual is not coping effectively with
Smith MM, Goodfellow L. The relationship stressors.
between quality of life and coping 4. Note speech and communication
strategies of adults with celiac disease patterns.
adhering to a gluten-free diet. R: To be aware of negative or
Gastroenterol Nurs. 2011 Nov- catastrophizing thinking.
Dec;34(6):460-8. doi: 5. Determine previous methods of
10.1097/SGA.0b013e318237d201. PMID: dealing with life problems.
22129799. R: To identify successful techniques that
can be used in current situations.
6. Devote time for listening.
R: May help the patient express emotions,
grasp situations and feel more in control.
7. Provide a quiet environment.
R: Anxiety is increased by noisy/unpeaceful
surroundings.
8. Introduce relaxation, breathing
techniques and coping statements.
R: To help manage stress and anxiety.
Dependent
1. Discuss use and appropriateness of
anxiolytic medications or herbal
supplements
R: to provide assistance in staying calm and
reduce anxiety
Collaborative
1. Collaborate with a dietitian or
nutritionist for a meal plan that
will help in maintaining the
patient's nutritional status
R: To help regain strength caused by
various treatments.
Pain related osteoporosis like pain as After 8 hours of nursing intervention, the Independent
evidenced by decreased ROM and a muscle patient will be able to: 1. Perform history assessment of pain
strength of 3/5. ● Demonstrate the use of R: It is important to know the effectiveness
appropriate diversional activities of previous pain treatment or
Scientific Basis: and relaxation skills. management, what medication were taken
When a person with celiac disease or a ● Describe satisfactory pain control and when
gluten sensitivity eats gluten (gliadin and at a level less than 3 to 4 on a And allergies or know side effects to
glutenin proteins) the immune system rating scale of 0 to 10. medication
jumps into action, causing inflammation. ● Display improved well-being such 2. Determine the client’s perception
This inflammation can affect the body’s as baseline levels for pulse, BP, of pain.
organs and soft tissue. A person may not respirations, and relaxed muscle R: provide an opportunity for the client to
notice external signs of inflammation, such tone or body posture. express in their own words how they view
as redness and swelling, but may notice ● Use pharmacological and the pain and the situation to gain an
other symptoms, such as joint pain. nonpharmacological pain-relief understanding of what the pain means to
strategies. the client.
Reference: ● Display improvement in mood, 3. Investigate signs and symptoms
Christopher Pomeroy, M., 2021. How coping. related to pain.
Gluten Can Cause Joint Pain. [online] R: Bringing attention to associated signs
Arthritis-health. Available at: and symptoms may help the nurse in
<https://www.arthritis-health.com/types/g evaluating the pain. In some instances, the
eneral/how-gluten-can-cause-joint-pain> existence of pain is disregarded by the
[Accessed 15 March 2021]. patient.
4. Provide nonpharmacologic pain
management
R: Nonpharmacologic methods in pain
management may include physical,
cognitive-behavioral strategies and lifestyle
pain management
5. Evaluate the patient’s response to
pain and management strategies.
R: It is essential to assist patients to
express as factually as possible (i.e.,
without the effect of mood, emotion, or
anxiety) the effect of pain relief measures.
6. Evaluate the effectiveness of
analgesics as ordered and observe
for any signs and symptoms of side
effects.
R: The effectiveness of pain medications
must be evaluated individually by the
patient since they are absorbed and
metabolized differently.
Risk for fluid volume deficit related to After 8 hours of nursing intervention, the Independent
poor gastrointestinal absorption of patient will be able to: 1. Assess skin turgor and oral mucous
nutrients related to diarrhea ● Be compliant with the dietary membranes for signs of
regimen dehydration.
Scientific Basis: ● Verbalize the effects of consuming R: Signs of dehydration are also detected
When you are experiencing Celiac Disease gluten foods. through the skin. Skin of elderly patients
accompanied by diarrhea, you lose ● Verbalize awareness of causative loses elasticity, hence skin turgor should be
extracellular fluid rapidly. If you don’t stay factors and behaviors essential to assessed over the sternum or on the inner
hydrated and can’t keep fluids down, you’ll correct fluid deficit. thighs. Longitudinal furrows may be noted
begin to experience the symptoms of a ● Explains measures that can be along the tongue.
fluid volume deficit. taken to treat or prevent fluid 2. Note the presence of nausea,
volume loss. vomiting and fever.
