FUNDAMENTALS POWER OF

OHM’S LAW UNIT SINGLE-PHASE SYSTEM THREE-PHASE SYSTEM

RELATIONSHIPS Ua
Ua
Ia

U×I U Line Phase Ia

— Voltage
U 2
R P Uac Uab
Voltage Φ
— —
R U N
120° 120° Ic
P Lags 90° Leads 90° Φ
I ×R
2
P I —
R Inductive Circuit Capacitive Circuit
120°
Uc
Φ
Ub
Ic Uac Ib
Uc Ub Ib
U 2
I×R U R —
P
U U Delta Vector Diagram Star Vector Diagram

U
P×R —
I
BLONDEL'S THEOREM
P P � �
— —2 I I Blondel's Theorem states that total power is measured
I I with one less wattmeter than the number of wires with
1-P 2-W

1-P 3-W
1 Wattmeter

2 Wattmeters
voltage coils connected to a common wire (usually
3-P 3-W 2 Wattmeters
earthed), and a current coil in each phase.
P = Power (W) I = Current (A) Vector Diagram Vector Diagram 3-P 4-W 3 Wattmeters
U = Voltage (V) R = Resistance (Ω) (Current Lags Voltage) (Current Leads Voltage)

AC CONVERSIONS WIRING DIAGRAMS

Known Value Average RMS Peak Peak-to-Peak
ONE WATTMETER METHOD
Peak Single-Phase (1P2W)
Average 1.0 1.1 1.57 3.14
Average RMS
RMS 0.9 1.0 1.414 2.828 Peak-to-Peak SOURCE LOAD

Peak 0.637 0.707 1.0 2.0 I ±

I1 PTotal = P1
Peak-to-Peak 0.32 0.3535 0.5 1.0
U
SOURCE U1 LOAD P1
± U ± PFTotal =
I S1
±
Input
ELECTRICAL POWER Element 1

AC POWER MEASUREMENT TWO WATTMETER METHOD

Power Relationships Split-Phase (1P3W)
SOURCE LOAD
Active Power L1 I ±
I1
Apparent N
P=1
T
L2 U PTotal = P1 + P2
u(t) × i(t) dt Power (S) U1
T 0 Reactive N
±
[VA] SOURCE LOAD
[W] Power (Q) ± U ± U ± PL1 + PL2
[VAR] U2 PFTotal =
I I U SL1 + SL2
± ± I2
ɸ I ±
Input Input
Reactive Power Element 1 Element 2
Active Power (P)
(U1, I1) (U2, I2)
Q = S 2 - P2 [W]
[VAR] Sometimes referred to as
Three-Phase Delta Two Wattmeter (3P3W)
"True Power" or "Real Power"
SOURCE LOAD I ±
R I1
S R U PTotal = P1 + P2
T U1
Apparent Power True SOURCE ± LOAD
Displacement
Power Factor
S = Urms × Irms Power Factor ± U ± U
T S P1 + P2 + P3
PF = P PFTotal =
[VA] PF = Cosɸ S I I I2 √3
I ± U (S + S2)
± ± U2 2 1
±
Input Input
Element 1 Element 2
DC POWER (U1, I1) (U2, I2)

MEASUREMENT EFFICIENCY
THREE WATTMETER METHOD
P=UxI Efficiency = Output Power = Pm
Input Power Electrical Three-Phase Delta (3V3A)
[W] Input Power SOURCE LOAD
R
S I I1 ± PTotal = P1 + P2
T R
U U
SOURCE U3 U1 LOAD
T S ± ± P1 + P2
MECHANICAL POWER PFTotal =
± U ± U ± U

I2 ± √3
I I I I U (S + S2 + S3)
± ± ± U2
±
3 1
I3 ±
Input Input Input I
Element 1 Element 2 Element 3
Pm = 2 × π × Rotating Speed × Torque (U1, I1) (U2, I2) (U3, I3)
60 (sec/min)
Three-Phase Star Connection (3P4W)
SOURCE LOAD
R ±
1 HP ≥ 746 W I
S I1
HP = RPM × Torque (lb/ft) PTotal = P1 + P2 + P3
R U
T
1 HP = 33,000 lb/ft U1
5,252 N SOURCE N ± LOAD
of work/min
S ±T ±
± U ± U ± U U3 U2 P1 + P2 + P3
I2 ±
U U PFTotal =
I I I I (S1 + S2 + S3)
± ± ±
Synchronous = 120 × Frequency Input Input Input
I I3 ±
Speed Number of Poles Element 1 Element 2 Element 3
(U1, I1) (U2, I2) (U3, I3)

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