MEMORANDUM

ASSESSMENT 2:
UPPER/LOWER LIMB, VERTEBRAE, PELVIS, SKULL, STERNUM, CLAVICLE, JOINTS,
EPITHELIUM AND GLANDS
NURSING/OPTOMETRY
ANT01A1/HAN01A1

Date: 27 March 2023 Total Marks: 30

Duration: 60 min Examiner: Dr EE BRUWER
Moderator: Dr N JOOSTE

INSTRUCTIONS
1. This memorandum consists of 4 pages.

QUESTION 1
Write a short note on the osteology of the structures/bones:
1.1 The walls of the orbit. (7)
ANSWER:
Roof: orbital plate of the frontal bone√
Lacrimal fossa lateral√
Medial: Orbital plate of the ethmoid bone√
Lacrimal bone√
Lateral: The zygomatic bone√
Inferior: The orbital plate of the maxillary bone√
Feedback: no orbital plate = 0 you also have to give the relation example floor, roof,
medial part and lateral part

1.2 List the paranasal sinuses situated in relation to the orbit. (3)
ANSWER: feedback relation 1 ½ //names 1 ½
Superior Frontal sinus√
Inferior Maxillary sinus√

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Medial Ethmoidal sinus√ [10]

QUESTION 2
Concerning distal part of the humerus:
2.1 List the features found on the anterior part.
(3)

ANSWER: feedback names 1 ½ relation 1 ½

Coronoid fossa medial√
Radial fossa lateral√
Capitulum lateral√
Feedback the troglea is more inferior

2.2 Classify the type of the joint 2.1. Be specific. (1)

ANSWER: feedback it is not classified as elbow joint
Hinge/Synovial joint√

2.3 List and discuss three (3) factors influencing the stability of joints. (5)
ANSWER: Any ten facts
Articular surfaces. √
Articular surfaces can be too shallow example knee joint.√
Deep sockets of grooves like hip joint ball and socket joint. √
Ligaments√ and capsule√
This help hold the joints together.√
and prevent extensive or undesirable motion.√
As a rule the more ligaments the stronger.√
Muscle tone.√
Keeping tension on the muscle tendons√ that cross over joints just external to the joint
capsule.√
This manner muscles functions a tendon.√ [9]

QUESTION 4
Provide a well-labelled schematic diagram showing the general structure (foramina included)
of the internal aspect of the middle cranial fossa.
ANSWER. ½ mark per fact

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Illustration √ must be correct all labels
Lesser wings of the sphenoid bone√
Greater wings of the sphenoid bone√
Sella turcica√
Petrous/ squamous part of the temporal bone√
Foramina ovalis√, foramen spinosum√, foramen rotundum√ foramen lacerum√ , superior
orbital fissure√
Optic foramen√ [5]
Feedback: the content/structures were not asked.
The illustration must be correct with only the labels to the middle cranial fossa
The foramina as well as the bones forming the borders example lesser and greater
wings sphenoid bone

QUESTION 6
Provide a well-labelled diagram of the cornea showing the characteristics of epithelium.
[10 x ½]

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Feedback. The illustration must be correct.
The cells and all the labels as discussed during lecture.
Illustration wrong -2 ½ the cells must be correct, the stroma collagen fibres must be
correct.
The question: the characteristics to be included in the well labelled illustration. The
labels can be next to the illustration or under the illustration.
Labels that should be provided:
Polarity: squamous epithelium cells√Apical different basal microvilli √ see the superficial
squamous cells with microvilli where apical and basal part of each cell is different
Cellularity: superficial epithelia. Any example simple columnar epithelium cells
Support connective tissue example see stroma
Connective tissue/stroma/lamina propria√matrix keratocytes
Avascular see stroma of the cornea only nerves present
Regeneration every 7 days of the epithelium cells somewhere on cornea = total 2 ½

During the lecture 3 methods of this content can be asked were explained.
1. Discuss the characteristics of the epithelium tissue
2. Give well labelled illustration to show the histological structure of the cornea
3. Provide a well-labelled diagram of the cornea showing the characteristics of
epithelium.

TOTAL: 30 MARKS

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