Reference: R: These factors influence intake, fluid
Sticks, P., Save, S., Bottle, W., Locator, S., needs, and route of replacement.
works, H., Compares, H., Research, O. and 3. Weigh daily with the same scale,
timeline, M., 2021. Fluid Volume Deficit: and preferably at the same time of
Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Plans. day.
[online] DripDropORS. Available at: R: Weight is the best assessment data for
<https://dripdrop.com/blogs/news/fluid- possible fluid volume imbalance. An
volume-deficit> [Accessed 15 March 2021]. increase of 2 lbs a week is considered
normal.
4. Monitor active fluid loss from
wound drainage, tubes, diarrhea,
bleeding, and vomiting; maintain
accurate input and output record.
R: Fluid loss from wound drainage,
diarrhea, bleeding, and vomiting cause
decreased fluid volume and can lead to
dehydration.
5. Aid the patient if he or she is
unable to eat without assistance,
and encourage the family or SO to
assist with feedings, as necessary.
R :Dehydrated patients may be weak and
unable to meet prescribed intake
independently
6. Urge the patient to drink
prescribed amount of fluid
R: Oral fluid replacement is indicated for
mild fluid deficit and is a cost-effective
method for replacement treatment
Collaborative:
1. Refer patient to home health nurse
or private nurse in order to assist
patient, as appropriate.
R: Continuity of care is facilitated through
the use of community resources.
ETHICO-MORAL-LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES
AUTONOMY
● The right/freedom to decide (the patient has the right to refuse despite the explanation of the nurse)
● Is upheld when the nurse accepts the client as a unique person who has the innate right to have their own opinions,
perspectives, values and beliefs. Nurses encourage patients to make their own decision without any judgments or coercion from
the nurse. The patient has the right to reject or accept all treatments.
● Ex. surgery, or any procedure
VERACITY
● Is being completely truthful with patients; nurses must not withhold the whole truth from clients even when it may lead to
patient distress.
BENEFICENCE
● Is doing good and the right thing for the patient
● For the goodness and welfare of the clients
NONMALEFICENCE
● Is doing no harm, as stated in the historical Hippocratic Oath, wherein harm can be intentional or unintentional
● The duty not to harm/cause harm or inflict harm to others maybe physical, financial or social
JUSTICE
● Fairness
● How do we differentiate fair from being equal? For example: A hospital has an available oxygen tank. If we talk about equality,
we go to all patients who are admitted with oxygen tanks. But when we speak of being fair, we give the oxygen tank to admitted
patients who need assistance in their breathing and not to all admitted patients.
FIDELITY
● Is keeping one's promises. The nurse must be faithful and true to their professional promises and responsibilities by providing
high quality, safe care in a competent manner.
ACCOUNTABILITY
● Is accepting responsibility for one's own actions. Nurses are accountable for their nursing care and other actions. They must
accept all of the professional and personal consequences that can occur as the result of their actions.
DISCHARGE PLAN
MEDICATION:
● Provided the patient, and S.O with an accurate list of medications.
● Educated the patient and S.O prior to discharge, including:
○ proper storage and use of medications
○ what to do if a dose is missed
○ potential side effects
○ when to call about any concerns
● Provided a written copy of all information that is given verbally.
● Ensured that the patient is able to follow medication instructions.
● The first-line drug of choice is a class of steroids known as a glucocorticoid. Prednisolone and budesonide are the two oral
glucocorticoids mostly commonly prescribed.
● Other pharmaceutical options include:
○ Asacol (mesalamine), an oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) sometimes used in people with Crohn's
disease
○ Cyclosporine, an oral disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) used to treat a variety of autoimmune disorders
○ Imuran (azathioprine), an oral immunosuppressive drug traditionally used in organ transplant recipients
○ Remicade (infliximab), an injectable biologic drug that blocks the chemical processes that lead to inflammation
● Other promising drugs in the developmental pipeline including larazotide acetate (a potent digestive enzyme that breaks down
dietary gluten) and BL-7010 (a high-density polymer that binds to gluten so that it cannot be absorbed).
● In rare cases when T-cell lymphoma is diagnosed, combination chemotherapy would be used. The mainstay of treatment is
CHOP therapy (an anagram referring to the drugs cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone).
● Explained the medication, its purpose, importance and expected side effects of medications like headache, N&V, drowsiness,
hypertension, behavioral changes, suicidal ideation
● Educated the patient on the importance of following prescribed medication regimen.
● Instructed the patient to read the medication name and check the correct dosage before taking.
● Instructed the patient to take medication at the right time and right frequency.
● Instructed the patient not to take medications not prescribed by the physician.
ENVIRONMENT:
● Instructed the patient and S.O. to maintain an environment conducive for rest and sleep.
● Instructed the patient and S.O. to have a well-ventilated environment.
● Instructed the patient and S.O. to clean the surroundings to avoid infection.
● Advised the patient to promote space for ambulation and light exercises.
● Encouraged the patient to allow S.O. or family members to do things for her and not to hesitate to ask for help.
● Instructed the S.O. to offer emotional support, understanding, patience, and encouragement.
● Encouraged the patient to try to spend time with other people and confide in a trusted friend or relative.
TREATMENT:
● Explained that there is no available surgical treatment for Celiac disease and that chemotherapy can be performed, if
appropriate.
● Practice a gluten-free diet
● Introduced CAM options
○ Peppermint oil has antispasmodic effects that may help ease intestinal cramping and spasms. Research from the
University of South Alabama reported that a sustained-release peppermint oil capsule was twice as effective in
alleviating irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) than a placebo.4 Whether the same would occur with celiac disease has yet to
be confirmed. Peppermint oil taken directly by mouth may cause heartburn and stomach upset. Enteric-coated
peppermint capsules are less likely to cause harm. Excessive doses of peppermint oil can be toxic.
○ Slippery elm powder is derived from the bark of the slippery elm. Some people believe that it can protect the intestines
by creating a mucus-like coating as it is digested. A 2010 study in the Journal of Alternative and Complementary
Medicine reported that slippery elm powder was able to ease symptoms of constipation-dominant irritable bowel
syndrome (IBS-C). The same effect may be useful in treating constipation that commonly occurs with a gluten-free diet.
There is no evidence thus far that slippery elm powder can treat symptoms of celiac disease itself.
HEALTH TEACHINGS:
● Read food labels. Gluten sometimes appears in foods or places you wouldn’t expect:
○ It’s used as a thickening agent in many gravies and sauces.
○ It’s sometimes used in medicines. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist before taking a new medicine. This includes vitamins
and supplements.
○ It can be found in lip balm, lipstick, and other cosmetics.
● Understand where gluten is "hidden" in foods
● Find the appropriate foods to eat in restaurants
● Avoid accidental gluten cross-contamination at home or elsewhere by:
○ Keeping gluten-free and gluten-containing foods separate in sealed containers and in separate drawers or cabinets.
○ Cleaning cooking surfaces and food storage areas.
○ Washing dishes, utensils, and food preparation equipment thoroughly.
○ Avoiding wood utensils or cutting boards that can absorb food and potentiate cross-contamination.
○ Speaking to your child's teachers and lunch staff if he or she has celiac disease so that accidents can be avoided and
special accommodations can be made.
○ Checking restaurant menus online before eating out to be sure there are food items you can eat.
○ Calling the restaurant in advance to inform them about your health concerns and dietary needs.
○ Booking early or late when a restaurant is less busy and better able to accommodate your special requests.
DIET:
● Avoid eating gluten foods such as:
○ Wheat (including durum, einkorn, and emmer)
○ Wheat germ
○ Rye
○ Barley
○ Bulgur
○ Couscous
○ Farina
○ Graham flour
○ Kamut matzo
○ Semolina
○ Spelt
○ Triticale
● Avoid ingredients or packaged foods that contain or are derived from the above-listed grains. These may include:
○ Bacon
○ Baked goods
○ Beer
○ Bouillon cubes
○ Bread
○ Breakfast cereals
○ Candies
○ Canned baked beans
○ Cold cuts
○ Egg substitutes
○ French fries (which are often dusted in flour)
○ Gravy
○ Hot dogs
○ Ice cream
○ Instant hot drinks
○ Ketchup
○ Malt flavoring
○ Mayonnaise
○ Meatballs
○ Non-dairy creamer
○ Oats or oat bran (if not certified gluten-free)
○ Pasta
○ Processed cheese
○ Pudding and fruit filling
○ Roasted nuts
○ Salad dressings
○ Sausage
○ Seitan
○ Soups
○ Soy sauce
○ Tabbouleh
○ Veggie burgers
○ Vodka
○ Wheatgrass
○ Wine coolers
● The person must practice having a gluten-free diet. This may include:
○ Eggs
○ Dairy including yogurt, butter, and non-processed cheeses (but check the label of flavored dairy products)
○ Fruits and vegetables including most which are canned or dried
○ Grains including rice, quinoa, corn, millet, tapioca, buckwheat, amaranth, arrowroot, teff, and gluten-free oats
○ Legumes like beans, lentils, peas, peanuts
○ Meat, poultry, and fish (not breaded or battered)
○ Non-gluten starches including potato flour, corn flour, chickpea flour, soy flour, almond meal/flour, coconut flour, and
tapioca flour
○ Nuts and seeds
○ Soy foods like tofu, tempeh, and edamame
○ Tamari (a good substitute for soy sauce)
○ Vegetable oils (preferably monounsaturated or polyunsaturated)
○ Oats
Some oat products can be contaminated with wheat gluten. Because of this, some people choose to avoid oats.
SPIRITUALITY:
● Advised the patient to always be strong and optimistic in facing changes encountered in life.
● Encouraged the patient to continue their usual spiritual practices.
● Encouraged the patient to continue having faith as God will always be there for guidance.
● Advised the patient to pray to God for maintenance of good health and be open to Him concerns bothering the patient.
REFERENCES:
Celiac Disease Antibody Tests | Lab Tests Online. (2021). Retrieved 23 February 2021, from https://labtestsonline.org/tests/celiac-
disease-antibody-tests#:~:text=Celiac%20disease%20antibody%20tests%20help,part%20of%20the%20immune%20response.
Robinson, J. (2020). Your Digestive System. Retrieved 23 February 2021, from https://www.webmd.com/heartburn-gerd/your-digestive-
system
Celiac disease - Symptoms and causes. Retrieved 26 February 2021, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/celiac-
disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20352220?fbclid=IwAR1UQ1wOMYRqBpyRwd_1T-qNzf9ENxjfiSA1xr1AFWCOk7aK9UuCzY7yLVA
Non-Responsive and Refractory Celiac Disease | BeyondCeliac.org. Retrieved 26 February 2021, from
https://www.beyondceliac.org/celiac-disease/refractory-nonresponsive-celiac-disease/
Medications for Celiac Disease | Winchester Hospital. (2021). Retrieved 27 February 2021, from
https://www.winchesterhospital.org/health-library/article?id=19214
Infliximab Uses, Side Effects & Warnings - Drugs.com. (2021). Retrieved 27 February 2021, from
https://www.drugs.com/mtm/infliximab.html
Celiac Disease Nursing Care Plans and Diagnosis Interventions - NurseStudy.Net. Retrieved 3 March 2021, from
https://nursestudy.net/celiac-disease-nursing-care-plans/
Myhre, J., & Sifris, D. (2020). Beyond a Gluten-Free Diet: Treating Celiac Disease. Retrieved 3 March 2021, from
https://www.verywellhealth.com/celiac-disease-treatment-4690690#:~:text=Surgery%20is%20not%20used%20to,%2C%20and
%20malignancy%20(cancer).&text=In%20people%20with%20T%2Dcell,the%20perforation%20of%20vulnerable%20tissues.